/test/java/lang/ProcessBuilder/Basic.java

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/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2011, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
 *
 * This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 * under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
 * published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
 * version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
 * accompanied this code).
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
 * 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
 * Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
 *
 * Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
 * or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any
 * questions.
 */

/*
 * @test
 * @bug 4199068 4738465 4937983 4930681 4926230 4931433 4932663 4986689
 *      5026830 5023243 5070673 4052517 4811767 6192449 6397034 6413313
 *      6464154 6523983 6206031 4960438 6631352 6631966 6850957 6850958
 *      4947220 7018606 7034570
 * @summary Basic tests for Process and Environment Variable code
 * @run main/othervm/timeout=300 Basic
 * @author Martin Buchholz
 */

import java.lang.ProcessBuilder.Redirect;
import static java.lang.ProcessBuilder.Redirect.*;

import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.security.*;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
import static java.lang.System.getenv;
import static java.lang.System.out;
import static java.lang.Boolean.TRUE;
import static java.util.AbstractMap.SimpleImmutableEntry;

public class Basic {

    /* used for Windows only */
    static final String systemRoot = System.getenv("SystemRoot");

    private static String commandOutput(Reader r) throws Throwable {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        int c;
        while ((c = r.read()) > 0)
            if (c != '\r')
                sb.append((char) c);
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private static String commandOutput(Process p) throws Throwable {
        check(p.getInputStream()  == p.getInputStream());
        check(p.getOutputStream() == p.getOutputStream());
        check(p.getErrorStream()  == p.getErrorStream());
        Reader r = new InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream(),"UTF-8");
        String output = commandOutput(r);
        equal(p.waitFor(), 0);
        equal(p.exitValue(), 0);
        return output;
    }

    private static String commandOutput(ProcessBuilder pb) {
        try {
            return commandOutput(pb.start());
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            String commandline = "";
            for (String arg : pb.command())
                commandline += " " + arg;
            System.out.println("Exception trying to run process: " + commandline);
            unexpected(t);
            return "";
        }
    }

    private static String commandOutput(String...command) {
        try {
            return commandOutput(Runtime.getRuntime().exec(command));
        } catch (Throwable t) {
            String commandline = "";
            for (String arg : command)
                commandline += " " + arg;
            System.out.println("Exception trying to run process: " + commandline);
            unexpected(t);
            return "";
        }
    }

    private static void checkCommandOutput(ProcessBuilder pb,
                                           String expected,
                                           String failureMsg) {
        String got = commandOutput(pb);
        check(got.equals(expected),
              failureMsg + "\n" +
              "Expected: \"" + expected + "\"\n" +
              "Got: \"" + got + "\"");
    }

    private static String absolutifyPath(String path) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (String file : path.split(File.pathSeparator)) {
            if (sb.length() != 0)
                sb.append(File.pathSeparator);
            sb.append(new File(file).getAbsolutePath());
        }
        return sb.toString();
    }

    // compare windows-style, by canonicalizing to upper case,
    // not lower case as String.compareToIgnoreCase does
    private static class WindowsComparator
        implements Comparator<String> {
        public int compare(String x, String y) {
            return x.toUpperCase(Locale.US)
                .compareTo(y.toUpperCase(Locale.US));
        }
    }

    private static String sortedLines(String lines) {
        String[] arr = lines.split("\n");
        List<String> ls = new ArrayList<String>();
        for (String s : arr)
            ls.add(s);
        Collections.sort(ls, new WindowsComparator());
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (String s : ls)
            sb.append(s + "\n");
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private static void compareLinesIgnoreCase(String lines1, String lines2) {
        if (! (sortedLines(lines1).equalsIgnoreCase(sortedLines(lines2)))) {
            String dashes =
                "-----------------------------------------------------";
            out.println(dashes);
            out.print(sortedLines(lines1));
            out.println(dashes);
            out.print(sortedLines(lines2));
            out.println(dashes);
            out.println("sizes: " + sortedLines(lines1).length() +
                        " " + sortedLines(lines2).length());

            fail("Sorted string contents differ");
        }
    }

    private static final Runtime runtime = Runtime.getRuntime();

    private static final String[] winEnvCommand = {"cmd.exe", "/c", "set"};

    private static String winEnvFilter(String env) {
        return env.replaceAll("\r", "")
            .replaceAll("(?m)^(?:COMSPEC|PROMPT|PATHEXT)=.*\n","");
    }

    private static String unixEnvProg() {
        return new File("/usr/bin/env").canExecute() ? "/usr/bin/env"
            : "/bin/env";
    }

    private static String nativeEnv(String[] env) {
        try {
            if (Windows.is()) {
                return winEnvFilter
                    (commandOutput(runtime.exec(winEnvCommand, env)));
            } else {
                return commandOutput(runtime.exec(unixEnvProg(), env));
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) { throw new Error(t); }
    }

    private static String nativeEnv(ProcessBuilder pb) {
        try {
            if (Windows.is()) {
                pb.command(winEnvCommand);
                return winEnvFilter(commandOutput(pb));
            } else {
                pb.command(new String[]{unixEnvProg()});
                return commandOutput(pb);
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) { throw new Error(t); }
    }

    private static void checkSizes(Map<String,String> environ, int size) {
        try {
            equal(size, environ.size());
            equal(size, environ.entrySet().size());
            equal(size, environ.keySet().size());
            equal(size, environ.values().size());

            boolean isEmpty = (size == 0);
            equal(isEmpty, environ.isEmpty());
            equal(isEmpty, environ.entrySet().isEmpty());
            equal(isEmpty, environ.keySet().isEmpty());
            equal(isEmpty, environ.values().isEmpty());
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    private interface EnvironmentFrobber {
        void doIt(Map<String,String> environ);
    }

    private static void testVariableDeleter(EnvironmentFrobber fooDeleter) {
        try {
            Map<String,String> environ = new ProcessBuilder().environment();
            environ.put("Foo", "BAAR");
            fooDeleter.doIt(environ);
            equal(environ.get("Foo"), null);
            equal(environ.remove("Foo"), null);
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    private static void testVariableAdder(EnvironmentFrobber fooAdder) {
        try {
            Map<String,String> environ = new ProcessBuilder().environment();
            environ.remove("Foo");
            fooAdder.doIt(environ);
            equal(environ.get("Foo"), "Bahrein");
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    private static void testVariableModifier(EnvironmentFrobber fooModifier) {
        try {
            Map<String,String> environ = new ProcessBuilder().environment();
            environ.put("Foo","OldValue");
            fooModifier.doIt(environ);
            equal(environ.get("Foo"), "NewValue");
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    private static void printUTF8(String s) throws IOException {
        out.write(s.getBytes("UTF-8"));
    }

    private static String getenvAsString(Map<String,String> environment) {
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (Map.Entry<String,String> e : environment.entrySet())
            // Ignore magic environment variables added by the launcher
            if (! e.getKey().equals("NLSPATH") &&
                ! e.getKey().equals("XFILESEARCHPATH") &&
                ! e.getKey().equals("LD_LIBRARY_PATH"))
                sb.append(e.getKey())
                    .append('=')
                    .append(e.getValue())
                    .append(',');
        return sb.toString();
    }

    static void print4095(OutputStream s, byte b) throws Throwable {
        byte[] bytes = new byte[4095];
        Arrays.fill(bytes, b);
        s.write(bytes);         // Might hang!
    }

    static void checkPermissionDenied(ProcessBuilder pb) {
        try {
            pb.start();
            fail("Expected IOException not thrown");
        } catch (IOException e) {
            String m = e.getMessage();
            if (EnglishUnix.is() &&
                ! matches(m, "Permission denied"))
                unexpected(e);
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    public static class JavaChild {
        public static void main(String args[]) throws Throwable {
            String action = args[0];
            if (action.equals("sleep")) {
                Thread.sleep(10 * 60 * 1000L);
            } else if (action.equals("testIO")) {
                String expected = "standard input";
                char[] buf = new char[expected.length()+1];
                int n = new InputStreamReader(System.in).read(buf,0,buf.length);
                if (n != expected.length())
                    System.exit(5);
                if (! new String(buf,0,n).equals(expected))
                    System.exit(5);
                System.err.print("standard error");
                System.out.print("standard output");
            } else if (action.equals("testInheritIO")) {
                List<String> childArgs = new ArrayList<String>(javaChildArgs);
                childArgs.add("testIO");
                ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(childArgs);
                pb.inheritIO();
                ProcessResults r = run(pb);
                if (! r.out().equals(""))
                    System.exit(7);
                if (! r.err().equals(""))
                    System.exit(8);
                if (r.exitValue() != 0)
                    System.exit(9);
            } else if (action.equals("System.getenv(String)")) {
                String val = System.getenv(args[1]);
                printUTF8(val == null ? "null" : val);
            } else if (action.equals("System.getenv(\\u1234)")) {
                String val = System.getenv("\u1234");
                printUTF8(val == null ? "null" : val);
            } else if (action.equals("System.getenv()")) {
                printUTF8(getenvAsString(System.getenv()));
            } else if (action.equals("ArrayOOME")) {
                Object dummy;
                switch(new Random().nextInt(3)) {
                case 0: dummy = new Integer[Integer.MAX_VALUE]; break;
                case 1: dummy = new double[Integer.MAX_VALUE];  break;
                case 2: dummy = new byte[Integer.MAX_VALUE][];  break;
                default: throw new InternalError();
                }
            } else if (action.equals("pwd")) {
                printUTF8(new File(System.getProperty("user.dir"))
                          .getCanonicalPath());
            } else if (action.equals("print4095")) {
                print4095(System.out, (byte) '!');
                print4095(System.err, (byte) 'E');
                System.exit(5);
            } else if (action.equals("OutErr")) {
                // You might think the system streams would be
                // buffered, and in fact they are implemented using
                // BufferedOutputStream, but each and every print
                // causes immediate operating system I/O.
                System.out.print("out");
                System.err.print("err");
                System.out.print("out");
                System.err.print("err");
            } else if (action.equals("null PATH")) {
                equal(System.getenv("PATH"), null);
                check(new File("/bin/true").exists());
                check(new File("/bin/false").exists());
                ProcessBuilder pb1 = new ProcessBuilder();
                ProcessBuilder pb2 = new ProcessBuilder();
                pb2.environment().put("PATH", "anyOldPathIgnoredAnyways");
                ProcessResults r;

                for (final ProcessBuilder pb :
                         new ProcessBuilder[] {pb1, pb2}) {
                    pb.command("true");
                    equal(run(pb).exitValue(), True.exitValue());

                    pb.command("false");
                    equal(run(pb).exitValue(), False.exitValue());
                }

                if (failed != 0) throw new Error("null PATH");
            } else if (action.equals("PATH search algorithm")) {
                equal(System.getenv("PATH"), "dir1:dir2:");
                check(new File("/bin/true").exists());
                check(new File("/bin/false").exists());
                String[] cmd = {"prog"};
                ProcessBuilder pb1 = new ProcessBuilder(cmd);
                ProcessBuilder pb2 = new ProcessBuilder(cmd);
                ProcessBuilder pb3 = new ProcessBuilder(cmd);
                pb2.environment().put("PATH", "anyOldPathIgnoredAnyways");
                pb3.environment().remove("PATH");

                for (final ProcessBuilder pb :
                         new ProcessBuilder[] {pb1, pb2, pb3}) {
                    try {
                        // Not on PATH at all; directories don't exist
                        try {
                            pb.start();
                            fail("Expected IOException not thrown");
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            String m = e.getMessage();
                            if (EnglishUnix.is() &&
                                ! matches(m, "No such file"))
                                unexpected(e);
                        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

                        // Not on PATH at all; directories exist
                        new File("dir1").mkdirs();
                        new File("dir2").mkdirs();
                        try {
                            pb.start();
                            fail("Expected IOException not thrown");
                        } catch (IOException e) {
                            String m = e.getMessage();
                            if (EnglishUnix.is() &&
                                ! matches(m, "No such file"))
                                unexpected(e);
                        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

                        // Can't execute a directory -- permission denied
                        // Report EACCES errno
                        new File("dir1/prog").mkdirs();
                        checkPermissionDenied(pb);

                        // continue searching if EACCES
                        copy("/bin/true", "dir2/prog");
                        equal(run(pb).exitValue(), True.exitValue());
                        new File("dir1/prog").delete();
                        new File("dir2/prog").delete();

                        new File("dir2/prog").mkdirs();
                        copy("/bin/true", "dir1/prog");
                        equal(run(pb).exitValue(), True.exitValue());

                        // Check empty PATH component means current directory.
                        //
                        // While we're here, let's test different kinds of
                        // Unix executables, and PATH vs explicit searching.
                        new File("dir1/prog").delete();
                        new File("dir2/prog").delete();
                        for (String[] command :
                                 new String[][] {
                                     new String[] {"./prog"},
                                     cmd}) {
                            pb.command(command);
                            File prog = new File("./prog");
                            // "Normal" binaries
                            copy("/bin/true", "./prog");
                            equal(run(pb).exitValue(),
                                  True.exitValue());
                            copy("/bin/false", "./prog");
                            equal(run(pb).exitValue(),
                                  False.exitValue());
                            prog.delete();
                            // Interpreter scripts with #!
                            setFileContents(prog, "#!/bin/true\n");
                            prog.setExecutable(true);
                            equal(run(pb).exitValue(),
                                  True.exitValue());
                            prog.delete();
                            setFileContents(prog, "#!/bin/false\n");
                            prog.setExecutable(true);
                            equal(run(pb).exitValue(),
                                  False.exitValue());
                            // Traditional shell scripts without #!
                            setFileContents(prog, "exec /bin/true\n");
                            prog.setExecutable(true);
                            equal(run(pb).exitValue(),
                                  True.exitValue());
                            prog.delete();
                            setFileContents(prog, "exec /bin/false\n");
                            prog.setExecutable(true);
                            equal(run(pb).exitValue(),
                                  False.exitValue());
                            prog.delete();
                        }

                        // Test Unix interpreter scripts
                        File dir1Prog = new File("dir1/prog");
                        dir1Prog.delete();
                        pb.command(new String[] {"prog", "world"});
                        setFileContents(dir1Prog, "#!/bin/echo hello\n");
                        checkPermissionDenied(pb);
                        dir1Prog.setExecutable(true);
                        equal(run(pb).out(), "hello dir1/prog world\n");
                        equal(run(pb).exitValue(), True.exitValue());
                        dir1Prog.delete();
                        pb.command(cmd);

                        // Test traditional shell scripts without #!
                        setFileContents(dir1Prog, "/bin/echo \"$@\"\n");
                        pb.command(new String[] {"prog", "hello", "world"});
                        checkPermissionDenied(pb);
                        dir1Prog.setExecutable(true);
                        equal(run(pb).out(), "hello world\n");
                        equal(run(pb).exitValue(), True.exitValue());
                        dir1Prog.delete();
                        pb.command(cmd);

                        // If prog found on both parent and child's PATH,
                        // parent's is used.
                        new File("dir1/prog").delete();
                        new File("dir2/prog").delete();
                        new File("prog").delete();
                        new File("dir3").mkdirs();
                        copy("/bin/true", "dir1/prog");
                        copy("/bin/false", "dir3/prog");
                        pb.environment().put("PATH","dir3");
                        equal(run(pb).exitValue(), True.exitValue());
                        copy("/bin/true", "dir3/prog");
                        copy("/bin/false", "dir1/prog");
                        equal(run(pb).exitValue(), False.exitValue());

                    } finally {
                        // cleanup
                        new File("dir1/prog").delete();
                        new File("dir2/prog").delete();
                        new File("dir3/prog").delete();
                        new File("dir1").delete();
                        new File("dir2").delete();
                        new File("dir3").delete();
                        new File("prog").delete();
                    }
                }

                if (failed != 0) throw new Error("PATH search algorithm");
            }
            else throw new Error("JavaChild invocation error");
        }
    }

    private static void copy(String src, String dst) {
        system("/bin/cp", "-fp", src, dst);
    }

    private static void system(String... command) {
        try {
            ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(command);
            ProcessResults r = run(pb.start());
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(r.out(), "");
            equal(r.err(), "");
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    private static String javaChildOutput(ProcessBuilder pb, String...args) {
        List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>(javaChildArgs);
        for (String arg : args)
            list.add(arg);
        pb.command(list);
        return commandOutput(pb);
    }

    private static String getenvInChild(ProcessBuilder pb) {
        return javaChildOutput(pb, "System.getenv()");
    }

    private static String getenvInChild1234(ProcessBuilder pb) {
        return javaChildOutput(pb, "System.getenv(\\u1234)");
    }

    private static String getenvInChild(ProcessBuilder pb, String name) {
        return javaChildOutput(pb, "System.getenv(String)", name);
    }

    private static String pwdInChild(ProcessBuilder pb) {
        return javaChildOutput(pb, "pwd");
    }

    private static final String javaExe =
        System.getProperty("java.home") +
        File.separator + "bin" + File.separator + "java";

    private static final String classpath =
        System.getProperty("java.class.path");

    private static final List<String> javaChildArgs =
        Arrays.asList(new String[]
            { javaExe, "-classpath", absolutifyPath(classpath),
              "Basic$JavaChild"});

    private static void testEncoding(String encoding, String tested) {
        try {
            // If round trip conversion works, should be able to set env vars
            // correctly in child.
            if (new String(tested.getBytes()).equals(tested)) {
                out.println("Testing " + encoding + " environment values");
                ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder();
                pb.environment().put("ASCIINAME",tested);
                equal(getenvInChild(pb,"ASCIINAME"), tested);
            }
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    static class Windows {
        public static boolean is() { return is; }
        private static final boolean is =
            System.getProperty("os.name").startsWith("Windows");
    }

    static class Unix {
        public static boolean is() { return is; }
        private static final boolean is =
            (! Windows.is() &&
             new File("/bin/sh").exists() &&
             new File("/bin/true").exists() &&
             new File("/bin/false").exists());
    }

    static class UnicodeOS {
        public static boolean is() { return is; }
        private static final String osName = System.getProperty("os.name");
        private static final boolean is =
            // MacOS X would probably also qualify
            osName.startsWith("Windows")   &&
            ! osName.startsWith("Windows 9") &&
            ! osName.equals("Windows Me");
    }

    static class True {
        public static int exitValue() { return 0; }
    }

    private static class False {
        public static int exitValue() { return exitValue; }
        private static final int exitValue = exitValue0();
        private static int exitValue0() {
            // /bin/false returns an *unspecified* non-zero number.
            try {
                if (! Unix.is())
                    return -1;
                else {
                    int rc = new ProcessBuilder("/bin/false")
                        .start().waitFor();
                    check(rc != 0);
                    return rc;
                }
            } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); return -1; }
        }
    }

    static class EnglishUnix {
        private final static Boolean is =
            (! Windows.is() && isEnglish("LANG") && isEnglish("LC_ALL"));

        private static boolean isEnglish(String envvar) {
            String val = getenv(envvar);
            return (val == null) || val.matches("en.*");
        }

        /** Returns true if we can expect English OS error strings */
        static boolean is() { return is; }
    }

    private static boolean matches(String str, String regex) {
        return Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(str).find();
    }

    private static String sortByLinesWindowsly(String text) {
        String[] lines = text.split("\n");
        Arrays.sort(lines, new WindowsComparator());
        StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
        for (String line : lines)
            sb.append(line).append("\n");
        return sb.toString();
    }

    private static void checkMapSanity(Map<String,String> map) {
        try {
            Set<String> keySet = map.keySet();
            Collection<String> values = map.values();
            Set<Map.Entry<String,String>> entrySet = map.entrySet();

            equal(entrySet.size(), keySet.size());
            equal(entrySet.size(), values.size());

            StringBuilder s1 = new StringBuilder();
            for (Map.Entry<String,String> e : entrySet)
                s1.append(e.getKey() + "=" + e.getValue() + "\n");

            StringBuilder s2 = new StringBuilder();
            for (String var : keySet)
                s2.append(var + "=" + map.get(var) + "\n");

            equal(s1.toString(), s2.toString());

            Iterator<String> kIter = keySet.iterator();
            Iterator<String> vIter = values.iterator();
            Iterator<Map.Entry<String,String>> eIter = entrySet.iterator();

            while (eIter.hasNext()) {
                Map.Entry<String,String> entry = eIter.next();
                String key   = kIter.next();
                String value = vIter.next();
                check(entrySet.contains(entry));
                check(keySet.contains(key));
                check(values.contains(value));
                check(map.containsKey(key));
                check(map.containsValue(value));
                equal(entry.getKey(), key);
                equal(entry.getValue(), value);
            }
            check(! kIter.hasNext() &&
                  ! vIter.hasNext());

        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    private static void checkMapEquality(Map<String,String> map1,
                                         Map<String,String> map2) {
        try {
            equal(map1.size(), map2.size());
            equal(map1.isEmpty(), map2.isEmpty());
            for (String key : map1.keySet()) {
                equal(map1.get(key), map2.get(key));
                check(map2.keySet().contains(key));
            }
            equal(map1, map2);
            equal(map2, map1);
            equal(map1.entrySet(), map2.entrySet());
            equal(map2.entrySet(), map1.entrySet());
            equal(map1.keySet(), map2.keySet());
            equal(map2.keySet(), map1.keySet());

            equal(map1.hashCode(), map2.hashCode());
            equal(map1.entrySet().hashCode(), map2.entrySet().hashCode());
            equal(map1.keySet().hashCode(), map2.keySet().hashCode());
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    static void checkRedirects(ProcessBuilder pb,
                               Redirect in, Redirect out, Redirect err) {
        equal(pb.redirectInput(),  in);
        equal(pb.redirectOutput(), out);
        equal(pb.redirectError(),  err);
    }

    static void redirectIO(ProcessBuilder pb,
                           Redirect in, Redirect out, Redirect err) {
        pb.redirectInput(in);
        pb.redirectOutput(out);
        pb.redirectError(err);
    }

    static void setFileContents(File file, String contents) {
        try {
            Writer w = new FileWriter(file);
            w.write(contents);
            w.close();
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }
    }

    static String fileContents(File file) {
        try {
            Reader r = new FileReader(file);
            StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
            char[] buffer = new char[1024];
            int n;
            while ((n = r.read(buffer)) != -1)
                sb.append(buffer,0,n);
            r.close();
            return new String(sb);
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); return ""; }
    }

    static void testIORedirection() throws Throwable {
        final File ifile = new File("ifile");
        final File ofile = new File("ofile");
        final File efile = new File("efile");
        ifile.delete();
        ofile.delete();
        efile.delete();

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Check mutual inequality of different types of Redirect
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        Redirect[] redirects =
            { PIPE,
              INHERIT,
              Redirect.from(ifile),
              Redirect.to(ifile),
              Redirect.appendTo(ifile),
              Redirect.from(ofile),
              Redirect.to(ofile),
              Redirect.appendTo(ofile),
            };
        for (int i = 0; i < redirects.length; i++)
            for (int j = 0; j < redirects.length; j++)
                equal(redirects[i].equals(redirects[j]), (i == j));

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Check basic properties of different types of Redirect
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        equal(PIPE.type(), Redirect.Type.PIPE);
        equal(PIPE.toString(), "PIPE");
        equal(PIPE.file(), null);

        equal(INHERIT.type(), Redirect.Type.INHERIT);
        equal(INHERIT.toString(), "INHERIT");
        equal(INHERIT.file(), null);

        equal(Redirect.from(ifile).type(), Redirect.Type.READ);
        equal(Redirect.from(ifile).toString(),
              "redirect to read from file \"ifile\"");
        equal(Redirect.from(ifile).file(), ifile);
        equal(Redirect.from(ifile),
              Redirect.from(ifile));
        equal(Redirect.from(ifile).hashCode(),
              Redirect.from(ifile).hashCode());

        equal(Redirect.to(ofile).type(), Redirect.Type.WRITE);
        equal(Redirect.to(ofile).toString(),
              "redirect to write to file \"ofile\"");
        equal(Redirect.to(ofile).file(), ofile);
        equal(Redirect.to(ofile),
              Redirect.to(ofile));
        equal(Redirect.to(ofile).hashCode(),
              Redirect.to(ofile).hashCode());

        equal(Redirect.appendTo(ofile).type(), Redirect.Type.APPEND);
        equal(Redirect.appendTo(efile).toString(),
              "redirect to append to file \"efile\"");
        equal(Redirect.appendTo(efile).file(), efile);
        equal(Redirect.appendTo(efile),
              Redirect.appendTo(efile));
        equal(Redirect.appendTo(efile).hashCode(),
              Redirect.appendTo(efile).hashCode());

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Check initial values of redirects
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        List<String> childArgs = new ArrayList<String>(javaChildArgs);
        childArgs.add("testIO");
        final ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(childArgs);
        checkRedirects(pb, PIPE, PIPE, PIPE);

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Check inheritIO
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        pb.inheritIO();
        checkRedirects(pb, INHERIT, INHERIT, INHERIT);

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Check setters and getters agree
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        pb.redirectInput(ifile);
        equal(pb.redirectInput().file(), ifile);
        equal(pb.redirectInput(), Redirect.from(ifile));

        pb.redirectOutput(ofile);
        equal(pb.redirectOutput().file(), ofile);
        equal(pb.redirectOutput(), Redirect.to(ofile));

        pb.redirectError(efile);
        equal(pb.redirectError().file(), efile);
        equal(pb.redirectError(), Redirect.to(efile));

        THROWS(IllegalArgumentException.class,
            new Fun(){void f() {
                pb.redirectInput(Redirect.to(ofile)); }},
            new Fun(){void f() {
                pb.redirectInput(Redirect.appendTo(ofile)); }},
            new Fun(){void f() {
                pb.redirectOutput(Redirect.from(ifile)); }},
            new Fun(){void f() {
                pb.redirectError(Redirect.from(ifile)); }});

        THROWS(IOException.class,
               // Input file does not exist
               new Fun(){void f() throws Throwable { pb.start(); }});
        setFileContents(ifile, "standard input");

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Writing to non-existent files
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            ProcessResults r = run(pb);
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(fileContents(ofile), "standard output");
            equal(fileContents(efile), "standard error");
            equal(r.out(), "");
            equal(r.err(), "");
            ofile.delete();
            efile.delete();
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Both redirectErrorStream + redirectError
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            pb.redirectErrorStream(true);
            ProcessResults r = run(pb);
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(fileContents(ofile),
                  "standard error" + "standard output");
            equal(fileContents(efile), "");
            equal(r.out(), "");
            equal(r.err(), "");
            ofile.delete();
            efile.delete();
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Appending to existing files
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            setFileContents(ofile, "ofile-contents");
            setFileContents(efile, "efile-contents");
            pb.redirectOutput(Redirect.appendTo(ofile));
            pb.redirectError(Redirect.appendTo(efile));
            pb.redirectErrorStream(false);
            ProcessResults r = run(pb);
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(fileContents(ofile),
                  "ofile-contents" + "standard output");
            equal(fileContents(efile),
                  "efile-contents" + "standard error");
            equal(r.out(), "");
            equal(r.err(), "");
            ofile.delete();
            efile.delete();
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Replacing existing files
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            setFileContents(ofile, "ofile-contents");
            setFileContents(efile, "efile-contents");
            pb.redirectOutput(ofile);
            pb.redirectError(Redirect.to(efile));
            ProcessResults r = run(pb);
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(fileContents(ofile), "standard output");
            equal(fileContents(efile), "standard error");
            equal(r.out(), "");
            equal(r.err(), "");
            ofile.delete();
            efile.delete();
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Appending twice to the same file?
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            setFileContents(ofile, "ofile-contents");
            setFileContents(efile, "efile-contents");
            Redirect appender = Redirect.appendTo(ofile);
            pb.redirectOutput(appender);
            pb.redirectError(appender);
            ProcessResults r = run(pb);
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(fileContents(ofile),
                  "ofile-contents" +
                  "standard error" +
                  "standard output");
            equal(fileContents(efile), "efile-contents");
            equal(r.out(), "");
            equal(r.err(), "");
            ifile.delete();
            ofile.delete();
            efile.delete();
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Testing INHERIT is harder.
        // Note that this requires __FOUR__ nested JVMs involved in one test,
        // if you count the harness JVM.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            redirectIO(pb, PIPE, PIPE, PIPE);
            List<String> command = pb.command();
            command.set(command.size() - 1, "testInheritIO");
            Process p = pb.start();
            new PrintStream(p.getOutputStream()).print("standard input");
            p.getOutputStream().close();
            ProcessResults r = run(p);
            equal(r.exitValue(), 0);
            equal(r.out(), "standard output");
            equal(r.err(), "standard error");
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Test security implications of I/O redirection
        //----------------------------------------------------------------

        // Read access to current directory is always granted;
        // So create a tmpfile for input instead.
        final File tmpFile = File.createTempFile("Basic", "tmp");
        setFileContents(tmpFile, "standard input");

        final Policy policy = new Policy();
        Policy.setPolicy(policy);
        System.setSecurityManager(new SecurityManager());
        try {
            final Permission xPermission
                = new FilePermission("<<ALL FILES>>", "execute");
            final Permission rxPermission
                = new FilePermission("<<ALL FILES>>", "read,execute");
            final Permission wxPermission
                = new FilePermission("<<ALL FILES>>", "write,execute");
            final Permission rwxPermission
                = new FilePermission("<<ALL FILES>>", "read,write,execute");

            THROWS(SecurityException.class,
               new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                   policy.setPermissions(xPermission);
                   redirectIO(pb, from(tmpFile), PIPE, PIPE);
                   pb.start();}},
               new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                   policy.setPermissions(rxPermission);
                   redirectIO(pb, PIPE, to(ofile), PIPE);
                   pb.start();}},
               new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                   policy.setPermissions(rxPermission);
                   redirectIO(pb, PIPE, PIPE, to(efile));
                   pb.start();}});

            {
                policy.setPermissions(rxPermission);
                redirectIO(pb, from(tmpFile), PIPE, PIPE);
                ProcessResults r = run(pb);
                equal(r.out(), "standard output");
                equal(r.err(), "standard error");
            }

            {
                policy.setPermissions(wxPermission);
                redirectIO(pb, PIPE, to(ofile), to(efile));
                Process p = pb.start();
                new PrintStream(p.getOutputStream()).print("standard input");
                p.getOutputStream().close();
                ProcessResults r = run(p);
                policy.setPermissions(rwxPermission);
                equal(fileContents(ofile), "standard output");
                equal(fileContents(efile), "standard error");
            }

            {
                policy.setPermissions(rwxPermission);
                redirectIO(pb, from(tmpFile), to(ofile), to(efile));
                ProcessResults r = run(pb);
                policy.setPermissions(rwxPermission);
                equal(fileContents(ofile), "standard output");
                equal(fileContents(efile), "standard error");
            }

        } finally {
            policy.setPermissions(new RuntimePermission("setSecurityManager"));
            System.setSecurityManager(null);
            tmpFile.delete();
            ifile.delete();
            ofile.delete();
            efile.delete();
        }
    }

    private static void realMain(String[] args) throws Throwable {
        if (Windows.is())
            System.out.println("This appears to be a Windows system.");
        if (Unix.is())
            System.out.println("This appears to be a Unix system.");
        if (UnicodeOS.is())
            System.out.println("This appears to be a Unicode-based OS.");

        try { testIORedirection(); }
        catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Basic tests for setting, replacing and deleting envvars
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        try {
            ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder();
            Map<String,String> environ = pb.environment();

            // New env var
            environ.put("QUUX", "BAR");
            equal(environ.get("QUUX"), "BAR");
            equal(getenvInChild(pb,"QUUX"), "BAR");

            // Modify env var
            environ.put("QUUX","bear");
            equal(environ.get("QUUX"), "bear");
            equal(getenvInChild(pb,"QUUX"), "bear");
            checkMapSanity(environ);

            // Remove env var
            environ.remove("QUUX");
            equal(environ.get("QUUX"), null);
            equal(getenvInChild(pb,"QUUX"), "null");
            checkMapSanity(environ);

            // Remove non-existent env var
            environ.remove("QUUX");
            equal(environ.get("QUUX"), null);
            equal(getenvInChild(pb,"QUUX"), "null");
            checkMapSanity(environ);
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Pass Empty environment to child
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        try {
            ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder();
            pb.environment().clear();
            String expected = Windows.is() ? "SystemRoot="+systemRoot+",": "";
            if (Windows.is()) {
                pb.environment().put("SystemRoot", systemRoot);
            }
            equal(getenvInChild(pb), expected);
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // System.getenv() is read-only.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        THROWS(UnsupportedOperationException.class,
            new Fun(){void f(){ getenv().put("FOO","BAR");}},
            new Fun(){void f(){ getenv().remove("PATH");}},
            new Fun(){void f(){ getenv().keySet().remove("PATH");}},
            new Fun(){void f(){ getenv().values().remove("someValue");}});

        try {
            Collection<Map.Entry<String,String>> c = getenv().entrySet();
            if (! c.isEmpty())
                try {
                    c.iterator().next().setValue("foo");
                    fail("Expected UnsupportedOperationException not thrown");
                } catch (UnsupportedOperationException e) {} // OK
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // System.getenv() always returns the same object in our implementation.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        try {
            check(System.getenv() == System.getenv());
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // You can't create an env var name containing "=",
        // or an env var name or value containing NUL.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        {
            final Map<String,String> m = new ProcessBuilder().environment();
            THROWS(IllegalArgumentException.class,
                new Fun(){void f(){ m.put("FOO=","BAR");}},
                new Fun(){void f(){ m.put("FOO\u0000","BAR");}},
                new Fun(){void f(){ m.put("FOO","BAR\u0000");}});
        }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Commands must never be null.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        THROWS(NullPointerException.class,
               new Fun(){void f(){
                   new ProcessBuilder((List<String>)null);}},
               new Fun(){void f(){
                   new ProcessBuilder().command((List<String>)null);}});

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Put in a command; get the same one back out.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        try {
            List<String> command = new ArrayList<String>();
            ProcessBuilder pb = new ProcessBuilder(command);
            check(pb.command() == command);
            List<String> command2 = new ArrayList<String>(2);
            command2.add("foo");
            command2.add("bar");
            pb.command(command2);
            check(pb.command() == command2);
            pb.command("foo", "bar");
            check(pb.command() != command2 && pb.command().equals(command2));
            pb.command(command2);
            command2.add("baz");
            equal(pb.command().get(2), "baz");
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Commands must contain at least one element.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        THROWS(IndexOutOfBoundsException.class,
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                new ProcessBuilder().start();}},
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                new ProcessBuilder(new ArrayList<String>()).start();}},
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]{});}});

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Commands must not contain null elements at start() time.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        THROWS(NullPointerException.class,
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                new ProcessBuilder("foo",null,"bar").start();}},
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                new ProcessBuilder((String)null).start();}},
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                new ProcessBuilder(new String[]{null}).start();}},
            new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                new ProcessBuilder(new String[]{"foo",null,"bar"}).start();}});

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Command lists are growable.
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        try {
            new ProcessBuilder().command().add("foo");
            new ProcessBuilder("bar").command().add("foo");
            new ProcessBuilder(new String[]{"1","2"}).command().add("3");
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t); }

        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        // Nulls in environment updates generate NullPointerException
        //----------------------------------------------------------------
        try {
            final Map<String,String> env = new ProcessBuilder().environment();
            THROWS(NullPointerException.class,
                new Fun(){void f(){ env.put("foo",null);}},
                new Fun(){void f(){ env.put(null,"foo");}},
                new Fun(){void f(){ env.remove(null);}},
                new Fun(){void f(){
                    for (Map.Entry<String,String> e : env.entrySet())
                        e.setValue(null);}},
                new Fun() { void f() throws IOException {
                    Runtime.getRuntime().exec(new String[]{"foo"},
                                              new String[]{null});}});
        } catch (Throwable t) { unexpected(t);…