/python/helpers/epydoc/docbuilder.py

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# epydoc -- Documentation Builder
#
# Copyright (C) 2005 Edward Loper
# Author: Edward Loper <edloper@loper.org>
# URL: <http://epydoc.sf.net>
#
# $Id: docbuilder.py 1683 2008-01-29 22:17:39Z edloper $

"""
Construct data structures that encode the API documentation for Python
objects.  These data structures are created using a series of steps:

  1. B{Building docs}: Extract basic information about the objects,
     and objects that are related to them.  This can be done by
     introspecting the objects' values (with L{epydoc.docintrospecter}; or
     by parsing their source code (with L{epydoc.docparser}.

  2. B{Merging}: Combine the information obtained from introspection &
     parsing each object into a single structure.

  3. B{Linking}: Replace any 'pointers' that were created for imported
     variables by their target (if it's available).
  
  4. B{Naming}: Chose a unique 'canonical name' for each
     object.
  
  5. B{Docstring Parsing}: Parse the docstring of each object, and
     extract any pertinant information.
  
  6. B{Inheritance}: Add information about variables that classes
     inherit from their base classes.

The documentation information for each individual object is
represented using an L{APIDoc}; and the documentation for a collection
of objects is represented using a L{DocIndex}.

The main interface to C{epydoc.docbuilder} consists of two functions:

  - L{build_doc()} -- Builds documentation for a single item, and
    returns it as an L{APIDoc} object.
  - L{build_doc_index()} -- Builds documentation for a collection of
    items, and returns it as a L{DocIndex} object.

The remaining functions are used by these two main functions to
perform individual steps in the creation of the documentation.

@group Documentation Construction: build_doc, build_doc_index,
    _get_docs_from_*, _report_valdoc_progress
@group Merging: *MERGE*, *merge*
@group Linking: link_imports
@group Naming: _name_scores, _unreachable_names, assign_canonical_names,
    _var_shadows_self, _fix_self_shadowing_var, _unreachable_name_for
@group Inheritance: inherit_docs, _inherit_info
"""
__docformat__ = 'epytext en'

######################################################################
## Contents
######################################################################
## 1. build_doc() & build_doc_index() -- the main interface.
## 2. merge_docs() -- helper, used to merge parse & introspect info
## 3. link_imports() -- helper, used to connect imported vars w/ values
## 4. assign_canonical_names() -- helper, used to set canonical names
## 5. inherit_docs() -- helper, used to inherit docs from base classes

######################################################################
## Imports
######################################################################

import sys, os, os.path, __builtin__, imp, re, inspect
from epydoc.apidoc import *
from epydoc.docintrospecter import introspect_docs
from epydoc.docparser import parse_docs, ParseError
from epydoc.docstringparser import parse_docstring
from epydoc import log
from epydoc.util import *
from epydoc.compat import * # Backwards compatibility

######################################################################
## 1. build_doc()
######################################################################

class BuildOptions:
    """
    Holds the parameters for a documentation building process.
    """
    def __init__(self, introspect=True, parse=True,
                 exclude_introspect=None, exclude_parse=None,
                 add_submodules=True):
        self.introspect = introspect
        self.parse = parse
        self.exclude_introspect = exclude_introspect
        self.exclude_parse = exclude_parse
        self.add_submodules = add_submodules

        # Test for pattern syntax and compile them into pattern objects.
        try:
            self._introspect_regexp = (exclude_introspect
                and re.compile(exclude_introspect) or None)
            self._parse_regexp = (exclude_parse
                and re.compile(exclude_parse) or None)
        except Exception, exc:
            log.error('Error in regular expression pattern: %s' % exc)
            raise

    def must_introspect(self, name):
        """
        Return C{True} if a module is to be introsepcted with the current
        settings.

        @param name: The name of the module to test
        @type name: L{DottedName} or C{str}
        """
        return self.introspect \
            and not self._matches_filter(name, self._introspect_regexp)

    def must_parse(self, name):
        """
        Return C{True} if a module is to be parsed with the current settings.

        @param name: The name of the module to test
        @type name: L{DottedName} or C{str}
        """
        return self.parse \
            and not self._matches_filter(name, self._parse_regexp)

    def _matches_filter(self, name, regexp):
        """
        Test if a module name matches a pattern.

        @param name: The name of the module to test
        @type name: L{DottedName} or C{str}
        @param regexp: The pattern object to match C{name} against.
            If C{None}, return C{False}
        @type regexp: C{pattern}
        @return: C{True} if C{name} in dotted format matches C{regexp},
            else C{False}
        @rtype: C{bool}
        """
        if regexp is None: return False

        if isinstance(name, DottedName):
            name = str(name)

        return bool(regexp.search(name))


def build_doc(item, introspect=True, parse=True, add_submodules=True,
              exclude_introspect=None, exclude_parse=None):
    """
    Build API documentation for a given item, and return it as
    an L{APIDoc} object.

    @rtype: L{APIDoc}
    @param item: The item to document, specified using any of the
        following:
          - A string, naming a python package directory
            (e.g., C{'epydoc/markup'})
          - A string, naming a python file
            (e.g., C{'epydoc/docparser.py'})
          - A string, naming a python object
            (e.g., C{'epydoc.docparser.DocParser'})
          - Any (non-string) python object
            (e.g., C{list.append})
    @param introspect: If true, then use introspection to examine the
        specified items.  Otherwise, just use parsing.
    @param parse: If true, then use parsing to examine the specified
        items.  Otherwise, just use introspection.
    """
    docindex = build_doc_index([item], introspect, parse, add_submodules,
                               exclude_introspect=exclude_introspect,
                               exclude_parse=exclude_parse)
    return docindex.root[0]

def build_doc_index(items, introspect=True, parse=True, add_submodules=True,
                    exclude_introspect=None, exclude_parse=None):
    """
    Build API documentation for the given list of items, and
    return it in the form of a L{DocIndex}.

    @rtype: L{DocIndex}
    @param items: The items to document, specified using any of the
        following:
          - A string, naming a python package directory
            (e.g., C{'epydoc/markup'})
          - A string, naming a python file
            (e.g., C{'epydoc/docparser.py'})
          - A string, naming a python object
            (e.g., C{'epydoc.docparser.DocParser'})
          - Any (non-string) python object
            (e.g., C{list.append})
    @param introspect: If true, then use introspection to examine the
        specified items.  Otherwise, just use parsing.
    @param parse: If true, then use parsing to examine the specified
        items.  Otherwise, just use introspection.
    """
    try:
        options = BuildOptions(parse=parse, introspect=introspect,
            exclude_introspect=exclude_introspect, exclude_parse=exclude_parse,
            add_submodules=add_submodules)
    except Exception, e:
        # log.error already reported by constructor.
        return None

    # Get the basic docs for each item.
    doc_pairs = _get_docs_from_items(items, options)

    # Merge the introspection & parse docs.
    if options.parse and options.introspect:
        log.start_progress('Merging parsed & introspected information')
        docs = []
        for i, (introspect_doc, parse_doc) in enumerate(doc_pairs):
            if introspect_doc is not None and parse_doc is not None:
                if introspect_doc.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN):
                    name = introspect_doc.canonical_name
                else:
                    name = parse_doc.canonical_name
                log.progress(float(i)/len(doc_pairs), name)
                docs.append(merge_docs(introspect_doc, parse_doc))
            elif introspect_doc is not None:
                docs.append(introspect_doc)
            elif parse_doc is not None:
                docs.append(parse_doc)
        log.end_progress()
    elif options.introspect:
        docs = [doc_pair[0] for doc_pair in doc_pairs if doc_pair[0]]
    else:
        docs = [doc_pair[1] for doc_pair in doc_pairs if doc_pair[1]]

    if len(docs) == 0:
        log.error('Nothing left to document!')
        return None

    # Collect the docs into a single index.
    docindex = DocIndex(docs)

    # Replace any proxy valuedocs that we got from importing with
    # their targets.
    if options.parse:
        log.start_progress('Linking imported variables')
        valdocs = sorted(docindex.reachable_valdocs(
            imports=False, submodules=False, packages=False, subclasses=False))
        for i, val_doc in enumerate(valdocs):
            _report_valdoc_progress(i, val_doc, valdocs)
            link_imports(val_doc, docindex)
        log.end_progress()

    # Assign canonical names.
    log.start_progress('Indexing documentation')
    for i, val_doc in enumerate(docindex.root):
        log.progress(float(i)/len(docindex.root), val_doc.canonical_name)
        assign_canonical_names(val_doc, val_doc.canonical_name, docindex)
    log.end_progress()

    # Set overrides pointers
    log.start_progress('Checking for overridden methods')
    valdocs = sorted(docindex.reachable_valdocs(
        imports=False, submodules=False, packages=False, subclasses=False))
    for i, val_doc in enumerate(valdocs):
        if isinstance(val_doc, ClassDoc):
            percent = float(i)/len(valdocs)
            log.progress(percent, val_doc.canonical_name)
            find_overrides(val_doc)
    log.end_progress()
    
    # Parse the docstrings for each object.
    log.start_progress('Parsing docstrings')
    suppress_warnings = set(valdocs).difference(
        docindex.reachable_valdocs(
            imports=False, submodules=False, packages=False, subclasses=False,
            bases=False, overrides=True))
    for i, val_doc in enumerate(valdocs):
        _report_valdoc_progress(i, val_doc, valdocs)
        # the value's docstring
        parse_docstring(val_doc, docindex, suppress_warnings)
        # the value's variables' docstrings
        if (isinstance(val_doc, NamespaceDoc) and
            val_doc.variables not in (None, UNKNOWN)):
            for var_doc in val_doc.variables.values():
                # Now we have a chance to propagate the defining module
                # to objects for which introspection is not possible,
                # such as properties.
                if (isinstance(var_doc.value, ValueDoc)
                    and var_doc.value.defining_module is UNKNOWN):
                    var_doc.value.defining_module = val_doc.defining_module
                parse_docstring(var_doc, docindex, suppress_warnings)
    log.end_progress()

    # Take care of inheritance.
    log.start_progress('Inheriting documentation')
    for i, val_doc in enumerate(valdocs):
        if isinstance(val_doc, ClassDoc):
            percent = float(i)/len(valdocs)
            log.progress(percent, val_doc.canonical_name)
            inherit_docs(val_doc)
    log.end_progress()

    # Initialize the groups & sortedvars attributes.
    log.start_progress('Sorting & Grouping')
    for i, val_doc in enumerate(valdocs):
        if isinstance(val_doc, NamespaceDoc):
            percent = float(i)/len(valdocs)
            log.progress(percent, val_doc.canonical_name)
            val_doc.init_sorted_variables()
            val_doc.init_variable_groups()
            if isinstance(val_doc, ModuleDoc):
                val_doc.init_submodule_groups()
            val_doc.report_unused_groups()
    log.end_progress()

    return docindex

def _report_valdoc_progress(i, val_doc, val_docs):
    if (isinstance(val_doc, (ModuleDoc, ClassDoc)) and
        val_doc.canonical_name is not UNKNOWN and
        not val_doc.canonical_name[0].startswith('??')):
        log.progress(float(i)/len(val_docs), val_doc.canonical_name)

#/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# Documentation Generation
#/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

def _get_docs_from_items(items, options):

    # Start the progress bar.
    log.start_progress('Building documentation')
    progress_estimator = _ProgressEstimator(items)

    # Check for duplicate item names.
    item_set = set()
    for item in items[:]:
        if item in item_set:
            log.warning("Name %r given multiple times" % item)
            items.remove(item)
        item_set.add(item)

    # Keep track of what top-level canonical names we've assigned, to
    # make sure there are no naming conflicts.  This dict maps
    # canonical names to the item names they came from (so we can print
    # useful error messages).
    canonical_names = {}

    # Collect (introspectdoc, parsedoc) pairs for each item.
    doc_pairs = []
    for item in items:
        if isinstance(item, basestring):
            if is_module_file(item):
                doc_pairs.append(_get_docs_from_module_file(
                    item, options, progress_estimator))
            elif is_package_dir(item):
                pkgfile = os.path.abspath(os.path.join(item, '__init__'))
                doc_pairs.append(_get_docs_from_module_file(
                    pkgfile, options, progress_estimator))
            elif os.path.isfile(item):
                doc_pairs.append(_get_docs_from_pyscript(
                    item, options, progress_estimator))
            elif hasattr(__builtin__, item):
                val = getattr(__builtin__, item)
                doc_pairs.append(_get_docs_from_pyobject(
                    val, options, progress_estimator))
            elif is_pyname(item):
                doc_pairs.append(_get_docs_from_pyname(
                    item, options, progress_estimator))
            elif os.path.isdir(item):
                log.error("Directory %r is not a package" % item)
                continue
            elif os.path.isfile(item):
                log.error("File %s is not a Python module" % item)
                continue
            else:
                log.error("Could not find a file or object named %s" %
                          item)
                continue
        else:
            doc_pairs.append(_get_docs_from_pyobject(
                item, options, progress_estimator))

        # Make sure there are no naming conflicts.
        name = (getattr(doc_pairs[-1][0], 'canonical_name', None) or
                getattr(doc_pairs[-1][1], 'canonical_name', None))
        if name in canonical_names:
            log.error(
                'Two of the specified items, %r and %r, have the same '
                'canonical name ("%s").  This may mean that you specified '
                'two different files that both use the same module name.  '
                'Ignoring the second item (%r)' %
                (canonical_names[name], item, name, canonical_names[name]))
            doc_pairs.pop()
        else:
            canonical_names[name] = item                

        # This will only have an effect if doc_pairs[-1] contains a
        # package's docs.  The 'not is_module_file(item)' prevents
        # us from adding subdirectories if they explicitly specify
        # a package's __init__.py file.
        if options.add_submodules and not is_module_file(item):
            doc_pairs += _get_docs_from_submodules(
                item, doc_pairs[-1], options, progress_estimator)

    log.end_progress()
    return doc_pairs

def _get_docs_from_pyobject(obj, options, progress_estimator):
    progress_estimator.complete += 1
    log.progress(progress_estimator.progress(), repr(obj))
    
    if not options.introspect:
        log.error("Cannot get docs for Python objects without "
                  "introspecting them.")
            
    introspect_doc = parse_doc = None
    introspect_error = parse_error = None
    try:
        introspect_doc = introspect_docs(value=obj)
    except ImportError, e:
        log.error(e)
        return (None, None)
    if options.parse:
        if introspect_doc.canonical_name is not None:
            prev_introspect = options.introspect
            options.introspect = False
            try:
                _, parse_docs = _get_docs_from_pyname(
                    str(introspect_doc.canonical_name), options,
                    progress_estimator, suppress_warnings=True)
            finally:
                options.introspect = prev_introspect

    # We need a name:
    if introspect_doc.canonical_name in (None, UNKNOWN):
        if hasattr(obj, '__name__'):
            introspect_doc.canonical_name = DottedName(
                DottedName.UNREACHABLE, obj.__name__)
        else:
            introspect_doc.canonical_name = DottedName(
                DottedName.UNREACHABLE)
    return (introspect_doc, parse_doc)

def _get_docs_from_pyname(name, options, progress_estimator,
                          suppress_warnings=False):
    progress_estimator.complete += 1
    if options.must_introspect(name) or options.must_parse(name):
        log.progress(progress_estimator.progress(), name)
    
    introspect_doc = parse_doc = None
    introspect_error = parse_error = None
    if options.must_introspect(name):
        try:
            introspect_doc = introspect_docs(name=name)
        except ImportError, e:
            introspect_error = str(e)
    if options.must_parse(name):
        try:
            parse_doc = parse_docs(name=name)
        except ParseError, e:
            parse_error = str(e)
        except ImportError, e:
            # If we get here, then there' probably no python source
            # available; don't bother to generate a warnining.
            pass
        
    # Report any errors we encountered.
    if not suppress_warnings:
        _report_errors(name, introspect_doc, parse_doc,
                       introspect_error, parse_error)

    # Return the docs we found.
    return (introspect_doc, parse_doc)

def _get_docs_from_pyscript(filename, options, progress_estimator):
    # [xx] I should be careful about what names I allow as filenames,
    # and maybe do some munging to prevent problems.

    introspect_doc = parse_doc = None
    introspect_error = parse_error = None
    if options.introspect:
        try:
            introspect_doc = introspect_docs(filename=filename, is_script=True)
            if introspect_doc.canonical_name is UNKNOWN:
                introspect_doc.canonical_name = munge_script_name(filename)
        except ImportError, e:
            introspect_error = str(e)
    if options.parse:
        try:
            parse_doc = parse_docs(filename=filename, is_script=True)
        except ParseError, e:
            parse_error = str(e)
        except ImportError, e:
            parse_error = str(e)
                
    # Report any errors we encountered.
    _report_errors(filename, introspect_doc, parse_doc,
                   introspect_error, parse_error)

    # Return the docs we found.
    return (introspect_doc, parse_doc)
    
def _get_docs_from_module_file(filename, options, progress_estimator,
                               parent_docs=(None,None)):
    """
    Construct and return the API documentation for the python
    module with the given filename.

    @param parent_docs: The C{ModuleDoc} of the containing package.
        If C{parent_docs} is not provided, then this method will
        check if the given filename is contained in a package; and
        if so, it will construct a stub C{ModuleDoc} for the
        containing package(s).  C{parent_docs} is a tuple, where
        the first element is the parent from introspection, and
        the second element is the parent from parsing.
    """
    # Record our progress.
    modulename = os.path.splitext(os.path.split(filename)[1])[0]
    if modulename == '__init__':
        modulename = os.path.split(os.path.split(filename)[0])[1]
    if parent_docs[0]:
        modulename = DottedName(parent_docs[0].canonical_name, modulename)
    elif parent_docs[1]:
        modulename = DottedName(parent_docs[1].canonical_name, modulename)
    if options.must_introspect(modulename) or options.must_parse(modulename):
        log.progress(progress_estimator.progress(),
                     '%s (%s)' % (modulename, filename))
    progress_estimator.complete += 1
    
    # Normalize the filename.
    filename = os.path.normpath(os.path.abspath(filename))

    # When possible, use the source version of the file.
    try:
        filename = py_src_filename(filename)
        src_file_available = True
    except ValueError:
        src_file_available = False

    # Get the introspected & parsed docs (as appropriate)
    introspect_doc = parse_doc = None
    introspect_error = parse_error = None
    if options.must_introspect(modulename):
        try:
            introspect_doc = introspect_docs(
                filename=filename, context=parent_docs[0])
            if introspect_doc.canonical_name is UNKNOWN:
                introspect_doc.canonical_name = modulename
        except ImportError, e:
            introspect_error = str(e)
    if src_file_available and options.must_parse(modulename):
        try:
            parse_doc = parse_docs(
                filename=filename, context=parent_docs[1])
        except ParseError, e:
            parse_error = str(e)
        except ImportError, e:
            parse_error = str(e)

    # Report any errors we encountered.
    _report_errors(filename, introspect_doc, parse_doc,
                   introspect_error, parse_error)

    # Return the docs we found.
    return (introspect_doc, parse_doc)

def _get_docs_from_submodules(item, pkg_docs, options, progress_estimator):
    # Extract the package's __path__.
    if isinstance(pkg_docs[0], ModuleDoc) and pkg_docs[0].is_package:
        pkg_path = pkg_docs[0].path
        package_dir = os.path.split(pkg_docs[0].filename)[0]
    elif isinstance(pkg_docs[1], ModuleDoc) and pkg_docs[1].is_package:
        pkg_path = pkg_docs[1].path
        package_dir = os.path.split(pkg_docs[1].filename)[0]
    else:
        return []

    module_filenames = {}
    subpackage_dirs = set()
    for subdir in pkg_path:
        if os.path.isdir(subdir):
            for name in os.listdir(subdir):
                filename = os.path.join(subdir, name)
                # Is it a valid module filename?
                if is_module_file(filename):
                    basename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
                    if os.path.split(basename)[1] != '__init__':
                        module_filenames[basename] = filename
                # Is it a valid package filename?
                if is_package_dir(filename):
                    subpackage_dirs.add(filename)

    # Update our estimate of the number of modules in this package.
    progress_estimator.revise_estimate(item, module_filenames.items(),
                                       subpackage_dirs)

    docs = [pkg_docs]
    for module_filename in module_filenames.values():
        d = _get_docs_from_module_file(
            module_filename, options, progress_estimator, pkg_docs)
        docs.append(d)
    for subpackage_dir in subpackage_dirs:
        subpackage_file = os.path.join(subpackage_dir, '__init__')
        docs.append(_get_docs_from_module_file(
            subpackage_file, options, progress_estimator, pkg_docs))
        docs += _get_docs_from_submodules(
            subpackage_dir, docs[-1], options, progress_estimator)
    return docs

def _report_errors(name, introspect_doc, parse_doc,
                   introspect_error, parse_error):
    hdr = 'In %s:\n' % name
    if introspect_doc == parse_doc == None:
        log.start_block('%sNo documentation available!' % hdr)
        if introspect_error:
            log.error('Import failed:\n%s' % introspect_error)
        if parse_error:
            log.error('Source code parsing failed:\n%s' % parse_error)
        log.end_block()
    elif introspect_error:
        log.start_block('%sImport failed (but source code parsing '
                        'was successful).' % hdr)
        log.error(introspect_error)
        log.end_block()
    elif parse_error:
        log.start_block('%sSource code parsing failed (but '
                        'introspection was successful).' % hdr)
        log.error(parse_error)
        log.end_block()


#/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
# Progress Estimation (for Documentation Generation)
#/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

class _ProgressEstimator:
    """
    Used to keep track of progress when generating the initial docs
    for the given items.  (It is not known in advance how many items a
    package directory will contain, since it might depend on those
    packages' __path__ values.)
    """
    def __init__(self, items):
        self.est_totals = {}
        self.complete = 0
        
        for item in items:
            if is_package_dir(item):
                self.est_totals[item] = self._est_pkg_modules(item)
            else:
                self.est_totals[item] = 1

    def progress(self):
        total = sum(self.est_totals.values())
        return float(self.complete) / total

    def revise_estimate(self, pkg_item, modules, subpackages):
        del self.est_totals[pkg_item]
        for item in modules:
            self.est_totals[item] = 1
        for item in subpackages:
            self.est_totals[item] = self._est_pkg_modules(item)

    def _est_pkg_modules(self, package_dir):
        num_items = 0
        
        if is_package_dir(package_dir):
            for name in os.listdir(package_dir):
                filename = os.path.join(package_dir, name)
                if is_module_file(filename):
                    num_items += 1
                elif is_package_dir(filename):
                    num_items += self._est_pkg_modules(filename)
                    
        return num_items
        
######################################################################
## Doc Merger
######################################################################

MERGE_PRECEDENCE = {
    'repr': 'parse',

    # The names we get from introspection match the names that users
    # can actually use -- i.e., they take magic into account.
    'canonical_name': 'introspect',

    # Only fall-back on the parser for is_imported if the introspecter
    # isn't sure.  Otherwise, we can end up thinking that vars
    # containing modules are not imported, which can cause external
    # modules to show up in the docs (sf bug #1653486)
    'is_imported': 'introspect',

    # The parser can tell if an assignment creates an alias or not.
    'is_alias': 'parse',

    # The parser is better able to determine what text file something
    # came from; e.g., it can't be fooled by 'covert' imports.
    'docformat': 'parse',

    # The parse should be able to tell definitively whether a module
    # is a package or not.
    'is_package': 'parse',

    # Extract the sort spec from the order in which values are defined
    # in the source file.
    'sort_spec': 'parse',
    
    'submodules': 'introspect',

    # The filename used by 'parse' is the source file.
    'filename': 'parse',

    # 'parse' is more likely to get the encoding right, but
    # 'introspect' will handle programatically generated docstrings.
    # Which is better?
    'docstring': 'introspect',
    }
"""Indicates whether information from introspection or parsing should be
given precedence, for specific attributes.  This dictionary maps from
attribute names to either C{'introspect'} or C{'parse'}."""

DEFAULT_MERGE_PRECEDENCE = 'introspect'
"""Indicates whether information from introspection or parsing should be
given precedence.  Should be either C{'introspect'} or C{'parse'}"""

_attribute_mergefunc_registry = {}
def register_attribute_mergefunc(attrib, mergefunc):
    """
    Register an attribute merge function.  This function will be
    called by L{merge_docs()} when it needs to merge the attribute
    values of two C{APIDoc}s.

    @param attrib: The name of the attribute whose values are merged
    by C{mergefunc}.

    @param mergefunc: The merge function, whose sinature is:

    >>> def mergefunc(introspect_val, parse_val, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    ...     return calculate_merged_value(introspect_val, parse_val)

    Where C{introspect_val} and C{parse_val} are the two values to
    combine; C{precedence} is a string indicating which value takes
    precedence for this attribute (C{'introspect'} or C{'parse'});
    C{cyclecheck} is a value used by C{merge_docs()} to make sure that
    it only visits each pair of docs once; and C{path} is a string
    describing the path that was taken from the root to this
    attribute (used to generate log messages).

    If the merge function needs to call C{merge_docs}, then it should
    pass C{cyclecheck} and C{path} back in.  (When appropriate, a
    suffix should be added to C{path} to describe the path taken to
    the merged values.)
    """
    _attribute_mergefunc_registry[attrib] = mergefunc

def merge_docs(introspect_doc, parse_doc, cyclecheck=None, path=None):
    """
    Merge the API documentation information that was obtained from
    introspection with information that was obtained from parsing.
    C{introspect_doc} and C{parse_doc} should be two C{APIDoc} instances
    that describe the same object.  C{merge_docs} combines the
    information from these two instances, and returns the merged
    C{APIDoc}.

    If C{introspect_doc} and C{parse_doc} are compatible, then they will
    be I{merged} -- i.e., they will be coerced to a common class, and
    their state will be stored in a shared dictionary.  Once they have
    been merged, any change made to the attributes of one will affect
    the other.  The value for the each of the merged C{APIDoc}'s
    attributes is formed by combining the values of the source
    C{APIDoc}s' attributes, as follows:

      - If either of the source attributes' value is C{UNKNOWN}, then
        use the other source attribute's value.
      - Otherwise, if an attribute merge function has been registered
        for the attribute, then use that function to calculate the
        merged value from the two source attribute values.
      - Otherwise, if L{MERGE_PRECEDENCE} is defined for the
        attribute, then use the attribute value from the source that
        it indicates.
      - Otherwise, use the attribute value from the source indicated
        by L{DEFAULT_MERGE_PRECEDENCE}.

    If C{introspect_doc} and C{parse_doc} are I{not} compatible (e.g., if
    their values have incompatible types), then C{merge_docs()} will
    simply return either C{introspect_doc} or C{parse_doc}, depending on
    the value of L{DEFAULT_MERGE_PRECEDENCE}.  The two input
    C{APIDoc}s will not be merged or modified in any way.

    @param cyclecheck, path: These arguments should only be provided
        when C{merge_docs()} is called by an attribute merge
        function.  See L{register_attribute_mergefunc()} for more
        details.
    """
    assert isinstance(introspect_doc, APIDoc)
    assert isinstance(parse_doc, APIDoc)

    if cyclecheck is None:
        cyclecheck = set()
        if introspect_doc.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN):
            path = '%s' % introspect_doc.canonical_name
        elif parse_doc.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN):
            path = '%s' % parse_doc.canonical_name
        else:
            path = '??'

    # If we've already examined this pair, then there's nothing
    # more to do.  The reason that we check id's here is that we
    # want to avoid hashing the APIDoc objects for now, so we can
    # use APIDoc.merge_and_overwrite() later.
    if (id(introspect_doc), id(parse_doc)) in cyclecheck:
        return introspect_doc
    cyclecheck.add( (id(introspect_doc), id(parse_doc)) )

    # If these two are already merged, then we're done.  (Two
    # APIDoc's compare equal iff they are identical or have been
    # merged.)
    if introspect_doc == parse_doc:
        return introspect_doc

    # If both values are GenericValueDoc, then we don't want to merge
    # them.  E.g., we don't want to merge 2+2 with 4.  So just copy
    # the parse_doc's parse_repr to introspect_doc, & return it.
    # (In particular, do *not* call merge_and_overwrite.)
    if type(introspect_doc) == type(parse_doc) == GenericValueDoc:
        if parse_doc.parse_repr is not UNKNOWN:
            introspect_doc.parse_repr = parse_doc.parse_repr
        introspect_doc.docs_extracted_by = 'both'
        return introspect_doc

    # Perform several sanity checks here -- if we accidentally
    # merge values that shouldn't get merged, then bad things can
    # happen.
    mismatch = None
    if (introspect_doc.__class__ != parse_doc.__class__ and
        not (issubclass(introspect_doc.__class__, parse_doc.__class__) or
             issubclass(parse_doc.__class__, introspect_doc.__class__))):
        mismatch = ("value types don't match -- i=%r, p=%r." %
                    (introspect_doc.__class__, parse_doc.__class__))
    if (isinstance(introspect_doc, ValueDoc) and
        isinstance(parse_doc, ValueDoc)):
        if (introspect_doc.pyval is not UNKNOWN and
            parse_doc.pyval is not UNKNOWN and
            introspect_doc.pyval is not parse_doc.pyval):
            mismatch = "values don't match."
        elif (introspect_doc.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN) and
            parse_doc.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN) and
            introspect_doc.canonical_name != parse_doc.canonical_name):
            mismatch = "canonical names don't match."
    if mismatch is not None:
        log.info("Not merging the parsed & introspected values of %s, "
                 "since their %s" % (path, mismatch))
        if DEFAULT_MERGE_PRECEDENCE == 'introspect':
            return introspect_doc
        else:
            return parse_doc

    # If one apidoc's class is a superclass of the other's, then
    # specialize it to the more specific class.
    if introspect_doc.__class__ is not parse_doc.__class__:
        if issubclass(introspect_doc.__class__, parse_doc.__class__):
            parse_doc.specialize_to(introspect_doc.__class__)
        if issubclass(parse_doc.__class__, introspect_doc.__class__):
            introspect_doc.specialize_to(parse_doc.__class__)
    assert introspect_doc.__class__ is parse_doc.__class__

    # The posargs and defaults are tied together -- if we merge
    # the posargs one way, then we need to merge the defaults the
    # same way.  So check them first.  (This is a minor hack)
    if (isinstance(introspect_doc, RoutineDoc) and
        isinstance(parse_doc, RoutineDoc)):
        _merge_posargs_and_defaults(introspect_doc, parse_doc, path)
    
    # Merge the two api_doc's attributes.
    for attrib in set(introspect_doc.__dict__.keys() +
                      parse_doc.__dict__.keys()):
        # Be sure not to merge any private attributes (especially
        # __mergeset or __has_been_hashed!)
        if attrib.startswith('_'): continue
        merge_attribute(attrib, introspect_doc, parse_doc,
                             cyclecheck, path)

    # Set the dictionaries to be shared.
    return introspect_doc.merge_and_overwrite(parse_doc)

def _merge_posargs_and_defaults(introspect_doc, parse_doc, path):
    # If either is unknown, then let merge_attrib handle it.
    if introspect_doc.posargs is UNKNOWN or parse_doc.posargs is UNKNOWN:
        return 
        
    # If the introspected doc just has '...', then trust the parsed doc.
    if introspect_doc.posargs == ['...'] and parse_doc.posargs != ['...']:
        introspect_doc.posargs = parse_doc.posargs
        introspect_doc.posarg_defaults = parse_doc.posarg_defaults

    # If they are incompatible, then check the precedence.
    elif introspect_doc.posargs != parse_doc.posargs:
        log.info("Not merging the parsed & introspected arg "
                 "lists for %s, since they don't match (%s vs %s)"
                  % (path, introspect_doc.posargs, parse_doc.posargs))
        if (MERGE_PRECEDENCE.get('posargs', DEFAULT_MERGE_PRECEDENCE) ==
            'introspect'):
            parse_doc.posargs = introspect_doc.posargs
            parse_doc.posarg_defaults = introspect_doc.posarg_defaults
        else:
            introspect_doc.posargs = parse_doc.posargs
            introspect_doc.posarg_defaults = parse_doc.posarg_defaults

def merge_attribute(attrib, introspect_doc, parse_doc, cyclecheck, path):
    precedence = MERGE_PRECEDENCE.get(attrib, DEFAULT_MERGE_PRECEDENCE)
    if precedence not in ('parse', 'introspect'):
        raise ValueError('Bad precedence value %r' % precedence)
    
    if (getattr(introspect_doc, attrib) is UNKNOWN and
        getattr(parse_doc, attrib) is not UNKNOWN):
        setattr(introspect_doc, attrib, getattr(parse_doc, attrib))
    elif (getattr(introspect_doc, attrib) is not UNKNOWN and
          getattr(parse_doc, attrib) is UNKNOWN):
        setattr(parse_doc, attrib, getattr(introspect_doc, attrib))
    elif (getattr(introspect_doc, attrib) is UNKNOWN and
          getattr(parse_doc, attrib) is UNKNOWN):
        pass
    else:
        # Both APIDoc objects have values; we need to merge them.
        introspect_val = getattr(introspect_doc, attrib)
        parse_val = getattr(parse_doc, attrib)
        if attrib in _attribute_mergefunc_registry:
            handler = _attribute_mergefunc_registry[attrib]
            merged_val = handler(introspect_val, parse_val, precedence,
                                 cyclecheck, path)
        elif precedence == 'introspect':
            merged_val = introspect_val
        elif precedence == 'parse':
            merged_val = parse_val

        setattr(introspect_doc, attrib, merged_val)
        setattr(parse_doc, attrib, merged_val)

def merge_variables(varlist1, varlist2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    # Merge all variables that are in both sets.
    for varname, var1 in varlist1.items():
        var2 = varlist2.get(varname)
        if var2 is not None:
            var = merge_docs(var1, var2, cyclecheck, path+'.'+varname)
            varlist1[varname] = var
            varlist2[varname] = var

    # Copy any variables that are not in varlist1 over.
    for varname, var in varlist2.items():
        varlist1.setdefault(varname, var)

    return varlist1

def merge_value(value1, value2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    assert value1 is not None and value2 is not None
    return merge_docs(value1, value2, cyclecheck, path)

def merge_overrides(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    return merge_value(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path+'.<overrides>')
def merge_fget(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    return merge_value(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path+'.fget')
def merge_fset(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    return merge_value(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path+'.fset')
def merge_fdel(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    return merge_value(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path+'.fdel')

def merge_proxy_for(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    # Anything we got from introspection shouldn't have a proxy_for
    # attribute -- it should be the actual object's documentation.
    return v1

def merge_bases(baselist1, baselist2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    # Be careful here -- if we get it wrong, then we could end up
    # merging two unrelated classes, which could lead to bad
    # things (e.g., a class that's its own subclass).  So only
    # merge two bases if we're quite sure they're the same class.
    # (In particular, if they have the same canonical name.)

    # If the lengths don't match up, then give up.  This is most
    # often caused by __metaclass__.
    if len(baselist1) != len(baselist2):
        log.info("Not merging the introspected & parsed base lists "
                 "for %s, since their lengths don't match (%s vs %s)" %
                 (path, len(baselist1), len(baselist2)))
        if precedence == 'introspect': return baselist1
        else: return baselist2

    # If any names disagree, then give up.
    for base1, base2 in zip(baselist1, baselist2):
        if ((base1.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN) and
             base2.canonical_name not in (None, UNKNOWN)) and
            base1.canonical_name != base2.canonical_name):
            log.info("Not merging the parsed & introspected base "
                     "lists for %s, since the bases' names don't match "
                     "(%s vs %s)" % (path, base1.canonical_name,
                                     base2.canonical_name))
            if precedence == 'introspect': return baselist1
            else: return baselist2

    for i, (base1, base2) in enumerate(zip(baselist1, baselist2)):
        base = merge_docs(base1, base2, cyclecheck,
                           '%s.__bases__[%d]' % (path, i))
        baselist1[i] = baselist2[i] = base

    return baselist1

def merge_posarg_defaults(defaults1, defaults2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    if len(defaults1) != len(defaults2):
        if precedence == 'introspect': return defaults1
        else: return defaults2
    defaults = []
    for i, (d1, d2) in enumerate(zip(defaults1, defaults2)):
        if d1 is not None and d2 is not None:
            d_path = '%s.<default-arg-val>[%d]' % (path, i)
            defaults.append(merge_docs(d1, d2, cyclecheck, d_path))
        elif precedence == 'introspect':
            defaults.append(d1)
        else:
            defaults.append(d2)
    return defaults

def merge_docstring(docstring1, docstring2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    if docstring1 is None or docstring1 is UNKNOWN or precedence=='parse':
        return docstring2
    else:
        return docstring1

def merge_docs_extracted_by(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    return 'both'

def merge_submodules(v1, v2, precedence, cyclecheck, path):
    n1 = sorted([m.canonical_name for m in v1])
    n2 = sorted([m.canonical_name for m in v2])
    if (n1 != n2) and (n2 != []):
        log.info('Introspector & parser disagree about submodules '
                 'for %s: (%s) vs (%s)' % (path,
                                           ', '.join([str(n) for n in n1]),
                                           ', '.join([str(n) for n in n2])))
        return v1 + [m for m in v2 if m.canonical_name not in n1]
                
    return v1

register_attribute_mergefunc('variables', merge_variables)
register_attribute_mergefunc('value', merge_value)
register_attribute_mergefunc('overrides', merge_overrides)
register_attribute_mergefunc('fget', merge_fget)
register_attribute_mergefunc('fset', merge_fset)
register_attribute_mergefunc('fdel', merge_fdel)
register_attribute_mergefunc('proxy_for', merge_proxy_for)
register_attribute_mergefunc('bases', merge_bases)
register_attribute_mergefunc('posarg_defaults', merge_posarg_defaults)
register_attribute_mergefunc('docstring', merge_docstring)
register_attribute_mergefunc('docs_extracted_by', merge_docs_extracted_by)
register_attribute_mergefunc('submodules', merge_submodules)

######################################################################
## Import Linking
######################################################################

def link_imports(val_doc, docindex):
    # Check if the ValueDoc has an unresolved proxy_for link.
    # If so, then resolve it.
    while val_doc.proxy_for not in (UNKNOWN, None):
        # Find the valuedoc that the proxy_for name points to.
        src_doc = docindex.get_valdoc(val_doc.proxy_for)

        # If we don't have any valuedoc at that address, then
        # set that address as its canonical name.
        # [XXX] Do I really want to do this?
        if src_doc is None:
            val_doc.canonical_name = val_doc.proxy_for
            return

        # If we *do* have something at that address, then
        # merge the proxy `val_doc` with it.
        elif src_doc != val_doc:
            # Copy any subclass information from val_doc->src_doc.
            if (isinstance(val_doc, ClassDoc) and
                isinstance(src_doc, ClassDoc)):
                for subclass in val_doc.subclasses:
                    if subclass not in src_doc.subclasses:
                        src_doc.subclasses.append(subclass)
            # Then overwrite val_doc with the contents of src_doc.
            src_doc.merge_and_overwrite(val_doc, ignore_hash_conflict=True)

        # If the proxy_for link points back at src_doc
        # itself, then we most likely have a variable that's
        # shadowing a submodule that it should be equal to.
        # So just get rid of the variable.
        elif src_doc == val_doc:
            parent_name = val_doc.proxy_for[:-1]
            var_name = val_doc.proxy_for[-1]
            parent = docindex.get_valdoc(parent_name)
            if parent is not None and var_name in parent.variables:
                del parent.variables[var_name]
            src_doc.proxy_for = None

######################################################################
## Canonical Name Assignment
######################################################################

_name_scores = {}
"""A dictionary mapping from each C{ValueDoc} to the score that has
been assigned to its current cannonical name.  If
L{assign_canonical_names()} finds a canonical name with a better
score, then it will replace the old name."""

_unreachable_names = {DottedName(DottedName.UNREACHABLE):1}
"""The set of names that have been used for unreachable objects.  This
is used to ensure there are no duplicate cannonical names assigned.
C{_unreachable_names} is a dictionary mapping from dotted names to
integer ids, where the next unused unreachable name derived from
dotted name C{n} is
C{DottedName('%s-%s' % (n, str(_unreachable_names[n]+1))}"""

def assign_canonical_names(val_doc, name, docindex, score=0):
    """
    Assign a canonical name to C{val_doc} (if it doesn't have one
    already), and (recursively) to each variable in C{val_doc}.
    In particular, C{val_doc} will be assigned the canonical name
    C{name} iff either:
      - C{val_doc}'s canonical name is C{UNKNOWN}; or
      - C{val_doc}'s current canonical name was assigned by this
        method; but the score of the new name (C{score}) is higher
        than the score of the current name (C{score_dict[val_doc]}).
        
    Note that canonical names will even be assigned to values
    like integers and C{None}; but these should be harmless.
    """
    # If we've already visited this node, and our new score
    # doesn't beat our old score, then there's nothing more to do.
    # Note that since score increases strictly monotonically, this
    # also prevents us from going in cycles.
    if val_doc in _name_scores and score <= _name_scores[val_doc]:
        return

    # Update val_doc's canonical name, if appropriate.
    if (val_doc not in _name_scores and
        val_doc.canonical_name is not UNKNOWN):
        # If this is the first time we've seen val_doc, and it
        # already has a name, then don't change that name.
        _name_scores[val_doc] = sys.maxint
        name = val_doc.canonical_name
        score = 0
    else:
        # Otherwise, update the name iff the new score is better
        # than the old one.
        if (val_doc not in _name_scores or
            score > _name_scores[val_doc]):
            val_doc.canonical_name = name
            _name_scores[val_doc] = score

    # Recurse to any contained values.
    if isinstance(val_doc, NamespaceDoc):
        for var_doc in val_doc.variables.values():
            # Set the variable's canonical name.
            varname = DottedName(name, var_doc.name)
            var_doc.canonical_name = varname

            # If the value is unknown, or is a generic value doc, then
            # the valuedoc doesn't get assigned a name; move on.
            if (var_doc.value is UNKNOWN
                or isinstance(var_doc.value, GenericValueDoc)):
                continue
            
            # [XX] After svn commit 1644-1647, I'm not sure if this
            # ever gets used:  This check is for cases like
            # curses.wrapper, where an imported variable shadows its
            # value's "real" location.
            if _var_shadows_self(var_doc, varname):
                _fix_self_shadowing_var(var_doc, varname, docindex)
    
            # Find the score for this new name.            
            vardoc_score = score-1
            if var_doc.is_imported is UNKNOWN: vardoc_score -= 10
            elif var_doc.is_imported: vardoc_score -= 100
            if var_doc.is_alias is UNKNOWN: vardoc_score -= 10
            elif var_doc.is_alias: vardoc_score -= 1000
            
            assign_canonical_names(var_doc.value, varname,
                                   docindex, vardoc_score)

    # Recurse to any directly reachable values.
    for val_doc_2 in val_doc.apidoc_links(variables=False):
        val…