/lib/edu/stanford/ejalbert/BrowserLauncher.java

package edu.stanford.ejalbert;



import java.io.BufferedReader;

import java.io.File;

import java.io.IOException;

import java.io.InputStreamReader;

import java.lang.reflect.Constructor;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;

import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;

import java.lang.reflect.Method;



/**

 * BrowserLauncher is a class that provides one static method, openURL, which opens the default web browser for the

 * current user of the system to the given URL. It may support other protocols depending on the system -- mailto, ftp,

 * etc. -- but that has not been rigorously tested and is not guaranteed to work.

 * <p>

 * Yes, this is platform-specific code, and yes, it may rely on classes on certain platforms that are not part of the

 * standard JDK. What we're trying to do, though, is to take something that's frequently desirable but inherently

 * platform-specific -- opening a default browser -- and allow programmers (you, for example) to do so without worrying

 * about dropping into native code or doing anything else similarly evil.

 * <p>

 * Anyway, this code is completely in Java and will run on all JDK 1.1-compliant systems without modification or a need

 * for additional libraries. All classes that are required on certain platforms to allow this to run are dynamically

 * loaded at runtime via reflection and, if not found, will not cause this to do anything other than returning an error

 * when opening the browser.

 * <p>

 * There are certain system requirements for this class, as it's running through Runtime.exec(), which is Java's way of

 * making a native system call. Currently, this requires that a Macintosh have a Finder which supports the GURL event,

 * which is true for Mac OS 8.0 and 8.1 systems that have the Internet Scripting AppleScript dictionary installed in the

 * Scripting Additions folder in the Extensions folder (which is installed by default as far as I know under Mac OS 8.0

 * and 8.1), and for all Mac OS 8.5 and later systems. On Windows, it only runs under Win32 systems (Windows 95, 98, and

 * NT 4.0, as well as later versions of all). On other systems, this drops back from the inherently platform-sensitive

 * concept of a default browser and simply attempts to launch Netscape via a shell command.

 * <p>

 * This code is Copyright 1999-2001 by Eric Albert (ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu) and may be redistributed or modified in

 * any form without restrictions as long as the portion of this comment from this paragraph through the end of the

 * comment is not removed. The author requests that he be notified of any application, applet, or other binary that

 * makes use of this code, but that's more out of curiosity than anything and is not required. This software includes no

 * warranty. The author is not repsonsible for any loss of data or functionality or any adverse or unexpected effects of

 * using this software.

 * <p>

 * Credits: <br>

 * Steven Spencer, JavaWorld magazine (<a href="http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/javatips/jw-javatip66.html">Java Tip

 * 66</a>) <br>

 * Thanks also to Ron B. Yeh, Eric Shapiro, Ben Engber, Paul Teitlebaum, Andrea Cantatore, Larry Barowski, Trevor

 * Bedzek, Frank Miedrich, and Ron Rabakukk

 *

 * @author Eric Albert (<a href="mailto:ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu">ejalbert@cs.stanford.edu</a>)

 * @version 1.4b1 (Released June 20, 2001)

 */

public class BrowserLauncher

{



	/**

	 * The Java virtual machine that we are running on. Actually, in most cases we only care about the operating system,

	 * but some operating systems require us to switch on the VM.

	 */

	private static int jvm;



	/** The browser for the system */

	private static Object browser;

	private static String executable;



	/**

	 * Caches whether any classes, methods, and fields that are not part of the JDK and need to be dynamically loaded at

	 * runtime loaded successfully.

	 * <p>

	 * Note that if this is <code>false</code>, <code>openURL()</code> will always return an IOException.

	 */

	private static boolean loadedWithoutErrors;



	/** The com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils class */

	private static Class mrjFileUtilsClass;



	/** The com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType class */

	private static Class mrjOSTypeClass;



	/** The com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc class */

	private static Class aeDescClass;



	/** The <init>(int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AETarget */

	private static Constructor aeTargetConstructor;



	/** The <init>(int, int, int) method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */

	private static Constructor appleEventConstructor;



	/** The <init>(String) method of com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc */

	private static Constructor aeDescConstructor;



	/** The findFolder method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */

	private static Method findFolder;



	/** The getFileCreator method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */

	private static Method getFileCreator;



	/** The getFileType method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */

	private static Method getFileType;



	/** The openURL method of com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils */

	private static Method openURL;



	/** The makeOSType method of com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils */

	private static Method makeOSType;



	/** The putParameter method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */

	private static Method putParameter;



	/** The sendNoReply method of com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent */

	private static Method sendNoReply;



	/** Actually an MRJOSType pointing to the System Folder on a Macintosh */

	private static Object kSystemFolderType;



	/** The keyDirectObject AppleEvent parameter type */

	private static Integer keyDirectObject;



	/** The kAutoGenerateReturnID AppleEvent code */

	private static Integer kAutoGenerateReturnID;



	/** The kAnyTransactionID AppleEvent code */

	private static Integer kAnyTransactionID;



	/** The linkage object required for JDirect 3 on Mac OS X. */

	private static Object linkage;



	/** JVM constant for MRJ 2.0 */

	private static final int MRJ_2_0 = 0;



	/** JVM constant for MRJ 2.1 or later */

	private static final int MRJ_2_1 = 1;



	/** JVM constant for Java on Mac OS X 10.0 (MRJ 3.0) */

	private static final int MRJ_3_0 = 3;



	/** JVM constant for MRJ 3.1 */

	private static final int MRJ_3_1 = 4;



	/** JVM constant for any Windows NT JVM */

	private static final int WINDOWS_NT = 5;



	/** JVM constant for any Windows 9x JVM */

	private static final int WINDOWS_9x = 6;



	/** JVM constant for any other platform */

	private static final int OTHER = -1;



	/**

	 * The file type of the Finder on a Macintosh. Hardcoding "Finder" would keep non-U.S. English systems from working

	 * properly.

	 */

	private static final String FINDER_TYPE = "FNDR";



	/**

	 * The creator code of the Finder on a Macintosh, which is needed to send AppleEvents to the application.

	 */

	private static final String FINDER_CREATOR = "MACS";



	/** The name for the AppleEvent type corresponding to a GetURL event. */

	private static final String GURL_EVENT = "GURL";



	/**

	 * The message from any exception thrown throughout the initialization process.

	 */

	private static String errorMessage;



	/**

	 * An initialization block that determines the operating system and loads the necessary runtime data.

	 */

	static

	{

		BrowserLauncher.loadedWithoutErrors = true;



		String osName = System.getProperty( "os.name" );

		String mrjVersion = System.getProperty( "mrj.version" );



		if ( osName.startsWith( "Mac OS" ) && mrjVersion != null && mrjVersion.length() >= 4 )

		{

			String majorMRJVersion = mrjVersion.substring( 0, 3 );

			try

			{

				double version = Double.valueOf( majorMRJVersion ).doubleValue();

				if ( version == 2 )

				{

					BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.MRJ_2_0;

				}

				else if ( version >= 2.1 && version < 3 )

				{

					// Assume that all 2.x versions of MRJ work the same.  MRJ 2.1 actually

					// works via Runtime.exec() and 2.2 supports that but has an openURL() method

					// as well that we currently ignore.

					BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.MRJ_2_1;

				}

				else if ( version == 3.0 )

				{

					BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.MRJ_3_0;

				}

				else if ( version >= 3.1 )

				{

					// Assume that all 3.1 and later versions of MRJ work the same.

					BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.MRJ_3_1;

				}

				else

				{

					BrowserLauncher.loadedWithoutErrors = false;

					BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = "Unsupported MRJ version: " + version;

				}

			}

			catch ( NumberFormatException nfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.loadedWithoutErrors = false;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = "Invalid MRJ version: " + mrjVersion;

			}

		}

		else if ( osName.startsWith( "Windows" ) )

		{

			if ( osName.indexOf( "9" ) != -1 )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.WINDOWS_9x;

			}

			else

			{

				BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.WINDOWS_NT;

			}

		}

		else

		{

			BrowserLauncher.jvm = BrowserLauncher.OTHER;

		}



		if ( BrowserLauncher.loadedWithoutErrors )

		{

			BrowserLauncher.loadedWithoutErrors = BrowserLauncher.loadClasses();

		}

	}



	/**

	 * This class should be never be instantiated; this just ensures so.

	 */

	private BrowserLauncher()

	{

	}



	/**

	 * Called by a static initializer to load any classes, fields, and methods required at runtime to locate the user's

	 * web browser.

	 *

	 * @return <code>true</code> if all intialization succeeded <code>false</code> if any portion of the

	 *         initialization failed

	 */



	private static boolean loadClasses()

	{

		switch ( BrowserLauncher.jvm )

		{

		case MRJ_2_0:

			try

			{

				Class aeTargetClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.MacOS.AETarget" );

				Class osUtilsClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.MacOS.OSUtils" );

				Class appleEventClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.MacOS.AppleEvent" );

				Class aeClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.MacOS.ae" );

				BrowserLauncher.aeDescClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.MacOS.AEDesc" );



				BrowserLauncher.aeTargetConstructor = aeTargetClass.getDeclaredConstructor( new Class[] { int.class } );

				BrowserLauncher.appleEventConstructor =

					appleEventClass.getDeclaredConstructor( new Class[] { int.class, int.class, aeTargetClass, int.class, int.class } );

				BrowserLauncher.aeDescConstructor =

					BrowserLauncher.aeDescClass.getDeclaredConstructor( new Class[] { String.class } );



				BrowserLauncher.makeOSType =

					osUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod( "makeOSType", new Class[] { String.class } );

				BrowserLauncher.putParameter =

					appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod(

						"putParameter", new Class[] { int.class, BrowserLauncher.aeDescClass } );

				BrowserLauncher.sendNoReply = appleEventClass.getDeclaredMethod( "sendNoReply", new Class[] {} );



				Field keyDirectObjectField = aeClass.getDeclaredField( "keyDirectObject" );

				BrowserLauncher.keyDirectObject = (Integer) keyDirectObjectField.get( null );

				Field autoGenerateReturnIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField( "kAutoGenerateReturnID" );

				BrowserLauncher.kAutoGenerateReturnID = (Integer) autoGenerateReturnIDField.get( null );

				Field anyTransactionIDField = appleEventClass.getDeclaredField( "kAnyTransactionID" );

				BrowserLauncher.kAnyTransactionID = (Integer) anyTransactionIDField.get( null );

			}

			catch ( ClassNotFoundException cnfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( NoSuchMethodException nsme )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( NoSuchFieldException nsfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iae.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			break;

		case MRJ_2_1:

			try

			{

				BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils" );

				BrowserLauncher.mrjOSTypeClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.mrj.MRJOSType" );

				Field systemFolderField = BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredField( "kSystemFolderType" );

				BrowserLauncher.kSystemFolderType = systemFolderField.get( null );

				BrowserLauncher.findFolder =

					BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod(

						"findFolder", new Class[] { BrowserLauncher.mrjOSTypeClass } );

				BrowserLauncher.getFileCreator =

					BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod( "getFileCreator", new Class[] { File.class } );

				BrowserLauncher.getFileType =

					BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod( "getFileType", new Class[] { File.class } );

			}

			catch ( ClassNotFoundException cnfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( NoSuchFieldException nsfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = nsfe.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( NoSuchMethodException nsme )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( SecurityException se )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = se.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iae.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			break;

		case MRJ_3_0:

			try

			{

				Class linker = Class.forName( "com.apple.mrj.jdirect.Linker" );

				Constructor constructor = linker.getConstructor( new Class[] { Class.class } );

				BrowserLauncher.linkage = constructor.newInstance( new Object[] { BrowserLauncher.class } );

			}

			catch ( ClassNotFoundException cnfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( NoSuchMethodException nsme )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( InvocationTargetException ite )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = ite.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( InstantiationException ie )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = ie.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iae.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			break;

		case MRJ_3_1:

			try

			{

				BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass = Class.forName( "com.apple.mrj.MRJFileUtils" );

				BrowserLauncher.openURL =

					BrowserLauncher.mrjFileUtilsClass.getDeclaredMethod( "openURL", new Class[] { String.class } );

			}

			catch ( ClassNotFoundException cnfe )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = cnfe.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			catch ( NoSuchMethodException nsme )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = nsme.getMessage();

				return false;

			}

			break;

		default:

			break;

		}

		return true;

	}



	/**

	 * Attempts to locate the default web browser on the local system. Caches results so it only locates the browser

	 * once for each use of this class per JVM instance.

	 *

	 * @return The browser for the system. Note that this may not be what you would consider to be a standard web

	 *         browser; instead, it's the application that gets called to open the default web browser. In some cases,

	 *         this will be a non-String object that provides the means of calling the default browser.

	 */

	private static Object locateBrowser()

	{



		if ( BrowserLauncher.browser != null )

		{

			return BrowserLauncher.browser;

		}



		switch ( BrowserLauncher.jvm )

		{

		case MRJ_2_0:

			try

			{

				Integer finderCreatorCode =

					(Integer) BrowserLauncher.makeOSType.invoke( null, new Object[] { BrowserLauncher.FINDER_CREATOR } );

				Object aeTarget = BrowserLauncher.aeTargetConstructor.newInstance( new Object[] { finderCreatorCode } );

				Integer gurlType =

					(Integer) BrowserLauncher.makeOSType.invoke( null, new Object[] { BrowserLauncher.GURL_EVENT } );

				Object appleEvent =

					BrowserLauncher.appleEventConstructor.newInstance( new Object[] { gurlType, gurlType, aeTarget, BrowserLauncher.kAutoGenerateReturnID, BrowserLauncher.kAnyTransactionID } );

				// Don't set browser = appleEvent because then the next time we call

				// locateBrowser(), we'll get the same AppleEvent, to which we'll already have

				// added the relevant parameter. Instead, regenerate the AppleEvent every time.

				// There's probably a way to do this better; if any has any ideas, please let

				// me know.

				return appleEvent;

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iae.getMessage();

				return BrowserLauncher.browser;

			}

			catch ( InstantiationException ie )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = ie.getMessage();

				return BrowserLauncher.browser;

			}

			catch ( InvocationTargetException ite )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = ite.getMessage();

				return BrowserLauncher.browser;

			}

		case MRJ_2_1:

			File systemFolder;

			try

			{

				systemFolder =

					(File) BrowserLauncher.findFolder.invoke( null, new Object[] { BrowserLauncher.kSystemFolderType } );

			}

			catch ( IllegalArgumentException iare )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iare.getMessage();

				return BrowserLauncher.browser;

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iae.getMessage();

				return BrowserLauncher.browser;

			}

			catch ( InvocationTargetException ite )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

				BrowserLauncher.errorMessage =

					ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();

				return BrowserLauncher.browser;

			}

			String[] systemFolderFiles = systemFolder.list();

			// Avoid a FilenameFilter because that can't be stopped mid-list

			for ( int i = 0; i < systemFolderFiles.length; i++ )

			{

				try

				{

					File file = new File( systemFolder, systemFolderFiles[ i ] );

					if ( !file.isFile() )

					{

						continue;

					}

					// We're looking for a file with a creator code of 'MACS' and

					// a type of 'FNDR'.  Only requiring the type results in non-Finder

					// applications being picked up on certain Mac OS 9 systems,

					// especially German ones, and sending a GURL event to those

					// applications results in a logout under Multiple Users.

					Object fileType = BrowserLauncher.getFileType.invoke( null, new Object[] { file } );

					if ( BrowserLauncher.FINDER_TYPE.equals( fileType.toString() ) )

					{

						Object fileCreator = BrowserLauncher.getFileCreator.invoke( null, new Object[] { file } );

						if ( BrowserLauncher.FINDER_CREATOR.equals( fileCreator.toString() ) )

						{

							BrowserLauncher.browser = file.toString(); // Actually the Finder, but that's OK

							return BrowserLauncher.browser;

						}

					}

				}

				catch ( IllegalArgumentException iare )

				{

					BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iare.getMessage();

					return null;

				}

				catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

				{

					BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

					BrowserLauncher.errorMessage = iae.getMessage();

					return BrowserLauncher.browser;

				}

				catch ( InvocationTargetException ite )

				{

					BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

					BrowserLauncher.errorMessage =

						ite.getTargetException().getClass() + ": " + ite.getTargetException().getMessage();

					return BrowserLauncher.browser;

				}

			}

			BrowserLauncher.browser = null;

			break;

		case MRJ_3_0:

		case MRJ_3_1:

			BrowserLauncher.browser = ""; // Return something non-null

			break;

		case WINDOWS_NT:

			BrowserLauncher.browser = "cmd.exe";

			break;

		case WINDOWS_9x:

			BrowserLauncher.browser = "command.com";

			break;

		case OTHER:

		default:

			BrowserLauncher.browser = "netscape";

			break;

		}

		return BrowserLauncher.browser;

	}



	private static boolean openOverrideBrowser( final String url )

	{

		String browserName = System.getProperty( "os.browser" );



		if ( browserName == null || browserName.equals( "" ) )

		{

			return false;

		}



		Process process;



		try

		{

			if ( System.getProperty( "os.name" ).startsWith( "Mac" ) )

			{

				String browser = BrowserLauncher.getMacintoshExecutable( browserName );

				if ( browser == null )

				{

					return false;

				}



				process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec( browser + " " + url );

			}

			else if ( System.getProperty( "os.name" ).startsWith( "Win" ) )

			{

				if ( BrowserLauncher.locateBrowser() == null )

				{

					return false;

				}



				if ( BrowserLauncher.getWindowsExecutable( browserName, url ) == null )

				{

					return false;

				}



				process =

					Runtime.getRuntime().exec(

						new String[] { (String) BrowserLauncher.browser, "/c", BrowserLauncher.executable, url } );

			}

			else

			{

				process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec( browserName + " " + url );

			}



			process.waitFor();

			process.exitValue();

			return true;

		}

		catch ( Exception e )

		{

			System.err.println( "Error loading browser: " + e.getMessage() );

			return false;

		}

	}



	private static final String getMacintoshExecutable( final String browser )

	{

		// If there's a slash at the beginning of the file name and it's not

		// an application bundle, they are using their own test browser that

		// starts up via a shell script.

		

		if ( browser.startsWith( "/" ) && browser.indexOf( ".app" ) == -1 )

		{

			return browser;

		}



		// If the user says -b for the name of the browser, we'll use

		// open -b.  Otherwise, we'll assume they want open -a.



		if ( browser.startsWith( "-b " ) )

		{

			return "open " + browser;

		}



		return "open -a " + browser;

	}



	private static final String getWindowsExecutable( String browser, final String url )

	{

		if ( browser.indexOf( ":" ) != -1 )

		{

			File alternative = new File( browser );

			if ( alternative.exists() )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.executable = "\"" + browser + "\"";

				return BrowserLauncher.executable;

			}

		}



		if ( browser.equalsIgnoreCase( "Opera" ) )

		{

			browser = ":\\Program Files\\Opera\\Opera.exe";

		}

		else if ( browser.equalsIgnoreCase( "Firefox" ) )

		{

			browser = ":\\Program Files\\Mozilla Firefox\\firefox.exe";

		}

		else

		{

			browser = ":\\Program Files\\Internet Explorer\\iexplore.exe";

		}



		String test;

		for ( char drive = 'C'; drive <= 'Z'; ++drive )

		{

			test = drive + browser;

			File alternative = new File( test );



			if ( alternative.exists() )

			{

				BrowserLauncher.executable = "\"" + test + "\"";

				return BrowserLauncher.executable;

			}

		}



		return null;

	}



	private static final String getWindowsExecutable( final String url )

	{

		if ( BrowserLauncher.executable != null )

		{

			return BrowserLauncher.executable;

		}



		if ( !url.startsWith( "http" ) )

		{

			return "rundll32.exe";

		}



		BrowserLauncher.executable = BrowserLauncher.getWindowsExecutable( "Opera", url );

		if ( BrowserLauncher.executable != null )

		{

			return BrowserLauncher.executable;

		}



		BrowserLauncher.executable = BrowserLauncher.getWindowsExecutable( "Firefox", url );

		if ( BrowserLauncher.executable != null )

		{

			return BrowserLauncher.executable;

		}



		BrowserLauncher.executable = BrowserLauncher.getWindowsExecutable( "", url );

		if ( BrowserLauncher.executable != null )

		{

			return BrowserLauncher.executable;

		}



		// If you still can't find your browser, let the operating

		// system try to figure it out.



		return "rundll32.exe";

	}



	/**

	 * Attempts to open the default web browser to the given URL.

	 *

	 * @param url The URL to open

	 */



	public static void openURL( String url )

	{

		if ( !url.startsWith( "http" ) && !url.startsWith( "file" ) )

		{

			url = "file://" + url;

		}



		if ( url.indexOf( " " ) != -1 && !url.startsWith( "file" ) )

		{

			url = url.replace(' ', '+');

		}



		if ( BrowserLauncher.openOverrideBrowser( url ) )

		{

			return;

		}



		if ( !BrowserLauncher.loadedWithoutErrors )

		{

			System.err.println( "Exception in finding browser: " + BrowserLauncher.errorMessage );

			return;

		}

		Object browser = BrowserLauncher.locateBrowser();

		if ( browser == null )

		{

			System.err.println( "Unable to locate browser: " + BrowserLauncher.errorMessage );

			return;

		}



		switch ( BrowserLauncher.jvm )

		{

		case MRJ_2_0:

		{

			Object aeDesc = null;

			try

			{

				aeDesc = BrowserLauncher.aeDescConstructor.newInstance( new Object[] { url } );

				BrowserLauncher.putParameter.invoke( browser, new Object[] { BrowserLauncher.keyDirectObject, aeDesc } );

				BrowserLauncher.sendNoReply.invoke( browser, new Object[] {} );

			}

			catch ( InvocationTargetException ite )

			{

				System.err.println( "InvocationTargetException while creating AEDesc: " + ite.getMessage() );

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				System.err.println( "IllegalAccessException while building AppleEvent: " + iae.getMessage() );

			}

			catch ( InstantiationException ie )

			{

				System.err.println( "InstantiationException while creating AEDesc: " + ie.getMessage() );

			}

			finally

			{

				aeDesc = null; // Encourage it to get disposed if it was created

				browser = null; // Ditto

			}



			break;

		}

		case MRJ_2_1:

		{

			try

			{

				Runtime.getRuntime().exec( new String[] { (String) browser, url } );

			}

			catch ( IOException e )

			{

				System.err.println( "Error loading browser: " + e.getMessage() );

			}



			break;

		}

		case MRJ_3_0:

		{

			int[] instance = new int[ 1 ];

			int result = BrowserLauncher.ICStart( instance, 0 );

			if ( result == 0 )

			{

				int[] selectionStart = new int[] { 0 };

				byte[] urlBytes = url.getBytes();

				int[] selectionEnd = new int[] { urlBytes.length };

				result =

					BrowserLauncher.ICLaunchURL(

						instance[ 0 ], new byte[] { 0 }, urlBytes, urlBytes.length, selectionStart, selectionEnd );

				if ( result == 0 )

				{

					// Ignore the return value; the URL was launched successfully

					// regardless of what happens here.

					BrowserLauncher.ICStop( instance );

				}

				else

				{

					System.err.println( "Unable to launch URL: " + result );

				}

			}

			else

			{

				System.err.println( "Unable to create an Internet Config instance: " + result );

			}



			break;

		}

		case MRJ_3_1:

		{

			try

			{

				BrowserLauncher.openURL.invoke( null, new Object[] { url } );

			}

			catch ( InvocationTargetException ite )

			{

				System.err.println( "InvocationTargetException while calling openURL: " + ite.getMessage() );

			}

			catch ( IllegalAccessException iae )

			{

				System.err.println( "IllegalAccessException while calling openURL: " + iae.getMessage() );

			}



			break;

		}

		case WINDOWS_9x:

		{

			// By default, if it's a file on the local system, Explorer should

			// be able to figure out what to do.  But, maybe explorer doesn't

			// like being invoked indirectly.  So, what we do is search for the

			// most common browsers and invoke them.



			Process process = null;



			if ( BrowserLauncher.getWindowsExecutable( url ) == null )

			{

				return;

			}



			// Add quotes around the URL to allow ampersands and other special

			// characters to work.



			url = '"' + url + '"';



			try

			{

				if ( BrowserLauncher.executable.equals( "rundll32.exe" ) )

				{

					process =

						Runtime.getRuntime().exec(

							new String[] { (String) browser, "/c", BrowserLauncher.executable, "url.dll,FileProtocolHandler", url } );

				}

				else

				{

					process =

						Runtime.getRuntime().exec(

							new String[] { (String) browser, "/c", BrowserLauncher.executable, url } );

				}



				// This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.

				// That's hinted at in <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/archive/68/>.



				process.waitFor();

				process.exitValue();

			}

			catch ( InterruptedException ie )

			{

				System.err.println( "InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage() );

			}

			catch ( IOException e )

			{

				System.err.println( "Error loading browser: " + e.getMessage() );

			}



			break;

		}

		case WINDOWS_NT:

		{

			// Determine whether or not Internet Explorer is flagged as the

			// default browser -- if it is, invoke it manually in order to

			// get a new window to open.



			Process process = null;

			boolean usingIE = true;



			// Determine the file type for .html files.  On Windows, every other

			// browser changes the association to something other than "htmlfile",

			// so if it's htmlfile, you load IE in a new window.



			try

			{

				process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec( new String[] { (String) browser, "/c", "assoc", ".html" } );



				// This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.

				// That's hinted at in <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/archive/68/>.



				BufferedReader stream = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( process.getInputStream() ) );

				usingIE = stream.readLine().indexOf( "htmlfile" ) != -1;



				process.waitFor();

				process.exitValue();

			}

			catch ( InterruptedException ie )

			{

				System.err.println( "InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage() );

			}

			catch ( IOException e )

			{

				System.err.println( "Error while determining default browser: " + e.getMessage() );

			}



			try

			{

				// Add quotes around the URL to allow ampersands and other special

				// characters to work.



				url = '"' + url + '"';



				if ( usingIE )

				{

					process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec( new String[] { (String) browser, "/c", "explorer", url } );

				}

				else

				{

					process =

						Runtime.getRuntime().exec(

							new String[] { (String) browser, "/c", "start", "Open Relay Browser", url } );

				}



				// This avoids a memory leak on some versions of Java on Windows.

				// That's hinted at in <http://developer.java.sun.com/developer/qow/archive/68/>.



				process.waitFor();

				process.exitValue();

			}

			catch ( InterruptedException ie )

			{

				System.err.println( "InterruptedException while launching browser: " + ie.getMessage() );

			}

			catch ( IOException e )

			{

				System.err.println( "Error loading browser: " + e.getMessage() );

			}



			break;

		}

		default:

		{

			// Determine whether a default open command exists on this system.

			// If it does, use it.  Otherwise, try to find firefox.



			browser = null;



			String[] browsers = { "xdg-open", "exo-open", "kde-open", "gnome-open", "open", "firefox" };



			for ( int i = 0; i < browsers.length && browser == null; ++i )

			{

				try

				{

					Process process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec( "which " + browsers[ i ] );



					BufferedReader stream = new BufferedReader( new InputStreamReader( process.getInputStream() ) );

					String whichResult = stream.readLine();



					if ( whichResult.indexOf( " " ) == -1 )

					{

						browser = browsers[ i ];

					}



					process.waitFor();

					process.exitValue();



					if ( browser != null )

					{

						process = Runtime.getRuntime().exec( browser + " " + url );

						process.waitFor();

						process.exitValue();

					}

				}

				catch ( Exception e )

				{

					// If we can't determine the default browser, then just

					// move onto the next iteration of the loop.

				}

			}



			break;

		}

		}

	}



	/**

	 * Methods required for Mac OS X. The presence of native methods does not cause any problems on other platforms.

	 */

	private native static int ICStart( int[] instance, int signature );



	private native static int ICStop( int[] instance );



	private native static int ICLaunchURL( int instance, byte[] hint, byte[] data, int len, int[] selectionStart,

		int[] selectionEnd );

}