/skink/lib/sqlalchemy/orm/query.py

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# orm/query.py
# Copyright (C) 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Michael Bayer mike_mp@zzzcomputing.com
#
# This module is part of SQLAlchemy and is released under
# the MIT License: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php

"""The Query class and support.

Defines the :class:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query` class, the central construct used by
the ORM to construct database queries.

The ``Query`` class should not be confused with the
:class:`~sqlalchemy.sql.expression.Select` class, which defines database SELECT
operations at the SQL (non-ORM) level.  ``Query`` differs from ``Select`` in
that it returns ORM-mapped objects and interacts with an ORM session, whereas
the ``Select`` construct interacts directly with the database to return
iterable result sets.

"""

from itertools import chain
from operator import itemgetter

from sqlalchemy import sql, util, log, schema
from sqlalchemy import exc as sa_exc
from sqlalchemy.orm import exc as orm_exc
from sqlalchemy.sql import util as sql_util
from sqlalchemy.sql import expression, visitors, operators
from sqlalchemy.orm import (
    attributes, interfaces, mapper, object_mapper, evaluator,
    )
from sqlalchemy.orm.util import (
    AliasedClass, ORMAdapter, _entity_descriptor, _entity_info,
    _is_aliased_class, _is_mapped_class, _orm_columns, _orm_selectable,
    join as orm_join,
    )


__all__ = ['Query', 'QueryContext', 'aliased']


aliased = AliasedClass

def _generative(*assertions):
    """Mark a method as generative."""

    @util.decorator
    def generate(fn, *args, **kw):
        self = args[0]._clone()
        for assertion in assertions:
            assertion(self, fn.func_name)
        fn(self, *args[1:], **kw)
        return self
    return generate

class Query(object):
    """ORM-level SQL construction object."""
    
    _enable_eagerloads = True
    _enable_assertions = True
    _with_labels = False
    _criterion = None
    _yield_per = None
    _lockmode = None
    _order_by = False
    _group_by = False
    _having = None
    _distinct = False
    _offset = None
    _limit = None
    _statement = None
    _joinpoint = None
    _correlate = frozenset()
    _populate_existing = False
    _version_check = False
    _autoflush = True
    _current_path = ()
    _only_load_props = None
    _refresh_state = None
    _from_obj = ()
    _filter_aliases = None
    _from_obj_alias = None
    _currenttables = frozenset()
    
    def __init__(self, entities, session=None):
        self.session = session

        self._with_options = []
        self._params = {}
        self._attributes = {}
        self._polymorphic_adapters = {}
        self._set_entities(entities)

    def _set_entities(self, entities, entity_wrapper=None):
        if entity_wrapper is None:
            entity_wrapper = _QueryEntity
        self._entities = []
        for ent in util.to_list(entities):
            entity_wrapper(self, ent)

        self._setup_aliasizers(self._entities)

    def _setup_aliasizers(self, entities):
        if hasattr(self, '_mapper_adapter_map'):
            # usually safe to share a single map, but copying to prevent
            # subtle leaks if end-user is reusing base query with arbitrary
            # number of aliased() objects
            self._mapper_adapter_map = d = self._mapper_adapter_map.copy()
        else:
            self._mapper_adapter_map = d = {}

        for ent in entities:
            for entity in ent.entities:
                if entity not in d:
                    mapper, selectable, is_aliased_class = _entity_info(entity)
                    if not is_aliased_class and mapper.with_polymorphic:
                        with_polymorphic = mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers
                        self.__mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(mapper, 
                                sql_util.ColumnAdapter(selectable, mapper._equivalent_columns))
                        adapter = None
                    elif is_aliased_class:
                        adapter = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(selectable, mapper._equivalent_columns)
                        with_polymorphic = None
                    else:
                        with_polymorphic = adapter = None

                    d[entity] = (mapper, adapter, selectable, is_aliased_class, with_polymorphic)
                ent.setup_entity(entity, *d[entity])

    def __mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(self, mapper, adapter):
        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers:
            self._polymorphic_adapters[m2] = adapter
            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
                self._polymorphic_adapters[m.mapped_table] = self._polymorphic_adapters[m.local_table] = adapter

    def _set_select_from(self, from_obj):
        if isinstance(from_obj, expression._SelectBaseMixin):
            from_obj = from_obj.alias()

        self._from_obj = (from_obj,)
        equivs = self.__all_equivs()

        if isinstance(from_obj, expression.Alias):
            self._from_obj_alias = sql_util.ColumnAdapter(from_obj, equivs)

    def _get_polymorphic_adapter(self, entity, selectable):
        self.__mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(entity.mapper, 
                                sql_util.ColumnAdapter(selectable, entity.mapper._equivalent_columns))

    def _reset_polymorphic_adapter(self, mapper):
        for m2 in mapper._with_polymorphic_mappers:
            self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m2, None)
            for m in m2.iterate_to_root():
                self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m.mapped_table, None)
                self._polymorphic_adapters.pop(m.local_table, None)

    def _reset_joinpoint(self):
        self._joinpoint = None
        self._filter_aliases = None

    def __adapt_polymorphic_element(self, element):
        if isinstance(element, expression.FromClause):
            search = element
        elif hasattr(element, 'table'):
            search = element.table
        else:
            search = None

        if search:
            alias = self._polymorphic_adapters.get(search, None)
            if alias:
                return alias.adapt_clause(element)

    def __replace_element(self, adapters):
        def replace(elem):
            if '_halt_adapt' in elem._annotations:
                return elem

            for adapter in adapters:
                e = adapter(elem)
                if e:
                    return e
        return replace

    def __replace_orm_element(self, adapters):
        def replace(elem):
            if '_halt_adapt' in elem._annotations:
                return elem

            if "_orm_adapt" in elem._annotations or "parententity" in elem._annotations:
                for adapter in adapters:
                    e = adapter(elem)
                    if e:
                        return e
        return replace

    @_generative()
    def _adapt_all_clauses(self):
        self._disable_orm_filtering = True

    def _adapt_clause(self, clause, as_filter, orm_only):
        adapters = []
        if as_filter and self._filter_aliases:
            adapters.append(self._filter_aliases.replace)

        if self._from_obj_alias:
            adapters.append(self._from_obj_alias.replace)

        if self._polymorphic_adapters:
            adapters.append(self.__adapt_polymorphic_element)

        if not adapters:
            return clause

        if getattr(self, '_disable_orm_filtering', not orm_only):
            return visitors.replacement_traverse(
                                clause, 
                                {'column_collections':False}, 
                                self.__replace_element(adapters)
                            )
        else:
            return visitors.replacement_traverse(
                                clause, 
                                {'column_collections':False}, 
                                self.__replace_orm_element(adapters)
                            )

    def _entity_zero(self):
        return self._entities[0]

    def _mapper_zero(self):
        return self._entity_zero().entity_zero

    def _extension_zero(self):
        ent = self._entity_zero()
        return getattr(ent, 'extension', ent.mapper.extension)

    @property
    def _mapper_entities(self):
        # TODO: this is wrong, its hardcoded to "priamry entity" when
        # for the case of __all_equivs() it should not be
        # the name of this accessor is wrong too
        for ent in self._entities:
            if hasattr(ent, 'primary_entity'):
                yield ent

    def _joinpoint_zero(self):
        return self._joinpoint or self._entity_zero().entity_zero

    def _mapper_zero_or_none(self):
        if not getattr(self._entities[0], 'primary_entity', False):
            return None
        return self._entities[0].mapper

    def _only_mapper_zero(self, rationale=None):
        if len(self._entities) > 1:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    rationale or "This operation requires a Query against a single mapper."
                )
        return self._mapper_zero()

    def _only_entity_zero(self, rationale=None):
        if len(self._entities) > 1:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    rationale or "This operation requires a Query against a single mapper."
                )
        return self._entity_zero()

    def _generate_mapper_zero(self):
        if not getattr(self._entities[0], 'primary_entity', False):
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("No primary mapper set up for this Query.")
        entity = self._entities[0]._clone()
        self._entities = [entity] + self._entities[1:]
        return entity

    def __all_equivs(self):
        equivs = {}
        for ent in self._mapper_entities:
            equivs.update(ent.mapper._equivalent_columns)
        return equivs

    def _no_criterion_condition(self, meth):
        if not self._enable_assertions:
            return
        if self._criterion or self._statement or self._from_obj or \
                self._limit is not None or self._offset is not None or \
                self._group_by:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Query.%s() being called on a Query with existing criterion. " % meth)

        self._from_obj = ()
        self._statement = self._criterion = None
        self._order_by = self._group_by = self._distinct = False

    def _no_clauseelement_condition(self, meth):
        if not self._enable_assertions:
            return
        if self._order_by:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Query.%s() being called on a Query with existing criterion. " % meth)
        self._no_criterion_condition(meth)

    def _no_statement_condition(self, meth):
        if not self._enable_assertions:
            return
        if self._statement:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                ("Query.%s() being called on a Query with an existing full "
                 "statement - can't apply criterion.") % meth)

    def _no_limit_offset(self, meth):
        if not self._enable_assertions:
            return
        if self._limit is not None or self._offset is not None:
            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                "Query.%s() being called on a Query which already has LIMIT or OFFSET applied. "
                "To modify the row-limited results of a Query, call from_self() first.  "
                "Otherwise, call %s() before limit() or offset() are applied." % (meth, meth)
            )

    def _no_select_modifiers(self, meth):
        if not self._enable_assertions:
            return
        for attr, methname, notset in (
            ('_limit', 'limit()', None),
            ('_offset', 'offset()', None),
            ('_order_by', 'order_by()', False),
            ('_group_by', 'group_by()', False),
            ('_distinct', 'distinct()', False),
        ):
            if getattr(self, attr) is not notset:
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    "Can't call Query.%s() when %s has been called" % (meth, methname)
                )

    def _get_options(self, populate_existing=None, 
                            version_check=None, 
                            only_load_props=None, 
                            refresh_state=None):
        if populate_existing:
            self._populate_existing = populate_existing
        if version_check:
            self._version_check = version_check
        if refresh_state:
            self._refresh_state = refresh_state
        if only_load_props:
            self._only_load_props = set(only_load_props)
        return self

    def _clone(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        q = cls.__new__(cls)
        q.__dict__ = self.__dict__.copy()
        return q

    @property
    def statement(self):
        """The full SELECT statement represented by this Query."""

        return self._compile_context(labels=self._with_labels).\
                        statement._annotate({'_halt_adapt': True})

    def subquery(self):
        """return the full SELECT statement represented by this Query, embedded within an Alias.

        Eager JOIN generation within the query is disabled.

        """
        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).statement.alias()

    def __clause_element__(self):
        return self.enable_eagerloads(False).statement

    @_generative()
    def enable_eagerloads(self, value):
        """Control whether or not eager joins are rendered.

        When set to False, the returned Query will not render
        eager joins regardless of eagerload() options
        or mapper-level lazy=False configurations.

        This is used primarily when nesting the Query's
        statement into a subquery or other
        selectable.

        """
        self._enable_eagerloads = value

    @_generative()
    def with_labels(self):
        """Apply column labels to the return value of Query.statement.

        Indicates that this Query's `statement` accessor should return
        a SELECT statement that applies labels to all columns in the
        form <tablename>_<columnname>; this is commonly used to
        disambiguate columns from multiple tables which have the same
        name.

        When the `Query` actually issues SQL to load rows, it always
        uses column labeling.

        """
        self._with_labels = True
    
    @_generative()
    def enable_assertions(self, value):
        """Control whether assertions are generated.
        
        When set to False, the returned Query will 
        not assert its state before certain operations, 
        including that LIMIT/OFFSET has not been applied
        when filter() is called, no criterion exists
        when get() is called, and no "from_statement()"
        exists when filter()/order_by()/group_by() etc.
        is called.  This more permissive mode is used by 
        custom Query subclasses to specify criterion or 
        other modifiers outside of the usual usage patterns.
        
        Care should be taken to ensure that the usage 
        pattern is even possible.  A statement applied
        by from_statement() will override any criterion
        set by filter() or order_by(), for example.
        
        """
        self._enable_assertions = value
        
    @property
    def whereclause(self):
        """The WHERE criterion for this Query."""
        return self._criterion

    @_generative()
    def _with_current_path(self, path):
        """indicate that this query applies to objects loaded within a certain path.

        Used by deferred loaders (see strategies.py) which transfer query
        options from an originating query to a newly generated query intended
        for the deferred load.

        """
        self._current_path = path

    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
    def with_polymorphic(self, cls_or_mappers, selectable=None, discriminator=None):
        """Load columns for descendant mappers of this Query's mapper.

        Using this method will ensure that each descendant mapper's
        tables are included in the FROM clause, and will allow filter()
        criterion to be used against those tables.  The resulting
        instances will also have those columns already loaded so that
        no "post fetch" of those columns will be required.

        :param cls_or_mappers: a single class or mapper, or list of class/mappers,
            which inherit from this Query's mapper.  Alternatively, it
            may also be the string ``'*'``, in which case all descending
            mappers will be added to the FROM clause.

        :param selectable: a table or select() statement that will
            be used in place of the generated FROM clause.  This argument
            is required if any of the desired mappers use concrete table
            inheritance, since SQLAlchemy currently cannot generate UNIONs
            among tables automatically.  If used, the ``selectable``
            argument must represent the full set of tables and columns mapped
            by every desired mapper.  Otherwise, the unaccounted mapped columns
            will result in their table being appended directly to the FROM
            clause which will usually lead to incorrect results.

        :param discriminator: a column to be used as the "discriminator"
            column for the given selectable.  If not given, the polymorphic_on
            attribute of the mapper will be used, if any.   This is useful
            for mappers that don't have polymorphic loading behavior by default,
            such as concrete table mappers.

        """
        entity = self._generate_mapper_zero()
        entity.set_with_polymorphic(self, cls_or_mappers, selectable=selectable, discriminator=discriminator)

    @_generative()
    def yield_per(self, count):
        """Yield only ``count`` rows at a time.

        WARNING: use this method with caution; if the same instance is present
        in more than one batch of rows, end-user changes to attributes will be
        overwritten.

        In particular, it's usually impossible to use this setting with
        eagerly loaded collections (i.e. any lazy=False) since those
        collections will be cleared for a new load when encountered in a
        subsequent result batch.

        """
        self._yield_per = count

    def get(self, ident):
        """Return an instance of the object based on the given identifier, or None if not found.

        The `ident` argument is a scalar or tuple of primary key column values
        in the order of the table def's primary key columns.

        """

        # convert composite types to individual args
        if hasattr(ident, '__composite_values__'):
            ident = ident.__composite_values__()

        key = self._only_mapper_zero(
                    "get() can only be used against a single mapped class."
                ).identity_key_from_primary_key(ident)
        return self._get(key, ident)

    @classmethod
    @util.deprecated('Deprecated.  Use sqlalchemy.orm.with_parent '
                     'in conjunction with filter().')
    def query_from_parent(cls, instance, property, **kwargs):
        """Return a new Query with criterion corresponding to a parent instance.

        Return a newly constructed Query object, with criterion corresponding
        to a relationship to the given parent instance.

        instance
          a persistent or detached instance which is related to class
          represented by this query.

         property
           string name of the property which relates this query's class to the
           instance.

         \**kwargs
           all extra keyword arguments are propagated to the constructor of
           Query.

        """
        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
        prop = mapper.get_property(property, resolve_synonyms=True)
        target = prop.mapper
        criterion = prop.compare(operators.eq, instance, value_is_parent=True)
        return Query(target, **kwargs).filter(criterion)

    @_generative()
    def correlate(self, *args):
        self._correlate = self._correlate.union(_orm_selectable(s) for s in args)

    @_generative()
    def autoflush(self, setting):
        """Return a Query with a specific 'autoflush' setting.

        Note that a Session with autoflush=False will
        not autoflush, even if this flag is set to True at the
        Query level.  Therefore this flag is usually used only
        to disable autoflush for a specific Query.

        """
        self._autoflush = setting

    @_generative()
    def populate_existing(self):
        """Return a Query that will refresh all instances loaded.

        This includes all entities accessed from the database, including
        secondary entities, eagerly-loaded collection items.

        All changes present on entities which are already present in the
        session will be reset and the entities will all be marked "clean".

        An alternative to populate_existing() is to expire the Session
        fully using session.expire_all().

        """
        self._populate_existing = True

    def with_parent(self, instance, property=None):
        """Add a join criterion corresponding to a relationship to the given
        parent instance.

        instance
          a persistent or detached instance which is related to class
          represented by this query.

        property
          string name of the property which relates this query's class to the
          instance.  if None, the method will attempt to find a suitable
          property.

        Currently, this method only works with immediate parent relationships,
        but in the future may be enhanced to work across a chain of parent
        mappers.

        """
        from sqlalchemy.orm import properties
        mapper = object_mapper(instance)
        if property is None:
            for prop in mapper.iterate_properties:
                if isinstance(prop, properties.PropertyLoader) and prop.mapper is self._mapper_zero():
                    break
            else:
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                            "Could not locate a property which relates instances "
                            "of class '%s' to instances of class '%s'" % 
                            (self._mapper_zero().class_.__name__, instance.__class__.__name__)
                        )
        else:
            prop = mapper.get_property(property, resolve_synonyms=True)
        return self.filter(prop.compare(operators.eq, instance, value_is_parent=True))

    @_generative()
    def add_entity(self, entity, alias=None):
        """add a mapped entity to the list of result columns to be returned."""

        if alias:
            entity = aliased(entity, alias)

        self._entities = list(self._entities)
        m = _MapperEntity(self, entity)
        self._setup_aliasizers([m])

    def from_self(self, *entities):
        """return a Query that selects from this Query's SELECT statement.

        \*entities - optional list of entities which will replace
        those being selected.

        """
        fromclause = self.with_labels().enable_eagerloads(False).statement.correlate(None)
        q = self._from_selectable(fromclause)
        if entities:
            q._set_entities(entities)
        return q

    _from_self = from_self

    @_generative()
    def _from_selectable(self, fromclause):
        self._statement = self._criterion = None
        self._order_by = self._group_by = self._distinct = False
        self._limit = self._offset = None
        self._set_select_from(fromclause)

    def values(self, *columns):
        """Return an iterator yielding result tuples corresponding to the given list of columns"""

        if not columns:
            return iter(())
        q = self._clone()
        q._set_entities(columns, entity_wrapper=_ColumnEntity)
        if not q._yield_per:
            q._yield_per = 10
        return iter(q)
    _values = values

    def value(self, column):
        """Return a scalar result corresponding to the given column expression."""
        try:
            return self.values(column).next()[0]
        except StopIteration:
            return None

    @_generative()
    def add_column(self, column):
        """Add a SQL ColumnElement to the list of result columns to be returned."""

        self._entities = list(self._entities)
        l = len(self._entities)
        _ColumnEntity(self, column)
        # _ColumnEntity may add many entities if the
        # given arg is a FROM clause
        self._setup_aliasizers(self._entities[l:])

    def options(self, *args):
        """Return a new Query object, applying the given list of
        MapperOptions.

        """
        return self._options(False, *args)

    def _conditional_options(self, *args):
        return self._options(True, *args)

    @_generative()
    def _options(self, conditional, *args):
        # most MapperOptions write to the '_attributes' dictionary,
        # so copy that as well
        self._attributes = self._attributes.copy()
        opts = [o for o in util.flatten_iterator(args)]
        self._with_options = self._with_options + opts
        if conditional:
            for opt in opts:
                opt.process_query_conditionally(self)
        else:
            for opt in opts:
                opt.process_query(self)

    @_generative()
    def with_lockmode(self, mode):
        """Return a new Query object with the specified locking mode."""

        self._lockmode = mode

    @_generative()
    def params(self, *args, **kwargs):
        """add values for bind parameters which may have been specified in filter().

        parameters may be specified using \**kwargs, or optionally a single dictionary
        as the first positional argument.  The reason for both is that \**kwargs is
        convenient, however some parameter dictionaries contain unicode keys in which case
        \**kwargs cannot be used.

        """
        if len(args) == 1:
            kwargs.update(args[0])
        elif len(args) > 0:
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("params() takes zero or one positional argument, which is a dictionary.")
        self._params = self._params.copy()
        self._params.update(kwargs)

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
    def filter(self, criterion):
        """apply the given filtering criterion to the query and return the newly resulting ``Query``

        the criterion is any sql.ClauseElement applicable to the WHERE clause of a select.

        """
        if isinstance(criterion, basestring):
            criterion = sql.text(criterion)

        if criterion is not None and not isinstance(criterion, sql.ClauseElement):
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("filter() argument must be of type sqlalchemy.sql.ClauseElement or string")

        criterion = self._adapt_clause(criterion, True, True)

        if self._criterion is not None:
            self._criterion = self._criterion & criterion
        else:
            self._criterion = criterion

    def filter_by(self, **kwargs):
        """apply the given filtering criterion to the query and return the newly resulting ``Query``."""

        clauses = [_entity_descriptor(self._joinpoint_zero(), key)[0] == value
            for key, value in kwargs.iteritems()]

        return self.filter(sql.and_(*clauses))


    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
    @util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='pending')
    def order_by(self, *criterion):
        """apply one or more ORDER BY criterion to the query and return the newly resulting ``Query``"""

        if len(criterion) == 1 and criterion[0] is None:
            self._order_by = None
        else:
            criterion = [self._adapt_clause(expression._literal_as_text(o), True, True) for o in criterion]

            if self._order_by is False or self._order_by is None:
                self._order_by = criterion
            else:
                self._order_by = self._order_by + criterion

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
    @util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='pending')
    def group_by(self, *criterion):
        """apply one or more GROUP BY criterion to the query and return the newly resulting ``Query``"""

        criterion = list(chain(*[_orm_columns(c) for c in criterion]))

        criterion = [self._adapt_clause(expression._literal_as_text(o), True, True) for o in criterion]

        if self._group_by is False:
            self._group_by = criterion
        else:
            self._group_by = self._group_by + criterion

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
    def having(self, criterion):
        """apply a HAVING criterion to the query and return the newly resulting ``Query``."""

        if isinstance(criterion, basestring):
            criterion = sql.text(criterion)

        if criterion is not None and not isinstance(criterion, sql.ClauseElement):
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("having() argument must be of type sqlalchemy.sql.ClauseElement or string")

        criterion = self._adapt_clause(criterion, True, True)

        if self._having is not None:
            self._having = self._having & criterion
        else:
            self._having = criterion

    def union(self, *q):
        """Produce a UNION of this Query against one or more queries.

        e.g.::

            q1 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.foo=='bar')
            q2 = sess.query(SomeClass).filter(SomeClass.bar=='foo')

            q3 = q1.union(q2)

        The method accepts multiple Query objects so as to control
        the level of nesting.  A series of ``union()`` calls such as::

            x.union(y).union(z).all()

        will nest on each ``union()``, and produces::

            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION SELECT * FROM y) UNION SELECT * FROM Z)

        Whereas::

            x.union(y, z).all()

        produces::

            SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM X UNION SELECT * FROM y UNION SELECT * FROM Z)

        """
        return self._from_selectable(
                    expression.union(*([self]+ list(q))))

    def union_all(self, *q):
        """Produce a UNION ALL of this Query against one or more queries.

        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`.  See that
        method for usage examples.

        """
        return self._from_selectable(
                    expression.union_all(*([self]+ list(q)))
                )

    def intersect(self, *q):
        """Produce an INTERSECT of this Query against one or more queries.

        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`.  See that
        method for usage examples.

        """
        return self._from_selectable(
                    expression.intersect(*([self]+ list(q)))
                )

    def intersect_all(self, *q):
        """Produce an INTERSECT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.

        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`.  See that
        method for usage examples.

        """
        return self._from_selectable(
                    expression.intersect_all(*([self]+ list(q)))
                )

    def except_(self, *q):
        """Produce an EXCEPT of this Query against one or more queries.

        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`.  See that
        method for usage examples.

        """
        return self._from_selectable(
                    expression.except_(*([self]+ list(q)))
                )

    def except_all(self, *q):
        """Produce an EXCEPT ALL of this Query against one or more queries.

        Works the same way as :meth:`~sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query.union`.  See that
        method for usage examples.

        """
        return self._from_selectable(
                    expression.except_all(*([self]+ list(q)))
                )

    @util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='pending')
    def join(self, *props, **kwargs):
        """Create a join against this ``Query`` object's criterion
        and apply generatively, returning the newly resulting ``Query``.

        Each element in \*props may be:

          * a string property name, i.e. "rooms".  This will join along the
            relation of the same name from this Query's "primary" mapper, if
            one is present.

          * a class-mapped attribute, i.e. Houses.rooms.  This will create a
            join from "Houses" table to that of the "rooms" relation.

          * a 2-tuple containing a target class or selectable, and an "ON"
            clause.  The ON clause can be the property name/ attribute like
            above, or a SQL expression.

        e.g.::

            # join along string attribute names
            session.query(Company).join('employees')
            session.query(Company).join('employees', 'tasks')

            # join the Person entity to an alias of itself,
            # along the "friends" relation
            PAlias = aliased(Person)
            session.query(Person).join((Palias, Person.friends))

            # join from Houses to the "rooms" attribute on the
            # "Colonials" subclass of Houses, then join to the
            # "closets" relation on Room
            session.query(Houses).join(Colonials.rooms, Room.closets)

            # join from Company entities to the "employees" collection,
            # using "people JOIN engineers" as the target.  Then join
            # to the "computers" collection on the Engineer entity.
            session.query(Company).join((people.join(engineers), 'employees'), Engineer.computers)

            # join from Articles to Keywords, using the "keywords" attribute.
            # assume this is a many-to-many relation.
            session.query(Article).join(Article.keywords)

            # same thing, but spelled out entirely explicitly
            # including the association table.
            session.query(Article).join(
                (article_keywords, Articles.id==article_keywords.c.article_id),
                (Keyword, Keyword.id==article_keywords.c.keyword_id)
                )

        \**kwargs include:

            aliased - when joining, create anonymous aliases of each table.  This is
            used for self-referential joins or multiple joins to the same table.
            Consider usage of the aliased(SomeClass) construct as a more explicit
            approach to this.

            from_joinpoint - when joins are specified using string property names,
            locate the property from the mapper found in the most recent previous
            join() call, instead of from the root entity.

        """
        aliased, from_joinpoint = kwargs.pop('aliased', False), kwargs.pop('from_joinpoint', False)
        if kwargs:
            raise TypeError("unknown arguments: %s" % ','.join(kwargs.iterkeys()))
        return self._join(props, outerjoin=False, create_aliases=aliased, from_joinpoint=from_joinpoint)

    @util.accepts_a_list_as_starargs(list_deprecation='pending')
    def outerjoin(self, *props, **kwargs):
        """Create a left outer join against this ``Query`` object's criterion
        and apply generatively, retunring the newly resulting ``Query``.

        Usage is the same as the ``join()`` method.

        """
        aliased, from_joinpoint = kwargs.pop('aliased', False), kwargs.pop('from_joinpoint', False)
        if kwargs:
            raise TypeError("unknown arguments: %s" % ','.join(kwargs.iterkeys()))
        return self._join(props, outerjoin=True, create_aliases=aliased, from_joinpoint=from_joinpoint)

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition, _no_limit_offset)
    def _join(self, keys, outerjoin, create_aliases, from_joinpoint):

        # copy collections that may mutate so they do not affect
        # the copied-from query.
        self._currenttables = set(self._currenttables)
        self._polymorphic_adapters = self._polymorphic_adapters.copy()

        # start from the beginning unless from_joinpoint is set.
        if not from_joinpoint:
            self._reset_joinpoint()

        clause = replace_clause_index = None
        
        # after the method completes,
        # the query's joinpoint will be set to this.
        right_entity = None
        
        for arg1 in util.to_list(keys):
            aliased_entity = False
            alias_criterion = False
            left_entity = right_entity
            prop = of_type = right_entity = right_mapper = None

            # distinguish between tuples, scalar args
            if isinstance(arg1, tuple):
                arg1, arg2 = arg1
            else:
                arg2 = None

            # determine onclause/right_entity.  there
            # is a little bit of legacy behavior still at work here
            # which means they might be in either order.  may possibly
            # lock this down to (right_entity, onclause) in 0.6.
            if isinstance(arg2, (interfaces.PropComparator, basestring)):
                onclause = arg2
                right_entity = arg1
            elif isinstance(arg1, (interfaces.PropComparator, basestring)):
                onclause = arg1
                right_entity = arg2
            else:
                onclause = arg2
                right_entity = arg1

            # extract info from the onclause argument, determine
            # left_entity and right_entity.
            if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
                of_type = getattr(onclause, '_of_type', None)
                prop = onclause.property
                descriptor = onclause

                if not left_entity:
                    left_entity = onclause.parententity

                if of_type:
                    right_mapper = of_type
                else:
                    right_mapper = prop.mapper

                if not right_entity:
                    right_entity = right_mapper

            elif isinstance(onclause, basestring):
                if not left_entity:
                    left_entity = self._joinpoint_zero()

                descriptor, prop = _entity_descriptor(left_entity, onclause)
                right_mapper = prop.mapper

                if not right_entity:
                    right_entity = right_mapper
            elif not left_entity:
                left_entity = self._joinpoint_zero()

            if not clause and self._from_obj:
                mp, left_selectable, is_aliased_class = _entity_info(left_entity)

                replace_clause_index, clause = sql_util.find_join_source(self._from_obj, left_selectable)
                if not clause:
                    clause = left_selectable
                    
            if not clause and left_entity:
                for ent in self._entities:
                    if ent.corresponds_to(left_entity):
                        clause = ent.selectable
                        break

            # TODO:
            # this provides one kind of "backwards join"
            # tested in test/orm/query.py.
            # removal of this has been considered, but maybe not
            # see [ticket:1445]
            if not clause:
                if isinstance(onclause, interfaces.PropComparator):
                    clause = onclause.__clause_element__()

            if not clause:
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Could not find a FROM clause to join from")

            # if we have a MapperProperty and the onclause is not already
            # an instrumented descriptor.  this catches of_type()
            # PropComparators and string-based on clauses.
            if prop and not isinstance(onclause, attributes.QueryableAttribute):
                onclause = prop

            # start looking at the right side of the join

            mp, right_selectable, is_aliased_class = _entity_info(right_entity)

            if mp is not None and right_mapper is not None and not mp.common_parent(right_mapper):
                raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                    "Join target %s does not correspond to the right side of join condition %s" % (right_entity, onclause)
                )

            if not right_mapper and mp:
                right_mapper = mp

            # determine if we need to wrap the right hand side in an alias.
            # this occurs based on the create_aliases flag, or if the target
            # is a selectable, Join, or polymorphically-loading mapper
            if right_mapper and not is_aliased_class:
                if right_entity is right_selectable:

                    if not right_selectable.is_derived_from(right_mapper.mapped_table):
                        raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError(
                            "Selectable '%s' is not derived from '%s'" %
                            (right_selectable.description, right_mapper.mapped_table.description))

                    if not isinstance(right_selectable, expression.Alias):
                        right_selectable = right_selectable.alias()

                    right_entity = aliased(right_mapper, right_selectable)
                    alias_criterion = True

                elif create_aliases:
                    right_entity = aliased(right_mapper)
                    alias_criterion = True

                elif right_mapper.with_polymorphic or isinstance(right_mapper.mapped_table, expression.Join):
                    right_entity = aliased(right_mapper)
                    alias_criterion = True
                    aliased_entity = True

                elif prop:
                    # for joins across plain relation()s, try not to specify the
                    # same joins twice.  the _currenttables collection tracks
                    # what plain mapped tables we've joined to already.

                    if prop.table in self._currenttables:
                        if prop.secondary is not None and prop.secondary not in self._currenttables:
                            # TODO: this check is not strong enough for different paths to the same endpoint which
                            # does not use secondary tables
                            raise sa_exc.InvalidRequestError("Can't join to property '%s'; a path to this "
                                "table along a different secondary table already "
                                "exists.  Use the `alias=True` argument to `join()`." % descriptor)
                        continue

                    if prop.secondary:
                        self._currenttables.add(prop.secondary)
                    self._currenttables.add(prop.table)

                    if of_type:
                        right_entity = of_type
                    else:
                        right_entity = prop.mapper

            # create adapters to the right side, if we've created aliases
            if alias_criterion:
                right_adapter = ORMAdapter(right_entity,
                    equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns, chain_to=self._filter_aliases)

            # if the onclause is a ClauseElement, adapt it with our right
            # adapter, then with our query-wide adaptation if any.
            if isinstance(onclause, expression.ClauseElement):
                if alias_criterion:
                    onclause = right_adapter.traverse(onclause)
                onclause = self._adapt_clause(onclause, False, True)

            # determine if we want _ORMJoin to alias the onclause
            # to the given left side.  This is used if we're joining against a
            # select_from() selectable, from_self() call, or the onclause
            # has been resolved into a MapperProperty.  Otherwise we assume
            # the onclause itself contains more specific information on how to
            # construct the onclause.
            join_to_left = not is_aliased_class or \
                            onclause is prop or \
                            self._from_obj_alias and clause is self._from_obj[0]

            # create the join
            clause = orm_join(clause, right_entity, onclause, isouter=outerjoin, join_to_left=join_to_left)

            # set up state for the query as a whole
            if alias_criterion:
                # adapt filter() calls based on our right side adaptation
                self._filter_aliases = right_adapter

                # if a polymorphic entity was aliased, establish that
                # so that MapperEntity/ColumnEntity can pick up on it
                # and adapt when it renders columns and fetches them from results
                if aliased_entity:
                    self.__mapper_loads_polymorphically_with(
                                        right_mapper,
                                        ORMAdapter(right_entity, equivalents=right_mapper._equivalent_columns)
                                    )

        if replace_clause_index is not None:
            l = list(self._from_obj)
            l[replace_clause_index] = clause
            self._from_obj = tuple(l)
        else:
            self._from_obj = self._from_obj + (clause,)

        # future joins with from_joinpoint=True join from our established right_entity.
        self._joinpoint = right_entity

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
    def reset_joinpoint(self):
        """return a new Query reset the 'joinpoint' of this Query reset
        back to the starting mapper.  Subsequent generative calls will
        be constructed from the new joinpoint.

        Note that each call to join() or outerjoin() also starts from
        the root.

        """
        self._reset_joinpoint()

    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
    def select_from(self, from_obj):
        """Set the `from_obj` parameter of the query and return the newly
        resulting ``Query``.  This replaces the table which this Query selects
        from with the given table.


        `from_obj` is a single table or selectable.

        """
        
        if isinstance(from_obj, (tuple, list)):
            # from_obj is actually a list again as of 0.5.3.   so this restriction here
            # is somewhat artificial, but is still in place since select_from() implies aliasing all further
            # criterion against what's placed here, and its less complex to only
            # keep track of a single aliased FROM element being selected against.  This could in theory be opened
            # up again to more complexity.
            util.warn_deprecated("select_from() now accepts a single Selectable as its argument, which replaces any existing FROM criterion.")
            from_obj = from_obj[-1]
        if not isinstance(from_obj, expression.FromClause):
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("select_from() accepts FromClause objects only.")
        self._set_select_from(from_obj)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        if isinstance(item, slice):
            start, stop, step = util.decode_slice(item)

            if isinstance(stop, int) and isinstance(start, int) and stop - start <= 0:
                return []

            # perhaps we should execute a count() here so that we
            # can still use LIMIT/OFFSET ?
            elif (isinstance(start, int) and start < 0) \
                or (isinstance(stop, int) and stop < 0):
                return list(self)[item]

            res = self.slice(start, stop)
            if step is not None:
                return list(res)[None:None:item.step]
            else:
                return list(res)
        else:
            return list(self[item:item+1])[0]

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
    def slice(self, start, stop):
        """apply LIMIT/OFFSET to the ``Query`` based on a range and return the newly resulting ``Query``."""
        if start is not None and stop is not None:
            self._offset = (self._offset or 0) + start
            self._limit = stop - start
        elif start is None and stop is not None:
            self._limit = stop
        elif start is not None and stop is None:
            self._offset = (self._offset or 0) + start

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
    def limit(self, limit):
        """Apply a ``LIMIT`` to the query and return the newly resulting

        ``Query``.

        """
        self._limit = limit

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
    def offset(self, offset):
        """Apply an ``OFFSET`` to the query and return the newly resulting
        ``Query``.

        """
        self._offset = offset

    @_generative(_no_statement_condition)
    def distinct(self):
        """Apply a ``DISTINCT`` to the query and return the newly resulting
        ``Query``.

        """
        self._distinct = True

    def all(self):
        """Return the results represented by this ``Query`` as a list.

        This results in an execution of the underlying query.

        """
        return list(self)

    @_generative(_no_clauseelement_condition)
    def from_statement(self, statement):
        """Execute the given SELECT statement and return results.

        This method bypasses all internal statement compilation, and the
        statement is executed without modification.

        The statement argument is either a string, a ``select()`` construct,
        or a ``text()`` construct, and should return the set of columns
        appropriate to the entity class represented by this ``Query``.

        Also see the ``instances()`` method.

        """
        if isinstance(statement, basestring):
            statement = sql.text(statement)

        if not isinstance(statement, (expression._TextClause, expression._SelectBaseMixin)):
            raise sa_exc.ArgumentError("from_statement accepts text(), select(), and union() objects only.")

        self._s…