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    11. 

  11. <h1>

    12. 

  12. Enum<br>

    13. 

  13. <font size=+2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An Amazing Enum Implementation

    14. 

  14. for Java</font></h1>

    15. 

  15. Unlike its ancestors (C and C++)&nbsp; Java does not support the notion

    16. 

  16. of an <b>enum</b>, which is a data type all values of which are explicitly

    17. 

  17. enumerated in the type definition.

    18. 

  18. <p>That said, an object-oriented implementation of the concept of enum

    19. 

  19. in Java can be much more powerful than C-style <b>enum</b>.

    20. 

  20. <p>The Enum framework (in reality, the whole framework is a single class)

    21. 

  21. proves that by providing extensive functionality that includes:

    22. 

  22. <blockquote>&nbsp;

    23. 

  23. <table>

    24. 

  24. <tr>

    25. 

  25. <td VALIGN=TOP WIDTH="30"><img SRC="images/star.gif" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=15 width=17></td>

    26. 

  26. 

    27. 

  27. <td>Either an integer or string value or both for each constant</td>

    28. 

  28. </tr>

    29. 

  29. 

    30. 

  30. <tr>

    31. 

  31. <td VALIGN=TOP><img SRC="images/star.gif" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=15 width=17></td>

    32. 

  32. 

    33. 

  33. <td VALIGN=TOP>A human-readable description that can be easily internationalized.&nbsp;

    34. 

  34. An enum type is automatically associated with .properties files containing

    35. 

  35. labels of enums in specific languages.</td>

    36. 

  36. </tr>

    37. 

  37. 

    38. 

  38. <tr>

    39. 

  39. <td VALIGN=TOP><img SRC="images/star.gif" NOSAVE BORDER=0 height=15 width=17></td>

    40. 

  40. 

    41. 

  41. <td>All constants of an Enum can be loaded from a .properties file.</td>

    42. 

  42. </tr>

    43. 

  43. </table>

    44. 

  44. </blockquote>

    45. 

  45. Every Enum type is represented by a separate class extending the Enum abstract

    46. 

  46. class (see <a href="api/com/plotnix/enum/Enum.html">API</a>)

    47. 

  47. <br>&nbsp;

    48. 

  48. <h2>

    49. 

  49. Basic Enum</h2>

    50. 

  50. The easiest way to define an Enum type is to declare a class that extends

    51. 

  51. Enum and a separate instance of that class as a public static field of

    52. 

  52. the class itself.

    53. 

  53. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">public class Color extends Enum</font></tt>

    54. 

  54. <br><tt><font color="#003399">{</font></tt>

    55. 

  55. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Color RED

    56. 

  56. = new Color();</font></tt>

    57. 

  57. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Color GREEN

    58. 

  58. = new Color();</font></tt>

    59. 

  59. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Color BLUE

    60. 

  60. = new Color();</font></tt>

    61. 

  61. <br><tt><font color="#003399">}</font></tt></blockquote>

    62. 

  62. This class is accompanied by a <tt>Color.properties</tt> file that is located

    63. 

  63. in the same package as the <tt>Color</tt> class:

    64. 

  64. <blockquote><tt><font color="#009900">RED=Red</font></tt>

    65. 

  65. <br><tt><font color="#009900">GREEN=Green</font></tt>

    66. 

  66. <br><tt><font color="#009900">BLUE=Blue</font></tt></blockquote>

    67. 

  67. Italian names of colors are in <tt>Color_it_IT.properties</tt> file:

    68. 

  68. <blockquote><tt><font color="#009900">RED=Rosso</font></tt>

    69. 

  69. <br><tt><font color="#009900">GREEN=Verde</font></tt>

    70. 

  70. <br><tt><font color="#009900">BLUE=Azzurro</font></tt></blockquote>

    71. 

  71. The following table contains values returned by various methods of Color:

    72. 

  72. <blockquote>&nbsp;

    73. 

  73. <table BORDER COLS=4 WIDTH="500" >

    74. 

  74. <tr>

    75. 

  75. <td>&nbsp;</td>

    76. 

  76. 

    77. 

  77. <td><b><tt>Color.RED</tt></b></td>

    78. 

  78. 

    79. 

  79. <td><b><tt>Color.GREEN</tt></b></td>

    80. 

  80. 

    81. 

  81. <td><b><tt>Color.BLUE</tt></b></td>

    82. 

  82. </tr>

    83. 

  83. 

    84. 

  84. <tr>

    85. 

  85. <td><b><tt>intValue()</tt></b></td>

    86. 

  86. 

    87. 

  87. <td><tt><font color="#660000">0</font></tt></td>

    88. 

  88. 

    89. 

  89. <td><tt><font color="#660000">1</font></tt></td>

    90. 

  90. 

    91. 

  91. <td><tt><font color="#660000">2</font></tt></td>

    92. 

  92. </tr>

    93. 

  93. 

    94. 

  94. <tr>

    95. 

  95. <td><b><tt>stringValue()</tt></b></td>

    96. 

  96. 

    97. 

  97. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"RED"</font></tt></td>

    98. 

  98. 

    99. 

  99. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"GREEN"</font></tt></td>

    100. 

  100. 

    101. 

  101. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"BLUE"</font></tt></td>

    102. 

  102. </tr>

    103. 

  103. 

    104. 

  104. <tr>

    105. 

  105. <td><b><tt>toString()</tt></b></td>

    106. 

  106. 

    107. 

  107. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Red"</font></tt></td>

    108. 

  108. 

    109. 

  109. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Green"</font></tt></td>

    110. 

  110. 

    111. 

  111. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Blue"</font></tt></td>

    112. 

  112. </tr>

    113. 

  113. 

    114. 

  114. <tr>

    115. 

  115. <td><b><tt>toString(Locale.ITALY)</tt></b></td>

    116. 

  116. 

    117. 

  117. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Rosso"</font></tt></td>

    118. 

  118. 

    119. 

  119. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Verde"</font></tt></td>

    120. 

  120. 

    121. 

  121. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Azzurro"</font></tt></td>

    122. 

  122. </tr>

    123. 

  123. </table>

    124. 

  124. </blockquote>

    125. 

  125. Enum provides the following automation:

    126. 

  126. <ul>

    127. 

  127. <li>

    128. 

  128. Each constant is given a unique, sequencial integer value</li>

    129. 

  129. 

    130. 

  130. <li>

    131. 

  131. Each constant's string value is the name of the <tt>public static</tt>

    132. 

  132. declaration of the constant</li>

    133. 

  133. 

    134. 

  134. <li>

    135. 

  135. String representations of constants are retrieved from the .properties

    136. 

  136. file for the specified Locale, using the constant's string value as a property

    137. 

  137. key.</li>

    138. 

  138. </ul>

    139. 

  139. Class Enum has some useful static methods:

    140. 

  140. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">Color allColors[] = (Color[])Enum.enum(Color.class);</font></tt>

    141. 

  141. <blockquote>This method will return all Colors in the order they are declared:

    142. 

  142. <tt>Color.RED</tt>,

    143. 

  143. <tt>Color.GREEN</tt>,

    144. 

  144. <tt>Color.BLUE</tt></blockquote>

    145. 

  145. <tt><font color="#003399">Color green = (Color)Enum.enum(Color.class, "GREEN");</font></tt>

    146. 

  146. <blockquote>This method will the Color constant by its string value</blockquote>

    147. 

  147. <tt><font color="#003399">Color blue = (Color)Enum.enum(Color.class, 2);</font></tt>

    148. 

  148. <blockquote>This method will the Color constant by its integer value</blockquote>

    149. 

  149. </blockquote>

    150. 

  150. Enums can be used as types of properties of JavaBeans:

    151. 

  151. <blockquote><tt><font color="#000084">public class Crayon {</font></tt>

    152. 

  152. <p><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp; private Color color;</font></tt>

    153. 

  153. <p><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp; public void setColor(Color color){</font></tt>

    154. 

  154. <br><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; this.color

    155. 

  155. = color;</font></tt>

    156. 

  156. <br><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    157. 

  157. <p><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp; public Color getColor(){</font></tt>

    158. 

  158. <br><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; return color;</font></tt>

    159. 

  159. <br><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    160. 

  160. <p><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp; ...</font></tt>

    161. 

  161. <br><tt><font color="#000084">}</font></tt>

    162. 

  162. <p><tt><font color="#000084">Crayon crayon = new Crayon();</font></tt>

    163. 

  163. <br><tt><font color="#000084">crayon.setColor(Color.GREEN);</font></tt>

    164. 

  164. <p><tt><font color="#000084">System.err.println("Questo pastello &egrave;

    165. 

  165. " +</font></tt>

    166. 

  166. <br><tt><font color="#000084">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    167. 

  167. crayon.getColor().toString(Locale.ITALY));</font></tt>

    168. 

  168. <br>&nbsp;

    169. 

  169. <br>&nbsp;</blockquote>

    170. 

  170. 

    171. 

  171. <h2>

    172. 

  172. Explicit String Values and Labels</h2>

    173. 

  173. String values and/or labels of constants can be specified explicitly:

    174. 

  174. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">public class Gender extends Enum</font></tt>

    175. 

  175. <br><tt><font color="#003399">{</font></tt>

    176. 

  176. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Gender FEMALE

    177. 

  177. = new Gender("F", "Female");</font></tt>

    178. 

  178. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Gender MALE

    179. 

  179. = new Gender("M", "Male");</font></tt>

    180. 

  180. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; protected Gender(String

    181. 

  181. string, String label){</font></tt>

    182. 

  182. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    183. 

  183. super(string, label);</font></tt>

    184. 

  184. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    185. 

  185. <br><tt><font color="#003399">}</font></tt></blockquote>

    186. 

  186. Spanish words for genders are in <tt>Gender_es.properties</tt> file:

    187. 

  187. <blockquote><tt><font color="#009900">F=Feminino</font></tt>

    188. 

  188. <br><tt><font color="#009900">M=Masculino</font></tt></blockquote>

    189. 

  189. The default labels are used when the <tt>.properties</tt> file for the

    190. 

  190. corresponding locale is missing.

    191. 

  191. <p>The following table contains values returned by various methods of Gender:

    192. 

  192. <blockquote>&nbsp;

    193. 

  193. <table BORDER WIDTH="500" >

    194. 

  194. <tr>

    195. 

  195. <td WIDTH="300">&nbsp;</td>

    196. 

  196. 

    197. 

  197. <td><b><tt>Gender.FEMALE</tt></b></td>

    198. 

  198. 

    199. 

  199. <td><b><tt>Gender.MALE</tt></b></td>

    200. 

  200. </tr>

    201. 

  201. 

    202. 

  202. <tr>

    203. 

  203. <td><b><tt>intValue()</tt></b></td>

    204. 

  204. 

    205. 

  205. <td><tt><font color="#660000">0</font></tt></td>

    206. 

  206. 

    207. 

  207. <td><tt><font color="#660000">1</font></tt></td>

    208. 

  208. </tr>

    209. 

  209. 

    210. 

  210. <tr>

    211. 

  211. <td><b><tt>stringValue()</tt></b></td>

    212. 

  212. 

    213. 

  213. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"F"</font></tt></td>

    214. 

  214. 

    215. 

  215. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"M"</font></tt></td>

    216. 

  216. </tr>

    217. 

  217. 

    218. 

  218. <tr>

    219. 

  219. <td><b><tt>toString()</tt></b></td>

    220. 

  220. 

    221. 

  221. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Female"</font></tt></td>

    222. 

  222. 

    223. 

  223. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Male"</font></tt></td>

    224. 

  224. </tr>

    225. 

  225. 

    226. 

  226. <tr>

    227. 

  227. <td><b><tt>toString(new Locale("es", "MX"))</tt></b></td>

    228. 

  228. 

    229. 

  229. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Feminino"</font></tt></td>

    230. 

  230. 

    231. 

  231. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Masculino"</font></tt></td>

    232. 

  232. </tr>

    233. 

  233. 

    234. 

  234. <tr>

    235. 

  235. <td><b><tt>toString(Locale.ITALY)</tt></b></td>

    236. 

  236. 

    237. 

  237. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Female"</font></tt></td>

    238. 

  238. 

    239. 

  239. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"Male"</font></tt></td>

    240. 

  240. </tr>

    241. 

  241. </table>

    242. 

  242. </blockquote>

    243. 

  243. 

    244. 

  244. <h2>

    245. 

  245. Explicit Integer Values</h2>

    246. 

  246. Integer values of constants can alse be specified explicitly:

    247. 

  247. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">public class Order extends Enum {</font></tt>

    248. 

  248. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Order LESS_THAN

    249. 

  249. = new Order(-1);</font></tt>

    250. 

  250. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Order EQUAL_TO

    251. 

  251. = new Order(0);</font></tt>

    252. 

  252. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Order GREATER_THAN

    253. 

  253. = new Order(1);</font></tt>

    254. 

  254. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; protected Order(int integer){</font></tt>

    255. 

  255. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    256. 

  256. super(integer);</font></tt>

    257. 

  257. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    258. 

  258. <br><tt><font color="#003399">}</font></tt></blockquote>

    259. 

  259. The following table contains values returned by various methods of <tt>Order</tt>:

    260. 

  260. <blockquote>&nbsp;

    261. 

  261. <table BORDER COLS=4 WIDTH="500" >

    262. 

  262. <tr>

    263. 

  263. <td>&nbsp;</td>

    264. 

  264. 

    265. 

  265. <td><b><tt>Order.LESS_THAN</tt></b></td>

    266. 

  266. 

    267. 

  267. <td><b><tt>Color.EQUAL_TO</tt></b></td>

    268. 

  268. 

    269. 

  269. <td><b><tt>Color.GREATER_THAN</tt></b></td>

    270. 

  270. </tr>

    271. 

  271. 

    272. 

  272. <tr>

    273. 

  273. <td><b><tt>intValue()</tt></b></td>

    274. 

  274. 

    275. 

  275. <td><tt><font color="#660000">-1</font></tt></td>

    276. 

  276. 

    277. 

  277. <td><tt><font color="#660000">0</font></tt></td>

    278. 

  278. 

    279. 

  279. <td><tt><font color="#660000">1</font></tt></td>

    280. 

  280. </tr>

    281. 

  281. 

    282. 

  282. <tr>

    283. 

  283. <td><b><tt>stringValue()</tt></b></td>

    284. 

  284. 

    285. 

  285. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"LESS_THAN"</font></tt></td>

    286. 

  286. 

    287. 

  287. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"EQUAL_TO"</font></tt></td>

    288. 

  288. 

    289. 

  289. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"GREATER_THAN"</font></tt></td>

    290. 

  290. </tr>

    291. 

  291. 

    292. 

  292. <tr>

    293. 

  293. <td><b><tt>toString()</tt></b></td>

    294. 

  294. 

    295. 

  295. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"LESS_THAN"</font></tt></td>

    296. 

  296. 

    297. 

  297. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"EQUAL_TO"</font></tt></td>

    298. 

  298. 

    299. 

  299. <td><tt><font color="#660000">"GREATER_THAN"</font></tt></td>

    300. 

  300. </tr>

    301. 

  301. </table>

    302. 

  302. </blockquote>

    303. 

  303. 

    304. 

  304. <br>&nbsp;

    305. 

  305. <h2>

    306. 

  306. Integer Enums</h2>

    307. 

  307. If you need to use an Enum in switch statements, you may want to declare

    308. 

  308. integer constants instead of objects of the enum class.&nbsp; The static

    309. 

  309. method <tt>Enum.initIntegerEnum</tt> method of Enum should be invoked from

    310. 

  310. a static code fragment of the Enum class:

    311. 

  311. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">public class Employment extends Enum

    312. 

  312. {</font></tt>

    313. 

  313. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static final int

    314. 

  314. EMPLOYED = 1;</font></tt>

    315. 

  315. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static final int

    316. 

  316. SELF_EMPLOYED = 2;</font></tt>

    317. 

  317. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static final int

    318. 

  318. UNEMPLOYED = 3;</font></tt>

    319. 

  319. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; static {</font></tt>

    320. 

  320. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    321. 

  321. // Register all 'public static ints' of this class as Enums</font></tt>

    322. 

  322. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    323. 

  323. initIntegerEnum(Employment.class);</font></tt>

    324. 

  324. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    325. 

  325. <br><tt><font color="#003399">}</font></tt></blockquote>

    326. 

  326. String values and labels of the constants can be acquired using the following

    327. 

  327. calls:

    328. 

  328. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">Enum employed = Enum.enum(Employment.class,

    329. 

  329. Employment.EMPLOYED);</font></tt>

    330. 

  330. <br><tt><font color="#003399">String string = employed.stringValue();</font></tt>

    331. 

  331. <br><tt><font color="#003399">String label = employed.toString();</font></tt></blockquote>

    332. 

  332. In this case both the string value and the label will be "EMPLOYED". Just

    333. 

  333. like any Enum, such integer Enum can be internationalized - the public

    334. 

  334. static int field names function as keys in the .properties file.

    335. 

  335. <br>&nbsp;

    336. 

  336. <h2>

    337. 

  337. Loading Enums from a Files</h2>

    338. 

  338. If it is preferred to keep constant definitions in a file and not define

    339. 

  339. individual constants for each value, that can also be done:

    340. 

  340. <blockquote><tt><font color="#003399">public class Flower extends Enum</font></tt>

    341. 

  341. <br><tt><font color="#003399">{</font></tt>

    342. 

  342. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; static {</font></tt>

    343. 

  343. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    344. 

  344. // Load all Enums of this class from Flower.properties</font></tt>

    345. 

  345. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    346. 

  346. loadEnum(Flower.class);</font></tt>

    347. 

  347. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    348. 

  348. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; // Define any of the Flower

    349. 

  349. constants individually</font></tt>

    350. 

  350. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Flower ROSE

    351. 

  351. = enum("rose");</font></tt>

    352. 

  352. <p><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; /**</font></tt>

    353. 

  353. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; * Convenience method

    354. 

  354. that finds a Flower object by its name.</font></tt>

    355. 

  355. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; */</font></tt>

    356. 

  356. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; public static Flower enum(String

    357. 

  357. name){</font></tt>

    358. 

  358. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;

    359. 

  359. return (Flower)enum(Flower.class, name);</font></tt>

    360. 

  360. <br><tt><font color="#003399">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; }</font></tt>

    361. 

  361. <br><tt><font color="#003399">}</font></tt></blockquote>

    362. 

  362. The Flower.properties file:

    363. 

  363. <blockquote><tt><font color="#009900">rose=Rosa</font></tt>

    364. 

  364. <br><tt><font color="#009900">daisy=Chrysanthemum leucanthemum</font></tt>

    365. 

  365. <br><tt><font color="#009900">violet=Viola</font></tt>

    366. 

  366. <br><tt><font color="#009900">forget-me-not=Myosotis</font></tt></blockquote>

    367. 

  367. An integer Enum can be loaded the same way, except instead of the loadEnum

    368. 

  368. method the loadIntegerEnum method should be called.&nbsp; Property names

    369. 

  369. in the .properties file should then be numeric.

    370. 

  370. <p>Note: if you are using one of the load... methods, do not allocate any

    371. 

  371. additional constants, find the loaded once like we did in the Flower class.

    372. 

  372. <br>&nbsp;

    373. 

  373. <h2>

    374. 

  374. Download</h2>

    375. 

  375. The class is <i>freely</i> available under the PLOTNIX license.

    376. 

  376. <p><a href="api/com/plotnix/enum/Enum.html">JavaDoc</a>

    377. 

  377. <br>&nbsp;

    378. 

  378. <p><b><font size=+2>Enjoy!</font></b>

    379. 

  379. <p>

    380. 

  380. <hr WIDTH="100%">

    381. 

  381. <center><i><font size=-1>Copyright &copy; 2001, PLOTNIX, Inc</font></i></center>

    382. 

  382. 

    383. 

  383. <p><font size=-2>Java, JavaSoft, are trademarks or registered trademarks

    384. 

  384. of Sun Microsystems, Inc.</font>

    385. 

  385. </body>

    386. 

  386. </html>

    387. 

  387.