/week_1/lecture_1.tex

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\input{header.tex}
\input{codetypeset.tex}
\input{ls.tex}

\begin{document}
\title{Hello World! Basic \cppname{} syntax}

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\begin{frame}
\titlepage
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%\begin{frame}
%  {Why learn \cppname{}}
%\cppname{} is a multi-paradigm programming language
%\begin{itemize}
%  \item
%     Procedural/Imperative
%  \item
%     Functional
%  \item
%     Object-Oriented (OO)
%  \item
%     Generic (templates)
%  \item
%     Static typing and nominal typing
%  \item 
%     A compiled language (Speed)
%\end{itemize}
%\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}
%   {\cppname{}}
%   \verticalspace
%   Uses C syntax \\
%   \verticalspace
%   Procedural language (program consists of a number of sub procedures
%   that are performed sequentially)
%\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]
   {The minimal \cppname{} program}
   \includecpp{examples/minimal/main.cpp}
   
   \verticalspace
   Every \cppname{} program must define a \icpp{main} function \\
   \verticalspace
   The \icpp{main} function must \emph{always} return an \icpp{int} \\
   \verticalspace
   The program will execute \emph{statements} between the curly braces
   \icpp{\{} and \icpp{\}} \\
   \verticalspace
   \icpp{//} indicates developer comments and will be ignored by the compiler \\
   \verticalspace
   Uses C syntax \\
   \verticalspace
   Procedural language (program consists of a number of sub procedures
   that are performed sequentially)
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]
   {Compiled languages}
  \begin{figure}
    \centering
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{../figures/compile_process_cut}
  \end{figure}
   
   \cppname{} is a compiled programming language \\ 
   \verticalspace
   Compiles high-level langage to low-level machine code \\
   \verticalspace
   Compiling and running are two separate steps \\
   \verticalspace
   Compiling the code creates a \emph{binary} / \emph{executable} file \\

   \begin{terminal}[Compile procedure]
$ ls       # check contents of directory
main.cpp
$ g++ main.cpp # compile our program
$ ls       # we now see the executable 'a.out'
a.out main.cpp
$ ./a.out  # running the executable
   \end{terminal}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}
  {Hello World \cppname-style}
\includecpp[Hello World]{examples/helloworld/helloworld.cpp}

\verticalspace
The operator \icpp{<<} writes the rhs argument to the lhs argument \\
\verticalspace
\icpp{cout} is the standard output stream \\
\verticalspace
In \cppname{} the operator \icpp{;} means \emph{execute} statement \\
\verticalspace
When compiled and run will print \iterminal{Hello World!} to terminal \\
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]
  {Compile and run \iterminal{helloworld.cpp}}
Compile with \iterminal{g++} compiler and run executable
\begin{terminal}
$ g++ helloworld.cpp
$ ./a.out
Hello World!
\end{terminal}
Executable is named \iterminal{a.out} \\
\verticalspace
We can rename it using the compiler option \icpp{-o <filename>}
\begin{terminal}
$ g++ -o helloworld.x helloworld.cpp
$ ./helloworld.x
Hello World!
\end{terminal}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]
  {Reading input}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
  \includecpp
  [Hello World 2]{examples/helloworld/helloworld2.cpp}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
  \begin{terminal}
$ g++ helloworld2.cpp
$ ./a.out
Please enter your name:
ian
Hello World! ian
  \end{terminal}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{Types}
  \begin{cpp}[Some basic types]
bool    // Boolean value, possible values are true and false (1 and 0)
char    // single character e.g. 'a', 'q', and '7'
int     // signed integer e.g. 100, 1337, and -42
double // floating point number, double precision e.g. 236.11 and -3.14
  \end{cpp}
\verticalspace
Built-in \cppname{} types \\
   \includecpplines[Declaration and assignment]{examples/declaration/main.cpp}{6}{15}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{Operators}
  \begin{cpp}[Arithmetic operators]
x+y // plus 
+x  // unary plus
x-y // minus
-x  // unary minus
x*y // multiply
x/y // divide
x%y // remainder
  \end{cpp}

\includecpplines[Operator example]{examples/operators/main.cpp}{5}{12}

\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{Comparision operators}
  \begin{cpp}[Comparison operators]
x==y // equal, true if x is equal to y
x!=y // not equal, true if x is not equal to y (opposite of equal)
x<y  // less than, true if x is less than y
x>y  // greater than, true if x is greater than y
x<=y // less than or equal, true if x is greather than or equal to y
x>=y // greater than or equal, true if x is less than or equal to y
  \end{cpp}
\verticalspace
Comparison operators return \icpp{bool} type, thus they are either
\icpp{true} or \icpp{false} (\icpp{1} or \icpp{0})

\includecpplines[Not-equal-to]{examples/neq/main.cpp}{5}{7}

\end{frame}

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% Scopes
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\begin{frame}[fragile]{Scopes}
  Curly braces \icpp{\{ \}} denotes scopes in \cppname{}. \\
  \verticalspace
  Only variables declared inside a given scope or in a surrounding scope
  can be accessed! \emph{(local variables)}

  \includecpplines[Scope]{examples/scope/main.cpp}{11}{24}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{if-then-else}
  \begin{cpp}[if-then-else structure]
if(£\emph{condition}£)
{
  // execute if condition is true
}
else
{
  // execute if condition is false
}
  \end{cpp}
\verticalspace
Execute body of code depending on a \emph{condition} \\
\verticalspace
\emph{condition} is binary, either \icpp{true} or \icpp{false} (think \icpp{bool}) \\
\verticalspace
Can check integer, floating-point, pointers, etc., \icpp{0} is \icpp{false} and everything else is \icpp{true}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{Example}
   \includecpplines[Example: If 1]{examples/if/if1.cpp}{5}{14}
  
   \includecpplines[Example: If 2]{examples/if/if2.cpp}{5}{10}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{if-then-else extended else-if}
  \begin{cpp}[if-then-else-if-then-else]
if(£\emph{condition1}£)
{
  // execute if condition1 is true
}
else if(£\emph{condition2}£)
{
  // execute if condition1 is false and condition2 is true
}
else
{
  // execute if condition1 and condition2 are both false
}
  \end{cpp}
  \begin{cpp}[if no else (OK, we get it already!!!)]
if(£\emph{condition}£)
{
  // execute if conditions is true
}
  \end{cpp}
\end{frame}


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\begin{frame}[fragile]{for-loop}
   \begin{cpp}[for structure]
for(£\emph{initialize}£; £\emph{condition}£; £\emph{increment}£)
{
  // execute body as long as condition is true
  // after code has been executed, do increment
}
   \end{cpp}
   
   \includecpplines[Example: Adding some integers]{examples/for/for.cpp}{5}{10}

   \verticalspace
   \icpp{sum += i} is shorthand for \icpp{sum = sum + i} \\
   \verticalspace
   \icpp{++i} increments \icpp{i} by \icpp{1} and returns incremented value \\
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{while-loop}
   \begin{cpp}[while structure]
while(£\emph{condition}£)
{
  // execute body as long as condition is true
}
   \end{cpp}
   
   \includecpplines[Adding some integers using while]{examples/while/while.cpp}{5}{12}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}[fragile]{do-while}
   \begin{cpp}[do-while-loop]
do
{
  // execute once, then execute while condition is true
}
while(£\emph{condition}£);
   \end{cpp}
   
   \verticalspace
   Old form, can always be reformulated to a standard \icpp{while} loop \\
   \verticalspace
   Preferable to use the standard form!
\end{frame}

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% VECTOR CLASS
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\begin{frame}[fragile]
   {Standard Template Library (STL)}
   STL implements alot of different functionality. \\
   \verticalspace
   Especially interesting to us is the vector class
   \includecpp[Using std::vector]{examples/std_vector/main.cpp}
\end{frame}

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\begin{frame}
   \begin{center}
      \Large
      Now lets get cracking at some problems!
   \end{center}
\end{frame}

\end{document}