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  1. # Links and Selected Readings
    2. 

  2. 

  3. ## GCC-specific Literature
    4. 

  4. 

  5. -   [An Introduction to GCC](http://www.network-theory.co.uk/gcc/intro/) by Brian J. Gough.
    6. 

  6. -   [GNU C Compiler Internals (Wikibook)](http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/GNU_C_Compiler_Internals), numerous contributors.
    7. 

  7. -   [Compilation of Functional Programming Languages using GCC -- Tail Calls](http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~baueran/thesis/) by Andreas Bauer.
    8. 

  8. -   [Porting GCC for Dunces](http://ftp.axis.se/pub/users/hp/pgccfd/) by Hans-Peter Nilsson \<<hans-peter.nilsson@axis.com>\>.
    9. 

  9. -   [Using, Maintaining and Enhancing COBOL for the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)](http://cobolforgcc.sourceforge.net/cobol_toc.html) by Joachim Nadler and Tim Josling \<<tej@melbpc.org.au>\>.
    10. 

  10. -   [The V3 multi-vendor standard C++ ABI](http://mentorembedded.github.com/cxx-abi/) is used in GCC releases 3.0 and above.
    11. 

  11. -   [Compiling and testing complete gcc/glibc cross-toolchains for Linux targets](http://kegel.com/crosstool/) by Dan Kegel.
    12. 

  12. 

  13. ## Chip Documentation
    14. 

  14. 

  15. The list below is based on the subdirectory names of the gcc/config directory, which typically matches with the CPU name in the configuration name. In some cases, different (but similar) CPUs are put into one directory; the names in parentheses list such similar CPU names.
    16. 

  16. 

  17. -   alpha
    18. 

  18.     Manufacturer: Compaq (DEC)
    19. 

  19.     [Calling Standard for AXP Systems](http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/V51A_HTML/ARH9MBTE/TITLE.HTM) documents the calling conventions for Digital Unix; chapters 2-4 apply to other Alpha Unix systems as well.
    20. 

  20.     [Alpha Hardware Reference Manuals](http://h18000.www1.hp.com/cpq-alphaserver/technology/chip-docs.html)
    21. 

  21. -   andes (nds32)
    22. 

  22.     Manufacturer: Various licenses of Andes Technology Corporation.
    23. 

  23.     CPUs include: AndesCore families N7, N8, SN8, N9, N10, N12 and N13.
    24. 

  24.     [Andes Documentation](http://www.andestech.com/en/products/documentation.htm)
    25. 

  25.     GDB includes a simulator for all CPUs.
    26. 

  26. -   arc
    27. 

  27.     Manufacturer: ARC Cores (Argonaut)
    28. 

  28. -   arm (armv2, thumb)
    29. 

  29.     Manufacturer: Various, by license from ARM
    30. 

  30.     CPUs include: ARM7 and ARM7T series (eg. ARM7TDMI), ARM9 and StrongARM
    31. 

  31.     [ARM Documentation](http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp)
    32. 

  32. -   AVR
    33. 

  33.     Manufacturer: Atmel
    34. 

  34.     [AVR Documentation](http://www.atmel.com/products/microcontrollers/avr/)
    35. 

  35. -   Blackfin
    36. 

  36.     Manufacturer: Analog Devices
    37. 

  37.     [uClinux and GNU toolchains for the Blackfin](http://blackfin.uclinux.org/gf/)
    38. 

  38.     [Blackfin Documentation](http://www.analog.com/en/processors-dsp/blackfin/products/index.html)
    39. 

  39. -   c4x
    40. 

  40.     Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
    41. 

  41.     Exact chip name: TMS320C4X
    42. 

  42. -   C6X
    43. 

  43.     Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
    44. 

  44.     Exact chip name: TMS320C6X
    45. 

  45.     [Site for the Linux on C6X project](http://linux-c6x.org/)
    46. 

  46. -   CR16
    47. 

  47.     Manufacturer: National Semiconductor
    48. 

  48.     Acronym stands for: CompactRISC 16-bit
    49. 

  49.     GDB includes a simulator
    50. 

  50. -   CRIS
    51. 

  51.     Manufacturer: Axis Communications
    52. 

  52.     Acronym stands for: Code Reduced Instruction Set
    53. 

  53.     The CRIS architecture is used in the ETRAX system-on-a-chip series.
    54. 

  54.     [Site with CPU documentation](http://developer.axis.com/)
    55. 

  55. -   Epiphany
    56. 

  56.     Manufacturer: Adapteva
    57. 

  57.     [Manufacturer's website](http://www.adapteva.com/) with additional information about the Epiphany architecture.
    58. 

  58. -   fr30
    59. 

  59.     Manufacturer: Fujitsu
    60. 

  60.     Acronym stands for: Fujitsu RISC
    61. 

  61.     GDB includes a [CGEN](http://sourceware.org/cgen/) generated simulator.
    62. 

  62. -   h8300
    63. 

  63.     Manufacturer: Renesas
    64. 

  64.     Exact chip name: H8/300
    65. 

  65.     GDB includes a simulator.
    66. 

  66.     [H8/300 Application Binary Interface for GCC](http://gcc.gnu.org/projects/h8300-abi.html).
    67. 

  67. -   i386 (i486, i586, i686, i786)
    68. 

  68.     Manufacturer: Intel
    69. 

  69.     [Intel®64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manuals](http://developer.intel.com/products/processor/manuals/index.htm)
    70. 

  70.     Some information about optimizing for x86 processors, links to x86 manuals and documentation:
    71. 

  71.     <http://www.agner.org/optimize/>
    72. 

  72.     [www.sandpile.org:](http://www.sandpile.org) Christian Ludloff's technical x86 processor information.
    73. 

  73. -   i860
    74. 

  74.     Manufacturer: Intel
    75. 

  75. -   m32c
    76. 

  76.     Manufacturer: Renesas
    77. 

  77.     [Renesas M16C Family (R32C/M32C/M16C) Site](http://www.renesas.com/products/mpumcu/m16c/m16c_landing.jsp)
    78. 

  78.     GDB includes a simulator.
    79. 

  79. -   m32r
    80. 

  80.     Manufacturer: Renesas
    81. 

  81.     GDB includes a CGEN generated simulator.
    82. 

  82. -   m68hc11 (m68hc12)
    83. 

  83.     Manufacturer: Motorola
    84. 

  84.     GDB includes a 68HC11 and a 68HC12 simulator.
    85. 

  85. -   m68k
    86. 

  86.     Manufacturer: Motorola
    87. 

  87. -   mcore
    88. 

  88.     Manufacturer: Motorola
    89. 

  89.     GDB includes a simulator.
    90. 

  90. -   MeP
    91. 

  91.     Manufacturer: Toshiba
    92. 

  92.     SID includes a MeP simulator.
    93. 

  93. -   MicroBlace
    94. 

  94.     Manufacturer: Xilinx
    95. 

  95.     [MicroBlaze Processor Reference Guide](http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/sw_manuals/xilinx11/mb_ref_guide.pdf)
    96. 

  96.     GDB includes a simulator for an earlier version of the processor.
    97. 

  97. -   mips (mipsel, mips64, mips64el)
    98. 

  98.     The \*el variants are little-endian configurations.
    99. 

  99. -   MMIX
    100. 

  100.     Manufacturer: none. There is a simulator, see links below.
    101. 

  101.     Acronym stands for: Roman numeral for 2009, pronounced [EM-micks]. The number stands for the average of numbers of "14 actual computers very similar to MMIX". The name may also be due to a predecessor appropriately named MIX.
    102. 

  102.     MMIX is used in program examples in [Donald E. Knuth](http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/)'s [The Art of Computer Programming](http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/taocp.html) (ISBN 0-201-89683-4).
    103. 

  103.     [Knuth's MMIX page](http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/mmix.html) has more information about MMIX. Knuth also wrote a [book specifically about MMIX](http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~knuth/mmixware.html) (MMIXware, ISBN 3-540-66938-8).
    104. 

  104. -   mn10300
    105. 

  105.     Manufacturer: Matsushita
    106. 

  106.     Alternate chip name: AM30
    107. 

  107.     GDB includes a simulator.
    108. 

  108. -   msp430
    109. 

  109.     Manufacturer: Texas Instruments
    110. 

  110.     GDB includes a simulator.
    111. 

  111. -   ns32k
    112. 

  112.     Manufacturer: National Semiconductor
    113. 

  113.     [NS32FX200 Home Page](http://www.national.com/pf/NS/NS32FX200.html)
    114. 

  114. -   pa
    115. 

  115.     Manufacturer: HP
    116. 

  116.     [PA-RISC](http://h21007.www2.hp.com/portal/site/dspp/menuitem.1b39e60a9475acc915b49c108973a801/?chid=6dc55e210a66a010VgnVCM100000275d6e10RCRD#topic_pa_risc_architecture) is preferred over the older HPPA acronym (Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture).
    117. 

  117.     <http://parisc-linux.org/documentation/index.html> is another good source of PA-RISC documention.
    118. 

  118. -   pdp11
    119. 

  119.     Manufacturer: DEC
    120. 

  120.     [PDP-11 FAQ](http://www.village.org/pdp11/faq.html)
    121. 

  121.     [Simulators](http://simh.trailing-edge.com/)
    122. 

  122. -   rs6000 (powerpc, powerpcle)
    123. 

  123.     Manufacturer: IBM, Motorola
    124. 

  124.     [AIX V4.3 Assembler Language Ref.](http://publib16.boulder.ibm.com/pseries/en_US/infocenter/base/43_docs/aixassem/alangref/toc.htm)
    125. 

  125.     [AIX 5L Assembler Language Ref.](http://publibn.boulder.ibm.com/doc_link/en_US/a_doc_lib/aixassem/alangref/alangreftfrm.htm)
    126. 

  126.     [Documentation and tools at power.org](https://www.power.org/documentation/)
    127. 

  127. -   rx
    128. 

  128.     Manufacturer: Renesas
    129. 

  129.     [RX610 Hardware Manual](http://documentation.renesas.com/eng/products/mpumcu/rej09b0460_rx610hm.pdf)
    130. 

  130. -   sh
    131. 

  131.     Manufacturer: Renesas, or various licensed by SuperH Inc
    132. 

  132.     CPUs include: SH1, SH2, SH2-DSP, SH3, SH3-DSP, SH4, SH5 series.
    133. 

  133.     [Renesas SuperH Processors](http://www.renesas.com/products/mpumcu/superh/superh_landing.jsp)
    134. 

  134.     [SuperH Home Page](http://www.superh.com/)
    135. 

  135.     GDB includes a simulator.
    136. 

  136. -   sparc (sparclite, sparc64)
    137. 

  137.     Manufacturer: Sun
    138. 

  138.     Acronym stands for: Scalable Processor ARChitecture
    139. 

  139. -   tilegx
    140. 

  140.     Manufacturer: Tilera
    141. 

  141.     [Documentation](http://www.tilera.com/scm/docs/index.html)
    142. 

  142. -   tilepro
    143. 

  143.     Manufacturer: Tilera
    144. 

  144.     [Documentation](http://www.tilera.com/scm/docs/index.html)
    145. 

  145. -   v850
    146. 

  146.     Manufacturer: NEC
    147. 

  147. -   vax
    148. 

  148.     Manufacturer: DEC
    149. 

  149. -   xtensa
    150. 

  150.     Manufacturer: Tensilica
    151. 

  151. -   z/Architecture (S/390)
    152. 

  152.     Manufacturer: IBM
    153. 

  153.     [ESA/390 Principles of Operation](http://publibfp.boulder.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/dz9ar008/CCONTENTS)
    154. 

  154.     [z/Architecture Principles of Operation](http://publibfp.boulder.ibm.com/cgi-bin/bookmgr/BOOKS/dz9zr002/CCONTENTS)
    155. 

  155. 

  156. ## Collected Papers/Sites on Standards, Compilers, Optimization, Etc.
    157. 

  157. 

  158. ### C information
    159. 

  159. 

  160. -   C standards information:
    161. 

  161.     -   [WG14 (C standards committee)](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/)
    162. 

  162.     -   [Draft C99 Rationale](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n897.pdf)
    163. 

  163.     -   [C99 Defect Reports](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/summary.htm)
    164. 

  164.     -   [C89 Rationale (sources)](ftp://ftp.uu.net/doc/standards/ansi/X3.159-1989/)
    165. 

  165.     -   [C89 Rationale (HTML)](http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/rat/title.html)
    166. 

  166.     -   [C89 Technical Corrigendum 1](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc1.htm)
    167. 

  167.     -   [C89 Technical Corrigendum 2](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc2.htm)
    168. 

  168.     -   [C89 Defect Reports](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/dr.htm)
    169. 

  169. -   Sequence point rules in C:
    170. 

  170.     -   [A formal model of sequence points and related issues by Clive Feather](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n925.htm)
    171. 

  171.     -   [C formalised in HOL, thesis by Michael Norrish](http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-453.pdf)
    172. 

  172.     -   [Sequence points analysis by Raymond Mak](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n926.htm)
    173. 

  173.     -   [Another formalism for sequence points by D. Hugh Redelmeier](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n927.htm)
    174. 

  174. -   C historical information:
    175. 

  175.     -   [The Development of the C Language](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.html), by Dennis M. Ritchie (also in [PostScript](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.ps) and [PDF](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/chist.pdf)).
    176. 

  176.     -   An early [C Reference Manual](http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/cman.ps).
    177. 

  177. 

  178. ### C++ information
    179. 

  179. 

  180. -   [ISO Committee homepage (defects list, etc)](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/)
    181. 

  181. 

  182. -   [The SGI STL page](http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/)
    183. 

  183. -   [STLport homepage](http://www.stlport.org/)
    184. 

  184. 

  185. -   [Template Numeric Toolkit](http://math.nist.gov/tnt/)
    186. 

  186. -   [The Boost C++ Libraries](http://www.boost.org)
    187. 

  187. 

  188. -   [Internet sites for C++ users](http://www.robertnz.net/cpp_site.html)
    189. 

  189. 

  190. -   [Nathan Myers' locale page](http://www.cantrip.org/cpp.html)
    191. 

  191. -   [Nicolai Josuttis' Standard Library book](http://www.josuttis.com/libbook/)
    192. 

    193. 

  193. ### Objective-C Information
    194. 

  194. 

  195. -   [Objective-C Language Description](http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjectiveC/) (Apple Computer)
    196. 

  196. 

  197. ### Fortran information {#fortran}
    198. 

  198. 

  199. -   Fortran standards information:
    200. 

  200.     -   [Fortran standards committee](http://www.j3-fortran.org/) (includes references to the current draft of the Fortran standard)
    201. 

  201. -   Fortran historical information:
    202. 

  202.     -   [FORTRAN 77 Standard](http://www.fortran.com/F77_std/rjcnf.html)
    203. 

  203. -   [Fortran FAQs, books and software](http://www.fortran.com/info.html)
    204. 

  204. -   Testing and Validation - Some packages aimed at Fortran compiler validation.
    205. 

  205.     -   [FORTRAN 77 test suite](http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/ctg/fortran_form.htm) by the NIST Information Technology Laboratory ([license](http://www.itl.nist.gov/div897/ctg/software.htm)) The test suite contains legal and operational Fortran 77 code.
    206. 

  206.     -   IDRIS [Low level bench tests of Fortran 95](http://www.idris.fr/data/publications/F95/test_F95_english.html). It tests some Fortran 95 intrinsics.
    207. 

  207.     -   The g77 testsuite (which is part of GCC).
    208. 

  208.     -   Test suite of [ftnchek](http://www.dsm.fordham.edu/~ftnchek/), included in its distribution. It contains some illegal code and therefore makes it possible to stress the compiler error handling.
    209. 

  209.     -   [Checking properties of the compiler and the run-time environment](http://ftp.cac.psu.edu/pub/ger/fortran/chksys.htm) by Arjen Markus (source provided).
    210. 

  210.     -   [gdbf95](http://gdbf95.sourceforge.net/) test suite.
    211. 

  211.     -   Tests of run-time checking capabilities
    212. 

  212.         -   [Polyhedron tests](http://www.polyhedron.com/)
    213. 

  213.         -   [compilers test sets](http://ftp.aset.psu.edu/pub/ger/fortran/test/) by H. Knoble & A. Desitter
    214. 

  214. -   Other resources:
    215. 

  215.     -   [Michel Olagnon's Fortran 90 List](http://www.ifremer.fr/ditigo/molagnon/fortran90/engfaq.html) contains a "Tests and Benchmarks" section mentioning commercial test suites.
    216. 

  216.     -   [Herman D. Knoble's Fortran Resources](http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/h/d/hdk/fortran.html) contain some sections on compiler validation and benchmarking.
    217. 

  217.     -   Complying with Fortran 90, How does the current crop of Fortran 90 compilers measure up to the standard?, Steven Baker, Dr Dobb's, January 1995. It described the results of several commercial test suites.
    218. 

  218. -   Fortran packages - Some packages containing (mostly) legal Fortran code.
    219. 

  219.     -   Books with source code:
    220. 

  220.         -   [Example programs](http://www.fortranplus.co.uk/fortran_books.html) of Introducing Fortran 95 by Ian Chivers and Jane Sleightholme.
    221. 

  221.         -   [Examples](http://www.fortran.com/F/books.html) of Essential Fortran 90 & 95 by Loren Meissner.
    222. 

  222.         -   [Source code](http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/general/chapman/intro/) of Introduction To Fortran 90/95 by Stephen Chapman.
    223. 

  223.         -   [Source code](http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/general/chapman/) of Fortran 90/95 for Scientists and Engineers by Stephen Chapman.
    224. 

  224. -   Historical material - A few links for your enjoyment.
    225. 

  225.     -   [Historic Documents in Computer Science](http://www.fh-jena.de/~kleine/history/) by Karl Kleine
    226. 

  226.     -   [The writings of Edsger W. Dijkstra (RIP)](http://www.cs.utexas.edu/users/EWD/)
    227. 

  227. 

  228. ### Ada information
    229. 

  229. 

  230. -   Ada standards information:
    231. 

  231.     -   [WG9 (Ada standards committee):](http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg9/)
    232. 

  232.         -   [Ada Issues](http://www.ada-auth.org/ais.html)
    233. 

  233.     -   [List of Ada standards (Ada Information Clearinghouse):](http://www.adaic.org/ada-resources/standards/)
    234. 

  234.         -   [Annotated Ada 2005 Reference Manual](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05aarm/html/AA-TTL.html)
    235. 

  235.         -   [Ada 2005 Reference Manual](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05rm/html/RM-TTL.html)
    236. 

  236.         -   [Ada 2005 Rationale](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/05rat/html/Rat-TTL.html)
    237. 

  237.         -   [Annotated Ada 95 Reference Manual](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/95aarm/AARM_HTML/AA-TTL.html)
    238. 

  238.         -   [Ada 95 Reference Manual](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/95lrm/ARM_HTML/RM-TTL.html)
    239. 

  239.         -   [Ada 95 Rationale](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/standards/95rat/rat95html/rat95-contents.html)
    240. 

  240.         -   [Ada 83 Reference Manual](http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83lrm/html/ada_lrm.html)
    241. 

  241.         -   [Ada 83 Rationale](http://archive.adaic.com/standards/83rat/html/Welcome.html)
    242. 

  242. -   Related standards:
    243. 

  243.     -   [Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ASIS)](http://www.sigada.org/WG/asiswg/)
    244. 

  244. -   Compiler validation:
    245. 

  245.     -   [Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite (ACATS)](http://www.ada-auth.org/acats.html)
    246. 

  246. -   Other resources:
    247. 

  247.     -   [AdaCore — Libre Site](http://libre.adacore.com/)
    248. 

  248.     -   [GNAT: The GNU Ada Compiler](https://www2.adacore.com/gap-static/GNAT_Book/html/)
    249. 

  249.     -   [Ada Quality & Style Guide](http://www.adaic.org/resources/add_content/docs/95style/html/cover.html)
    250. 

  250.     -   [Guide for the use of the Ada Ravenscar Profile in high integrity systems](http://www.sigada.org/ada_letters/jun2004/ravenscar_article.pdf)
    251. 

  251. 

  252. ### Go information
    253. 

  253. 

  254. -   [General Go information](http://golang.org/)
    255. 

  255. -   [Go language specification](http://golang.org/ref/spec)
    256. 

  256. 

  257. ### Modula 3 information
    258. 

  258. 

  259. -   <http://www.cmass.com>
    260. 

  260. -   <http://www.modula3.org>
    261. 

  261. 

  262. ### Miscellaneous information
    263. 

  263. 

  264. -   [What Every Computer Scientist Should Know about Floating-Point Arithmetic](http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/paper.pdf) by David Goldberg, including Doug Priest's supplement (PDF format)
    265. 

  265. -   [Differences Among IEEE 754 Implementations](http://www.validlab.com/goldberg/addendum.html) by Doug Priest (included in the PostScript-format document above)
    266. 

  266. -   [IEEE 754r](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754r), an ongoing revision to the IEEE 754 floating point standard.
    267. 

  267. -   [Information on the Digital UNIX/Compaq Tru64 UNIX object file format](http://www.tru64unix.compaq.com/docs/base_doc/DOCUMENTATION/V51_HTML/SUPPDOCS/OBJSPEC/TITLE.HTM)
    268. 

  268. 

  269. -   [IBM Journal of Research and Development](http://www.almaden.ibm.com/journal/)
    270. 

  270. -   [System V PowerPC ABI](http://refspecs.freestandards.org/elf/elfspec_ppc.pdf)
    271. 

  271. -   [Application Binary Interface for the ARM Architecture (EABI)](http://www.arm.com/products/DevTools/ABI.html)
    272. 

  272. -   [DWARF Workgroup](http://dwarfstd.org/)
    273. 

  273. -   [Debugging/object info](ftp://ftp.sgi.com/sgi/dev/davea/objectinfo.html) by David B.Anderson (including links to some DWARF tools)
    274. 

  274. 

  275. -   EG3 maintains a list of compiler Internet resources, including FAQ's, papers, hot list pages, potential software/shareware, all known companies, etc.:
    276. 

  276.     -   <http://www.eg3.com/embeddedsoftware/compiler.htm>
    277. 

  277.     -   These resource pages are published as part of EG3's Free Electronic Engineers' Toolbox at:
    278. 

  278.         -   <http://www.eg3.com/index.htm>
    279. 

  279. 

  280. -   [Links related to many compiler topics](http://www.compilerconnection.com/)
    281. 

  281. -   [comp.compilers archive](http://compilers.iecc.com/index.phtml)
    282. 

  282. -   Steven Muchnick (1997) "Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation". 880pp. ISBN: 1-55860-320-4.
    283. 

  283. -   Robert Morgan (1998) "Building an Optimizing Compiler". 300pp. ISBN: 1-55558-179-X.
    284. 

  284. -   [The Open Group](http://www.opengroup.org/) has quite a bit on [POSIX and friends](http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/toc.htm).
    285. 

  285. -   [Unicode](http://www.unicode.org) and [Unicode Normalization Forms](http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/).
    286. 

  286. 

  287. ## Chip Documentation of Obsolete Ports
    288. 

  288. 

  289. Below is the list of ports that GCC used to support.
    290. 

  290. 

  291. -   1750a
    292. 

  292.     Exact chip name: MIL-STD-1750A processor
    293. 

  293.     Manufacturers: various
    294. 

  294.     [Specification](http://legacy.cleanscape.net/stdprod/xtc1750a/resources/mil-std-1750.zip)
    295. 

  295. -   a29k
    296. 

  296.     Manufacturer: AMD
    297. 

  297. -   clipper
    298. 

  298.     Manufacturer: Intergraph
    299. 

  299.     Exact machine name: CLIPPER
    300. 

  300. -   convex (c1, c2, c3[248])
    301. 

  301.     Manufacturer: Convex (HP)
    302. 

  302. -   d30v
    303. 

  303.     Manufacturer: Mitsubishi
    304. 

  304.     There is no longer any reference to this chip anywhere on the manufacturer's web site; it may be dead.
    305. 

  305.     GDB includes a simulator.
    306. 

  306. -   dsp16xx
    307. 

  307.     Manufacturer: AT&T
    308. 

  308. -   m88k
    309. 

  309.     Manufacturer: Motorola
    310. 

  310. -   mn10200
    311. 

  311.     Manufacturer: Matsushita
    312. 

  312.     GDB includes a simulator.
    313. 

  313. -   pj (picoJava)
    314. 

  314.     Manufacturer: Sun
    315. 

  315. -   romp
    316. 

  316.     Manufacturer: IBM
    317. 

  317.     Acronym stands for: Research/Office Products MicroProcessor
    318. 

  318.     The ROMP was the processor inside the IBM PC/RT.
    319. 

  319. 

  320.