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  <div id="sidebar" class="interface">

    <a class="toc_title" href="#">
      Underscore.js <span class="version">(1.3.1)</span>
    </a>
    
    <a class="toc_title" href="#">
      Introduction
    </a>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#collections">
      Collections
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>- <a href="#each">each</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#map">map</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#reduce">reduce</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#reduceRight">reduceRight</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#find">find</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#filter">filter</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#reject">reject</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#all">all</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#any">any</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#include">include</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#invoke">invoke</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#pluck">pluck</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#max">max</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#min">min</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#sortBy">sortBy</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#groupBy">groupBy</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#sortedIndex">sortedIndex</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#shuffle">shuffle</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#toArray">toArray</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#size">size</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#arrays">
      Arrays
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>- <a href="#first">first</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#initial">initial</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#last">last</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#rest">rest</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#compact">compact</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#flatten">flatten</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#without">without</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#union">union</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#intersection">intersection</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#difference">difference</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#uniq">uniq</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#zip">zip</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#indexOf">indexOf</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#lastIndexOf">lastIndexOf</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#range">range</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#functions">
      Functions
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>- <a href="#bind">bind</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#bindAll">bindAll</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#memoize">memoize</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#delay">delay</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#defer">defer</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#throttle">throttle</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#debounce">debounce</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#once">once</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#after">after</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#wrap">wrap</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#compose">compose</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#objects">
      Objects
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>- <a href="#keys">keys</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#values">values</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#functions">functions</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#extend">extend</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#defaults">defaults</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#clone">clone</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#tap">tap</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#has">has</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isEqual">isEqual</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isEmpty">isEmpty</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isElement">isElement</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isArray">isArray</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isArguments">isArguments</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isFunction">isFunction</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isString">isString</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isNumber">isNumber</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isBoolean">isBoolean</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isDate">isDate</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isRegExp">isRegExp</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isNaN">isNaN</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isNull">isNull</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#isUndefined">isUndefined</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#utility">
      Utility
    </a>    
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>- <a href="#noConflict">noConflict</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#identity">identity</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#times">times</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#mixin">mixin</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#uniqueId">uniqueId</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#escape">escape</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#template">template</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#chaining">
      Chaining
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>- <a href="#chain">chain</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#value">value</a></li>
    </ul>
    
    <a class="toc_title" href="#links">
      Links
    </a>
    
    <a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
      Change Log
    </a>
    
  </div>

  <div class="container">

    <p id="introduction">
      <img style="width: 396px; height: 69px;" src="docs/images/underscore.png" alt="Underscore.js" />
    </p>

    <p>
      <a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/">Underscore</a> is a
      utility-belt library for JavaScript that provides a lot of the
      functional programming support that you would expect in
      <a href="http://prototypejs.org/api">Prototype.js</a>
      (or <a href="http://www.ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Enumerable.html">Ruby</a>),
      but without extending any of the built-in JavaScript objects. It's the
      tie to go along with <a href="http://docs.jquery.com">jQuery</a>'s tux,
      and <a href="http://backbonejs.org">Backbone.js</a>'s suspenders.
    </p>

    <p>
      Underscore provides 60-odd functions that support both the usual
      functional suspects: <b>map</b>, <b>select</b>, <b>invoke</b> &mdash;
      as well as more specialized helpers: function binding, javascript
      templating, deep equality testing, and so on. It delegates to built-in
      functions, if present, so modern browsers will use the
      native implementations of <b>forEach</b>, <b>map</b>, <b>reduce</b>,
      <b>filter</b>, <b>every</b>, <b>some</b> and <b>indexOf</b>.
    </p>

    <p>
      A complete <a href="test/test.html">Test &amp; Benchmark Suite</a>
      is included for your perusal.
    </p>
    
    <p>
      You may also read through the <a href="docs/underscore.html">annotated source code</a>.
    </p>

    <p>
      The project is
      <a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/">hosted on GitHub</a>.
      You can report bugs and discuss features on the
      <a href="http://github.com/documentcloud/underscore/issues">issues page</a>,
      on Freenode in the <tt>#documentcloud</tt> channel,
      or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/documentcloud">@documentcloud</a>.
    </p>

    <p>
      <i>Underscore is an open-source component of <a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.</i>
    </p>

    <h2>Downloads <i style="padding-left: 12px; font-size:12px;">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</i></h2>

    <table>
      <tr>
        <td><a href="underscore.js">Development Version (1.3.1)</a></td>
        <td><i>34kb, Uncompressed with Comments</i></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><a href="underscore-min.js">Production Version (1.3.1)</a></td>
        <td><i>&lt; 4kb, Minified and Gzipped</i></td>
      </tr>
    </table>
    
    <div class="warning">Upgrade warning: version 1.3.0 removes AMD (RequireJS) support.</div>

    <div id="documentation">

      <h2 id="collections">Collection Functions (Arrays or Objects)</h2>

      <p id="each">
        <b class="header">each</b><code>_.each(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>forEach</b></span>
        <br />
        Iterates over a <b>list</b> of elements, yielding each in turn to an <b>iterator</b>
        function. The <b>iterator</b> is bound to the <b>context</b> object, if one is
        passed. Each invocation of <b>iterator</b> is called with three arguments:
        <tt>(element, index, list)</tt>. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object, <b>iterator</b>'s
        arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>. Delegates to the native
        <b>forEach</b> function if it exists.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.each([1, 2, 3], function(num){ alert(num); });
=&gt; alerts each number in turn...
_.each({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ alert(num); });
=&gt; alerts each number in turn...</pre>

      <p id="map">
        <b class="header">map</b><code>_.map(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>collect</b></span>
        <br />
        Produces a new array of values by mapping each value in <b>list</b>
        through a transformation function (<b>iterator</b>). If the native <b>map</b> method
        exists, it will be used instead. If <b>list</b> is a JavaScript object,
        <b>iterator</b>'s arguments will be <tt>(value, key, list)</tt>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(num){ return num * 3; });
=&gt; [3, 6, 9]
_.map({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3}, function(num, key){ return num * 3; });
=&gt; [3, 6, 9]</pre>

      <p id="reduce">
        <b class="header">reduce</b><code>_.reduce(list, iterator, memo, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Aliases: <b>inject, foldl</b></span>
        <br />
        Also known as <b>inject</b> and <b>foldl</b>, <b>reduce</b> boils down a
        <b>list</b> of values into a single value. <b>Memo</b> is the initial state
        of the reduction, and each successive step of it should be returned by
        <b>iterator</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(memo, num){ return memo + num; }, 0);
=&gt; 6
</pre>

      <p id="reduceRight">
        <b class="header">reduceRight</b><code>_.reduceRight(list, iterator, memo, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>foldr</b></span>
        <br />
        The right-associative version of <b>reduce</b>. Delegates to the
        JavaScript 1.8 version of <b>reduceRight</b>, if it exists. <b>Foldr</b>
        is not as useful in JavaScript as it would be in a language with lazy
        evaluation.
      </p>
      <pre>
var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
=&gt; [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
</pre>

      <p id="find">
        <b class="header">find</b><code>_.find(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>detect</b></span>
        <br />
        Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning the first one that
        passes a truth test (<b>iterator</b>). The function returns as
        soon as it finds an acceptable element, and doesn't traverse the
        entire list.
      </p>
      <pre>
var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; 2
</pre>

      <p id="filter">
        <b class="header">filter</b><code>_.filter(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>select</b></span>
        <br />
        Looks through each value in the <b>list</b>, returning an array of all
        the values that pass a truth test (<b>iterator</b>). Delegates to the
        native <b>filter</b> method, if it exists.
      </p>
      <pre>
var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; [2, 4, 6]
</pre>

      <p id="reject">
        <b class="header">reject</b><code>_.reject(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <br />
        Returns the values in <b>list</b> without the elements that the truth
        test (<b>iterator</b>) passes. The opposite of <b>filter</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return num % 2 == 0; });
=&gt; [1, 3, 5]
</pre>

      <p id="all">
        <b class="header">all</b><code>_.all(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>every</b></span>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if all of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the <b>iterator</b>
        truth test. Delegates to the native method <b>every</b>, if present.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.all([true, 1, null, 'yes'], _.identity);
=&gt; false
</pre>

      <p id="any">
        <b class="header">any</b><code>_.any(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>some</b></span>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if any of the values in the <b>list</b> pass the
        <b>iterator</b> truth test. Short-circuits and stops traversing the list
        if a true element is found. Delegates to the native method <b>some</b>,
        if present.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.any([null, 0, 'yes', false]);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="include">
        <b class="header">include</b><code>_.include(list, value)</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>contains</b></span>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if the <b>value</b> is present in the <b>list</b>, using
        <i>===</i> to test equality. Uses <b>indexOf</b> internally, if <b>list</b>
        is an Array.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.include([1, 2, 3], 3);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="invoke">
        <b class="header">invoke</b><code>_.invoke(list, methodName, [*arguments])</code>
        <br />
        Calls the method named by <b>methodName</b> on each value in the <b>list</b>.
        Any extra arguments passed to <b>invoke</b> will be forwarded on to the
        method invocation.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
=&gt; [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
</pre>

      <p id="pluck">
        <b class="header">pluck</b><code>_.pluck(list, propertyName)</code>
        <br />
        A convenient version of what is perhaps the most common use-case for
        <b>map</b>: extracting a list of property values.
      </p>
      <pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.pluck(stooges, 'name');
=&gt; ["moe", "larry", "curly"]
</pre>

      <p id="max">
        <b class="header">max</b><code>_.max(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
        <br />
        Returns the maximum value in <b>list</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is passed,
        it will be used on each value to generate the criterion by which the
        value is ranked.
      </p>
      <pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'moe', age : 40}, {name : 'larry', age : 50}, {name : 'curly', age : 60}];
_.max(stooges, function(stooge){ return stooge.age; });
=&gt; {name : 'curly', age : 60};
</pre>

      <p id="min">
        <b class="header">min</b><code>_.min(list, [iterator], [context])</code>
        <br />
        Returns the minimum value in <b>list</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is passed,
        it will be used on each value to generate the criterion by which the
        value is ranked.
      </p>
      <pre>
var numbers = [10, 5, 100, 2, 1000];
_.min(numbers);
=&gt; 2
</pre>

      <p id="sortBy">
        <b class="header">sortBy</b><code>_.sortBy(list, iterator, [context])</code>
        <br />
        Returns a sorted copy of <b>list</b>, ranked in ascending order by the 
        results of running each value through <b>iterator</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.sortBy([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num){ return Math.sin(num); });
=&gt; [5, 4, 6, 3, 1, 2]
</pre>

      <p id="groupBy">
        <b class="header">groupBy</b><code>_.groupBy(list, iterator)</code>
        <br />
        Splits a collection into sets, grouped by the result of running each
        value through <b>iterator</b>. If <b>iterator</b> is a string instead of
        a function, groups by the property named by <b>iterator</b> on each of
        the values.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.groupBy([1.3, 2.1, 2.4], function(num){ return Math.floor(num); });
=&gt; {1: [1.3], 2: [2.1, 2.4]}

_.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
=&gt; {3: ["one", "two"], 5: ["three"]}
</pre>

      <p id="sortedIndex">
        <b class="header">sortedIndex</b><code>_.sortedIndex(list, value, [iterator])</code>
        <br />
        Uses a binary search to determine the index at which the <b>value</b>
        <i>should</i> be inserted into the <b>list</b> in order to maintain the <b>list</b>'s
        sorted order. If an <b>iterator</b> is passed, it will be used to compute
        the sort ranking of each value.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.sortedIndex([10, 20, 30, 40, 50], 35);
=&gt; 3
</pre>

      <p id="shuffle">
        <b class="header">shuffle</b><code>_.shuffle(list)</code>
        <br />
        Returns a shuffled copy of the <b>list</b>, using a version of the 
        <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%E2%80%93Yates_shuffle">Fisher-Yates shuffle</a>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
=&gt; [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
</pre>

      <p id="toArray">
        <b class="header">toArray</b><code>_.toArray(list)</code>
        <br />
        Converts the <b>list</b> (anything that can be iterated over), into a
        real Array. Useful for transmuting the <b>arguments</b> object.
      </p>
      <pre>
(function(){ return _.toArray(arguments).slice(0); })(1, 2, 3);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>

      <p id="size">
        <b class="header">size</b><code>_.size(list)</code>
        <br />
        Return the number of values in the <b>list</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.size({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=&gt; 3
</pre>

      <h2 id="arrays">Array Functions</h2>

      <p>
        <i>Note: All array functions will also work on the <b>arguments</b> object.</i>
      </p>

      <p id="first">
        <b class="header">first</b><code>_.first(array, [n])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>head</b></span>
        <br />
        Returns the first element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will
        return the first <b>n</b> elements of the array.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.first([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; 5
</pre>

      <p id="initial">
        <b class="header">initial</b><code>_.initial(array, [n])</code>
        <br />
        Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especially useful on
        the arguments object. Pass <b>n</b> to exclude the last <b>n</b> elements
        from the result.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.initial([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; [5, 4, 3, 2]
</pre>

      <p id="last">
        <b class="header">last</b><code>_.last(array, [n])</code>
        <br />
        Returns the last element of an <b>array</b>. Passing <b>n</b> will return
        the last <b>n</b> elements of the array.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.last([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; 1
</pre>

      <p id="rest">
        <b class="header">rest</b><code>_.rest(array, [index])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>tail</b></span>
        <br />
        Returns the <b>rest</b> of the elements in an array. Pass an <b>index</b>
        to return the values of the array from that index onward.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.rest([5, 4, 3, 2, 1]);
=&gt; [4, 3, 2, 1]
</pre>

      <p id="compact">
        <b class="header">compact</b><code>_.compact(array)</code>
        <br />
        Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all falsy values removed.
        In JavaScript, <i>false</i>, <i>null</i>, <i>0</i>, <i>""</i>,
        <i>undefined</i> and <i>NaN</i> are all falsy.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>

      <p id="flatten">
        <b class="header">flatten</b><code>_.flatten(array, [shallow])</code>
        <br />
        Flattens a nested <b>array</b> (the nesting can be to any depth). If you
        pass <b>shallow</b>, the array will only be flattened a single level.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4];

_.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
</pre>

      <p id="without">
        <b class="header">without</b><code>_.without(array, [*values])</code>
        <br />
        Returns a copy of the <b>array</b> with all instances of the <b>values</b>
        removed. <i>===</i> is used for the equality test.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
=&gt; [2, 3, 4]
</pre>

      <p id="union">
        <b class="header">union</b><code>_.union(*arrays)</code>
        <br />
        Computes the union of the passed-in <b>arrays</b>: the list of unique items,
        in order, that are present in one or more of the <b>arrays</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
</pre>

      <p id="intersection">
        <b class="header">intersection</b><code>_.intersection(*arrays)</code>
        <br />
        Computes the list of values that are the intersection of all the <b>arrays</b>.
        Each value in the result is present in each of the <b>arrays</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
=&gt; [1, 2]
</pre>

      <p id="difference">
        <b class="header">difference</b><code>_.difference(array, *others)</code>
        <br />
        Similar to <b>without</b>, but returns the values from <b>array</b> that
        are not present in the <b>other</b> arrays.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
=&gt; [1, 3, 4]
</pre>

      <p id="uniq">
        <b class="header">uniq</b><code>_.uniq(array, [isSorted], [iterator])</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>unique</b></span>
        <br />
        Produces a duplicate-free version of the <b>array</b>, using <i>===</i> to test
        object equality. If you know in advance that the <b>array</b> is sorted,
        passing <i>true</i> for <b>isSorted</b> will run a much faster algorithm.
        If you want to compute unique items based on a transformation, pass an
        <b>iterator</b> function.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4]
</pre>

      <p id="zip">
        <b class="header">zip</b><code>_.zip(*arrays)</code>
        <br />
        Merges together the values of each of the <b>arrays</b> with the
        values at the corresponding position. Useful when you have separate
        data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
        If you're working with a matrix of nested arrays, <b>zip.apply</b>
        can transpose the matrix in a similar fashion.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.zip(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], [30, 40, 50], [true, false, false]);
=&gt; [["moe", 30, true], ["larry", 40, false], ["curly", 50, false]]
</pre>

      <p id="indexOf">
        <b class="header">indexOf</b><code>_.indexOf(array, value, [isSorted])</code>
        <br />
        Returns the index at which <b>value</b> can be found in the <b>array</b>,
        or <i>-1</i> if value is not present in the <b>array</b>. Uses the native
        <b>indexOf</b> function unless it's missing. If you're working with a 
        large array, and you know that the array is already sorted, pass <tt>true</tt>
        for <b>isSorted</b> to use a faster binary search.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.indexOf([1, 2, 3], 2);
=&gt; 1
</pre>

      <p id="lastIndexOf">
        <b class="header">lastIndexOf</b><code>_.lastIndexOf(array, value)</code>
        <br />
        Returns the index of the last occurrence of <b>value</b> in the <b>array</b>,
        or <i>-1</i> if value is not present. Uses the native <b>lastIndexOf</b>
        function if possible.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
=&gt; 4
</pre>

      <p id="range">
        <b class="header">range</b><code>_.range([start], stop, [step])</code>
        <br />
        A function to create flexibly-numbered lists of integers, handy for
        <tt>each</tt> and <tt>map</tt> loops. <b>start</b>, if omitted, defaults
        to <i>0</i>; <b>step</b> defaults to <i>1</i>. Returns a list of integers
        from <b>start</b> to <b>stop</b>, incremented (or decremented) by <b>step</b>,
        exclusive.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.range(10);
=&gt; [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
_.range(1, 11);
=&gt; [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
_.range(0, 30, 5);
=&gt; [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
_.range(0, -10, -1);
=&gt; [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
_.range(0);
=&gt; []
</pre>

      <h2 id="functions">Function (uh, ahem) Functions</h2>

      <p id="bind">
        <b class="header">bind</b><code>_.bind(function, object, [*arguments])</code>
        <br />
        Bind a <b>function</b> to an <b>object</b>, meaning that whenever
        the function is called, the value of <i>this</i> will be the <b>object</b>.
        Optionally, bind <b>arguments</b> to the <b>function</b> to pre-fill them,
        also known as <b>partial application</b>.
      </p>
      <pre>
var func = function(greeting){ return greeting + ': ' + this.name };
func = _.bind(func, {name : 'moe'}, 'hi');
func();
=&gt; 'hi: moe'
</pre>

      <p id="bindAll">
        <b class="header">bindAll</b><code>_.bindAll(object, [*methodNames])</code>
        <br />
        Binds a number of methods on the <b>object</b>, specified by
        <b>methodNames</b>, to be run in the context of that object whenever they
        are invoked. Very handy for binding functions that are going to be used
        as event handlers, which would otherwise be invoked with a fairly useless
        <i>this</i>. If no <b>methodNames</b> are provided, all of the object's
        function properties will be bound to it.
      </p>
      <pre>
var buttonView = {
  label   : 'underscore',
  onClick : function(){ alert('clicked: ' + this.label); },
  onHover : function(){ console.log('hovering: ' + this.label); }
};
_.bindAll(buttonView);
jQuery('#underscore_button').bind('click', buttonView.onClick);
=&gt; When the button is clicked, this.label will have the correct value...
</pre>

      <p id="memoize">
        <b class="header">memoize</b><code>_.memoize(function, [hashFunction])</code>
        <br />
        Memoizes a given <b>function</b> by caching the computed result. Useful
        for speeding up slow-running computations. If passed an optional 
        <b>hashFunction</b>, it will be used to compute the hash key for storing
        the result, based on the arguments to the original function. The default
        <b>hashFunction</b> just uses the first argument to the memoized function
        as the key.
      </p>
      <pre>
var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
  return n &lt; 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
});
</pre>

      <p id="delay">
        <b class="header">delay</b><code>_.delay(function, wait, [*arguments])</code>
        <br />
        Much like <b>setTimeout</b>, invokes <b>function</b> after <b>wait</b>
        milliseconds. If you pass the optional <b>arguments</b>, they will be
        forwarded on to the <b>function</b> when it is invoked.
      </p>
      <pre>
var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
_.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
=&gt; 'logged later' // Appears after one second.
</pre>

      <p id="defer">
        <b class="header">defer</b><code>_.defer(function)</code>
        <br />
        Defers invoking the <b>function</b> until the current call stack has cleared,
        similar to using <b>setTimeout</b> with a delay of 0. Useful for performing
        expensive computations or HTML rendering in chunks without blocking the UI thread
        from updating.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.defer(function(){ alert('deferred'); });
// Returns from the function before the alert runs.
</pre>

      <p id="throttle">
        <b class="header">throttle</b><code>_.throttle(function, wait)</code>
        <br />
        Creates and returns a new, throttled version of the passed function, 
        that, when invoked repeatedly, will only actually call the original function 
        at most once per every <b>wait</b>
        milliseconds. Useful for rate-limiting events that occur faster than you
        can keep up with.
      </p>
      <pre>
var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
$(window).scroll(throttled);
</pre>

      <p id="debounce">
        <b class="header">debounce</b><code>_.debounce(function, wait)</code>
        <br />
        Creates and returns a new debounced version of the passed function that
        will postpone its execution until after 
        <b>wait</b> milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it  
        was invoked. Useful for implementing behavior that should only happen 
        <i>after</i> the input has stopped arriving. For example: rendering a 
        preview of a Markdown comment, recalculating a layout after the window 
        has stopped being resized, and so on.
      </p>
      <pre>
var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
$(window).resize(lazyLayout);
</pre>

      <p id="once">
        <b class="header">once</b><code>_.once(function)</code>
        <br />
        Creates a version of the function that can only be called one time. 
        Repeated calls to the modified function will have no effect, returning
        the value from the original call. Useful for initialization functions,
        instead of having to set a boolean flag and then check it later.
      </p>
      <pre>
var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
initialize();
initialize();
// Application is only created once.
</pre>

      <p id="after">
        <b class="header">after</b><code>_.after(count, function)</code>
        <br />
        Creates a version of the function that will only be run after first 
        being called <b>count</b> times. Useful for grouping asynchronous responses,
        where you want to be sure that all the async calls have finished, before
        proceeding.
      </p>
      <pre>
var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
_.each(notes, function(note) {
  note.asyncSave({success: renderNotes}); 
});
// renderNotes is run once, after all notes have saved.
</pre>

      <p id="wrap">
        <b class="header">wrap</b><code>_.wrap(function, wrapper)</code>
        <br />
        Wraps the first <b>function</b> inside of the <b>wrapper</b> function,
        passing it as the first argument. This allows the <b>wrapper</b> to
        execute code before and after the <b>function</b> runs, adjust the arguments,
        and execute it conditionally.
      </p>
      <pre>
var hello = function(name) { return "hello: " + name; };
hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
  return "before, " + func("moe") + ", after";
});
hello();
=&gt; 'before, hello: moe, after'
</pre>

      <p id="compose">
        <b class="header">compose</b><code>_.compose(*functions)</code>
        <br />
        Returns the composition of a list of <b>functions</b>, where each function
        consumes the return value of the function that follows. In math terms,
        composing the functions <i>f()</i>, <i>g()</i>, and <i>h()</i> produces
        <i>f(g(h()))</i>.
      </p>
      <pre>
var greet    = function(name){ return "hi: " + name; };
var exclaim  = function(statement){ return statement + "!"; };
var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
welcome('moe');
=&gt; 'hi: moe!'
</pre>

      <h2 id="objects">Object Functions</h2>

      <p id="keys">
        <b class="header">keys</b><code>_.keys(object)</code>
        <br />
        Retrieve all the names of the <b>object</b>'s properties.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.keys({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=&gt; ["one", "two", "three"]
</pre>

      <p id="values">
        <b class="header">values</b><code>_.values(object)</code>
        <br />
        Return all of the values of the <b>object</b>'s properties.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.values({one : 1, two : 2, three : 3});
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>

      <p id="functions">
        <b class="header">functions</b><code>_.functions(object)</code>
        <span class="alias">Alias: <b>methods</b></span>
        <br />
        Returns a sorted list of the names of every method in an object &mdash;
        that is to say, the name of every function property of the object.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.functions(_);
=&gt; ["all", "any", "bind", "bindAll", "clone", "compact", "compose" ...
</pre>

      <p id="extend">
        <b class="header">extend</b><code>_.extend(destination, *sources)</code>
        <br />
        Copy all of the properties in the <b>source</b> objects over to the
        <b>destination</b> object. It's in-order, so the last source will override
        properties of the same name in previous arguments.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.extend({name : 'moe'}, {age : 50});
=&gt; {name : 'moe', age : 50}
</pre>

      <p id="defaults">
        <b class="header">defaults</b><code>_.defaults(object, *defaults)</code>
        <br />
        Fill in missing properties in <b>object</b> with default values from the
        <b>defaults</b> objects. As soon as the property is filled, further defaults
        will have no effect.
      </p>
      <pre>
var iceCream = {flavor : "chocolate"};
_.defaults(iceCream, {flavor : "vanilla", sprinkles : "lots"});
=&gt; {flavor : "chocolate", sprinkles : "lots"}
</pre>

      <p id="clone">
        <b class="header">clone</b><code>_.clone(object)</code>
        <br />
        Create a shallow-copied clone of the <b>object</b>. Any nested objects
        or arrays will be copied by reference, not duplicated.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.clone({name : 'moe'});
=&gt; {name : 'moe'};
</pre>

      <p id="tap">
        <b class="header">tap</b><code>_.tap(object, interceptor)</code>
        <br />
        Invokes <b>interceptor</b> with the <b>object</b>, and then returns <b>object</b>.
        The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.chain([1,2,3,200])
  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
  .tap(console.log)
  .map(function(num) { return num * num })
  .value();
=&gt; [2, 200]
=&gt; [4, 40000]
</pre>

      <p id="has">
        <b class="header">has</b><code>_.has(object, key)</code>
        <br />
        Does the object contain the given key? Identical to 
        <tt>object.hasOwnProperty(key)</tt>, but uses a safe reference to the
        <tt>hasOwnProperty</tt> function, in case it's been 
        <a href="http://www.devthought.com/2012/01/18/an-object-is-not-a-hash/">overridden accidentally</a>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.has({a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}, "b");
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isEqual">
        <b class="header">isEqual</b><code>_.isEqual(object, other)</code>
        <br />
        Performs an optimized deep comparison between the two objects, to determine
        if they should be considered equal.
      </p>
      <pre>
var moe   = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
var clone = {name : 'moe', luckyNumbers : [13, 27, 34]};
moe == clone;
=&gt; false
_.isEqual(moe, clone);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isEmpty">
        <b class="header">isEmpty</b><code>_.isEmpty(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> contains no values.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
=&gt; false
_.isEmpty({});
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isElement">
        <b class="header">isElement</b><code>_.isElement(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a DOM element.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isElement(jQuery('body')[0]);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isArray">
        <b class="header">isArray</b><code>_.isArray(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is an Array.
      </p>
      <pre>
(function(){ return _.isArray(arguments); })();
=&gt; false
_.isArray([1,2,3]);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isArguments">
        <b class="header">isArguments</b><code>_.isArguments(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is an Arguments object.
      </p>
      <pre>
(function(){ return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
=&gt; true
_.isArguments([1,2,3]);
=&gt; false
</pre>

      <p id="isFunction">
        <b class="header">isFunction</b><code>_.isFunction(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Function.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isFunction(alert);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isString">
        <b class="header">isString</b><code>_.isString(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a String.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isString("moe");
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isNumber">
        <b class="header">isNumber</b><code>_.isNumber(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Number (including <tt>NaN</tt>).
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isBoolean">
        <b class="header">isBoolean</b><code>_.isBoolean(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is either <i>true</i> or <i>false</i>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isBoolean(null);
=&gt; false
</pre>

      <p id="isDate">
        <b class="header">isDate</b><code>_.isDate(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a Date.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isDate(new Date());
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isRegExp">
        <b class="header">isRegExp</b><code>_.isRegExp(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is a RegExp.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isRegExp(/moe/);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <p id="isNaN">
        <b class="header">isNaN</b><code>_.isNaN(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>object</b> is <i>NaN</i>.<br /> Note: this is not
        the same as the native <b>isNaN</b> function, which will also return
        true if the variable is <i>undefined</i>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isNaN(NaN);
=&gt; true
isNaN(undefined);
=&gt; true
_.isNaN(undefined);
=&gt; false
</pre>

      <p id="isNull">
        <b class="header">isNull</b><code>_.isNull(object)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if the value of <b>object</b> is <i>null</i>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isNull(null);
=&gt; true
_.isNull(undefined);
=&gt; false
</pre>

      <p id="isUndefined">
        <b class="header">isUndefined</b><code>_.isUndefined(variable)</code>
        <br />
        Returns <i>true</i> if <b>variable</b> is <i>undefined</i>.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.isUndefined(window.missingVariable);
=&gt; true
</pre>

      <h2 id="utility">Utility Functions</h2>

      <p id="noConflict">
        <b class="header">noConflict</b><code>_.noConflict()</code>
        <br />
        Give control of the "_" variable back to its previous owner. Returns
        a reference to the <b>Underscore</b> object.
      </p>
      <pre>
var underscore = _.noConflict();</pre>

      <p id="identity">
        <b class="header">identity</b><code>_.identity(value)</code>
        <br />
        Returns the same value that is used as the argument. In math:
        <tt>f(x) = x</tt><br />
        This function looks useless, but is used throughout Underscore as
        a default iterator.
      </p>
      <pre>
var moe = {name : 'moe'};
moe === _.identity(moe);
=&gt; true</pre>

      <p id="times">
        <b class="header">times</b><code>_.times(n, iterator)</code>
        <br />
        Invokes the given iterator function <b>n</b> times.
      </p>
      <pre>
_(3).times(function(){ genie.grantWish(); });</pre>

      <p id="mixin">
        <b class="header">mixin</b><code>_.mixin(object)</code>
        <br />
        Allows you to extend Underscore with your own utility functions. Pass
        a hash of <tt>{name: function}</tt> definitions to have your functions 
        added to the Underscore object, as well as the OOP wrapper.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.mixin({
  capitalize : function(string) {
    return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.substring(1).toLowerCase();
  }
});
_("fabio").capitalize();
=&gt; "Fabio"
</pre>

      <p id="uniqueId">
        <b class="header">uniqueId</b><code>_.uniqueId([prefix])</code>
        <br />
        Generate a globally-unique id for client-side models or DOM elements
        that need one. If <b>prefix</b> is passed, the id will be appended to it.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.uniqueId('contact_');
=&gt; 'contact_104'</pre>

      <p id="escape">
        <b class="header">escape</b><code>_.escape(string)</code>
        <br />
        Escapes a string for insertion into HTML, replacing 
        <tt>&amp;</tt>, <tt>&lt;</tt>, <tt>&gt;</tt>, <tt>&quot;</tt>, <tt>&#x27;</tt>, and <tt>&#x2F;</tt> characters.
      </p>
      <pre>
_.escape('Curly, Larry &amp; Moe');
=&gt; "Curly, Larry &amp;amp; Moe"</pre>

      <p id="template">
        <b class="header">template</b><code>_.template(templateString, [context])</code>
        <br />
        Compiles JavaScript templates into functions that can be evaluated
        for rendering. Useful for rendering complicated bits of HTML from JSON
        data sources. Template functions can both interpolate variables, using<br />
        <tt>&lt;%= &hellip; %&gt;</tt>, as well as execute arbitrary JavaScript code, with
        <tt>&lt;% &hellip; %&gt;</tt>. If you wish to interpolate a value, and have
        it be HTML-escaped, use <tt>&lt;%- &hellip; %&gt;</tt> When you evaluate a template function, pass in a
        <b>context</b> object that has properties corresponding to the template's free
        variables. If you're writing a one-off, you can pass the <b>context</b>
        object as the second parameter to <b>template</b> in order to render
        immediately instead of returning a template function.
      </p>
      <pre>
var compiled = _.template("hello: &lt;%= name %&gt;");
compiled({name : 'moe'});
=&gt; "hello: moe"

var list = "&lt;% _.each(people, function(name) { %&gt; &lt;li&gt;&lt;%= name %&gt;&lt;/li&gt; &lt;% }); %&gt;";
_.template(list, {people : ['moe', 'curly', 'larry']});
=&gt; "&lt;li&gt;moe&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;curly&lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;larry&lt;/li&gt;"

var template = _.template("&lt;b&gt;&lt;%- value %&gt;&lt;/b&gt;");
template({value : '&lt;script&gt;'});
=&gt; "&lt;b&gt;&amp;lt;script&amp;gt;&lt;/b&gt;"</pre>

      <p>
        You can also use <tt>print</tt> from within JavaScript code.  This is
        sometimes more convenient than using <tt>&lt;%= ... %&gt;</tt>.
      </p>
      
      <pre>
var compiled = _.template("&lt;% print('Hello ' + epithet); %&gt;");
compiled({epithet: "stooge"});
=&gt; "Hello stooge."</pre>

      <p>
        If ERB-style delimiters aren't your cup of tea, you can change Underscore's
        template settings to use different symbols to set off interpolated code.
        Define an <b>interpolate</b> regex to match expressions that should be 
        interpolated verbatim, an <b>escape</b> regex to match expressions that should 
        be inserted after being HTML escaped, and an <b>evaluate</b> regex to match
        expressions that should be evaluated without insertion into the resulting
        string. You may define or omit any combination of the three.
        For example, to perform
        <a href="http://github.com/janl/mustache.js#readme">Mustache.js</a>
        style templating:
      </p>

      <pre>
_.templateSettings = {
  interpolate : /\{\{(.+?)\}\}/g
};

var template = _.template("Hello {{ name }}!");
template({name : "Mustache"});
=&gt; "Hello Mustache!"</pre>


      <h2 id="chaining">Chaining</h2>

      <p>
        You can use Underscore in either an object-oriented or a functional style,
        depending on your preference. The following two lines of code are
        identical ways to double a list of numbers.
      </p>

    <pre>
_.map([1, 2, 3], function(n){ return n * 2; });
_([1, 2, 3]).map(function(n){ return n * 2; });</pre>

      <p>
        Using the object-oriented style allows you to chain together methods. Calling
        <tt>chain</tt> on a wrapped object will cause all future method calls to
        return wrapped objects as well. When you've finished the computation,
        use <tt>value</tt> to retrieve the final value. Here's an example of chaining
        together a <b>map/flatten/reduce</b>, in order to get the word count of
        every word in a song.
      </p>

<pre>
var lyrics = [
  {line : 1, words : "I'm a lumberjack and I'm okay"},
  {line : 2, words : "I sleep all night and I work all day"},
  {line : 3, words : "He's a lumberjack and he's okay"},
  {line : 4, words : "He sleeps all night and he works all day"}
];

_.chain(lyrics)
  .map(function(line) { return line.words.split(' '); })
  .flatten()
  .reduce(function(counts, word) {
    counts[word] = (counts[word] || 0) + 1;
    return counts;
}, {}).value();

=&gt; {lumberjack : 2, all : 4, night : 2 ... }</pre>

      <p>
        In addition, the
        <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/prototype">Array prototype's methods</a>
        are proxied through the chained Underscore object, so you can slip a
        <tt>reverse</tt> or a <tt>push</tt> into your chain, and continue to
        modify the array.
      </p>

      <p id="chain">
        <b class="header">chain</b><code>_.chain(obj)</code>
        <br />
        Returns a wrapped object. Calling methods on this object will continue
        to return wrapped objects until <tt>value</tt> is used.
      </p>
      <pre>
var stooges = [{name : 'curly', age : 25}, {name : 'moe', age : 21}, {name : 'larry', age : 23}];
var youngest = _.chain(stooges)
  .sortBy(function(stooge){ return stooge.age; })
  .map(function(stooge){ return stooge.name + ' is ' + stooge.age; })
  .first()
  .value();
=&gt; "moe is 21"
</pre>

      <p id="value">
        <b class="header">value</b><code>_(obj).value()</code>
        <br />
        Extracts the value of a wrapped object.
      </p>
      <pre>
_([1, 2, 3]).value();
=&gt; [1, 2, 3]
</pre>

      <h2 id="links">Links &amp; Suggested Reading</h2>

      <p>
        <a href="http://mirven.github.com/underscore.lua/">Underscore.lua</a>,
        a Lua port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
        Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining.
        The <a href="http://github.com/mirven/underscore.lua">source</a> is
        available on GitHub.
      </p>
      
      <p>
        <a href="http://brianhaveri.github.com/Underscore.php/">Underscore.php</a>,
        a PHP port of the functions that are applicable in both languages.
        Includes OOP-wrapping and chaining.
        The <a href="http://github.com/brianhaveri/Underscore.php">source</a> is
        available on GitHub.
      </p>
      
      <p>
        <a href="http://vti.github.com/underscore-perl/">Underscore-perl</a>,
        a Perl port of many of the Underscore.js functions, 
        aimed at on Perl hashes and arrays, also 
        <a href="https://github.com/vti/underscore-perl/">available on GitHub</a>.
      </p>
      
      <p>
        <a href="https://github.com/edtsech/underscore.string">Underscore.string</a>,
        an Underscore extension that adds functions for string-manipulation: 
        <tt>trim</tt>, <tt>startsWith</tt>, <tt>contains</tt>, <tt>capitalize</tt>,
        <tt>reverse</tt>, <tt>sprintf</tt>, and more.
      </p>

      <p>
        Ruby's <a href="http://ruby-doc.org/core/classes/Enumerable.html">Enumerable</a> module.
      </p>

      <p>
        <a href="http://www.prototypejs.org/">Prototype.js</a>…
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