/includes/common.inc

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<?php

/**
 * @file
 * Common functions that many Drupal modules will need to reference.
 *
 * The functions that are critical and need to be available even when serving
 * a cached page are instead located in bootstrap.inc.
 */

/**
 * Return status for saving which involved creating a new item.
 */
define('SAVED_NEW', 1);

/**
 * Return status for saving which involved an update to an existing item.
 */
define('SAVED_UPDATED', 2);

/**
 * Return status for saving which deleted an existing item.
 */
define('SAVED_DELETED', 3);

/**
 * Create E_DEPRECATED constant for older PHP versions (<5.3).
 */
if (!defined('E_DEPRECATED')) {
  define('E_DEPRECATED', 8192);
}

/**
 * Set content for a specified region.
 *
 * @param $region
 *   Page region the content is assigned to.
 * @param $data
 *   Content to be set.
 */
function drupal_set_content($region = NULL, $data = NULL) {
  static $content = array();

  if (!is_null($region) && !is_null($data)) {
    $content[$region][] = $data;
  }
  return $content;
}

/**
 * Get assigned content.
 *
 * @param $region
 *   A specified region to fetch content for. If NULL, all regions will be
 *   returned.
 * @param $delimiter
 *   Content to be inserted between imploded array elements.
 */
function drupal_get_content($region = NULL, $delimiter = ' ') {
  $content = drupal_set_content();
  if (isset($region)) {
    if (isset($content[$region]) && is_array($content[$region])) {
      return implode($delimiter, $content[$region]);
    }
  }
  else {
    foreach (array_keys($content) as $region) {
      if (is_array($content[$region])) {
        $content[$region] = implode($delimiter, $content[$region]);
      }
    }
    return $content;
  }
}

/**
 * Set the breadcrumb trail for the current page.
 *
 * @param $breadcrumb
 *   Array of links, starting with "home" and proceeding up to but not including
 *   the current page.
 */
function drupal_set_breadcrumb($breadcrumb = NULL) {
  static $stored_breadcrumb;

  if (!is_null($breadcrumb)) {
    $stored_breadcrumb = $breadcrumb;
  }
  return $stored_breadcrumb;
}

/**
 * Get the breadcrumb trail for the current page.
 */
function drupal_get_breadcrumb() {
  $breadcrumb = drupal_set_breadcrumb();

  if (is_null($breadcrumb)) {
    $breadcrumb = menu_get_active_breadcrumb();
  }

  return $breadcrumb;
}

/**
 * Add output to the head tag of the HTML page.
 *
 * This function can be called as long the headers aren't sent.
 */
function drupal_set_html_head($data = NULL) {
  static $stored_head = '';

  if (!is_null($data)) {
    $stored_head .= $data ."\n";
  }
  return $stored_head;
}

/**
 * Retrieve output to be displayed in the head tag of the HTML page.
 */
function drupal_get_html_head() {
  $output = "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n";
  return $output . drupal_set_html_head();
}

/**
 * Reset the static variable which holds the aliases mapped for this request.
 */
function drupal_clear_path_cache() {
  drupal_lookup_path('wipe');
}

/*
 * The function drupal_set_header() has been moved to includes/bootstrap.inc in Pressflow.
 */

/**
 * Get the HTTP response headers for the current page.
 *
 * This function is not called by Pressflow and remains here
 * only for Drupal 5/6 API compatibility.
 */
function drupal_get_headers() {
  $headers = drupal_set_header();
  $header_text = array();
  foreach ($headers as $name => $value) {
    $header_text[] .= $name . ': ' . $value;
  }
  return implode("\n", $header_text);
}

/**
 * Make any final alterations to the rendered xhtml.
 */
function drupal_final_markup($content) {
  // Make sure that the charset is always specified as the first element of the
  // head region to prevent encoding-based attacks.
  return preg_replace('/<head[^>]*>/i', "\$0\n<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />", $content, 1);
}

/**
 * Add a feed URL for the current page.
 *
 * @param $url
 *   A url for the feed.
 * @param $title
 *   The title of the feed.
 */
function drupal_add_feed($url = NULL, $title = '') {
  static $stored_feed_links = array();

  if (!is_null($url) && !isset($stored_feed_links[$url])) {
    $stored_feed_links[$url] = theme('feed_icon', $url, $title);

    drupal_add_link(array('rel' => 'alternate',
                          'type' => 'application/rss+xml',
                          'title' => $title,
                          'href' => $url));
  }
  return $stored_feed_links;
}

/**
 * Get the feed URLs for the current page.
 *
 * @param $delimiter
 *   A delimiter to split feeds by.
 */
function drupal_get_feeds($delimiter = "\n") {
  $feeds = drupal_add_feed();
  return implode($feeds, $delimiter);
}

/**
 * @defgroup http_handling HTTP handling
 * @{
 * Functions to properly handle HTTP responses.
 */

/**
 * Parse an array into a valid urlencoded query string.
 *
 * @param $query
 *   The array to be processed e.g. $_GET.
 * @param $exclude
 *   The array filled with keys to be excluded. Use parent[child] to exclude
 *   nested items.
 * @param $parent
 *   Should not be passed, only used in recursive calls.
 * @return
 *   An urlencoded string which can be appended to/as the URL query string.
 */
function drupal_query_string_encode($query, $exclude = array(), $parent = '') {
  $params = array();

  foreach ($query as $key => $value) {
    $key = rawurlencode($key);
    if ($parent) {
      $key = $parent .'['. $key .']';
    }

    if (in_array($key, $exclude)) {
      continue;
    }

    if (is_array($value)) {
      $params[] = drupal_query_string_encode($value, $exclude, $key);
    }
    else {
      $params[] = $key .'='. rawurlencode($value);
    }
  }

  return implode('&', $params);
}

/**
 * Prepare a destination query string for use in combination with drupal_goto().
 *
 * Used to direct the user back to the referring page after completing a form.
 * By default the current URL is returned. If a destination exists in the
 * previous request, that destination is returned. As such, a destination can
 * persist across multiple pages.
 *
 * @see drupal_goto()
 */
function drupal_get_destination() {
  if (isset($_REQUEST['destination'])) {
    return 'destination='. urlencode($_REQUEST['destination']);
  }
  else {
    // Use $_GET here to retrieve the original path in source form.
    $path = isset($_GET['q']) ? $_GET['q'] : '';
    $query = drupal_query_string_encode($_GET, array('q'));
    if ($query != '') {
      $path .= '?'. $query;
    }
    return 'destination='. urlencode($path);
  }
}

/**
 * Send the user to a different Drupal page.
 *
 * This issues an on-site HTTP redirect. The function makes sure the redirected
 * URL is formatted correctly.
 *
 * Usually the redirected URL is constructed from this function's input
 * parameters. However you may override that behavior by setting a
 * destination in either the $_REQUEST-array (i.e. by using
 * the query string of an URI) or the $_REQUEST['edit']-array (i.e. by
 * using a hidden form field). This is used to direct the user back to
 * the proper page after completing a form. For example, after editing
 * a post on the 'admin/content/node'-page or after having logged on using the
 * 'user login'-block in a sidebar. The function drupal_get_destination()
 * can be used to help set the destination URL.
 *
 * Drupal will ensure that messages set by drupal_set_message() and other
 * session data are written to the database before the user is redirected.
 *
 * This function ends the request; use it rather than a print theme('page')
 * statement in your menu callback.
 *
 * @param $path
 *   A Drupal path or a full URL.
 * @param $query
 *   A query string component, if any.
 * @param $fragment
 *   A destination fragment identifier (named anchor).
 * @param $http_response_code
 *   Valid values for an actual "goto" as per RFC 2616 section 10.3 are:
 *   - 301 Moved Permanently (the recommended value for most redirects)
 *   - 302 Found (default in Drupal and PHP, sometimes used for spamming search
 *         engines)
 *   - 303 See Other
 *   - 304 Not Modified
 *   - 305 Use Proxy
 *   - 307 Temporary Redirect (alternative to "503 Site Down for Maintenance")
 *   Note: Other values are defined by RFC 2616, but are rarely used and poorly
 *   supported.
 * @see drupal_get_destination()
 */
function drupal_goto($path = '', $query = NULL, $fragment = NULL, $http_response_code = 302) {

  $destination = FALSE;
  if (isset($_REQUEST['destination'])) {
    $destination = $_REQUEST['destination'];
  }
  else if (isset($_REQUEST['edit']['destination'])) {
    $destination = $_REQUEST['edit']['destination'];
  }

  if ($destination) {
    // Do not redirect to an absolute URL originating from user input.
    $colonpos = strpos($destination, ':');
    $absolute = ($colonpos !== FALSE && !preg_match('![/?#]!', substr($destination, 0, $colonpos)));
    if (!$absolute) {
      extract(parse_url(urldecode($destination)));
    }
  }

  $url = url($path, array('query' => $query, 'fragment' => $fragment, 'absolute' => TRUE));
  // Remove newlines from the URL to avoid header injection attacks.
  $url = str_replace(array("\n", "\r"), '', $url);

  // Allow modules to react to the end of the page request before redirecting.
  // We do not want this while running update.php.
  if (!defined('MAINTENANCE_MODE') || MAINTENANCE_MODE != 'update') {
    module_invoke_all('exit', $url);
  }

  // Even though session_write_close() is registered as a shutdown function,
  // we need all session data written to the database before redirecting.
  drupal_session_commit();

  header('Location: '. $url, TRUE, $http_response_code);

  // The "Location" header sends a redirect status code to the HTTP daemon. In
  // some cases this can be wrong, so we make sure none of the code below the
  // drupal_goto() call gets executed upon redirection.
  exit();
}

/**
 * Generates a site off-line message.
 */
function drupal_site_offline() {
  drupal_maintenance_theme();
  drupal_set_header('HTTP/1.1 503 Service unavailable');
  drupal_set_title(t('Site off-line'));
  print theme('maintenance_page', filter_xss_admin(variable_get('site_offline_message',
    t('@site is currently under maintenance. We should be back shortly. Thank you for your patience.', array('@site' => variable_get('site_name', 'Pressflow'))))));
}

/**
 * Generates a 404 error if the request can not be handled.
 */
function drupal_not_found() {
  drupal_set_header('HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found');

  watchdog('page not found', check_plain($_GET['q']), NULL, WATCHDOG_WARNING);

  // Keep old path for reference, and to allow forms to redirect to it.
  if (!isset($_REQUEST['destination'])) {
    $_REQUEST['destination'] = $_GET['q'];
  }

  $path = drupal_get_normal_path(variable_get('site_404', ''));
  if ($path && $path != $_GET['q']) {
    // Set the active item in case there are tabs to display, or other
    // dependencies on the path.
    menu_set_active_item($path);
    $return = menu_execute_active_handler($path);
  }

  if (empty($return) || $return == MENU_NOT_FOUND || $return == MENU_ACCESS_DENIED) {
    drupal_set_title(t('Page not found'));
    $return = t('The requested page could not be found.');
  }

  // To conserve CPU and bandwidth, omit the blocks.
  print theme('page', $return, FALSE);
}

/**
 * Generates a 403 error if the request is not allowed.
 */
function drupal_access_denied() {
  drupal_set_header('HTTP/1.1 403 Forbidden');

  watchdog('access denied', check_plain($_GET['q']), NULL, WATCHDOG_WARNING);

  // Keep old path for reference, and to allow forms to redirect to it.
  if (!isset($_REQUEST['destination'])) {
    $_REQUEST['destination'] = $_GET['q'];
  }

  $path = drupal_get_normal_path(variable_get('site_403', ''));
  if ($path && $path != $_GET['q']) {
    // Set the active item in case there are tabs to display or other
    // dependencies on the path.
    menu_set_active_item($path);
    $return = menu_execute_active_handler($path);
  }

  if (empty($return) || $return == MENU_NOT_FOUND || $return == MENU_ACCESS_DENIED) {
    drupal_set_title(t('Access denied'));
    $return = t('You are not authorized to access this page.');
  }
  print theme('page', $return);
}

/**
 * Perform an HTTP request.
 *
 * This is a flexible and powerful HTTP client implementation. Correctly handles
 * GET, POST, PUT or any other HTTP requests. Handles redirects.
 *
 * @param $url
 *   A string containing a fully qualified URI.
 * @param $headers
 *   An array containing an HTTP header => value pair.
 * @param $method
 *   A string defining the HTTP request to use.
 * @param $data
 *   A string containing data to include in the request.
 * @param $retry
 *   An integer representing how many times to retry the request in case of a
 *   redirect.
 * @return
 *   An object containing the HTTP request headers, response code, protocol,
 *   status message, headers, data and redirect status.
 */
function drupal_http_request($url, $headers = array(), $method = 'GET', $data = NULL, $retry = 3) {
  global $db_prefix;

  $result = new stdClass();

  // Parse the URL and make sure we can handle the schema.
  $uri = parse_url($url);

  if ($uri == FALSE) {
    $result->error = 'unable to parse URL';
    $result->code = -1001;
    return $result;
  }

  if (!isset($uri['scheme'])) {
    $result->error = 'missing schema';
    $result->code = -1002;
    return $result;
  }

  switch ($uri['scheme']) {
    case 'http':
    case 'feed':
      $port = isset($uri['port']) ? $uri['port'] : 80;
      $host = $uri['host'] . ($port != 80 ? ':'. $port : '');
      $fp = @fsockopen($uri['host'], $port, $errno, $errstr, 15);
      break;
    case 'https':
      // Note: Only works for PHP 4.3 compiled with OpenSSL.
      $port = isset($uri['port']) ? $uri['port'] : 443;
      $host = $uri['host'] . ($port != 443 ? ':'. $port : '');
      $fp = @fsockopen('ssl://'. $uri['host'], $port, $errno, $errstr, 20);
      break;
    default:
      $result->error = 'invalid schema '. $uri['scheme'];
      $result->code = -1003;
      return $result;
  }

  // Make sure the socket opened properly.
  if (!$fp) {
    // When a network error occurs, we use a negative number so it does not
    // clash with the HTTP status codes.
    $result->code = -$errno;
    $result->error = trim($errstr);

    // Mark that this request failed. This will trigger a check of the web
    // server's ability to make outgoing HTTP requests the next time that
    // requirements checking is performed.
    // @see system_requirements()
    variable_set('drupal_http_request_fails', TRUE);

    return $result;
  }

  // Construct the path to act on.
  $path = isset($uri['path']) ? $uri['path'] : '/';
  if (isset($uri['query'])) {
    $path .= '?'. $uri['query'];
  }

  // Create HTTP request.
  $defaults = array(
    // RFC 2616: "non-standard ports MUST, default ports MAY be included".
    // We don't add the port to prevent from breaking rewrite rules checking the
    // host that do not take into account the port number.
    'Host' => "Host: $host",
    'User-Agent' => 'User-Agent: Drupal (+http://drupal.org/)',
  );

  // Only add Content-Length if we actually have any content or if it is a POST
  // or PUT request. Some non-standard servers get confused by Content-Length in
  // at least HEAD/GET requests, and Squid always requires Content-Length in
  // POST/PUT requests.
  $content_length = strlen($data);
  if ($content_length > 0 || $method == 'POST' || $method == 'PUT') {
    $defaults['Content-Length'] = 'Content-Length: '. $content_length;
  }

  // If the server url has a user then attempt to use basic authentication
  if (isset($uri['user'])) {
    $defaults['Authorization'] = 'Authorization: Basic '. base64_encode($uri['user'] . (!empty($uri['pass']) ? ":". $uri['pass'] : ''));
  }

  // If the database prefix is being used by SimpleTest to run the tests in a copied
  // database then set the user-agent header to the database prefix so that any
  // calls to other Drupal pages will run the SimpleTest prefixed database. The
  // user-agent is used to ensure that multiple testing sessions running at the
  // same time won't interfere with each other as they would if the database
  // prefix were stored statically in a file or database variable.
  if (is_string($db_prefix) && preg_match("/^simpletest\d+$/", $db_prefix, $matches)) {
    $defaults['User-Agent'] = 'User-Agent: ' . drupal_generate_test_ua($matches[0]);
  }

  foreach ($headers as $header => $value) {
    $defaults[$header] = $header .': '. $value;
  }

  $request = $method .' '. $path ." HTTP/1.0\r\n";
  $request .= implode("\r\n", $defaults);
  $request .= "\r\n\r\n";
  $request .= $data;

  $result->request = $request;

  fwrite($fp, $request);

  // Fetch response.
  $response = '';
  while (!feof($fp) && $chunk = fread($fp, 1024)) {
    $response .= $chunk;
  }
  fclose($fp);

  // Parse response.
  list($split, $result->data) = explode("\r\n\r\n", $response, 2);
  $split = preg_split("/\r\n|\n|\r/", $split);

  list($protocol, $code, $status_message) = explode(' ', trim(array_shift($split)), 3);
  $result->protocol = $protocol;
  $result->status_message = $status_message;

  $result->headers = array();

  // Parse headers.
  while ($line = trim(array_shift($split))) {
    list($header, $value) = explode(':', $line, 2);
    if (isset($result->headers[$header]) && $header == 'Set-Cookie') {
      // RFC 2109: the Set-Cookie response header comprises the token Set-
      // Cookie:, followed by a comma-separated list of one or more cookies.
      $result->headers[$header] .= ','. trim($value);
    }
    else {
      $result->headers[$header] = trim($value);
    }
  }

  $responses = array(
    100 => 'Continue', 101 => 'Switching Protocols',
    200 => 'OK', 201 => 'Created', 202 => 'Accepted', 203 => 'Non-Authoritative Information', 204 => 'No Content', 205 => 'Reset Content', 206 => 'Partial Content',
    300 => 'Multiple Choices', 301 => 'Moved Permanently', 302 => 'Found', 303 => 'See Other', 304 => 'Not Modified', 305 => 'Use Proxy', 307 => 'Temporary Redirect',
    400 => 'Bad Request', 401 => 'Unauthorized', 402 => 'Payment Required', 403 => 'Forbidden', 404 => 'Not Found', 405 => 'Method Not Allowed', 406 => 'Not Acceptable', 407 => 'Proxy Authentication Required', 408 => 'Request Time-out', 409 => 'Conflict', 410 => 'Gone', 411 => 'Length Required', 412 => 'Precondition Failed', 413 => 'Request Entity Too Large', 414 => 'Request-URI Too Large', 415 => 'Unsupported Media Type', 416 => 'Requested range not satisfiable', 417 => 'Expectation Failed',
    500 => 'Internal Server Error', 501 => 'Not Implemented', 502 => 'Bad Gateway', 503 => 'Service Unavailable', 504 => 'Gateway Time-out', 505 => 'HTTP Version not supported'
  );
  // RFC 2616 states that all unknown HTTP codes must be treated the same as the
  // base code in their class.
  if (!isset($responses[$code])) {
    $code = floor($code / 100) * 100;
  }

  switch ($code) {
    case 200: // OK
    case 304: // Not modified
      break;
    case 301: // Moved permanently
    case 302: // Moved temporarily
    case 307: // Moved temporarily
      $location = $result->headers['Location'];

      if ($retry) {
        $result = drupal_http_request($result->headers['Location'], $headers, $method, $data, --$retry);
        $result->redirect_code = $result->code;
      }
      $result->redirect_url = $location;

      break;
    default:
      $result->error = $status_message;
  }

  $result->code = $code;
  return $result;
}
/**
 * @} End of "HTTP handling".
 */

/**
 * Log errors as defined by administrator.
 *
 * Error levels:
 * - 0 = Log errors to database.
 * - 1 = Log errors to database and to screen.
 */
function drupal_error_handler($errno, $message, $filename, $line, $context) {
  // If the @ error suppression operator was used, error_reporting will have
  // been temporarily set to 0.
  if (error_reporting() == 0) {
    return;
  }

  if ($errno & (E_ALL ^ E_DEPRECATED ^ E_NOTICE)) {
    $types = array(1 => 'error', 2 => 'warning', 4 => 'parse error', 8 => 'notice', 16 => 'core error', 32 => 'core warning', 64 => 'compile error', 128 => 'compile warning', 256 => 'user error', 512 => 'user warning', 1024 => 'user notice', 2048 => 'strict warning', 4096 => 'recoverable fatal error');

    // For database errors, we want the line number/file name of the place that
    // the query was originally called, not _db_query().
    if (isset($context[DB_ERROR])) {
      $backtrace = array_reverse(debug_backtrace());

      // List of functions where SQL queries can originate.
      $query_functions = array('db_query', 'pager_query', 'db_query_range', 'db_query_temporary', 'update_sql');

      // Determine where query function was called, and adjust line/file
      // accordingly.
      foreach ($backtrace as $index => $function) {
        if (in_array($function['function'], $query_functions)) {
          $line = $backtrace[$index]['line'];
          $filename = $backtrace[$index]['file'];
          break;
        }
      }
    }

    $entry = check_plain($types[$errno]) .': '. filter_xss($message) .' in '. check_plain($filename) .' on line '. check_plain($line) .'.';

    // Force display of error messages in update.php.
    if (variable_get('error_level', 1) == 1 || strstr($_SERVER['SCRIPT_NAME'], 'update.php')) {
      drupal_set_message($entry, 'error');
    }

    watchdog('php', '%message in %file on line %line.', array('%error' => $types[$errno], '%message' => $message, '%file' => $filename, '%line' => $line), WATCHDOG_ERROR);
  }
}

function _fix_gpc_magic(&$item) {
  if (is_array($item)) {
    array_walk($item, '_fix_gpc_magic');
  }
  else {
    $item = stripslashes($item);
  }
}

/**
 * Helper function to strip slashes from $_FILES skipping over the tmp_name keys
 * since PHP generates single backslashes for file paths on Windows systems.
 *
 * tmp_name does not have backslashes added see
 * http://php.net/manual/en/features.file-upload.php#42280
 */
function _fix_gpc_magic_files(&$item, $key) {
  if ($key != 'tmp_name') {
    if (is_array($item)) {
      array_walk($item, '_fix_gpc_magic_files');
    }
    else {
      $item = stripslashes($item);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Fix double-escaping problems caused by "magic quotes" in some PHP installations.
 */
function fix_gpc_magic() {
  static $fixed = FALSE;
  if (!$fixed && ini_get('magic_quotes_gpc')) {
    array_walk($_GET, '_fix_gpc_magic');
    array_walk($_POST, '_fix_gpc_magic');
    array_walk($_COOKIE, '_fix_gpc_magic');
    array_walk($_REQUEST, '_fix_gpc_magic');
    array_walk($_FILES, '_fix_gpc_magic_files');
    $fixed = TRUE;
  }
}

/**
 * Translate strings to the page language or a given language.
 *
 * Human-readable text that will be displayed somewhere within a page should
 * be run through the t() function.
 *
 * Examples:
 * @code
 *   if (!$info || !$info['extension']) {
 *     form_set_error('picture_upload', t('The uploaded file was not an image.'));
 *   }
 *
 *   $form['submit'] = array(
 *     '#type' => 'submit',
 *     '#value' => t('Log in'),
 *   );
 * @endcode
 *
 * Any text within t() can be extracted by translators and changed into
 * the equivalent text in their native language.
 *
 * Special variables called "placeholders" are used to signal dynamic
 * information in a string which should not be translated. Placeholders
 * can also be used for text that may change from time to time (such as
 * link paths) to be changed without requiring updates to translations.
 *
 * For example:
 * @code
 *   $output = t('There are currently %members and %visitors online.', array(
 *     '%members' => format_plural($total_users, '1 user', '@count users'),
 *     '%visitors' => format_plural($guests->count, '1 guest', '@count guests')));
 * @endcode
 *
 * There are three styles of placeholders:
 * - !variable, which indicates that the text should be inserted as-is. This is
 *   useful for inserting variables into things like e-mail.
 *   @code
 *     $message[] = t("If you don't want to receive such e-mails, you can change your settings at !url.", array('!url' => url("user/$account->uid", array('absolute' => TRUE))));
 *   @endcode
 *
 * - @variable, which indicates that the text should be run through
 *   check_plain, to escape HTML characters. Use this for any output that's
 *   displayed within a Drupal page.
 *   @code
 *     drupal_set_title($title = t("@name's blog", array('@name' => $account->name)));
 *   @endcode
 *
 * - %variable, which indicates that the string should be HTML escaped and
 *   highlighted with theme_placeholder() which shows up by default as
 *   <em>emphasized</em>.
 *   @code
 *     $message = t('%name-from sent %name-to an e-mail.', array('%name-from' => $user->name, '%name-to' => $account->name));
 *   @endcode
 *
 * When using t(), try to put entire sentences and strings in one t() call.
 * This makes it easier for translators, as it provides context as to what
 * each word refers to. HTML markup within translation strings is allowed, but
 * should be avoided if possible. The exception are embedded links; link
 * titles add a context for translators, so should be kept in the main string.
 *
 * Here is an example of incorrect usage of t():
 * @code
 *   $output .= t('<p>Go to the @contact-page.</p>', array('@contact-page' => l(t('contact page'), 'contact')));
 * @endcode
 *
 * Here is an example of t() used correctly:
 * @code
 *   $output .= '<p>'. t('Go to the <a href="@contact-page">contact page</a>.', array('@contact-page' => url('contact'))) .'</p>';
 * @endcode
 *
 * Avoid escaping quotation marks wherever possible.
 *
 * Incorrect:
 * @code
 *   $output .= t('Don\'t click me.');
 * @endcode
 *
 * Correct:
 * @code
 *   $output .= t("Don't click me.");
 * @endcode
 *
 * Because t() is designed for handling code-based strings, in almost all
 * cases, the actual string and not a variable must be passed through t().
 *
 * Extraction of translations is done based on the strings contained in t()
 * calls. If a variable is passed through t(), the content of the variable
 * cannot be extracted from the file for translation.
 *
 * Incorrect:
 * @code
 *   $message = 'An error occurred.';
 *   drupal_set_message(t($message), 'error');
 *   $output .= t($message);
 * @endcode
 *
 * Correct:
 * @code
 *   $message = t('An error occurred.');
 *   drupal_set_message($message, 'error');
 *   $output .= $message;
 * @endcode
 *
 * The only case in which variables can be passed safely through t() is when
 * code-based versions of the same strings will be passed through t() (or
 * otherwise extracted) elsewhere.
 *
 * In some cases, modules may include strings in code that can't use t()
 * calls. For example, a module may use an external PHP application that
 * produces strings that are loaded into variables in Drupal for output.
 * In these cases, module authors may include a dummy file that passes the
 * relevant strings through t(). This approach will allow the strings to be
 * extracted.
 *
 * Sample external (non-Drupal) code:
 * @code
 *   class Time {
 *     public $yesterday = 'Yesterday';
 *     public $today = 'Today';
 *     public $tomorrow = 'Tomorrow';
 *   }
 * @endcode
 *
 * Sample dummy file.
 * @code
 *   // Dummy function included in example.potx.inc.
 *   function example_potx() {
 *     $strings = array(
 *       t('Yesterday'),
 *       t('Today'),
 *       t('Tomorrow'),
 *     );
 *     // No return value needed, since this is a dummy function.
 *   }
 * @endcode
 *
 * Having passed strings through t() in a dummy function, it is then
 * okay to pass variables through t().
 *
 * Correct (if a dummy file was used):
 * @code
 *   $time = new Time();
 *   $output .= t($time->today);
 * @endcode
 *
 * However tempting it is, custom data from user input or other non-code
 * sources should not be passed through t(). Doing so leads to the following
 * problems and errors:
 *  - The t() system doesn't support updates to existing strings. When user
 *    data is updated, the next time it's passed through t() a new record is
 *    created instead of an update. The database bloats over time and any
 *    existing translations are orphaned with each update.
 *  - The t() system assumes any data it receives is in English. User data may
 *    be in another language, producing translation errors.
 *  - The "Built-in interface" text group in the locale system is used to
 *    produce translations for storage in .po files. When non-code strings are
 *    passed through t(), they are added to this text group, which is rendered
 *    inaccurate since it is a mix of actual interface strings and various user
 *    input strings of uncertain origin.
 *
 * Incorrect:
 * @code
 *   $item = item_load();
 *   $output .= check_plain(t($item['title']));
 * @endcode
 *
 * Instead, translation of these data can be done through the locale system,
 * either directly or through helper functions provided by contributed
 * modules.
 * @see hook_locale()
 *
 * During installation, st() is used in place of t(). Code that may be called
 * during installation or during normal operation should use the get_t()
 * helper function.
 * @see st()
 * @see get_t()
 *
 * @param $string
 *   A string containing the English string to translate.
 * @param $args
 *   An associative array of replacements to make after translation. Incidences
 *   of any key in this array are replaced with the corresponding value. Based
 *   on the first character of the key, the value is escaped and/or themed:
 *    - !variable: inserted as is
 *    - @variable: escape plain text to HTML (check_plain)
 *    - %variable: escape text and theme as a placeholder for user-submitted
 *      content (check_plain + theme_placeholder)
 * @param $langcode
 *   Optional language code to translate to a language other than what is used
 *   to display the page.
 * @return
 *   The translated string.
 */
function t($string, $args = array(), $langcode = NULL) {
  global $language;
  static $custom_strings;

  $langcode = isset($langcode) ? $langcode : $language->language;

  // First, check for an array of customized strings. If present, use the array
  // *instead of* database lookups. This is a high performance way to provide a
  // handful of string replacements. See settings.php for examples.
  // Cache the $custom_strings variable to improve performance.
  if (!isset($custom_strings[$langcode])) {
    $custom_strings[$langcode] = variable_get('locale_custom_strings_'. $langcode, array());
  }
  // Custom strings work for English too, even if locale module is disabled.
  if (isset($custom_strings[$langcode][$string])) {
    $string = $custom_strings[$langcode][$string];
  }
  // Translate with locale module if enabled.
  elseif (function_exists('locale') && $langcode != 'en') {
    $string = locale($string, $langcode);
  }
  if (empty($args)) {
    return $string;
  }
  else {
    // Transform arguments before inserting them.
    foreach ($args as $key => $value) {
      switch ($key[0]) {
        case '@':
          // Escaped only.
          $args[$key] = check_plain($value);
          break;

        case '%':
        default:
          // Escaped and placeholder.
          $args[$key] = theme('placeholder', $value);
          break;

        case '!':
          // Pass-through.
      }
    }
    return strtr($string, $args);
  }
}

/**
 * @defgroup validation Input validation
 * @{
 * Functions to validate user input.
 */

/**
 * Verifies the syntax of the given e-mail address.
 *
 * See RFC 2822 for details.
 *
 * @param $mail
 *   A string containing an e-mail address.
 * @return
 *   1 if the email address is valid, 0 if it is invalid or empty, and FALSE if
 *   there is an input error (such as passing in an array instead of a string).
 */
function valid_email_address($mail) {
  $user = '[a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.\+\^!#\$%&*+\/\=\?\`\|\{\}~\']+';
  $domain = '(?:(?:[a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9])\.?)+';
  $ipv4 = '[0-9]{1,3}(\.[0-9]{1,3}){3}';
  $ipv6 = '[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}(\:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,4}){7}';

  return preg_match("/^$user@($domain|(\[($ipv4|$ipv6)\]))$/", $mail);
}

/**
 * Verify the syntax of the given URL.
 *
 * This function should only be used on actual URLs. It should not be used for
 * Drupal menu paths, which can contain arbitrary characters.
 * Valid values per RFC 3986.
 *
 * @param $url
 *   The URL to verify.
 * @param $absolute
 *   Whether the URL is absolute (beginning with a scheme such as "http:").
 * @return
 *   TRUE if the URL is in a valid format.
 */
function valid_url($url, $absolute = FALSE) {
  if ($absolute) {
    return (bool)preg_match("
      /^                                                      # Start at the beginning of the text
      (?:ftp|https?|feed):\/\/                                # Look for ftp, http, https or feed schemes
      (?:                                                     # Userinfo (optional) which is typically
        (?:(?:[\w\.\-\+!$&'\(\)*\+,;=]|%[0-9a-f]{2})+:)*      # a username or a username and password
        (?:[\w\.\-\+%!$&'\(\)*\+,;=]|%[0-9a-f]{2})+@          # combination
      )?
      (?:
        (?:[a-z0-9\-\.]|%[0-9a-f]{2})+                        # A domain name or a IPv4 address
        |(?:\[(?:[0-9a-f]{0,4}:)*(?:[0-9a-f]{0,4})\])         # or a well formed IPv6 address
      )
      (?::[0-9]+)?                                            # Server port number (optional)
      (?:[\/|\?]
        (?:[\w#!:\.\?\+=&@$'~*,;\/\(\)\[\]\-]|%[0-9a-f]{2})   # The path and query (optional)
      *)?
    $/xi", $url);
  }
  else {
    return (bool)preg_match("/^(?:[\w#!:\.\?\+=&@$'~*,;\/\(\)\[\]\-]|%[0-9a-f]{2})+$/i", $url);
  }
}


/**
 * @} End of "defgroup validation".
 */

/**
 * Register an event for the current visitor (hostname/IP) to the flood control mechanism.
 *
 * @param $name
 *   The name of an event.
 */
function flood_register_event($name) {
  db_query("INSERT INTO {flood} (event, hostname, timestamp) VALUES ('%s', '%s', %d)", $name, ip_address(), time());
}

/**
 * Check if the current visitor (hostname/IP) is allowed to proceed with the specified event.
 *
 * The user is allowed to proceed if he did not trigger the specified event more
 * than $threshold times per hour.
 *
 * @param $name
 *   The name of the event.
 * @param $threshold
 *   The maximum number of the specified event per hour (per visitor).
 * @return
 *   True if the user did not exceed the hourly threshold. False otherwise.
 */
function flood_is_allowed($name, $threshold) {
  $number = db_result(db_query("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {flood} WHERE event = '%s' AND hostname = '%s' AND timestamp > %d", $name, ip_address(), time() - 3600));
  return ($number < $threshold ? TRUE : FALSE);
}

function check_file($filename) {
  return is_uploaded_file($filename);
}

/**
 * Prepare a URL for use in an HTML attribute. Strips harmful protocols.
 */
function check_url($uri) {
  return filter_xss_bad_protocol($uri, FALSE);
}

/**
 * @defgroup format Formatting
 * @{
 * Functions to format numbers, strings, dates, etc.
 */

/**
 * Formats an RSS channel.
 *
 * Arbitrary elements may be added using the $args associative array.
 */
function format_rss_channel($title, $link, $description, $items, $langcode = NULL, $args = array()) {
  global $language;
  $langcode = $langcode ? $langcode : $language->language;

  $output = "<channel>\n";
  $output .= ' <title>'. check_plain($title) ."</title>\n";
  $output .= ' <link>'. check_url($link) ."</link>\n";

  // The RSS 2.0 "spec" doesn't indicate HTML can be used in the description.
  // We strip all HTML tags, but need to prevent double encoding from properly
  // escaped source data (such as &amp becoming &amp;amp;).
  $output .= ' <description>'. check_plain(decode_entities(strip_tags($description))) ."</description>\n";
  $output .= ' <language>'. check_plain($langcode) ."</language>\n";
  $output .= format_xml_elements($args);
  $output .= $items;
  $output .= "</channel>\n";

  return $output;
}

/**
 * Format a single RSS item.
 *
 * Arbitrary elements may be added using the $args associative array.
 */
function format_rss_item($title, $link, $description, $args = array()) {
  $output = "<item>\n";
  $output .= ' <title>'. check_plain($title) ."</title>\n";
  $output .= ' <link>'. check_url($link) ."</link>\n";
  $output .= ' <description>'. check_plain($description) ."</description>\n";
  $output .= format_xml_elements($args);
  $output .= "</item>\n";

  return $output;
}

/**
 * Format XML elements.
 *
 * @param $array
 *   An array where each item represent an element and is either a:
 *   - (key => value) pair (<key>value</key>)
 *   - Associative array with fields:
 *     - 'key': element name
 *     - 'value': element contents
 *     - 'attributes': associative array of element attributes
 *
 * In both cases, 'value' can be a simple string, or it can be another array
 * with the same format as $array itself for nesting.
 */
function format_xml_elements($array) {
  $output = '';
  foreach ($array as $key => $value) {
    if (is_numeric($key)) {
      if ($value['key']) {
        $output .= ' <'. $value['key'];
        if (isset($value['attributes']) && is_array($value['attributes'])) {
          $output .= drupal_attributes($value['attributes']);
        }

        if (isset($value['value']) && $value['value'] != '') {
          $output .= '>'. (is_array($value['value']) ? format_xml_elements($value['value']) : check_plain($value['value'])) .'</'. $value['key'] .">\n";
        }
        else {
          $output .= " />\n";
        }
      }
    }
    else {
      $output .= ' <'. $key .'>'. (is_array($value) ? format_xml_elements($value) : check_plain($value)) ."</$key>\n";
    }
  }
  return $output;
}

/**
 * Format a string containing a count of items.
 *
 * This function ensures that the string is pluralized correctly. Since t() is
 * called by this function, make sure not to pass already-localized strings to
 * it.
 *
 * For example:
 * @code
 *   $output = format_plural($node->comment_count, '1 comment', '@count comments');
 * @endcode
 *
 * Example with additional replacements:
 * @code
 *   $output = format_plural($update_count,
 *     'Changed the content type of 1 post from %old-type to %new-type.',
 *     'Changed the content type of @count posts from %old-type to %new-type.',
 *     array('%old-type' => $info->old_type, '%new-type' => $info->new_type)));
 * @endcode
 *
 * @param $count
 *   The item count to display.
 * @param $singular
 *   The string for the singular case. Please make sure it is clear this is
 *   singular, to ease translation (e.g. use "1 new comment" instead of "1 new").
 *   Do not use @count in the singular string.
 * @param $plural
 *   The string for the plural case. Please make sure it is clear this is plural,
 *   to ease translation. Use @count in place of the item count, as in "@count
 *   new comments".
 * @param $args
 *   An associative array of replacements to make after translation. Incidences
 *   of any key in this array are replaced with the corresponding value.
 *   Based on the first character of the key, the value is escaped and/or themed:
 *    - !variable: inserted as is
 *    - @variable: escape plain text to HTML (check_plain)
 *    - %variable: escape text and theme as a placeholder for user-submitted
 *      content (check_plain + theme_placeholder)
 *   Note that you do not need to include @count in this array.
 *   This replacement is done automatically for the plural case.
 * @param $langcode
 *   Optional language code to translate to a language other than
 *   what is used to display the page.
 * @return
 *   A translated string.
 */
function format_plural($count, $singular, $plural, $args = array(), $langcode = NULL) {
  $args['@count'] = $count;
  if ($count == 1) {
    return t($singular, $args, $langcode);
  }

  // Get the plural index through the gettext formula.
  $index = (function_exists('locale_get_plural')) ? locale_get_plural($count, $langcode) : -1;
  // Backwards compatibility.
  if ($index < 0) {
    return t($plural, $args, $langcode);
  }
  else {
    switch ($index) {
      case "0":
        return t($singular, $args, $langcode);
      case "1":
        return t($plural, $args, $langcode);
      default:
        unset($args['@count']);
        $args['@count['. $index .']'] = $count;
        return t(strtr($plural, array('@count' => '@count['. $index .']')), $args, $langcode);
    }
  }
}

/**
 * Parse a given byte count.
 *
 * @param $size
 *   A size expressed as a number of bytes with optional SI size and unit
 *   suffix (e.g. 2, 3K, 5MB, 10G).
 * @return
 *   An integer representation of the size.
 */
function parse_size($size) {
  $suffixes = array(
    '' => 1,
    'k' => 1024,
    'm' => 1048576, // 1024 * 1024
    'g' => 1073741824, // 1024 * 1024 * 1024
  );
  if (preg_match('/([0-9]+)\s*(k|m|g)?(b?(ytes?)?)/i', $size, $match)) {
    return $match[1] * $suffixes[drupal_strtolower($match[2])];
  }
}

/**
 * Generate a string representation for the given byte count.
 *
 * @param $size
 *   A size in bytes.
 * @param $langcode
 *   Optional language code to translate to a language other than what is used
 *   to display the page.
 * @return
 *   A translated string representation of the size.
 */
function format_size($size, $langcode = NULL) {
  if ($size < 1024) {
    return format_plural($size, '1 byte', '@count bytes', array(), $langcode);
  }
  else {
    $size = round($size / 1024, 2);
    $suffix = t('KB', array(), $langcode);
    if ($size >= 1024) {
      $size = round($size / 1024, 2);
      $suffix = t('MB', array(), $langcode);
    }
    return t('@size @suffix', array('@size' => $size, '@suffix' => $suffix), $langcode);
  }
}

/**
 * Format a time interval with the requested granularity.
 *
 * @param $timestamp
 *   The length of the interval in seconds.
 * @param $granularity
 *   How many different units to display in the string.
 * @param $langcode
 *   Optional language code to translate to a language other than
 *   what is used to display the page.
 * @return
 *   A translated string representation of the interval.
 */
function format_interval($timestamp, $granularity = 2, $langcode = NULL) {
  $units = array('1 year|@count years' => 31536000, '1 week|@count weeks' => 604800, '1 day|@count days' => 86400, '1 hour|@count hours' => 3600, '1 min|@count min' => 60, '1 sec|@count sec' => 1);
  $output = '';
  foreach ($units as $key => $value) {
    $key = explode('|', $key);
    if ($timestamp >= $value) {
      $output .= ($output ? ' ' : '') . format_plural(floor($timestamp / $value), $key[0], $key[1], array(), $langcode);
      $timestamp %= $value;
      $granularity--;
    }

    if ($granularity == 0) {
      break;
    }
  }
  return $output ? $output : t('0 sec', array(), $langcode);
}

/**
 * Format a date with the given configured format or a custom format string.
 *
 * Drupal allows administrators to select formatting strings for 'small',
 * 'medium' and 'large' date formats. This function can handle these formats,
 * as well as any custom format.
 *
 * @param $timestamp
 *   The exact date to format, as a UNIX timestamp.
 * @param $type
 *   The format to use. Can be "small", "medium" or "large" for the preconfigured
 *   date formats. If "custom" is specified, then $format is required as well.
 * @param $format
 *   A PHP date format string as required by date(). A backslash should be used
 *   before a character to avoid interpreting the character as part of a date
 *   format.
 * @param $timezone
 *   Time zone offset in seconds; if omitted, the user's time zone is used.
 * @param $langcode
 *   Optional language code to translate to a language other than what is used
 *   to display the page.
 * @return
 *   A translated date string in the requested format.
 */
function format_date($timestamp, $type = 'medium', $format = '', $timezone = NULL, $langcode = NULL) {
  if (!isset($timezone)) {
    global $user;
    if (variable_get('configurable_timezones', 1) && $user->uid && strlen($user->timezone)) {
      $timezone = $user->timezone;
    }
    else {
      $timezone = variable_get('date_default_timezone', 0);
    }
  }

  $timestamp += $timezone;

  switch ($type) {
    case 'small':
      $format = variable_get('date_format_short', 'm/d/Y - H:i');
      break;
    case 'large':
      $format = variable_get('date_format_long', 'l, F j, Y - H:i');
      break;
    case 'custom':
      // No change to format.
      break;
    case 'medium':
    default:
      $format = variable_get('date_format_medium', 'D, m/d/Y - H:i');
  }

  $max = strlen($format);
  $date = '';
  for ($i = 0; $i < $max; $i++) {
    $c = $format[$i];
    if (strpos('AaDlM', $c) !== FALSE) {
      $date .= t(gmdate($c, $timestamp), array(), $langcode);
    }
    else if ($c == 'F') {
      // Special treatment for long month names: May is both an abbreviation
      // and a full month name in English, but other languages have
      // different abbreviations.
      $date .= trim(t('!long-month-name '. gmdate($c, $timestamp), array('!long-month-name' => ''), $langcode));
    }
    else if (strpos('BdgGhHiIjLmnsStTUwWYyz', $c) !== FALSE) {
      $date .= gmdate($c, $timestamp);
    }
    else if ($c == 'r') {
      $date .= format_date($timestamp - $timezone, 'custom', 'D, d M Y H:i:s O', $timezone, $langcode);
    }
    else if ($c == 'O') {
      $date .= sprintf('%s%02d%02d', ($timezone < 0 ? '-' : '+'), abs($timezone / 3600), abs($timezone % 3600) / 60);
    }
    else if ($c == 'Z') {
      $date .= $timezone;
    }
    else if ($c == '\\') {
      $date .= $format[++$i];
    }
    else {
      $date .= $c;
    }
  }

  return $date;
}

/**
 * @} End of "defgroup format".
 */

/**
 * Generates an internal or external URL.
 *
 * When creating links in modules, consider whether l() could be a better
 * alternative than url().
 *
 * @param $path
 *   The internal path or external URL being linked to, such as "node/34" or
 *   "http://example.com/foo". A few notes:
 *   - If you provide a full URL, it will be considered an external URL.
 *   - If you provide only the path (e.g. "node/34"), it will be
 *     considered an internal link. In this case, it should be a system URL,
 *     and it will be replaced with the alias, if one exists. Additional query
 *     arguments for internal paths must be supplied in $options['query'], not
 *     included in $path.
 *   - If you provide an internal path and $options['alias'] is set to TRUE, the
 *     path is assumed already to be the correct path alias, and the alias is
 *     not looked up.
 *   - The special string '<front>' generates a link to the site's base URL.
 *   - If your external URL contains a query (e.g. http://example.com/foo?a=b),
 *     then you can either URL encode the query keys and values yourself and
 *     include them in $path, or use $options['query'] to let this function
 *     URL encode them.
 * @param $options
 *   An associative array of additional options, with the following elements:
 *   - 'query': A URL-encoded query string to append to the link, or an array of
 *     query key/value-pairs without any URL-encoding.
 *   - 'fragment': A fragment identifier (named anchor) to append to the URL.
 *     Do not include the leading '#' character.
 *   - 'absolute' (default FALSE): Whether to force the output to be an absolute
 *     link (beginning with http:). Useful for links that will be displayed
 *     outside the site, such as in an RSS feed.
 *   - 'alias' (default FALSE): Whether the given path is a URL alias already.
 *   - 'external': Whether the given path is an external URL.
 *   - 'language': An optional language object. Used to build the URL to link
 *     to and look up the proper alias for the link.
 *   - 'base_url': Only used internally, to modify the base URL when a language
 *     dependent URL requires so.
 *   - 'prefix': Only used internally, to modify the path when a language
 *     dependent URL requires so.
 *
 * @return
 *   A string containing a URL to the given path.
 */
function url($path = NULL, $options = array()) {
  // Merge in defaults.
  $options += array(
    'fragment' => '',
    'query' => '',
    'absolute' => FALSE,
    'alias' => FALSE,
    'prefix' => ''
  );
  if (!isset($options['external'])) {
    // Return an external link if $path contains an allowed absolute URL.
    // Only call the slow filter_xss_bad_protocol if $path contains a ':' before
    // any / ? or #.
    $colonpos = strpos($path, ':');
    $options['external'] = ($colonpos !== FALSE && !preg_match('![/?#]!', substr($path, 0, $colonpos)) && filter_xss_bad_protocol($path, FALSE) == check_plain($path));
  }

  // May need language dependent rewriting if language.inc is present.
  if (function_exists('language_url_rewrite')) {
    language_url_rewrite($path, $options);
  }
  if ($options['fragment']) {
    $options['fragment'] = '#'. $options['fragment'];
  }
  if (is_array($options['query'])) {
    $options['query'] = drupal_query_string_encode($options['query']);
  }

  if ($options['external']) {
    // Split off the fragment.
    if (strpos($path, '#') !== FALSE) {
      list($path, $old_fragment) = explode('#', $path, 2);
      if (isset($old_fragment) && !$options['fragment']) {
        $options['fragment'] = '#'. $old_fragment;
      }
    }
    // Append the query.
    if ($options['query']) {
      $path .= (strpos($path, '?') !== FALSE ? '&' : '?') . $options['query'];
    }
    // Reassemble.
    return $path . $options['fragment'];
  }

  global $base_url;
  static $script;

  if (!isset($script)) {
    // On some web servers, such as IIS, we can't omit "index.php". So, we
    // generate "index.php?q=foo" instead of "?q=foo" on anything that is not
    // Apache.
    $script = (strpos($_SERVER['SERVER_SOFTWARE'], 'Apache') === FALSE) ? 'index.php' …

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