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  6.     <title>linseg</title>
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  9.     <link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The Canonical Csound Reference Manual" />
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  10.     <link rel="up" href="OpcodesTop.html" title="Orchestra Opcodes and Operators" />
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  15.     <div class="navheader">
    16. 

  16.       <table width="100%" summary="Navigation header">
    17. 

  17.         <tr>
    18. 

  18.           <th colspan="3" align="center">linseg</th>
    19. 

  19.         </tr>
    20. 

  20.         <tr>
    21. 

  21.           <td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="linrand.html">Prev</a> </td>
    22. 

  22.           <th width="60%" align="center">Orchestra Opcodes and Operators</th>
    23. 

  23.           <td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="linsegr.html">Next</a></td>
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  24.         </tr>
    25. 

  25.       </table>
    26. 

  26.       <hr />
    27. 

  27.     </div>
    28. 

  28.     <div class="refentry" title="linseg">
    29. 

  29.       <a id="linseg"></a>
    30. 

  30.       <div class="titlepage"></div>
    31. 

  31.       <a id="IndexLinseg" class="indexterm"></a>
    32. 

  32.       <div class="refnamediv">
    33. 

  33.         <h2>
    34. 

  34.           <span class="refentrytitle">linseg</span>
    35. 

  35.         </h2>
    36. 

  36.         <p>linseg — 
    37. 

  37.       Trace a series of line segments between specified points.
    38. 

  38.     </p>
    39. 

  39.       </div>
    40. 

  40.       <div class="refsect1" title="Description">
    41. 

  41.         <a id="id3364015"></a>
    42. 

  42.         <h2>Description</h2>
    43. 

  43.         <p>
    44. 

  44.       Trace a series of line segments between specified points.
    45. 

  45.     </p>
    46. 

  46.       </div>
    47. 

  47.       <div class="refsect1" title="Syntax">
    48. 

  48.         <a id="id3364027"></a>
    49. 

  49.         <h2>Syntax</h2>
    50. 

  50.         <pre class="synopsis">ares <span class="command"><strong>linseg</strong></span> ia, idur1, ib [, idur2] [, ic] [...]</pre>
    51. 

  51.         <pre class="synopsis">kres <span class="command"><strong>linseg</strong></span> ia, idur1, ib [, idur2] [, ic] [...]</pre>
    52. 

  52.       </div>
    53. 

  53.       <div class="refsect1" title="Initialization">
    54. 

  54.         <a id="id3364938"></a>
    55. 

  55.         <h2>Initialization</h2>
    56. 

  56.         <p>
    57. 

  57.       <span class="emphasis"><em>ia</em></span> -- starting value.
    58. 

  58.     </p>
    59. 

  59.         <p>
    60. 

  60.       <span class="emphasis"><em>ib, ic</em></span>, etc. -- value after <span class="emphasis"><em>dur1</em></span> seconds, etc.
    61. 

  61.     </p>
    62. 

  62.         <p>
    63. 

  63.       <span class="emphasis"><em>idur1</em></span> -- duration in seconds of first segment. A zero or negative value will cause all initialization to be skipped.
    64. 

  64.     </p>
    65. 

  65.         <p>
    66. 

  66.       <span class="emphasis"><em>idur2, idur3</em></span>, etc. -- duration in seconds of subsequent segments. A zero or negative value will terminate the initialization process with the preceding point, permitting the last-defined line or curve to be continued indefinitely in performance. The default is zero.
    67. 

  67.     </p>
    68. 

  68.       </div>
    69. 

  69.       <div class="refsect1" title="Performance">
    70. 

  70.         <a id="id3364991"></a>
    71. 

  71.         <h2>Performance</h2>
    72. 

  72.         <p>
    73. 

  73.       These units generate control or audio signals whose values can pass through 2 or more specified points. The sum of <span class="emphasis"><em>dur</em></span> values may or may not equal the instrument's performance time: a shorter performance will truncate the specified pattern, while a longer one will cause the last-defined segment to continue on in the same direction.
    74. 

  74.     </p>
    75. 

  75.         <p>
    76. 

  76.       </p>
    77. 

  77.         <div class="note" title="Note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
    78. 

  78.           <table border="0" summary="Note">
    79. 

  79.             <tr>
    80. 

  80.               <td rowspan="2" align="center" valign="top" width="25">
    81. 

  81.                 <img alt="[Note]" src="images/note.png" />
    82. 

  82.               </td>
    83. 

  83.               <th align="left">Note</th>
    84. 

  84.             </tr>
    85. 

  85.             <tr>
    86. 

  86.               <td align="left" valign="top">
    87. 

  87.                 <p>
    88. 

  88. 	  A common error with this opcode is to assume that the last value
    89. 

  89. 	  is held after the total duration. <span class="emphasis"><em>linseg</em></span> does not
    90. 

  90. 	  automatically end or stop at the end of the total duration. If your
    91. 

  91. 	  note length is longer than the sum of all <span class="emphasis"><em>idur</em></span>
    92. 

  92. 	  values, <span class="emphasis"><em>kres</em></span> (or <span class="emphasis"><em>ares</em></span>) will
    93. 

  93. 	  not come to rest at the last given value, but will instead continue to
    94. 

  94. 	  rise or fall with the current rate. You can add a final segment at the
    95. 

  95. 	  same previous value to create a held final value.
    96. 

  96. 	</p>
    97. 

  97.               </td>
    98. 

  98.             </tr>
    99. 

  99.           </table>
    100. 

  100.         </div>
    101. 

  101.         <p>
    102. 

  102.     </p>
    103. 

  103.       </div>
    104. 

  104.       <div class="refsect1" title="Examples">
    105. 

  105.         <a id="id3365052"></a>
    106. 

  106.         <h2>Examples</h2>
    107. 

  107.         <p>
    108. 

  108.       Here is an example of the linseg opcode. It uses the file <a class="ulink" href="examples/linseg.csd" target="_top"><em class="citetitle">linseg.csd</em></a>.
    109. 

  109. 

  110.       </p>
    111. 

  111.         <div class="example">
    112. 

  112.           <a id="id3365068"></a>
    113. 

  113.           <p class="title">
    114. 

  114.             <b>Example 274. Example of the linseg opcode.</b>
    115. 

  115.           </p>
    116. 

  116.           <div class="example-contents">
    117. 

  117.             <p>See the sections <a class="link" href="UsingRealTime.html" title="Real-Time Audio"><em class="citetitle">Real-time Audio</em></a> and <a class="link" href="CommandFlags.html" title="Csound command line"><em class="citetitle">Command Line Flags</em></a> for more information on using command line flags.</p>
    118. 

  118.             <pre class="programlisting">
    119. 

  119. <span class="csdtag">&lt;CsoundSynthesizer&gt;</span>
    120. 

  120. <span class="csdtag">&lt;CsOptions&gt;</span>
    121. 

  121. <span class="comment">; Select audio/midi flags here according to platform</span>
    122. 

  122. <span class="comment">; Audio out   Audio in    No messages</span>
    123. 

  123. -odac           -iadc     -d     <span class="comment">;;;RT audio I/O</span>
    124. 

  124. <span class="comment">; For Non-realtime ouput leave only the line below:</span>
    125. 

  125. <span class="comment">; -o linseg.wav -W ;;; for file output any platform</span>
    126. 

  126. <span class="csdtag">&lt;/CsOptions&gt;</span>
    127. 

  127. <span class="csdtag">&lt;CsInstruments&gt;</span>
    128. 

  128. 

  129. <span class="comment">; Initialize the global variables.</span>
    130. 

  130. <span class="ohdr">sr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 44100
    131. 

  131. <span class="ohdr">kr</span> <span class="op">=</span> 4410
    132. 

  132. <span class="ohdr">ksmps</span> <span class="op">=</span> 10
    133. 

  133. <span class="ohdr">nchnls</span> <span class="op">=</span> 1
    134. 

  134. 

  135. <span class="comment">; Instrument #1.</span>
    136. 

  136. <span class="oblock">instr</span> 1
    137. 

  137.   <span class="comment">; p4 = frequency in pitch-class notation.</span>
    138. 

  138.   kcps <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">cpspch</span>(p4)
    139. 

  139. 

  140.   <span class="comment">; Create an amplitude envelope.</span>
    141. 

  141.   kenv <span class="opc">linseg</span> 0, p3<span class="op">*</span>0.25, 1, p3<span class="op">*</span>0.75, 0
    142. 

  142.   kamp <span class="op">=</span> kenv <span class="op">*</span> 30000
    143. 

  143. 

  144.   a1 <span class="opc">oscil</span> kamp, kcps, 1
    145. 

  145.   <span class="opc">out</span> a1
    146. 

  146. <span class="oblock">endin</span>
    147. 

  147. 

  148. 

  149. <span class="oblock">instr</span> 2
    150. 

  150.   <span class="comment">; p4 = frequency in pitch-class notation.</span>
    151. 

  151.   kcps <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">cpspch</span>(p4)
    152. 

  152. 

  153.   <span class="comment">; Create an amplitude envelope.</span>
    154. 

  154.   kenv <span class="opc">linseg</span> 0, 0.25, 1, 0.75, 0  <span class="comment">; kenv will go into negative if p3 &gt; 1</span>
    155. 

  155.   kamp <span class="op">=</span> kenv <span class="op">*</span> 30000
    156. 

  156. 

  157.   a1 <span class="opc">oscil</span> kamp, kcps, 1
    158. 

  158.   <span class="opc">out</span> a1
    159. 

  159. <span class="oblock">endin</span>
    160. 

  160. 

  161. <span class="oblock">instr</span> 3
    162. 

  162.   <span class="comment">; p4 = frequency in pitch-class notation.</span>
    163. 

  163.   kcps <span class="op">=</span> <span class="opc">cpspch</span>(p4)
    164. 

  164. 

  165.   <span class="comment">; Create an amplitude envelope.</span>
    166. 

  166.   kenv <span class="opc">linseg</span> 0, 0.25, 1, 0.75, 0, 1, 0  <span class="comment">; kenv will stay at 0 indefinetely at the end</span>
    167. 

  167.   kamp <span class="op">=</span> kenv <span class="op">*</span> 30000
    168. 

  168. 

  169.   a1 <span class="opc">oscil</span> kamp, kcps, 1
    170. 

  170.   <span class="opc">out</span> a1
    171. 

  171. <span class="oblock">endin</span>
    172. 

  172. <span class="csdtag">&lt;/CsInstruments&gt;</span>
    173. 

  173. <span class="csdtag">&lt;CsScore&gt;</span>
    174. 

  174. 

  175. <span class="comment">; Table #1, a sine wave.</span>
    176. 

  176. <span class="stamnt">f</span> 1 0 16384 10 1
    177. 

  177. 

  178. <span class="comment">; Play Instrument #1 for a half-second, p4=8.00</span>
    179. 

  179. <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 0 0.5 8.00
    180. 

  180. <span class="comment">; Play Instrument #1 for a half-second, p4=8.01</span>
    181. 

  181. <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 1 0.5 8.01
    182. 

  182. <span class="comment">; Play Instrument #1 for a half-second, p4=8.02</span>
    183. 

  183. <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 2 0.5 8.02
    184. 

  184. <span class="comment">; Play Instrument #1 for a half-second, p4=8.03</span>
    185. 

  185. <span class="stamnt">i</span> 1 3 0.5 8.03
    186. 

  186. 

  187. <span class="stamnt">i</span> 2 4  1.5 8.00 <span class="comment">; Notice the problem with linseg</span>
    188. 

  188. 

  189. <span class="stamnt">i</span> 3 6  1.5 8.00  <span class="comment">; this is the solution (instr 3)</span>
    190. 

  190. <span class="stamnt">e</span>
    191. 

  191. 

  192. 

  193. <span class="csdtag">&lt;/CsScore&gt;</span>
    194. 

  194. <span class="csdtag">&lt;/CsoundSynthesizer&gt;</span>
    195. 

  195. </pre>
    196. 

  196.           </div>
    197. 

  197.         </div>
    198. 

  198.         <p><br class="example-break" />
    199. 

  199.     </p>
    200. 

  200.       </div>
    201. 

  201.       <div class="refsect1" title="See Also">
    202. 

  202.         <a id="id3365107"></a>
    203. 

  203.         <h2>See Also</h2>
    204. 

  204.         <p>
    205. 

  205.       <a class="link" href="expon.html" title="expon"><em class="citetitle">expon</em></a>,
    206. 

  206.       <a class="link" href="expseg.html" title="expseg"><em class="citetitle">expseg</em></a>,
    207. 

  207.       <a class="link" href="expsegr.html" title="expsegr"><em class="citetitle">expsegr</em></a>,
    208. 

  208.       <a class="link" href="line.html" title="line"><em class="citetitle">line</em></a>,
    209. 

  209.       <a class="link" href="linsegr.html" title="linsegr"><em class="citetitle">linsegr</em></a>
    210. 

  210.       <a class="link" href="transeg.html" title="transeg"><em class="citetitle">transeg</em></a>
    211. 

  211.     </p>
    212. 

  212.       </div>
    213. 

  213.       <div class="refsect1" title="Credits">
    214. 

  214.         <a id="id3365165"></a>
    215. 

  215.         <h2>Credits</h2>
    216. 

  216.         <p>Example written by Kevin Conder.</p>
    217. 

  217.       </div>
    218. 

  218.     </div>
    219. 

  219.     <div class="navfooter">
    220. 

  220.       <hr />
    221. 

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    222. 

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    223. 

  223.           <td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="linrand.html">Prev</a> </td>
    224. 

  224.           <td width="20%" align="center">
    225. 

  225.             <a accesskey="u" href="OpcodesTop.html">Up</a>
    226. 

  226.           </td>
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  227.           <td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="linsegr.html">Next</a></td>
    228. 

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    229. 

  229.         <tr>
    230. 

  230.           <td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">linrand </td>
    231. 

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    232. 

  232.             <a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a>
    233. 

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    237. 

  237.     </div>
    238. 

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    239. 

  239. </html>
    240. 

  240.