/lib/externallib.php

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<?php
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
//
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.


/**
 * Support for external API
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */

defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();

/**
 * Exception indicating user is not allowed to use external function in the current context.
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
class restricted_context_exception extends moodle_exception {
    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    function __construct() {
        parent::__construct('restrictedcontextexception', 'error');
    }
}

/**
 * Base class for external api methods.
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
class external_api {

    /** @var stdClass context where the function calls will be restricted */
    private static $contextrestriction;

    /**
     * Returns detailed function information
     *
     * @param string|object $function name of external function or record from external_function
     * @param int $strictness IGNORE_MISSING means compatible mode, false returned if record not found, debug message if more found;
     *                        MUST_EXIST means throw exception if no record or multiple records found
     * @return stdClass description or false if not found or exception thrown
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public static function external_function_info($function, $strictness=MUST_EXIST) {
        global $DB, $CFG;

        if (!is_object($function)) {
            if (!$function = $DB->get_record('external_functions', array('name' => $function), '*', $strictness)) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        // First try class autoloading.
        if (!class_exists($function->classname)) {
            // Fallback to explicit include of externallib.php.
            if (empty($function->classpath)) {
                $function->classpath = core_component::get_component_directory($function->component).'/externallib.php';
            } else {
                $function->classpath = $CFG->dirroot.'/'.$function->classpath;
            }
            if (!file_exists($function->classpath)) {
                throw new coding_exception('Cannot find file ' . $function->classpath .
                        ' with external function implementation');
            }
            require_once($function->classpath);
            if (!class_exists($function->classname)) {
                throw new coding_exception('Cannot find external class ' . $function->classname);
            }
        }

        $function->ajax_method = $function->methodname.'_is_allowed_from_ajax';
        $function->parameters_method = $function->methodname.'_parameters';
        $function->returns_method    = $function->methodname.'_returns';
        $function->deprecated_method = $function->methodname.'_is_deprecated';

        // Make sure the implementaion class is ok.
        if (!method_exists($function->classname, $function->methodname)) {
            throw new coding_exception('Missing implementation method ' .
                    $function->classname . '::' . $function->methodname);
        }
        if (!method_exists($function->classname, $function->parameters_method)) {
            throw new coding_exception('Missing parameters description method ' .
                    $function->classname . '::' . $function->parameters_method);
        }
        if (!method_exists($function->classname, $function->returns_method)) {
            throw new coding_exception('Missing returned values description method ' .
                    $function->classname . '::' . $function->returns_method);
        }
        if (method_exists($function->classname, $function->deprecated_method)) {
            if (call_user_func(array($function->classname, $function->deprecated_method)) === true) {
                $function->deprecated = true;
            }
        }
        $function->allowed_from_ajax = false;

        // Fetch the parameters description.
        $function->parameters_desc = call_user_func(array($function->classname, $function->parameters_method));
        if (!($function->parameters_desc instanceof external_function_parameters)) {
            throw new coding_exception($function->classname . '::' . $function->parameters_method .
                    ' did not return a valid external_function_parameters object.');
        }

        // Fetch the return values description.
        $function->returns_desc = call_user_func(array($function->classname, $function->returns_method));
        // Null means void result or result is ignored.
        if (!is_null($function->returns_desc) and !($function->returns_desc instanceof external_description)) {
            throw new coding_exception($function->classname . '::' . $function->returns_method .
                    ' did not return a valid external_description object');
        }

        // Now get the function description.

        // TODO MDL-31115 use localised lang pack descriptions, it would be nice to have
        // easy to understand descriptions in admin UI,
        // on the other hand this is still a bit in a flux and we need to find some new naming
        // conventions for these descriptions in lang packs.
        $function->description = null;
        $servicesfile = core_component::get_component_directory($function->component).'/db/services.php';
        if (file_exists($servicesfile)) {
            $functions = null;
            include($servicesfile);
            if (isset($functions[$function->name]['description'])) {
                $function->description = $functions[$function->name]['description'];
            }
            if (isset($functions[$function->name]['testclientpath'])) {
                $function->testclientpath = $functions[$function->name]['testclientpath'];
            }
            if (isset($functions[$function->name]['type'])) {
                $function->type = $functions[$function->name]['type'];
            }
            if (isset($functions[$function->name]['ajax'])) {
                $function->allowed_from_ajax = $functions[$function->name]['ajax'];
            } else if (method_exists($function->classname, $function->ajax_method)) {
                if (call_user_func(array($function->classname, $function->ajax_method)) === true) {
                    debugging('External function ' . $function->ajax_method . '() function is deprecated.' .
                              'Set ajax=>true in db/service.php instead.', DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
                    $function->allowed_from_ajax = true;
                }
            }
            if (isset($functions[$function->name]['loginrequired'])) {
                $function->loginrequired = $functions[$function->name]['loginrequired'];
            } else {
                $function->loginrequired = true;
            }
            if (isset($functions[$function->name]['readonlysession'])) {
                $function->readonlysession = $functions[$function->name]['readonlysession'];
            } else {
                $function->readonlysession = false;
            }
        }

        return $function;
    }

    /**
     * Call an external function validating all params/returns correctly.
     *
     * Note that an external function may modify the state of the current page, so this wrapper
     * saves and restores tha PAGE and COURSE global variables before/after calling the external function.
     *
     * @param string $function A webservice function name.
     * @param array $args Params array (named params)
     * @param boolean $ajaxonly If true, an extra check will be peformed to see if ajax is required.
     * @return array containing keys for error (bool), exception and data.
     */
    public static function call_external_function($function, $args, $ajaxonly=false) {
        global $PAGE, $COURSE, $CFG, $SITE;

        require_once($CFG->libdir . "/pagelib.php");

        $externalfunctioninfo = static::external_function_info($function);

        // Eventually this should shift into the various handlers and not be handled via config.
        $readonlysession = $externalfunctioninfo->readonlysession ?? false;
        if (!$readonlysession || empty($CFG->enable_read_only_sessions)) {
            \core\session\manager::restart_with_write_lock($readonlysession);
        }

        $currentpage = $PAGE;
        $currentcourse = $COURSE;
        $response = array();

        try {
            // Taken straight from from setup.php.
            if (!empty($CFG->moodlepageclass)) {
                if (!empty($CFG->moodlepageclassfile)) {
                    require_once($CFG->moodlepageclassfile);
                }
                $classname = $CFG->moodlepageclass;
            } else {
                $classname = 'moodle_page';
            }
            $PAGE = new $classname();
            $COURSE = clone($SITE);

            if ($ajaxonly && !$externalfunctioninfo->allowed_from_ajax) {
                throw new moodle_exception('servicenotavailable', 'webservice');
            }

            // Do not allow access to write or delete webservices as a public user.
            if ($externalfunctioninfo->loginrequired && !WS_SERVER) {
                if (defined('NO_MOODLE_COOKIES') && NO_MOODLE_COOKIES && !PHPUNIT_TEST) {
                    throw new moodle_exception('servicerequireslogin', 'webservice');
                }
                if (!isloggedin()) {
                    throw new moodle_exception('servicerequireslogin', 'webservice');
                } else {
                    require_sesskey();
                }
            }
            // Validate params, this also sorts the params properly, we need the correct order in the next part.
            $callable = array($externalfunctioninfo->classname, 'validate_parameters');
            $params = call_user_func($callable,
                                     $externalfunctioninfo->parameters_desc,
                                     $args);
            $params = array_values($params);

            // Allow any Moodle plugin a chance to override this call. This is a convenient spot to
            // make arbitrary behaviour customisations. The overriding plugin could call the 'real'
            // function first and then modify the results, or it could do a completely separate
            // thing.
            $callbacks = get_plugins_with_function('override_webservice_execution');
            $result = false;
            foreach ($callbacks as $plugintype => $plugins) {
                foreach ($plugins as $plugin => $callback) {
                    $result = $callback($externalfunctioninfo, $params);
                    if ($result !== false) {
                        break 2;
                    }
                }
            }

            // If the function was not overridden, call the real one.
            if ($result === false) {
                $callable = array($externalfunctioninfo->classname, $externalfunctioninfo->methodname);
                $result = call_user_func_array($callable, $params);
            }

            // Validate the return parameters.
            if ($externalfunctioninfo->returns_desc !== null) {
                $callable = array($externalfunctioninfo->classname, 'clean_returnvalue');
                $result = call_user_func($callable, $externalfunctioninfo->returns_desc, $result);
            }

            $response['error'] = false;
            $response['data'] = $result;
        } catch (Throwable $e) {
            $exception = get_exception_info($e);
            unset($exception->a);
            $exception->backtrace = format_backtrace($exception->backtrace, true);
            if (!debugging('', DEBUG_DEVELOPER)) {
                unset($exception->debuginfo);
                unset($exception->backtrace);
            }
            $response['error'] = true;
            $response['exception'] = $exception;
            // Do not process the remaining requests.
        }

        $PAGE = $currentpage;
        $COURSE = $currentcourse;

        return $response;
    }

    /**
     * Set context restriction for all following subsequent function calls.
     *
     * @param stdClass $context the context restriction
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public static function set_context_restriction($context) {
        self::$contextrestriction = $context;
    }

    /**
     * This method has to be called before every operation
     * that takes a longer time to finish!
     *
     * @param int $seconds max expected time the next operation needs
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public static function set_timeout($seconds=360) {
        $seconds = ($seconds < 300) ? 300 : $seconds;
        core_php_time_limit::raise($seconds);
    }

    /**
     * Validates submitted function parameters, if anything is incorrect
     * invalid_parameter_exception is thrown.
     * This is a simple recursive method which is intended to be called from
     * each implementation method of external API.
     *
     * @param external_description $description description of parameters
     * @param mixed $params the actual parameters
     * @return mixed params with added defaults for optional items, invalid_parameters_exception thrown if any problem found
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public static function validate_parameters(external_description $description, $params) {
        if ($description instanceof external_value) {
            if (is_array($params) or is_object($params)) {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Scalar type expected, array or object received.');
            }

            if ($description->type == PARAM_BOOL) {
                // special case for PARAM_BOOL - we want true/false instead of the usual 1/0 - we can not be too strict here ;-)
                if (is_bool($params) or $params === 0 or $params === 1 or $params === '0' or $params === '1') {
                    return (bool)$params;
                }
            }
            $debuginfo = 'Invalid external api parameter: the value is "' . $params .
                    '", the server was expecting "' . $description->type . '" type';
            return validate_param($params, $description->type, $description->allownull, $debuginfo);

        } else if ($description instanceof external_single_structure) {
            if (!is_array($params)) {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Only arrays accepted. The bad value is: \''
                        . print_r($params, true) . '\'');
            }
            $result = array();
            foreach ($description->keys as $key=>$subdesc) {
                if (!array_key_exists($key, $params)) {
                    if ($subdesc->required == VALUE_REQUIRED) {
                        throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Missing required key in single structure: '. $key);
                    }
                    if ($subdesc->required == VALUE_DEFAULT) {
                        try {
                            $result[$key] = static::validate_parameters($subdesc, $subdesc->default);
                        } catch (invalid_parameter_exception $e) {
                            //we are only interested by exceptions returned by validate_param() and validate_parameters()
                            //(in order to build the path to the faulty attribut)
                            throw new invalid_parameter_exception($key." => ".$e->getMessage() . ': ' .$e->debuginfo);
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    try {
                        $result[$key] = static::validate_parameters($subdesc, $params[$key]);
                    } catch (invalid_parameter_exception $e) {
                        //we are only interested by exceptions returned by validate_param() and validate_parameters()
                        //(in order to build the path to the faulty attribut)
                        throw new invalid_parameter_exception($key." => ".$e->getMessage() . ': ' .$e->debuginfo);
                    }
                }
                unset($params[$key]);
            }
            if (!empty($params)) {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Unexpected keys (' . implode(', ', array_keys($params)) . ') detected in parameter array.');
            }
            return $result;

        } else if ($description instanceof external_multiple_structure) {
            if (!is_array($params)) {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Only arrays accepted. The bad value is: \''
                        . print_r($params, true) . '\'');
            }
            $result = array();
            foreach ($params as $param) {
                $result[] = static::validate_parameters($description->content, $param);
            }
            return $result;

        } else {
            throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Invalid external api description');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Clean response
     * If a response attribute is unknown from the description, we just ignore the attribute.
     * If a response attribute is incorrect, invalid_response_exception is thrown.
     * Note: this function is similar to validate parameters, however it is distinct because
     * parameters validation must be distinct from cleaning return values.
     *
     * @param external_description $description description of the return values
     * @param mixed $response the actual response
     * @return mixed response with added defaults for optional items, invalid_response_exception thrown if any problem found
     * @author 2010 Jerome Mouneyrac
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public static function clean_returnvalue(external_description $description, $response) {
        if ($description instanceof external_value) {
            if (is_array($response) or is_object($response)) {
                throw new invalid_response_exception('Scalar type expected, array or object received.');
            }

            if ($description->type == PARAM_BOOL) {
                // special case for PARAM_BOOL - we want true/false instead of the usual 1/0 - we can not be too strict here ;-)
                if (is_bool($response) or $response === 0 or $response === 1 or $response === '0' or $response === '1') {
                    return (bool)$response;
                }
            }
            $responsetype = gettype($response);
            $debuginfo = 'Invalid external api response: the value is "' . $response .
                    '" of PHP type "' . $responsetype . '", the server was expecting "' . $description->type . '" type';
            try {
                return validate_param($response, $description->type, $description->allownull, $debuginfo);
            } catch (invalid_parameter_exception $e) {
                //proper exception name, to be recursively catched to build the path to the faulty attribut
                throw new invalid_response_exception($e->debuginfo);
            }

        } else if ($description instanceof external_single_structure) {
            if (!is_array($response) && !is_object($response)) {
                throw new invalid_response_exception('Only arrays/objects accepted. The bad value is: \'' .
                        print_r($response, true) . '\'');
            }

            // Cast objects into arrays.
            if (is_object($response)) {
                $response = (array) $response;
            }

            $result = array();
            foreach ($description->keys as $key=>$subdesc) {
                if (!array_key_exists($key, $response)) {
                    if ($subdesc->required == VALUE_REQUIRED) {
                        throw new invalid_response_exception('Error in response - Missing following required key in a single structure: ' . $key);
                    }
                    if ($subdesc instanceof external_value) {
                        if ($subdesc->required == VALUE_DEFAULT) {
                            try {
                                    $result[$key] = static::clean_returnvalue($subdesc, $subdesc->default);
                            } catch (invalid_response_exception $e) {
                                //build the path to the faulty attribut
                                throw new invalid_response_exception($key." => ".$e->getMessage() . ': ' . $e->debuginfo);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                } else {
                    try {
                        $result[$key] = static::clean_returnvalue($subdesc, $response[$key]);
                    } catch (invalid_response_exception $e) {
                        //build the path to the faulty attribut
                        throw new invalid_response_exception($key." => ".$e->getMessage() . ': ' . $e->debuginfo);
                    }
                }
                unset($response[$key]);
            }

            return $result;

        } else if ($description instanceof external_multiple_structure) {
            if (!is_array($response)) {
                throw new invalid_response_exception('Only arrays accepted. The bad value is: \'' .
                        print_r($response, true) . '\'');
            }
            $result = array();
            foreach ($response as $param) {
                $result[] = static::clean_returnvalue($description->content, $param);
            }
            return $result;

        } else {
            throw new invalid_response_exception('Invalid external api response description');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Makes sure user may execute functions in this context.
     *
     * @param stdClass $context
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public static function validate_context($context) {
        global $CFG, $PAGE;

        if (empty($context)) {
            throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Context does not exist');
        }
        if (empty(self::$contextrestriction)) {
            self::$contextrestriction = context_system::instance();
        }
        $rcontext = self::$contextrestriction;

        if ($rcontext->contextlevel == $context->contextlevel) {
            if ($rcontext->id != $context->id) {
                throw new restricted_context_exception();
            }
        } else if ($rcontext->contextlevel > $context->contextlevel) {
            throw new restricted_context_exception();
        } else {
            $parents = $context->get_parent_context_ids();
            if (!in_array($rcontext->id, $parents)) {
                throw new restricted_context_exception();
            }
        }

        $PAGE->reset_theme_and_output();
        list($unused, $course, $cm) = get_context_info_array($context->id);
        require_login($course, false, $cm, false, true);
        $PAGE->set_context($context);
    }

    /**
     * Get context from passed parameters.
     * The passed array must either contain a contextid or a combination of context level and instance id to fetch the context.
     * For example, the context level can be "course" and instanceid can be courseid.
     *
     * See context_helper::get_all_levels() for a list of valid context levels.
     *
     * @param array $param
     * @since Moodle 2.6
     * @throws invalid_parameter_exception
     * @return context
     */
    protected static function get_context_from_params($param) {
        $levels = context_helper::get_all_levels();
        if (!empty($param['contextid'])) {
            return context::instance_by_id($param['contextid'], IGNORE_MISSING);
        } else if (!empty($param['contextlevel']) && isset($param['instanceid'])) {
            $contextlevel = "context_".$param['contextlevel'];
            if (!array_search($contextlevel, $levels)) {
                throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Invalid context level = '.$param['contextlevel']);
            }
           return $contextlevel::instance($param['instanceid'], IGNORE_MISSING);
        } else {
            // No valid context info was found.
            throw new invalid_parameter_exception('Missing parameters, please provide either context level with instance id or contextid');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns a prepared structure to use a context parameters.
     * @return external_single_structure
     */
    protected static function get_context_parameters() {
        $id = new external_value(
            PARAM_INT,
            'Context ID. Either use this value, or level and instanceid.',
            VALUE_DEFAULT,
            0
        );
        $level = new external_value(
            PARAM_ALPHA,
            'Context level. To be used with instanceid.',
            VALUE_DEFAULT,
            ''
        );
        $instanceid = new external_value(
            PARAM_INT,
            'Context instance ID. To be used with level',
            VALUE_DEFAULT,
            0
        );
        return new external_single_structure(array(
            'contextid' => $id,
            'contextlevel' => $level,
            'instanceid' => $instanceid,
        ));
    }

}

/**
 * Common ancestor of all parameter description classes
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
abstract class external_description {
    /** @var string Description of element */
    public $desc;

    /** @var bool Element value required, null not allowed */
    public $required;

    /** @var mixed Default value */
    public $default;

    /**
     * Contructor
     *
     * @param string $desc
     * @param bool $required
     * @param mixed $default
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public function __construct($desc, $required, $default) {
        $this->desc = $desc;
        $this->required = $required;
        $this->default = $default;
    }
}

/**
 * Scalar value description class
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
class external_value extends external_description {

    /** @var mixed Value type PARAM_XX */
    public $type;

    /** @var bool Allow null values */
    public $allownull;

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param mixed $type
     * @param string $desc
     * @param bool $required
     * @param mixed $default
     * @param bool $allownull
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public function __construct($type, $desc='', $required=VALUE_REQUIRED,
            $default=null, $allownull=NULL_ALLOWED) {
        parent::__construct($desc, $required, $default);
        $this->type      = $type;
        $this->allownull = $allownull;
    }
}

/**
 * Associative array description class
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
class external_single_structure extends external_description {

     /** @var array Description of array keys key=>external_description */
    public $keys;

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param array $keys
     * @param string $desc
     * @param bool $required
     * @param array $default
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public function __construct(array $keys, $desc='',
            $required=VALUE_REQUIRED, $default=null) {
        parent::__construct($desc, $required, $default);
        $this->keys = $keys;
    }
}

/**
 * Bulk array description class.
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
class external_multiple_structure extends external_description {

     /** @var external_description content */
    public $content;

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param external_description $content
     * @param string $desc
     * @param bool $required
     * @param array $default
     * @since Moodle 2.0
     */
    public function __construct(external_description $content, $desc='',
            $required=VALUE_REQUIRED, $default=null) {
        parent::__construct($desc, $required, $default);
        $this->content = $content;
    }
}

/**
 * Description of top level - PHP function parameters.
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2009 Petr Skodak
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
class external_function_parameters extends external_single_structure {

    /**
     * Constructor - does extra checking to prevent top level optional parameters.
     *
     * @param array $keys
     * @param string $desc
     * @param bool $required
     * @param array $default
     */
    public function __construct(array $keys, $desc='', $required=VALUE_REQUIRED, $default=null) {
        global $CFG;

        if ($CFG->debugdeveloper) {
            foreach ($keys as $key => $value) {
                if ($value instanceof external_value) {
                    if ($value->required == VALUE_OPTIONAL) {
                        debugging('External function parameters: invalid OPTIONAL value specified.', DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        parent::__construct($keys, $desc, $required, $default);
    }
}

/**
 * Generate a token
 *
 * @param string $tokentype EXTERNAL_TOKEN_EMBEDDED|EXTERNAL_TOKEN_PERMANENT
 * @param stdClass|int $serviceorid service linked to the token
 * @param int $userid user linked to the token
 * @param stdClass|int $contextorid
 * @param int $validuntil date when the token expired
 * @param string $iprestriction allowed ip - if 0 or empty then all ips are allowed
 * @return string generated token
 * @author  2010 Jamie Pratt
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
function external_generate_token($tokentype, $serviceorid, $userid, $contextorid, $validuntil=0, $iprestriction=''){
    global $DB, $USER;
    // make sure the token doesn't exist (even if it should be almost impossible with the random generation)
    $numtries = 0;
    do {
        $numtries ++;
        $generatedtoken = md5(uniqid(rand(),1));
        if ($numtries > 5){
            throw new moodle_exception('tokengenerationfailed');
        }
    } while ($DB->record_exists('external_tokens', array('token'=>$generatedtoken)));
    $newtoken = new stdClass();
    $newtoken->token = $generatedtoken;
    if (!is_object($serviceorid)){
        $service = $DB->get_record('external_services', array('id' => $serviceorid));
    } else {
        $service = $serviceorid;
    }
    if (!is_object($contextorid)){
        $context = context::instance_by_id($contextorid, MUST_EXIST);
    } else {
        $context = $contextorid;
    }
    if (empty($service->requiredcapability) || has_capability($service->requiredcapability, $context, $userid)) {
        $newtoken->externalserviceid = $service->id;
    } else {
        throw new moodle_exception('nocapabilitytousethisservice');
    }
    $newtoken->tokentype = $tokentype;
    $newtoken->userid = $userid;
    if ($tokentype == EXTERNAL_TOKEN_EMBEDDED){
        $newtoken->sid = session_id();
    }

    $newtoken->contextid = $context->id;
    $newtoken->creatorid = $USER->id;
    $newtoken->timecreated = time();
    $newtoken->validuntil = $validuntil;
    if (!empty($iprestriction)) {
        $newtoken->iprestriction = $iprestriction;
    }
    // Generate the private token, it must be transmitted only via https.
    $newtoken->privatetoken = random_string(64);
    $DB->insert_record('external_tokens', $newtoken);
    return $newtoken->token;
}

/**
 * Create and return a session linked token. Token to be used for html embedded client apps that want to communicate
 * with the Moodle server through web services. The token is linked to the current session for the current page request.
 * It is expected this will be called in the script generating the html page that is embedding the client app and that the
 * returned token will be somehow passed into the client app being embedded in the page.
 *
 * @param string $servicename name of the web service. Service name as defined in db/services.php
 * @param int $context context within which the web service can operate.
 * @return int returns token id.
 * @since Moodle 2.0
 */
function external_create_service_token($servicename, $context){
    global $USER, $DB;
    $service = $DB->get_record('external_services', array('name'=>$servicename), '*', MUST_EXIST);
    return external_generate_token(EXTERNAL_TOKEN_EMBEDDED, $service, $USER->id, $context, 0);
}

/**
 * Delete all pre-built services (+ related tokens) and external functions information defined in the specified component.
 *
 * @param string $component name of component (moodle, mod_assignment, etc.)
 */
function external_delete_descriptions($component) {
    global $DB;

    $params = array($component);

    $DB->delete_records_select('external_tokens',
            "externalserviceid IN (SELECT id FROM {external_services} WHERE component = ?)", $params);
    $DB->delete_records_select('external_services_users',
            "externalserviceid IN (SELECT id FROM {external_services} WHERE component = ?)", $params);
    $DB->delete_records_select('external_services_functions',
            "functionname IN (SELECT name FROM {external_functions} WHERE component = ?)", $params);
    $DB->delete_records('external_services', array('component'=>$component));
    $DB->delete_records('external_functions', array('component'=>$component));
}

/**
 * Standard Moodle web service warnings
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2012 Jerome Mouneyrac
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.3
 */
class external_warnings extends external_multiple_structure {

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @since Moodle 2.3
     */
    public function __construct($itemdesc = 'item', $itemiddesc = 'item id',
        $warningcodedesc = 'the warning code can be used by the client app to implement specific behaviour') {

        parent::__construct(
            new external_single_structure(
                array(
                    'item' => new external_value(PARAM_TEXT, $itemdesc, VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                    'itemid' => new external_value(PARAM_INT, $itemiddesc, VALUE_OPTIONAL),
                    'warningcode' => new external_value(PARAM_ALPHANUM, $warningcodedesc),
                    'message' => new external_value(PARAM_TEXT,
                            'untranslated english message to explain the warning')
                ), 'warning'),
            'list of warnings', VALUE_OPTIONAL);
    }
}

/**
 * A pre-filled external_value class for text format.
 *
 * Default is FORMAT_HTML
 * This should be used all the time in external xxx_params()/xxx_returns functions
 * as it is the standard way to implement text format param/return values.
 *
 * @package    core_webservice
 * @copyright  2012 Jerome Mouneyrac
 * @license    http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 * @since Moodle 2.3
 */
class external_format_value extends external_value {

    /**
     * Constructor
     *
     * @param string $textfieldname Name of the text field
     * @param int $required if VALUE_REQUIRED then set standard default FORMAT_HTML
     * @param int $default Default value.
     * @since Moodle 2.3
     */
    public function __construct($textfieldname, $required = VALUE_REQUIRED, $default = null) {

        if ($default == null && $required == VALUE_DEFAULT) {
            $default = FORMAT_HTML;
        }

        $desc = $textfieldname . ' format (' . FORMAT_HTML . ' = HTML, '
                . FORMAT_MOODLE . ' = MOODLE, '
                . FORMAT_PLAIN . ' = PLAIN or '
                . FORMAT_MARKDOWN . ' = MARKDOWN)';

        parent::__construct(PARAM_INT, $desc, $required, $default);
    }
}

/**
 * Validate text field format against known FORMAT_XXX
 *
 * @param array $format the format to validate
 * @return the validated format
 * @throws coding_exception
 * @since Moodle 2.3
 */
function external_validate_format($format) {
    $allowedformats = array(FORMAT_HTML, FORMAT_MOODLE, FORMAT_PLAIN, FORMAT_MARKDOWN);
    if (!in_array($format, $allowedformats)) {
        throw new moodle_exception('formatnotsupported', 'webservice', '' , null,
                'The format with value=' . $format . ' is not supported by this Moodle site');
    }
    return $format;
}

/**
 * Format the string to be returned properly as requested by the either the web service server,
 * either by an internally call.
 * The caller can change the format (raw) with the external_settings singleton
 * All web service servers must set this singleton when parsing the $_GET and $_POST.
 *
 * <pre>
 * Options are the same that in {@link format_string()} with some changes:
 *      filter      : Can be set to false to force filters off, else observes {@link external_settings}.
 * </pre>
 *
 * @param string $str The string to be filtered. Should be plain text, expect
 * possibly for multilang tags.
 * @param boolean $striplinks To strip any link in the result text. Moodle 1.8 default changed from false to true! MDL-8713
 * @param context|int $contextorid The id of the context for the string or the context (affects filters).
 * @param array $options options array/object or courseid
 * @return string text
 * @since Moodle 3.0
 */
function external_format_string($str, $contextorid, $striplinks = true, $options = array()) {

    // Get settings (singleton).
    $settings = external_settings::get_instance();
    if (empty($contextorid)) {
        throw new coding_exception('contextid is required');
    }

    if (!$settings->get_raw()) {
        if (is_object($contextorid) && is_a($contextorid, 'context')) {
            $context = $contextorid;
        } else {
            $context = context::instance_by_id($contextorid);
        }
        $options['context'] = $context;
        $options['filter'] = isset($options['filter']) && !$options['filter'] ? false : $settings->get_filter();
        $str = format_string($str, $striplinks, $options);
    }

    return $str;
}

/**
 * Format the text to be returned properly as requested by the either the web service server,
 * either by an internally call.
 * The caller can change the format (raw, filter, file, fileurl) with the external_settings singleton
 * All web service servers must set this singleton when parsing the $_GET and $_POST.
 *
 * <pre>
 * Options are the same that in {@link format_text()} with some changes in defaults to provide backwards compatibility:
 *      trusted     :   If true the string won't be cleaned. Default false.
 *      noclean     :   If true the string won't be cleaned only if trusted is also true. Default false.
 *      nocache     :   If true the string will not be cached and will be formatted every call. Default false.
 *      filter      :   Can be set to false to force filters off, else observes {@link external_settings}.
 *      para        :   If true then the returned string will be wrapped in div tags. Default (different from format_text) false.
 *                      Default changed because div tags are not commonly needed.
 *      newlines    :   If true then lines newline breaks will be converted to HTML newline breaks. Default true.
 *      context     :   Not used! Using contextid parameter instead.
 *      overflowdiv :   If set to true the formatted text will be encased in a div with the class no-overflow before being
 *                      returned. Default false.
 *      allowid     :   If true then id attributes will not be removed, even when using htmlpurifier. Default (different from
 *                      format_text) true. Default changed id attributes are commonly needed.
 *      blanktarget :   If true all <a> tags will have target="_blank" added unless target is explicitly specified.
 * </pre>
 *
 * @param string $text The content that may contain ULRs in need of rewriting.
 * @param int $textformat The text format.
 * @param context|int $contextorid This parameter and the next two identify the file area to use.
 * @param string $component
 * @param string $filearea helps identify the file area.
 * @param int $itemid helps identify the file area.
 * @param object/array $options text formatting options
 * @return array text + textformat
 * @since Moodle 2.3
 * @since Moodle 3.2 component, filearea and itemid are optional parameters
 */
function external_format_text($text, $textformat, $contextorid, $component = null, $filearea = null, $itemid = null,
                                $options = null) {
    global $CFG;

    // Get settings (singleton).
    $settings = external_settings::get_instance();

    if (is_object($contextorid) && is_a($contextorid, 'context')) {
        $context = $contextorid;
        $contextid = $context->id;
    } else {
        $context = null;
        $contextid = $contextorid;
    }

    if ($component and $filearea and $settings->get_fileurl()) {
        require_once($CFG->libdir . "/filelib.php");
        $text = file_rewrite_pluginfile_urls($text, $settings->get_file(), $contextid, $component, $filearea, $itemid);
    }

    // Note that $CFG->forceclean does not apply here if the client requests for the raw database content.
    // This is consistent with web clients that are still able to load non-cleaned text into editors, too.

    if (!$settings->get_raw()) {
        $options = (array)$options;

        // If context is passed in options, check that is the same to show a debug message.
        if (isset($options['context'])) {
            if ((is_object($options['context']) && $options['context']->id != $contextid)
                    || (!is_object($options['context']) && $options['context'] != $contextid)) {
                debugging('Different contexts found in external_format_text parameters. $options[\'context\'] not allowed.
                    Using $contextid parameter...', DEBUG_DEVELOPER);
            }
        }

        $options['filter'] = isset($options['filter']) && !$options['filter'] ? false : $settings->get_filter();
        $options['para'] = isset($options['para']) ? $options['para'] : false;
        $options['context'] = !is_null($context) ? $context : context::instance_by_id($contextid);
        $options['allowid'] = isset($options['allowid']) ? $options['allowid'] : true;

        $text = format_text($text, $textformat, $options);
        $textformat = FORMAT_HTML; // Once converted to html (from markdown, plain... lets inform consumer this is already HTML).
    }

    return array($text, $textformat);
}

/**
 * Generate or return an existing token for the current authenticated user.
 * This function is used for creating a valid token for users authenticathing via login/token.php or admin/tool/mobile/launch.php.
 *
 * @param stdClass $service external service object
 * @return stdClass token object
 * @since Moodle 3.2
 * @throws moodle_exception
 */
function external_generate_token_for_current_user($service) {
    global $DB, $USER, $CFG;

    core_user::require_active_user($USER, true, true);

    // Check if there is any required system capability.
    if ($service->requiredcapability and !has_capability($service->requiredcapability, context_system::instance())) {
        throw new moodle_exception('missingrequiredcapability', 'webservice', '', $service->requiredcapability);
    }

    // Specific checks related to user restricted service.
    if ($service->restrictedusers) {
        $authoriseduser = $DB->get_record('external_services_users',
            array('externalserviceid' => $service->id, 'userid' => $USER->id));

        if (empty($authoriseduser)) {
            throw new moodle_exception('usernotallowed', 'webservice', '', $service->shortname);
        }

        if (!empty($authoriseduser->validuntil) and $authoriseduser->validuntil < time()) {
            throw new moodle_exception('invalidtimedtoken', 'webservice');
        }

        if (!empty($authoriseduser->iprestriction) and !address_in_subnet(getremoteaddr(), $authoriseduser->iprestriction)) {
            throw new moodle_exception('invalidiptoken', 'webservice');
        }
    }

    // Check if a token has already been created for this user and this service.
    $conditions = array(
        'userid' => $USER->id,
        'externalserviceid' => $service->id,
        'tokentype' => EXTERNAL_TOKEN_PERMANENT
    );
    $tokens = $DB->get_records('external_tokens', $conditions, 'timecreated ASC');

    // A bit of sanity checks.
    foreach ($tokens as $key => $token) {

        // Checks related to a specific token. (script execution continue).
        $unsettoken = false;
        // If sid is set then there must be a valid associated session no matter the token type.
        if (!empty($token->sid)) {
            if (!\core\session\manager::session_exists($token->sid)) {
                // This token will never be valid anymore, delete it.
                $DB->delete_records('external_tokens', array('sid' => $token->sid));
                $unsettoken = true;
            }
        }

        // Remove token is not valid anymore.
        if (!empty($token->validuntil) and $token->validuntil < time()) {
            $DB->delete_records('external_tokens', array('token' => $token->token, 'tokentype' => EXTERNAL_TOKEN_PERMANENT));
            $unsettoken = true;
        }

        // Remove token if its IP is restricted.
        if (isset($token->iprestriction) and !address_in_subnet(getremoteaddr(), $token->iprestriction)) {
            $unsettoken = true;
        }

        if ($unsettoken) {
            unset($tokens[$key]);
        }
    }

    // If some valid tokens exist then use the most recent.
    if (count($tokens) > 0) {
        $token = array_pop($tokens);
    } else {
        $context = context_system::instance();
        $isofficialservice = $service->shortname == MOODLE_OFFICIAL_MOBILE_SERVICE;

        if (($isofficialservice and has_capability('moodle/webservice:createmobiletoken', $context)) or
                (!is_siteadmin($USER) && has_capability('moodle/webservice:createtoken', $context))) {

            // Create a new token.
            $token = new stdClass;
            $token->token = md5(uniqid(rand(), 1));
            $token->userid = $USER->id;
            $token->tokentype = EXTERNAL_TOKEN_PERMANENT;
            $token->contextid = context_system::instance()->id;
            $token->creatorid = $USER->id;
            $token->timecreated = time();
            $token->externalserviceid = $service->id;
            // By default tokens are valid for 12 weeks.
            $token->validuntil = $token->timecreated + $CFG->tokenduration;
            $token->iprestriction = null;
            $token->sid = null;
            $token->lastaccess = null;
            // Generate the private token, it must be transmitted only via https.
            $token->privatetoken = random_string(64);
            $token->id = $DB->insert_record('external_tokens', $token);

            $eventtoken = clone $token;
            $eventtoken->privatetoken = null;
            $params = array(
                'objectid' => $eventtoken->id,
                'relateduserid' => $USER->id,
                'other' => array(
                    'auto' => true
                )
            );
            $event = \core\event\webservice_token_created::create($params);
            $event->add_record_snapshot('external_tokens', $eventtoken);
            $event->trigger();
        } else {
            throw new moodle_exception('cannotcreatetoken', 'webservice', '', $service->shortname);
        }
    }
    return $token;
}

/**
 * Set the last time a token was sent and trigger the \core\event\webservice_token_sent event.
 *
 * This function is used when a token is generated by the user via login/token.php or admin/tool/mobile/launch.php.
 * In order to protect the privatetoken, we remove it from the event params.
 *
 * @param  stdClass $token token object
 * @since  Moodle 3.2
 */
function external_log_token_request($token) {
    global $DB, $USER;

    $token->privatetoken = null;

    // Log token access.
    $DB->set_field('external_tokens', 'lastaccess', time(), array('id' => $token->id));

    $params = array(
        'objectid' => $token->id,
    );
    $event = \core\event\webservice_token_sent::create($params);
    $event->add_record_snapshot('external_tokens', $token);
    $event->trigger();

    // Check if we need to notify the user about the new login via token.
    $loginip = getremoteaddr();
    if ($USER->lastip != $loginip &&
            ((!WS_SERVER && !CLI_SCRIPT && NO_MOODLE_COOKIES) || PHPUNIT_TEST)) {

        $logintime = time();
        $useragent = \core_useragent::get_user_agent_string();
        $ismoodleapp = \core_useragent::is_moodle_app();

        // Schedule adhoc task to sent a login notification to the user.
        $task = new \core\…

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