/bin/ruby/1.8/resolv.rb

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require 'socket'
require 'fcntl'
require 'timeout'
require 'thread'

# Resolv is a thread-aware DNS resolver library written in Ruby.  Resolv can
# handle multiple DNS requests concurrently without blocking.  The ruby
# interpreter.
#
# See also resolv-replace.rb to replace the libc resolver with # Resolv.
# 
# Resolv can look up various DNS resources using the DNS module directly.
# 
# Examples:
# 
#   p Resolv.getaddress "www.ruby-lang.org"
#   p Resolv.getname "210.251.121.214"
# 
#   Resolv::DNS.open do |dns|
#     ress = dns.getresources "www.ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
#     p ress.map { |r| r.address }
#     ress = dns.getresources "ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
#     p ress.map { |r| [r.exchange.to_s, r.preference] }
#   end
# 
# 
# == Bugs
# 
# * NIS is not supported.
# * /etc/nsswitch.conf is not supported.

class Resolv

  ##
  # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
  
  def self.getaddress(name)
    DefaultResolver.getaddress(name)
  end

  ##
  # Looks up all IP address for +name+.
  
  def self.getaddresses(name)
    DefaultResolver.getaddresses(name)
  end

  ##
  # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+.

  def self.each_address(name, &block)
    DefaultResolver.each_address(name, &block)
  end

  ##
  # Looks up the hostname of +address+.

  def self.getname(address)
    DefaultResolver.getname(address)
  end

  ##
  # Looks up all hostnames for +address+.

  def self.getnames(address)
    DefaultResolver.getnames(address)
  end

  ##
  # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+.

  def self.each_name(address, &proc)
    DefaultResolver.each_name(address, &proc)
  end

  ##
  # Creates a new Resolv using +resolvers+.

  def initialize(resolvers=[Hosts.new, DNS.new])
    @resolvers = resolvers
  end

  ##
  # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
  
  def getaddress(name)
    each_address(name) {|address| return address}
    raise ResolvError.new("no address for #{name}")
  end

  ##
  # Looks up all IP address for +name+.
  
  def getaddresses(name)
    ret = []
    each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
    return ret
  end

  ##
  # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+.

  def each_address(name)
    if AddressRegex =~ name
      yield name
      return
    end
    yielded = false
    @resolvers.each {|r|
      r.each_address(name) {|address|
        yield address.to_s
        yielded = true
      }
      return if yielded
    }
  end

  ##
  # Looks up the hostname of +address+.

  def getname(address)
    each_name(address) {|name| return name}
    raise ResolvError.new("no name for #{address}")
  end

  ##
  # Looks up all hostnames for +address+.

  def getnames(address)
    ret = []
    each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
    return ret
  end

  ##
  # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+.

  def each_name(address)
    yielded = false
    @resolvers.each {|r|
      r.each_name(address) {|name|
        yield name.to_s
        yielded = true
      }
      return if yielded
    }
  end

  ##
  # Indicates a failure to resolve a name or address.

  class ResolvError < StandardError; end

  ##
  # Indicates a timeout resolving a name or address.

  class ResolvTimeout < TimeoutError; end

  ##
  # DNS::Hosts is a hostname resolver that uses the system hosts file.

  class Hosts
    if /mswin32|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
      require 'win32/resolv'
      DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path
    else
      DefaultFileName = '/etc/hosts'
    end

    ##
    # Creates a new DNS::Hosts, using +filename+ for its data source.

    def initialize(filename = DefaultFileName)
      @filename = filename
      @mutex = Mutex.new
      @initialized = nil
    end

    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
      @mutex.synchronize {
        unless @initialized
          @name2addr = {}
          @addr2name = {}
          open(@filename) {|f|
            f.each {|line|
              line.sub!(/#.*/, '')
              addr, hostname, *aliases = line.split(/\s+/)
              next unless addr
              addr.untaint
              hostname.untaint
              @addr2name[addr] = [] unless @addr2name.include? addr
              @addr2name[addr] << hostname
              @addr2name[addr] += aliases
              @name2addr[hostname] = [] unless @name2addr.include? hostname
              @name2addr[hostname] << addr
              aliases.each {|n|
                n.untaint
                @name2addr[n] = [] unless @name2addr.include? n
                @name2addr[n] << addr
              }
            }
          }
          @name2addr.each {|name, arr| arr.reverse!}
          @initialized = true
        end
      }
      self
    end

    ##
    # Gets the IP address of +name+ from the hosts file.

    def getaddress(name)
      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
      raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no name: #{name}")
    end

    ##
    # Gets all IP addresses for +name+ from the hosts file.

    def getaddresses(name)
      ret = []
      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
      return ret
    end

    ##
    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the hosts file.

    def each_address(name, &proc)
      lazy_initialize
      if @name2addr.include?(name)
        @name2addr[name].each(&proc)
      end
    end

    ##
    # Gets the hostname of +address+ from the hosts file.

    def getname(address)
      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
      raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no address: #{address}")
    end

    ##
    # Gets all hostnames for +address+ from the hosts file.

    def getnames(address)
      ret = []
      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
      return ret
    end

    ##
    # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+ retrived from the hosts file.

    def each_name(address, &proc)
      lazy_initialize
      if @addr2name.include?(address)
        @addr2name[address].each(&proc)
      end
    end
  end

  ##
  # Resolv::DNS is a DNS stub resolver.
  #
  # Information taken from the following places:
  #
  # * STD0013
  # * RFC 1035
  # * ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/dns-parameters
  # * etc.

  class DNS

    ##
    # Default DNS Port

    Port = 53

    ##
    # Default DNS UDP packet size

    UDPSize = 512

    ##
    # Group of DNS resolver threads

    DNSThreadGroup = ThreadGroup.new

    ##
    # Creates a new DNS resolver.  See Resolv::DNS.new for argument details.
    #
    # Yields the created DNS resolver to the block, if given, otherwise
    # returns it.

    def self.open(*args)
      dns = new(*args)
      return dns unless block_given?
      begin
        yield dns
      ensure
        dns.close
      end
    end

    ##
    # Creates a new DNS resolver.
    #
    # +config_info+ can be:
    # 
    # nil:: Uses /etc/resolv.conf.
    # String:: Path to a file using /etc/resolv.conf's format.
    # Hash:: Must contain :nameserver, :search and :ndots keys.
    #
    # Example:
    #
    #   Resolv::DNS.new(:nameserver => ['210.251.121.21'],
    #                   :search => ['ruby-lang.org'],
    #                   :ndots => 1)

    def initialize(config_info=nil)
      @mutex = Mutex.new
      @config = Config.new(config_info)
      @initialized = nil
    end

    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
      @mutex.synchronize {
        unless @initialized
          @config.lazy_initialize

          if nameserver = @config.single?
            @requester = Requester::ConnectedUDP.new(nameserver)
          else
            @requester = Requester::UnconnectedUDP.new
          end

          @initialized = true
        end
      }
      self
    end

    ##
    # Closes the DNS resolver.

    def close
      @mutex.synchronize {
        if @initialized
          @requester.close if @requester
          @requester = nil
          @initialized = false
        end
      }
    end

    ##
    # Gets the IP address of +name+ from the DNS resolver.
    #
    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved address will
    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6

    def getaddress(name)
      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
    end

    ##
    # Gets all IP addresses for +name+ from the DNS resolver.
    #
    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6

    def getaddresses(name)
      ret = []
      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
      return ret
    end

    ##
    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the DNS
    # resolver.
    #
    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6

    def each_address(name)
      each_resource(name, Resource::IN::A) {|resource| yield resource.address}
      each_resource(name, Resource::IN::AAAA) {|resource| yield resource.address}
    end

    ##
    # Gets the hostname for +address+ from the DNS resolver.
    #
    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
    # name will be a Resolv::DNS::Name.

    def getname(address)
      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{address}")
    end

    ##
    # Gets all hostnames for +address+ from the DNS resolver.
    #
    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
    # names will be Resolv::DNS::Name instances.

    def getnames(address)
      ret = []
      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
      return ret
    end

    ##
    # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+ retrieved from the DNS
    # resolver.
    #
    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
    # names will be Resolv::DNS::Name instances.

    def each_name(address)
      case address
      when Name
        ptr = address
      when IPv4::Regex
        ptr = IPv4.create(address).to_name
      when IPv6::Regex
        ptr = IPv6.create(address).to_name
      else
        raise ResolvError.new("cannot interpret as address: #{address}")
      end
      each_resource(ptr, Resource::IN::PTR) {|resource| yield resource.name}
    end

    ##
    # Look up the +typeclass+ DNS resource of +name+.
    #
    # +name+ must be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.
    #
    # +typeclass+ should be one of the following:
    #
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT
    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS
    #
    # Returned resource is represented as a Resolv::DNS::Resource instance,
    # i.e. Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A.

    def getresource(name, typeclass)
      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| return resource}
      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
    end

    ##
    # Looks up all +typeclass+ DNS resources for +name+.  See #getresource for
    # argument details.
  
    def getresources(name, typeclass)
      ret = []
      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ret << resource}
      return ret
    end

    ##
    # Iterates over all +typeclass+ DNS resources for +name+.  See
    # #getresource for argument details.
  
    def each_resource(name, typeclass, &proc)
      lazy_initialize
      q = Queue.new
      senders = {}
      begin
        @config.resolv(name) {|candidate, tout, nameserver|
          msg = Message.new
          msg.rd = 1
          msg.add_question(candidate, typeclass)
          unless sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver]]
            sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver]] =
              @requester.sender(msg, candidate, q, nameserver)
          end
          sender.send
          reply = reply_name = nil
          timeout(tout, ResolvTimeout) { reply, reply_name = q.pop }
          case reply.rcode
          when RCode::NoError
            extract_resources(reply, reply_name, typeclass, &proc)
            return
          when RCode::NXDomain
            raise Config::NXDomain.new(reply_name.to_s)
          else
            raise Config::OtherResolvError.new(reply_name.to_s)
          end
        }
      ensure
        @requester.delete(q)
      end
    end

    def extract_resources(msg, name, typeclass) # :nodoc:
      if typeclass < Resource::ANY
        n0 = Name.create(name)
        msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
          yield data if n0 == n
        }
      end
      yielded = false
      n0 = Name.create(name)
      msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
        if n0 == n
          case data
          when typeclass
            yield data
            yielded = true
          when Resource::CNAME
            n0 = data.name
          end
        end
      }
      return if yielded
      msg.each_answer {|n, ttl, data|
        if n0 == n
          case data
          when typeclass
            yield data
          end
        end
      }
    end

    class Requester # :nodoc:
      def initialize
        @senders = {}
      end

      def close
        thread, sock, @thread, @sock = @thread, @sock
        begin
          if thread
            thread.kill
            thread.join
          end
        ensure
          sock.close if sock
        end
      end

      def delete(arg)
        case arg
        when Sender
          @senders.delete_if {|k, s| s == arg }
        when Queue
          @senders.delete_if {|k, s| s.queue == arg }
        else
          raise ArgumentError.new("neither Sender or Queue: #{arg}")
        end
      end

      class Sender # :nodoc:
        def initialize(msg, data, sock, queue)
          @msg = msg
          @data = data
          @sock = sock
          @queue = queue
        end
        attr_reader :queue

        def recv(msg)
          @queue.push([msg, @data])
        end
      end

      class UnconnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
        def initialize
          super()
          @sock = UDPSocket.new
          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
          @id = {}
          @id.default = -1
          @thread = Thread.new {
            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
            loop {
              reply, from = @sock.recvfrom(UDPSize)
              msg = begin
                Message.decode(reply)
              rescue DecodeError
                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}\n")
                next
              end
              if s = @senders[[[from[3],from[1]],msg.id]]
                s.recv msg
              else
                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect} from #{from.inspect}\n")
              end
            }
          }
        end

        def sender(msg, data, queue, host, port=Port)
          service = [host, port]
          id = Thread.exclusive {
            @id[service] = (@id[service] + 1) & 0xffff
          }
          request = msg.encode
          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
          return @senders[[service, id]] =
            Sender.new(request, data, @sock, host, port, queue)
        end

        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
          def initialize(msg, data, sock, host, port, queue)
            super(msg, data, sock, queue)
            @host = host
            @port = port
          end

          def send
            @sock.send(@msg, 0, @host, @port)
          end
        end
      end

      class ConnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
        def initialize(host, port=Port)
          super()
          @host = host
          @port = port
          @sock = UDPSocket.new(host.index(':') ? Socket::AF_INET6 : Socket::AF_INET)
          @sock.connect(host, port)
          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
          @id = -1
          @thread = Thread.new {
            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
            loop {
              reply = @sock.recv(UDPSize)
              msg = begin
                Message.decode(reply)
              rescue DecodeError
                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}")
                next
              end
              if s = @senders[msg.id]
                s.recv msg
              else
                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect}")
              end
            }
          }
        end

        def sender(msg, data, queue, host=@host, port=@port)
          unless host == @host && port == @port
            raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
          end
          id = Thread.exclusive { @id = (@id + 1) & 0xffff }
          request = msg.encode
          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
          return @senders[id] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock, queue)
        end

        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
          def send
            @sock.send(@msg, 0)
          end
        end
      end

      class TCP < Requester # :nodoc:
        def initialize(host, port=Port)
          super()
          @host = host
          @port = port
          @sock = TCPSocket.new
          @sock.connect(host, port)
          @sock.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, 1) if defined? Fcntl::F_SETFD
          @id = -1
          @senders = {}
          @thread = Thread.new {
            DNSThreadGroup.add Thread.current
            loop {
              len = @sock.read(2).unpack('n')
              reply = @sock.read(len)
              msg = begin
                Message.decode(reply)
              rescue DecodeError
                STDERR.print("DNS message decoding error: #{reply.inspect}")
                next
              end
              if s = @senders[msg.id]
                s.push msg
              else
                #STDERR.print("non-handled DNS message: #{msg.inspect}")
              end
            }
          }
        end

        def sender(msg, data, queue, host=@host, port=@port)
          unless host == @host && port == @port
            raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
          end
          id = Thread.exclusive { @id = (@id + 1) & 0xffff }
          request = msg.encode
          request[0,2] = [request.length, id].pack('nn')
          return @senders[id] = Sender.new(request, data, @sock, queue)
        end

        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
          def send
            @sock.print(@msg)
            @sock.flush
          end
        end
      end

      ##
      # Indicates a problem with the DNS request.

      class RequestError < StandardError
      end
    end

    class Config # :nodoc:
      def initialize(config_info=nil)
        @mutex = Mutex.new
        @config_info = config_info
        @initialized = nil
      end

      def Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
        nameserver = []
        search = nil
        ndots = 1
        open(filename) {|f|
          f.each {|line|
            line.sub!(/[#;].*/, '')
            keyword, *args = line.split(/\s+/)
            args.each { |arg|
              arg.untaint
            }
            next unless keyword
            case keyword
            when 'nameserver'
              nameserver += args
            when 'domain'
              next if args.empty?
              search = [args[0]]
            when 'search'
              next if args.empty?
              search = args
            when 'options'
              args.each {|arg|
                case arg
                when /\Andots:(\d+)\z/
                  ndots = $1.to_i
                end
              }
            end
          }
        }
        return { :nameserver => nameserver, :search => search, :ndots => ndots }
      end

      def Config.default_config_hash(filename="/etc/resolv.conf")
        if File.exist? filename
          config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
        else
          if /mswin32|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
            require 'win32/resolv'
            search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
            config_hash = {}
            config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
            config_hash[:search] = [search].flatten if search
          end
        end
        config_hash
      end

      def lazy_initialize
        @mutex.synchronize {
          unless @initialized
            @nameserver = []
            @search = nil
            @ndots = 1
            case @config_info
            when nil
              config_hash = Config.default_config_hash
            when String
              config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(@config_info)
            when Hash
              config_hash = @config_info.dup
              if String === config_hash[:nameserver]
                config_hash[:nameserver] = [config_hash[:nameserver]]
              end
              if String === config_hash[:search]
                config_hash[:search] = [config_hash[:search]]
              end
            else
              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid resolv configuration: #{@config_info.inspect}")
            end
            @nameserver = config_hash[:nameserver] if config_hash.include? :nameserver
            @search = config_hash[:search] if config_hash.include? :search
            @ndots = config_hash[:ndots] if config_hash.include? :ndots

            @nameserver = ['0.0.0.0'] if @nameserver.empty?
            if @search
              @search = @search.map {|arg| Label.split(arg) }
            else
              hostname = Socket.gethostname
              if /\./ =~ hostname
                @search = [Label.split($')]
              else
                @search = [[]]
              end
            end

            if !@nameserver.kind_of?(Array) ||
               !@nameserver.all? {|ns| String === ns }
              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid nameserver config: #{@nameserver.inspect}")
            end

            if !@search.kind_of?(Array) ||
               !@search.all? {|ls| ls.all? {|l| Label::Str === l } }
              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid search config: #{@search.inspect}")
            end

            if !@ndots.kind_of?(Integer)
              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid ndots config: #{@ndots.inspect}")
            end

            @initialized = true
          end
        }
        self
      end

      def single?
        lazy_initialize
        if @nameserver.length == 1
          return @nameserver[0]
        else
          return nil
        end
      end

      def generate_candidates(name)
        candidates = nil
        name = Name.create(name)
        if name.absolute?
          candidates = [name]
        else
          if @ndots <= name.length - 1
            candidates = [Name.new(name.to_a)]
          else
            candidates = []
          end
          candidates.concat(@search.map {|domain| Name.new(name.to_a + domain)})
        end
        return candidates
      end

      InitialTimeout = 5

      def generate_timeouts
        ts = [InitialTimeout]
        ts << ts[-1] * 2 / @nameserver.length
        ts << ts[-1] * 2
        ts << ts[-1] * 2
        return ts
      end

      def resolv(name)
        candidates = generate_candidates(name)
        timeouts = generate_timeouts
        begin
          candidates.each {|candidate|
            begin
              timeouts.each {|tout|
                @nameserver.each {|nameserver|
                  begin
                    yield candidate, tout, nameserver
                  rescue ResolvTimeout
                  end
                }
              }
              raise ResolvError.new("DNS resolv timeout: #{name}")
            rescue NXDomain
            end
          }
        rescue ResolvError
        end
      end

      ##
      # Indicates no such domain was found.

      class NXDomain < ResolvError
      end

      ##
      # Indicates some other unhandled resolver error was encountered.

      class OtherResolvError < ResolvError
      end
    end

    module OpCode # :nodoc:
      Query = 0
      IQuery = 1
      Status = 2
      Notify = 4
      Update = 5
    end

    module RCode # :nodoc:
      NoError = 0
      FormErr = 1
      ServFail = 2
      NXDomain = 3
      NotImp = 4
      Refused = 5
      YXDomain = 6
      YXRRSet = 7
      NXRRSet = 8
      NotAuth = 9
      NotZone = 10
      BADVERS = 16
      BADSIG = 16
      BADKEY = 17
      BADTIME = 18
      BADMODE = 19
      BADNAME = 20
      BADALG = 21
    end

    ##
    # Indicates that the DNS response was unable to be decoded.

    class DecodeError < StandardError
    end

    ##
    # Indicates that the DNS request was unable to be encoded.

    class EncodeError < StandardError
    end

    module Label # :nodoc:
      def self.split(arg)
        labels = []
        arg.scan(/[^\.]+/) {labels << Str.new($&)}
        return labels
      end

      class Str # :nodoc:
        def initialize(string)
          @string = string
          @downcase = string.downcase
        end
        attr_reader :string, :downcase

        def to_s
          return @string
        end

        def inspect
          return "#<#{self.class} #{self.to_s}>"
        end

        def ==(other)
          return @downcase == other.downcase
        end

        def eql?(other)
          return self == other
        end

        def hash
          return @downcase.hash
        end
      end
    end

    ##
    # A representation of a DNS name.

    class Name
      
      ##
      # Creates a new DNS name from +arg+.  +arg+ can be:
      #
      # Name:: returns +arg+.
      # String:: Creates a new Name.

      def self.create(arg)
        case arg
        when Name
          return arg
        when String
          return Name.new(Label.split(arg), /\.\z/ =~ arg ? true : false)
        else
          raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as DNS name: #{arg.inspect}")
        end
      end

      def initialize(labels, absolute=true) # :nodoc:
        @labels = labels
        @absolute = absolute
      end

      def inspect # :nodoc:
        "#<#{self.class}: #{self.to_s}#{@absolute ? '.' : ''}>"
      end

      ##
      # True if this name is absolute.

      def absolute?
        return @absolute
      end

      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
        return false unless Name === other
        return @labels.join == other.to_a.join && @absolute == other.absolute?
      end

      alias eql? == # :nodoc:

      ##
      # Returns true if +other+ is a subdomain.
      #
      # Example:
      #
      #   domain = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z")
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
      #

      def subdomain_of?(other)
        raise ArgumentError, "not a domain name: #{other.inspect}" unless Name === other
        return false if @absolute != other.absolute?
        other_len = other.length
        return false if @labels.length <= other_len
        return @labels[-other_len, other_len] == other.to_a
      end

      def hash # :nodoc:
        return @labels.hash ^ @absolute.hash
      end

      def to_a # :nodoc:
        return @labels
      end

      def length # :nodoc:
        return @labels.length
      end

      def [](i) # :nodoc:
        return @labels[i]
      end

      ##
      # returns the domain name as a string.
      #
      # The domain name doesn't have a trailing dot even if the name object is
      # absolute.
      #
      # Example:
      #
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").to_s #=> "x.y.z"

      def to_s
        return @labels.join('.')
      end
    end

    class Message # :nodoc:
      @@identifier = -1

      def initialize(id = (@@identifier += 1) & 0xffff)
        @id = id
        @qr = 0
        @opcode = 0
        @aa = 0
        @tc = 0
        @rd = 0 # recursion desired
        @ra = 0 # recursion available
        @rcode = 0
        @question = []
        @answer = []
        @authority = []
        @additional = []
      end

      attr_accessor :id, :qr, :opcode, :aa, :tc, :rd, :ra, :rcode
      attr_reader :question, :answer, :authority, :additional

      def ==(other)
        return @id == other.id &&
               @qr == other.qr &&
               @opcode == other.opcode &&
               @aa == other.aa &&
               @tc == other.tc &&
               @rd == other.rd &&
               @ra == other.ra &&
               @rcode == other.rcode &&
               @question == other.question &&
               @answer == other.answer &&
               @authority == other.authority &&
               @additional == other.additional
      end

      def add_question(name, typeclass)
        @question << [Name.create(name), typeclass]
      end

      def each_question
        @question.each {|name, typeclass|
          yield name, typeclass
        }
      end

      def add_answer(name, ttl, data)
        @answer << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
      end

      def each_answer
        @answer.each {|name, ttl, data|
          yield name, ttl, data
        }
      end

      def add_authority(name, ttl, data)
        @authority << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
      end

      def each_authority
        @authority.each {|name, ttl, data|
          yield name, ttl, data
        }
      end

      def add_additional(name, ttl, data)
        @additional << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
      end

      def each_additional
        @additional.each {|name, ttl, data|
          yield name, ttl, data
        }
      end

      def each_resource
        each_answer {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
        each_authority {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
        each_additional {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
      end

      def encode
        return MessageEncoder.new {|msg|
          msg.put_pack('nnnnnn',
            @id,
            (@qr & 1) << 15 |
            (@opcode & 15) << 11 |
            (@aa & 1) << 10 |
            (@tc & 1) << 9 |
            (@rd & 1) << 8 |
            (@ra & 1) << 7 |
            (@rcode & 15),
            @question.length,
            @answer.length,
            @authority.length,
            @additional.length)
          @question.each {|q|
            name, typeclass = q
            msg.put_name(name)
            msg.put_pack('nn', typeclass::TypeValue, typeclass::ClassValue)
          }
          [@answer, @authority, @additional].each {|rr|
            rr.each {|r|
              name, ttl, data = r
              msg.put_name(name)
              msg.put_pack('nnN', data.class::TypeValue, data.class::ClassValue, ttl)
              msg.put_length16 {data.encode_rdata(msg)}
            }
          }
        }.to_s
      end

      class MessageEncoder # :nodoc:
        def initialize
          @data = ''
          @names = {}
          yield self
        end

        def to_s
          return @data
        end

        def put_bytes(d)
          @data << d
        end

        def put_pack(template, *d)
          @data << d.pack(template)
        end

        def put_length16
          length_index = @data.length
          @data << "\0\0"
          data_start = @data.length
          yield
          data_end = @data.length
          @data[length_index, 2] = [data_end - data_start].pack("n")
        end

        def put_string(d)
          self.put_pack("C", d.length)
          @data << d
        end

        def put_string_list(ds)
          ds.each {|d|
            self.put_string(d)
          }
        end

        def put_name(d)
          put_labels(d.to_a)
        end

        def put_labels(d)
          d.each_index {|i|
            domain = d[i..-1]
            if idx = @names[domain]
              self.put_pack("n", 0xc000 | idx)
              return
            else
              @names[domain] = @data.length
              self.put_label(d[i])
            end
          }
          @data << "\0"
        end

        def put_label(d)
          self.put_string(d.to_s)
        end
      end

      def Message.decode(m)
        o = Message.new(0)
        MessageDecoder.new(m) {|msg|
          id, flag, qdcount, ancount, nscount, arcount =
            msg.get_unpack('nnnnnn')
          o.id = id
          o.qr = (flag >> 15) & 1
          o.opcode = (flag >> 11) & 15
          o.aa = (flag >> 10) & 1
          o.tc = (flag >> 9) & 1
          o.rd = (flag >> 8) & 1
          o.ra = (flag >> 7) & 1
          o.rcode = flag & 15
          (1..qdcount).each {
            name, typeclass = msg.get_question
            o.add_question(name, typeclass)
          }
          (1..ancount).each {
            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
            o.add_answer(name, ttl, data)
          }
          (1..nscount).each {
            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
            o.add_authority(name, ttl, data)
          }
          (1..arcount).each {
            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
            o.add_additional(name, ttl, data)
          }
        }
        return o
      end

      class MessageDecoder # :nodoc:
        def initialize(data)
          @data = data
          @index = 0
          @limit = data.length
          yield self
        end

        def get_length16
          len, = self.get_unpack('n')
          save_limit = @limit
          @limit = @index + len
          d = yield(len)
          if @index < @limit
            raise DecodeError.new("junk exists")
          elsif @limit < @index
            raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded")
          end
          @limit = save_limit
          return d
        end

        def get_bytes(len = @limit - @index)
          d = @data[@index, len]
          @index += len
          return d
        end

        def get_unpack(template)
          len = 0
          template.each_byte {|byte|
            case byte
            when ?c, ?C
              len += 1
            when ?n
              len += 2
            when ?N
              len += 4
            else
              raise StandardError.new("unsupported template: '#{byte.chr}' in '#{template}'")
            end
          }
          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + len
          arr = @data.unpack("@#{@index}#{template}")
          @index += len
          return arr
        end

        def get_string
          len = @data[@index]
          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + 1 + len
          d = @data[@index + 1, len]
          @index += 1 + len
          return d
        end

        def get_string_list
          strings = []
          while @index < @limit
            strings << self.get_string
          end
          strings
        end

        def get_name
          return Name.new(self.get_labels)
        end

        def get_labels(limit=nil)
          limit = @index if !limit || @index < limit
          d = []
          while true
            case @data[@index]
            when 0
              @index += 1
              return d
            when 192..255
              idx = self.get_unpack('n')[0] & 0x3fff
              if limit <= idx
                raise DecodeError.new("non-backward name pointer")
              end
              save_index = @index
              @index = idx
              d += self.get_labels(limit)
              @index = save_index
              return d
            else
              d << self.get_label
            end
          end
          return d
        end

        def get_label
          return Label::Str.new(self.get_string)
        end

        def get_question
          name = self.get_name
          type, klass = self.get_unpack("nn")
          return name, Resource.get_class(type, klass)
        end

        def get_rr
          name = self.get_name
          type, klass, ttl = self.get_unpack('nnN')
          typeclass = Resource.get_class(type, klass)
          return name, ttl, self.get_length16 {typeclass.decode_rdata(self)}
        end
      end
    end

    ##
    # A DNS query abstract class.

    class Query
      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
        raise EncodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.") 
      end

      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
        raise DecodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.") 
      end
    end

    ##
    # A DNS resource abstract class.

    class Resource < Query

      ##
      # Remaining Time To Live for this Resource.

      attr_reader :ttl

      ClassHash = {} # :nodoc:

      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
        raise NotImplementedError.new
      end

      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
        raise NotImplementedError.new
      end

      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
        return self.class == other.class &&
          self.instance_variables == other.instance_variables &&
          self.instance_variables.collect {|name| self.instance_eval name} ==
            other.instance_variables.collect {|name| other.instance_eval name}
      end

      def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
        return self == other
      end

      def hash # :nodoc:
        h = 0
        self.instance_variables.each {|name|
          h ^= self.instance_eval("#{name}.hash")
        }
        return h
      end

      def self.get_class(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
        return ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] ||
               Generic.create(type_value, class_value)
      end

      ##
      # A generic resource abstract class.

      class Generic < Resource

        ##
        # Creates a new generic resource.

        def initialize(data)
          @data = data
        end

        ##
        # Data for this generic resource.

        attr_reader :data

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_bytes(data)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          return self.new(msg.get_bytes)
        end

        def self.create(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
          c = Class.new(Generic)
          c.const_set(:TypeValue, type_value)
          c.const_set(:ClassValue, class_value)
          Generic.const_set("Type#{type_value}_Class#{class_value}", c)
          ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] = c
          return c
        end
      end

      ##
      # Domain Name resource abstract class.

      class DomainName < Resource

        ##
        # Creates a new DomainName from +name+.

        def initialize(name)
          @name = name
        end

        ##
        # The name of this DomainName.

        attr_reader :name

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_name(@name)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          return self.new(msg.get_name)
        end
      end

      # Standard (class generic) RRs

      ClassValue = nil # :nodoc:

      ##
      # An authoritative name server.

      class NS < DomainName
        TypeValue = 2 # :nodoc:
      end

      ##
      # The canonical name for an alias.

      class CNAME < DomainName
        TypeValue = 5 # :nodoc:
      end

      ##
      # Start Of Authority resource.

      class SOA < Resource

        TypeValue = 6 # :nodoc:

        ##
        # Creates a new SOA record.  See the attr documentation for the
        # details of each argument.

        def initialize(mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
          @mname = mname
          @rname = rname
          @serial = serial
          @refresh = refresh
          @retry = retry_
          @expire = expire
          @minimum = minimum
        end

        ##
        # Name of the host where the master zone file for this zone resides.

        attr_reader :mname

        ##
        # The person responsible for this domain name.

        attr_reader :rname

        ##
        # The version number of the zone file.

        attr_reader :serial

        ##
        # How often, in seconds, a secondary name server is to check for
        # updates from the primary name server.

        attr_reader :refresh

        ##
        # How often, in seconds, a secondary name server is to retry after a
        # failure to check for a refresh.

        attr_reader :retry

        ##
        # Time in seconds that a secondary name server is to use the data
        # before refreshing from the primary name server.

        attr_reader :expire

        ##
        # The minimum number of seconds to be used for TTL values in RRs.

        attr_reader :minimum

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_name(@mname)
          msg.put_name(@rname)
          msg.put_pack('NNNNN', @serial, @refresh, @retry, @expire, @minimum)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          mname = msg.get_name
          rname = msg.get_name
          serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum = msg.get_unpack('NNNNN')
          return self.new(
            mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
        end
      end

      ##
      # A Pointer to another DNS name.

      class PTR < DomainName
        TypeValue = 12 # :nodoc:
      end

      ##
      # Host Information resource.

      class HINFO < Resource

        TypeValue = 13 # :nodoc:

        ##
        # Creates a new HINFO running +os+ on +cpu+.

        def initialize(cpu, os)
          @cpu = cpu
          @os = os
        end

        ##
        # CPU architecture for this resource.

        attr_reader :cpu

        ##
        # Operating system for this resource.

        attr_reader :os

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_string(@cpu)
          msg.put_string(@os)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          cpu = msg.get_string
          os = msg.get_string
          return self.new(cpu, os)
        end
      end

      ##
      # Mailing list or mailbox information.

      class MINFO < Resource

        TypeValue = 14 # :nodoc:

        def initialize(rmailbx, emailbx)
          @rmailbx = rmailbx
          @emailbx = emailbx
        end

        ##
        # Domain name responsible for this mail list or mailbox.

        attr_reader :rmailbx

        ##
        # Mailbox to use for error messages related to the mail list or mailbox.

        attr_reader :emailbx

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_name(@rmailbx)
          msg.put_name(@emailbx)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          rmailbx = msg.get_string
          emailbx = msg.get_string
          return self.new(rmailbx, emailbx)
        end
      end

      ##
      # Mail Exchanger resource.

      class MX < Resource

        TypeValue= 15 # :nodoc:

        ##
        # Creates a new MX record with +preference+, accepting mail at
        # +exchange+.

        def initialize(preference, exchange)
          @preference = preference
          @exchange = exchange
        end

        ##
        # The preference for this MX.

        attr_reader :preference

        ##
        # The host of this MX.

        attr_reader :exchange

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_pack('n', @preference)
          msg.put_name(@exchange)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          preference, = msg.get_unpack('n')
          exchange = msg.get_name
          return self.new(preference, exchange)
        end
      end

      ##
      # Unstructured text resource.

      class TXT < Resource

        TypeValue = 16 # :nodoc:

        def initialize(first_string, *rest_strings)
          @strings = [first_string, *rest_strings]
        end

        ##
        # Returns an Array of Strings for this TXT record.

        attr_reader :strings

        ##
        # Returns the first string from +strings+.

        def data
          @strings[0]
        end

        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          msg.put_string_list(@strings)
        end

        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
          strings = msg.get_string_list
          return self.new(*strings)
        end
      end

      ##
      # A Query type requesting any RR.

      class ANY < Query
        TypeValue = 255 # :nodoc:
      end

      ClassInsensitiveTypes = [ # :nodoc:
        NS, CNAME, SOA, PTR, HINFO, MINFO, MX, TXT, ANY
      ]

      ##
      # module IN contains ARPA Internet specific RRs.

      module IN

        ClassValue = 1 # :nodoc:

        ClassInsensitiveTypes.each {|s|
          c = Class.new(s)
          c.const_set(:TypeValue, s::TypeValue)
          c.const_set(:ClassValue, ClassValue)
          ClassHash[[s::TypeValue, ClassValue]] = c
          self.const_set(s.name.sub(/.*::/, ''), c)
        }

        ##
        # IPv4 Address resource

        class A < Resource
          TypeValue = 1
          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:

          ##
          # Creates a new A for +address+.

          def initialize(address)
            @address = IPv4.create(address)
          end

          ##
          # The Resolv::IPv4 address for this A.

          attr_reader :address

          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
          end

          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
            return self.new(IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4)))
          end
        end

        ##
        # Well Known Service resource.

        class WKS < Resource
          TypeValue = 11
          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:

          def initialize(address, protocol, bitmap)
            @address = IPv4.create(address)
            @protocol = protocol
            @bitmap = bitmap
          end

          ##
          # The host these services run on.

          attr_reader :address

          ##
          # IP protocol number for these services.

          attr_reader :protocol

          ##
          # A bit map of enabled services on this host.
          #
          # If protocol is 6 (TCP) then the 26th bit corresponds to the SMTP
          # service (port 25).  If this bit is set, then an SMTP server should
          # be listening on TCP port 25; if zero, SMTP service is not
          # supported.

          attr_reader :bitmap

          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
            msg.put_pack("n", @protocol)
            msg.put_bytes(@bitmap)
          end

          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
            address = IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4))
            protocol, = msg.get_unpack("n")
            bitmap = msg.get_bytes
            return self.new(address, protocol, bitmap)
          end
        end

        ##
        # An IPv6 address record.

        class AAAA < Resource
          TypeValue = 28
          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:

          ##
          # Creates a new AAAA for +address+.

          def initialize(address)
            @address = IPv6.create(address)
          end
          
          ##
          # The Resolv::IPv6 address for this AAAA.

          attr_reader :address

          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
          end

          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
            return self.new(IPv6.new(msg.get_bytes(16)))
          end
        end

        ##
        # SRV resource record defined in RFC 2782
        # 
        # These records identify the hostname and port that a service is
        # available at.

        class SRV < Resource
          TypeValue = 33
          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:

          # Create a SRV resource record.
          #
          # See the documentation for #priority, #weight, #port and #target
          # for +priority+, +weight+, +port and +target+ respectively.

          def initialize(priority, weight, port, target)
            @priority = priority.to_int
            @weight = weight.to_int
            @port = port.to_int
            @target = Name.create(target)
          end

          # The priority of this target host.
          #
          # A client MUST attempt to contact the target host with the
          # lowest-numbered priority it can reach; target hosts with the same
          # priority SHOULD be tried in an order defined by the weight field.
          # The range is 0-65535.  Note that it is not widely implemented and
          # should be set to zero.

          attr_reader :priority

          # A server selection mechanism.
          #
          # The weight field specifies a relative weight for entries with the
          # same priority. Larger weights SHOULD be given a proportionately
          # higher probability of being selected. The range of this number is
          # 0-65535.  Domain administrators SHOULD use Weight 0 when there
          # isn't any server selection to do, to make the RR easier to read
          # for humans (less noisy). Note that it is not widely implemented
          # and should be set to zero.

          attr_reader :weight

          # The port on this target host of this service.
          #
          # The range is 0-65535.

          attr_reader :port

          # The domain name of the target host.
          #
          # A target of "." means that the service is dec…