/IronPython_Main/Languages/IronPython/IronPython/Runtime/Operations/PythonOps.cs

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/* ****************************************************************************

 *

 * Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. 

 *

 * This source code is subject to terms and conditions of the Apache License, Version 2.0. A 

 * copy of the license can be found in the License.html file at the root of this distribution. If 

 * you cannot locate the  Apache License, Version 2.0, please send an email to 

 * dlr@microsoft.com. By using this source code in any fashion, you are agreeing to be bound 

 * by the terms of the Apache License, Version 2.0.

 *

 * You must not remove this notice, or any other, from this software.

 *

 *

 * ***************************************************************************/



#if !CLR2

using System.Linq.Expressions;

using System.Numerics;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Ast;

#else

using Microsoft.Scripting.Ast;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Math;

using Complex = Microsoft.Scripting.Math.Complex64;

#endif



using System;

using System.Collections;

using System.Collections.Generic;

using System.Diagnostics;

using System.Dynamic;

using System.IO;

using System.Reflection;

using System.Reflection.Emit;

using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

using System.Runtime.InteropServices;

using System.Text;

using System.Threading;



using Microsoft.Scripting;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Actions;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Generation;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Hosting.Providers;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Hosting.Shell;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Runtime;

using Microsoft.Scripting.Utils;



using IronPython.Compiler;

using IronPython.Hosting;

using IronPython.Modules;

using IronPython.Runtime.Binding;

using IronPython.Runtime.Exceptions;

using IronPython.Runtime.Types;



#if !SILVERLIGHT

using System.ComponentModel;

#endif



namespace IronPython.Runtime.Operations {



    /// <summary>

    /// Contains functions that are called directly from

    /// generated code to perform low-level runtime functionality.

    /// </summary>

    public static partial class PythonOps {

        #region Shared static data



        [ThreadStatic]

        private static List<object> InfiniteRepr;



        // The "current" exception on this thread that will be returned via sys.exc_info()

        [ThreadStatic]

        internal static Exception RawException;



        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2104:DoNotDeclareReadOnlyMutableReferenceTypes")]

        public static readonly PythonTuple EmptyTuple = PythonTuple.EMPTY;

        private static readonly Type[] _DelegateCtorSignature = new Type[] { typeof(object), typeof(IntPtr) };



        #endregion



        public static BigInteger MakeIntegerFromHex(string s) {

            return LiteralParser.ParseBigInteger(s, 16);

        }



        public static PythonDictionary MakeDict(int size) {

            return new PythonDictionary(size);

        }



        public static PythonDictionary MakeEmptyDict() {

            return new PythonDictionary(EmptyDictionaryStorage.Instance);

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Creates a new dictionary extracting the keys and values from the

        /// provided data array.  Keys/values are adjacent in the array with

        /// the value coming first.

        /// </summary>

        public static PythonDictionary MakeDictFromItems(params object[] data) {

            return new PythonDictionary(new CommonDictionaryStorage(data, false));

        }



        public static PythonDictionary MakeConstantDict(object items) {

            return new PythonDictionary((ConstantDictionaryStorage)items);

        }



        public static object MakeConstantDictStorage(params object[] data) {

            return new ConstantDictionaryStorage(new CommonDictionaryStorage(data, false));

        }



        public static SetCollection MakeSet(params object[] items) {

            return new SetCollection(items);

        }



        public static SetCollection MakeEmptySet() {

            return new SetCollection();

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Creates a new dictionary extracting the keys and values from the

        /// provided data array.  Keys/values are adjacent in the array with

        /// the value coming first.

        /// </summary>

        public static PythonDictionary MakeHomogeneousDictFromItems(object[] data) {

            return new PythonDictionary(new CommonDictionaryStorage(data, true));

        }



        public static bool IsCallable(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o) {

            // This tells if an object can be called, but does not make a claim about the parameter list.

            // In 1.x, we could check for certain interfaces like ICallable*, but those interfaces were deprecated

            // in favor of dynamic sites. 

            // This is difficult to infer because we'd need to simulate the entire callbinder, which can include

            // looking for [SpecialName] call methods and checking for a rule from IDynamicMetaObjectProvider. But even that wouldn't

            // be complete since sites require the argument list of the call, and we only have the instance here. 

            // Thus check a dedicated IsCallable operator. This lets each object describe if it's callable.





            // Invoke Operator.IsCallable on the object. 

            return PythonContext.GetContext(context).IsCallable(o);

        }



        public static bool UserObjectIsCallable(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o) {

            object callFunc;

            return TryGetBoundAttr(context, o, "__call__", out callFunc) && callFunc != null;

        }



        public static bool IsTrue(object o) {

            return Converter.ConvertToBoolean(o);

        }



        [System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis.SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Design", "CA1002:DoNotExposeGenericLists")]

        public static List<object> GetReprInfinite() {

            if (InfiniteRepr == null) {

                InfiniteRepr = new List<object>();

            }

            return InfiniteRepr;

        }



        [LightThrowing]

        internal static object LookupEncodingError(CodeContext/*!*/ context, string name) {

            Dictionary<string, object> errorHandlers = PythonContext.GetContext(context).ErrorHandlers;

            lock (errorHandlers) {

                if (errorHandlers.ContainsKey(name))

                    return errorHandlers[name];

                else

                    return LightExceptions.Throw(PythonOps.LookupError("unknown error handler name '{0}'", name));

            }

        }



        internal static void RegisterEncodingError(CodeContext/*!*/ context, string name, object handler) {

            Dictionary<string, object> errorHandlers = PythonContext.GetContext(context).ErrorHandlers;



            lock (errorHandlers) {

                if (!PythonOps.IsCallable(context, handler))

                    throw PythonOps.TypeError("handler must be callable");



                errorHandlers[name] = handler;

            }

        }



        internal static PythonTuple LookupEncoding(CodeContext/*!*/ context, string encoding) {

            PythonContext.GetContext(context).EnsureEncodings();



            List<object> searchFunctions = PythonContext.GetContext(context).SearchFunctions;

            string normalized = encoding.ToLower().Replace(' ', '-');

            if (normalized.IndexOf(Char.MinValue) != -1) {

                throw PythonOps.TypeError("lookup string cannot contain null character");

            }

            lock (searchFunctions) {

                for (int i = 0; i < searchFunctions.Count; i++) {

                    object res = PythonCalls.Call(context, searchFunctions[i], normalized);

                    if (res != null) return (PythonTuple)res;

                }

            }



            throw PythonOps.LookupError("unknown encoding: {0}", encoding);

        }



        internal static void RegisterEncoding(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object search_function) {

            if (!PythonOps.IsCallable(context, search_function))

                throw PythonOps.TypeError("search_function must be callable");



            List<object> searchFunctions = PythonContext.GetContext(context).SearchFunctions;



            lock (searchFunctions) {

                searchFunctions.Add(search_function);

            }

        }



        internal static string GetPythonTypeName(object obj) {

            OldInstance oi = obj as OldInstance;

            if (oi != null) return oi._class._name.ToString();

            else return PythonTypeOps.GetName(obj);

        }



        public static string Repr(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o) {

            if (o == null) return "None";



            string s;

            if ((s = o as string) != null) return StringOps.__repr__(s);

            if (o is int) return Int32Ops.__repr__((int)o);

            if (o is long) return ((long)o).ToString() + "L";



            // could be a container object, we need to detect recursion, but only

            // for our own built-in types that we're aware of.  The user can setup

            // infinite recursion in their own class if they want.

            ICodeFormattable f = o as ICodeFormattable;

            if (f != null) {

                return f.__repr__(context);

            }



            PerfTrack.NoteEvent(PerfTrack.Categories.Temporary, "Repr " + o.GetType().FullName);



            return PythonContext.InvokeUnaryOperator(context, UnaryOperators.Repr, o) as string;

        }



        public static List<object> GetAndCheckInfinite(object o) {

            List<object> infinite = GetReprInfinite();

            foreach (object o2 in infinite) {

                if (o == o2) {

                    return null;

                }

            }

            return infinite;

        }



        public static string ToString(object o) {

            return ToString(DefaultContext.Default, o);

        }



        public static string ToString(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o) {

            string x = o as string;

            PythonType dt;

            OldClass oc;

            if (x != null) return x;

            if (o == null) return "None";

            if (o is double) return DoubleOps.__str__(context, (double)o);

            if ((dt = o as PythonType) != null) return dt.__repr__(DefaultContext.Default);

            if ((oc = o as OldClass) != null) return oc.ToString();



            object value = PythonContext.InvokeUnaryOperator(context, UnaryOperators.String, o);

            string ret = value as string;

            if (ret == null) {

                Extensible<string> es = value as Extensible<string>;

                if (es == null) {

                    throw PythonOps.TypeError("expected str, got {0} from __str__", PythonTypeOps.GetName(value));

                }



                ret = es.Value;

            }

            

            return ret;

        }



        public static string FormatString(CodeContext/*!*/ context, string str, object data) {

            return new StringFormatter(context, str, data).Format();

        }



        public static string FormatUnicode(CodeContext/*!*/ context, string str, object data) {

            return new StringFormatter(context, str, data, true).Format();

        }



        public static object Plus(object o) {

            object ret;



            if (o is int) return o;

            else if (o is double) return o;

            else if (o is BigInteger) return o;

            else if (o is Complex) return o;

            else if (o is long) return o;

            else if (o is float) return o;

            else if (o is bool) return ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.Int32ToObject((bool)o ? 1 : 0);



            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeUnaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default, o, "__pos__", out ret) &&

                ret != NotImplementedType.Value) {

                return ret;

            }



            throw PythonOps.TypeError("bad operand type for unary +");

        }



        public static object Negate(object o) {

            if (o is int) return Int32Ops.Negate((int)o);

            else if (o is double) return DoubleOps.Negate((double)o);

            else if (o is long) return Int64Ops.Negate((long)o);

            else if (o is BigInteger) return BigIntegerOps.Negate((BigInteger)o);

            else if (o is Complex) return -(Complex)o;

            else if (o is float) return DoubleOps.Negate((float)o);

            else if (o is bool) return ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.Int32ToObject((bool)o ? -1 : 0);



            object ret;

            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeUnaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default, o, "__neg__", out ret) &&

                ret != NotImplementedType.Value) {

                return ret;

            }



            throw PythonOps.TypeError("bad operand type for unary -");

        }



        public static bool IsSubClass(PythonType/*!*/ c, PythonType/*!*/ typeinfo) {

            Assert.NotNull(c, typeinfo);



            if (c.OldClass != null) {

                return typeinfo.__subclasscheck__(c.OldClass);

            }



            return typeinfo.__subclasscheck__(c);

        }



        public static bool IsSubClass(CodeContext/*!*/ context, PythonType c, object typeinfo) {

            if (c == null) throw PythonOps.TypeError("issubclass: arg 1 must be a class");

            if (typeinfo == null) throw PythonOps.TypeError("issubclass: arg 2 must be a class");



            PythonTuple pt = typeinfo as PythonTuple;

            PythonContext pyContext = PythonContext.GetContext(context);

            if (pt != null) {

                // Recursively inspect nested tuple(s)

                foreach (object o in pt) {

                    try {

                        FunctionPushFrame(pyContext);

                        if (IsSubClass(context, c, o)) {

                            return true;

                        }

                    } finally {

                        FunctionPopFrame();

                    }

                }

                return false;

            }



            OldClass oc = typeinfo as OldClass;

            if (oc != null) {

                return c.IsSubclassOf(oc.TypeObject);

            }



            Type t = typeinfo as Type;

            if (t != null) {

                typeinfo = DynamicHelpers.GetPythonTypeFromType(t);

            }



            object bases;

            PythonType dt = typeinfo as PythonType;

            if (dt == null) {

                if (!PythonOps.TryGetBoundAttr(typeinfo, "__bases__", out bases)) {

                    //!!! deal with classes w/ just __bases__ defined.

                    throw PythonOps.TypeErrorForBadInstance("issubclass(): {0} is not a class nor a tuple of classes", typeinfo);

                }



                IEnumerator ie = PythonOps.GetEnumerator(bases);

                while (ie.MoveNext()) {

                    PythonType baseType = ie.Current as PythonType;



                    if (baseType == null) {

                        OldClass ocType = ie.Current as OldClass;

                        if (ocType == null) {

                            continue;

                        }



                        baseType = ocType.TypeObject;

                    }



                    if (c.IsSubclassOf(baseType)) return true;

                }

                return false;

            }



            return IsSubClass(c, dt);

        }



        public static bool IsInstance(object o, PythonType typeinfo) {

            if (typeinfo.__instancecheck__(o)) {

                return true;

            }



            return IsInstanceDynamic(o, typeinfo, DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o));

        }



        public static bool IsInstance(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, PythonTuple typeinfo) {

            PythonContext pyContext = PythonContext.GetContext(context);

            foreach (object type in typeinfo) {

                try {

                    PythonOps.FunctionPushFrame(pyContext);

                    if (type is PythonType) {

                        if (IsInstance(o, (PythonType)type)) {

                            return true;

                        }

                    } else if (type is PythonTuple) {

                        if (IsInstance(context, o, (PythonTuple)type)) {

                            return true;

                        }

                    } else if (IsInstance(context, o, type)) {

                        return true;

                    }

                } finally {

                    PythonOps.FunctionPopFrame();

                }

            }

            return false;

        }



        public static bool IsInstance(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, object typeinfo) {

            if (typeinfo == null) throw PythonOps.TypeError("isinstance: arg 2 must be a class, type, or tuple of classes and types");



            PythonTuple tt = typeinfo as PythonTuple;

            if (tt != null) {

                return IsInstance(context, o, tt);

            }



            if (typeinfo is OldClass) {

                // old instances are strange - they all share a common type

                // of instance but they can "be subclasses" of other

                // OldClass's.  To check their types we need the actual

                // instance.

                OldInstance oi = o as OldInstance;

                if (oi != null) return oi._class.IsSubclassOf(typeinfo);

            }



            PythonType odt = DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o);

            if (IsSubClass(context, odt, typeinfo)) {

                return true;

            }



            return IsInstanceDynamic(o, typeinfo);

        }



        private static bool IsInstanceDynamic(object o, object typeinfo) {

            return IsInstanceDynamic(o, typeinfo, DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o));

        }



        private static bool IsInstanceDynamic(object o, object typeinfo, PythonType odt) {

            if (o is IPythonObject || o is OldInstance) {

                object cls;

                if (PythonOps.TryGetBoundAttr(o, "__class__", out cls) &&

                    (!object.ReferenceEquals(odt, cls))) {

                    return IsSubclassSlow(cls, typeinfo);

                }

            }

            return false;

        }



        private static bool IsSubclassSlow(object cls, object typeinfo) {

            Debug.Assert(typeinfo != null);

            if (cls == null) return false;



            // Same type

            if (cls.Equals(typeinfo)) {

                return true;

            }



            // Get bases

            object bases;

            if (!PythonOps.TryGetBoundAttr(cls, "__bases__", out bases)) {

                return false;   // no bases, cannot be subclass

            }

            PythonTuple tbases = bases as PythonTuple;

            if (tbases == null) {

                return false;   // not a tuple, cannot be subclass

            }



            foreach (object baseclass in tbases) {

                if (IsSubclassSlow(baseclass, typeinfo)) return true;

            }



            return false;

        }



        public static object OnesComplement(object o) {

            if (o is int) return ~(int)o;

            if (o is long) return ~(long)o;

            if (o is BigInteger) return ~((BigInteger)o);

            if (o is bool) return ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.Int32ToObject((bool)o ? -2 : -1);



            object ret;

            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeUnaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default, o, "__invert__", out ret) &&

                ret != NotImplementedType.Value)

                return ret;





            throw PythonOps.TypeError("bad operand type for unary ~");

        }



        public static bool Not(object o) {

            return !IsTrue(o);

        }



        public static object Is(object x, object y) {

            return x == y ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static bool IsRetBool(object x, object y) {

            return x == y;

        }



        public static object IsNot(object x, object y) {

            return x != y ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static bool IsNotRetBool(object x, object y) {

            return x != y;

        }



        internal delegate T MultiplySequenceWorker<T>(T self, int count);



        /// <summary>

        /// Wraps up all the semantics of multiplying sequences so that all of our sequences

        /// don't duplicate the same logic.  When multiplying sequences we need to deal with

        /// only multiplying by valid sequence types (ints, not floats), support coercion

        /// to integers if the type supports it, not multiplying by None, and getting the

        /// right semantics for multiplying by negative numbers and 1 (w/ and w/o subclasses).

        /// 

        /// This function assumes that it is only called for case where count is not implicitly

        /// coercible to int so that check is skipped.

        /// </summary>

        internal static object MultiplySequence<T>(MultiplySequenceWorker<T> multiplier, T sequence, Index count, bool isForward) {

            if (isForward && count != null) {

                object ret;

                if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeBinaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default, count.Value, sequence, "__rmul__", out ret)) {

                    if (ret != NotImplementedType.Value) return ret;

                }

            }



            int icount = GetSequenceMultiplier(sequence, count.Value);



            if (icount < 0) icount = 0;

            return multiplier(sequence, icount);

        }



        internal static int GetSequenceMultiplier(object sequence, object count) {

            int icount;

            if (!Converter.TryConvertToIndex(count, out icount)) {

                PythonTuple pt = null;

                if (count is OldInstance || !DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(count).IsSystemType) {

                    pt = Builtin.TryCoerce(DefaultContext.Default, count, sequence) as PythonTuple;

                }



                if (pt == null || !Converter.TryConvertToIndex(pt[0], out icount)) {

                    throw TypeError("can't multiply sequence by non-int of type '{0}'", PythonTypeOps.GetName(count));

                }

            }

            return icount;

        }



        public static object Equal(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            PythonContext pc = PythonContext.GetContext(context);

            return pc.EqualSite.Target(pc.EqualSite, x, y);

        }



        public static bool EqualRetBool(object x, object y) {

            //TODO just can't seem to shake these fast paths

            if (x is int && y is int) { return ((int)x) == ((int)y); }

            if (x is string && y is string) { return ((string)x).Equals((string)y); }

            

            return DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(x).EqualRetBool(x, y);

        }



        public static bool EqualRetBool(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            // TODO: use context



            //TODO just can't seem to shake these fast paths

            if (x is int && y is int) { return ((int)x) == ((int)y); }

            if (x is string && y is string) { return ((string)x).Equals((string)y); }



            return DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(x).EqualRetBool(x, y);

        }



        public static int Compare(object x, object y) {

            return Compare(DefaultContext.Default, x, y);

        }



        public static int Compare(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            if (x == y) return 0;



            return DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(x).Compare(x, y);

        }



        public static object CompareEqual(int res) {

            return res == 0 ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static object CompareNotEqual(int res) {

            return res == 0 ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True;

        }



        public static object CompareGreaterThan(int res) {

            return res > 0 ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static object CompareGreaterThanOrEqual(int res) {

            return res >= 0 ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static object CompareLessThan(int res) {

            return res < 0 ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static object CompareLessThanOrEqual(int res) {

            return res <= 0 ? ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.True : ScriptingRuntimeHelpers.False;

        }



        public static bool CompareTypesEqual(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            if (x == null && y == null) return true;

            if (x == null) return false;

            if (y == null) return false;



            if (DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(x) == DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(y)) {

                // avoid going to the ID dispenser if we have the same types...

                return x == y;

            }



            return PythonOps.CompareTypesWorker(context, false, x, y) == 0;

        }



        public static bool CompareTypesNotEqual(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            return PythonOps.CompareTypesWorker(context, false, x, y) != 0;

        }



        public static bool CompareTypesGreaterThan(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            return PythonOps.CompareTypes(context, x, y) > 0;

        }



        public static bool CompareTypesLessThan(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            return PythonOps.CompareTypes(context, x, y) < 0;

        }



        public static bool CompareTypesGreaterThanOrEqual(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            return PythonOps.CompareTypes(context, x, y) >= 0;

        }



        public static bool CompareTypesLessThanOrEqual(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            return PythonOps.CompareTypes(context, x, y) <= 0;

        }



        public static int CompareTypesWorker(CodeContext/*!*/ context, bool shouldWarn, object x, object y) {

            if (x == null && y == null) return 0;

            if (x == null) return -1;

            if (y == null) return 1;



            string name1, name2;

            int diff;



            if (DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(x) != DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(y)) {

                if (shouldWarn && PythonContext.GetContext(context).PythonOptions.WarnPython30) {

                    PythonOps.Warn(context, PythonExceptions.DeprecationWarning, "comparing unequal types not supported in 3.x");

                }



                if (x.GetType() == typeof(OldInstance)) {

                    name1 = ((OldInstance)x)._class.Name;

                    if (y.GetType() == typeof(OldInstance)) {

                        name2 = ((OldInstance)y)._class.Name;

                    } else {

                        // old instances are always less than new-style classes

                        return -1;

                    }

                } else if (y.GetType() == typeof(OldInstance)) {

                    // old instances are always less than new-style classes

                    return 1;

                } else {

                    name1 = PythonTypeOps.GetName(x);

                    name2 = PythonTypeOps.GetName(y);

                }

                diff = String.CompareOrdinal(name1, name2);

                if (diff == 0) {

                    // if the types are different but have the same name compare based upon their types. 

                    diff = (int)(IdDispenser.GetId(DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(x)) - IdDispenser.GetId(DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(y)));

                }

            } else {

                diff = (int)(IdDispenser.GetId(x) - IdDispenser.GetId(y));

            }



            if (diff < 0) return -1;

            if (diff == 0) return 0;

            return 1;

        }



        public static int CompareTypes(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y) {

            return CompareTypesWorker(context, true, x, y);

        }



        public static object GreaterThanHelper(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object self, object other) {

            return InternalCompare(context, PythonOperationKind.GreaterThan, self, other);

        }



        public static object LessThanHelper(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object self, object other) {

            return InternalCompare(context, PythonOperationKind.LessThan, self, other);

        }



        public static object GreaterThanOrEqualHelper(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object self, object other) {

            return InternalCompare(context, PythonOperationKind.GreaterThanOrEqual, self, other);

        }



        public static object LessThanOrEqualHelper(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object self, object other) {

            return InternalCompare(context, PythonOperationKind.LessThanOrEqual, self, other);

        }



        internal static object InternalCompare(CodeContext/*!*/ context, PythonOperationKind op, object self, object other) {

            object ret;

            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeBinaryOperator(context, self, other, Symbols.OperatorToSymbol(op), out ret))

                return ret;



            return NotImplementedType.Value;

        }



        public static int CompareToZero(object value) {

            double val;

            if (Converter.TryConvertToDouble(value, out val)) {

                if (val > 0) return 1;

                if (val < 0) return -1;

                return 0;

            }

            throw PythonOps.TypeErrorForBadInstance("an integer is required (got {0})", value);

        }



        public static int CompareArrays(object[] data0, int size0, object[] data1, int size1) {

            int size = Math.Min(size0, size1);

            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

                int c = PythonOps.Compare(data0[i], data1[i]);

                if (c != 0) return c;

            }

            if (size0 == size1) return 0;

            return size0 > size1 ? +1 : -1;

        }



        public static int CompareArrays(object[] data0, int size0, object[] data1, int size1, IComparer comparer) {

            int size = Math.Min(size0, size1);

            for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {

                int c = comparer.Compare(data0[i], data1[i]);

                if (c != 0) return c;

            }

            if (size0 == size1) return 0;

            return size0 > size1 ? +1 : -1;

        }



        public static bool ArraysEqual(object[] data0, int size0, object[] data1, int size1) {

            if (size0 != size1) {

                return false;

            }

            for (int i = 0; i < size0; i++) {

                if (data0[i] != null) {

                    if (!EqualRetBool(data0[i], data1[i])) {

                        return false;

                    }

                } else if (data1[i] != null) {

                    return false;

                }

            }

            return true;

        }



        public static bool ArraysEqual(object[] data0, int size0, object[] data1, int size1, IEqualityComparer comparer) {

            if (size0 != size1) {

                return false;

            }

            for (int i = 0; i < size0; i++) {

                if (data0[i] != null) {

                    if (!comparer.Equals(data0[i], data1[i])) {

                        return false;

                    }

                } else if (data1[i] != null) {

                    return false;

                }

            }

            return true;

        }



        public static object PowerMod(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object x, object y, object z) {

            object ret;

            if (z == null) {

                return PythonContext.GetContext(context).Operation(PythonOperationKind.Power, x, y);

            }

            if (x is int && y is int && z is int) {

                ret = Int32Ops.Power((int)x, (int)y, (int)z);

                if (ret != NotImplementedType.Value) return ret;

            } else if (x is BigInteger) {

                ret = BigIntegerOps.Power((BigInteger)x, y, z);

                if (ret != NotImplementedType.Value) return ret;

            }



            if (x is Complex || y is Complex || z is Complex) {

                throw PythonOps.ValueError("complex modulo");

            }



            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeTernaryOperator(context, x, y, z, "__pow__", out ret)) {

                if (ret != NotImplementedType.Value) {

                    return ret;

                } else if (!IsNumericObject(y) || !IsNumericObject(z)) {

                    // special error message in this case...

                    throw TypeError("pow() 3rd argument not allowed unless all arguments are integers");

                }

            }



            throw PythonOps.TypeErrorForBinaryOp("power with modulus", x, y);

        }



        public static long Id(object o) {

            return IdDispenser.GetId(o);

        }



        public static string HexId(object o) {

            return string.Format("0x{0:X16}", Id(o));

        }



        // For hash operators, it's essential that:

        //  Cmp(x,y)==0 implies hash(x) == hash(y)

        //

        // Equality is a language semantic determined by the Python's numerical Compare() ops 

        // in IronPython.Runtime.Operations namespaces.

        // For example, the CLR compares float(1.0) and int32(1) as different, but Python

        // compares them as equal. So Hash(1.0f) and Hash(1) must be equal.

        //

        // Python allows an equality relationship between int, double, BigInteger, and complex.

        // So each of these hash functions must be aware of their possible equality relationships

        // and hash appropriately.

        //

        // Types which differ in hashing from .NET have __hash__ functions defined in their

        // ops classes which do the appropriate hashing.        

        public static int Hash(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o) {

            return PythonContext.Hash(o);

        }



        public static object Hex(object o) {

            if (o is int) return Int32Ops.__hex__((int)o);

            else if (o is BigInteger) return BigIntegerOps.__hex__((BigInteger)o);



            object hex;

            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeUnaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default,

                o,

                "__hex__",

                out hex)) {

                if (!(hex is string) && !(hex is ExtensibleString))

                    throw PythonOps.TypeError("hex expected string type as return, got '{0}'", PythonTypeOps.GetName(hex));



                return hex;

            }

            throw TypeError("hex() argument cannot be converted to hex");

        }



        public static object Oct(object o) {

            if (o is int) {

                return Int32Ops.__oct__((int)o);

            } else if (o is BigInteger) {

                return BigIntegerOps.__oct__((BigInteger)o);

            }



            object octal;



            if (PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeUnaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default,

                o,

                "__oct__",

                out octal)) {

                if (!(octal is string) && !(octal is ExtensibleString))

                    throw PythonOps.TypeError("hex expected string type as return, got '{0}'", PythonTypeOps.GetName(octal));



                return octal;

            }

            throw TypeError("oct() argument cannot be converted to octal");

        }



        public static int Length(object o) {

            string s = o as string;

            if (s != null) {

                return s.Length;

            }



            object[] os = o as object[];

            if (os != null) {

                return os.Length;

            }



            object len = PythonContext.InvokeUnaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default, UnaryOperators.Length, o, "len() of unsized object");



            int res;

            if (len is int) {

                res = (int)len;

            } else {

                res = Converter.ConvertToInt32(len);

            }



            if (res < 0) {

                throw PythonOps.ValueError("__len__ should return >= 0, got {0}", res);

            }

            return res;

        }



        public static object CallWithContext(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object func, params object[] args) {

            return PythonCalls.Call(context, func, args);

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Supports calling of functions that require an explicit 'this'

        /// Currently, we check if the function object implements the interface 

        /// that supports calling with 'this'. If not, the 'this' object is dropped

        /// and a normal call is made.

        /// </summary>

        public static object CallWithContextAndThis(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object func, object instance, params object[] args) {

            // drop the 'this' and make the call

            return CallWithContext(context, func, args);

        }



        public static object ToPythonType(PythonType dt) {

            if (dt != null) {

                return ((object)dt.OldClass) ?? ((object)dt);

            }

            return null;

        }



        public static object CallWithArgsTupleAndContext(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object func, object[] args, object argsTuple) {

            PythonTuple tp = argsTuple as PythonTuple;

            if (tp != null) {

                object[] nargs = new object[args.Length + tp.__len__()];

                for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) nargs[i] = args[i];

                for (int i = 0; i < tp.__len__(); i++) nargs[i + args.Length] = tp[i];

                return CallWithContext(context, func, nargs);

            }



            List allArgs = PythonOps.MakeEmptyList(args.Length + 10);

            allArgs.AddRange(args);

            IEnumerator e = PythonOps.GetEnumerator(argsTuple);

            while (e.MoveNext()) allArgs.AddNoLock(e.Current);



            return CallWithContext(context, func, allArgs.GetObjectArray());

        }



        [Obsolete("Use ObjectOpertaions instead")]

        public static object CallWithArgsTupleAndKeywordDictAndContext(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object func, object[] args, string[] names, object argsTuple, object kwDict) {

            IDictionary kws = kwDict as IDictionary;

            if (kws == null && kwDict != null) throw PythonOps.TypeError("argument after ** must be a dictionary");



            if ((kws == null || kws.Count == 0) && names.Length == 0) {

                List<object> largs = new List<object>(args);

                if (argsTuple != null) {

                    foreach (object arg in PythonOps.GetCollection(argsTuple))

                        largs.Add(arg);

                }

                return CallWithContext(context, func, largs.ToArray());

            } else {

                List<object> largs;



                if (argsTuple != null && args.Length == names.Length) {

                    PythonTuple tuple = argsTuple as PythonTuple;

                    if (tuple == null) tuple = new PythonTuple(argsTuple);



                    largs = new List<object>(tuple);

                    largs.AddRange(args);

                } else {

                    largs = new List<object>(args);

                    if (argsTuple != null) {

                        largs.InsertRange(args.Length - names.Length, PythonTuple.Make(argsTuple));

                    }

                }



                List<string> lnames = new List<string>(names);



                if (kws != null) {

                    IDictionaryEnumerator ide = kws.GetEnumerator();

                    while (ide.MoveNext()) {

                        lnames.Add((string)ide.Key);

                        largs.Add(ide.Value);

                    }

                }



                return PythonCalls.CallWithKeywordArgs(context, func, largs.ToArray(), lnames.ToArray());

            }

        }



        public static object CallWithKeywordArgs(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object func, object[] args, string[] names) {

            return PythonCalls.CallWithKeywordArgs(context, func, args, names);

        }



        public static object CallWithArgsTuple(object func, object[] args, object argsTuple) {

            PythonTuple tp = argsTuple as PythonTuple;

            if (tp != null) {

                object[] nargs = new object[args.Length + tp.__len__()];

                for (int i = 0; i < args.Length; i++) nargs[i] = args[i];

                for (int i = 0; i < tp.__len__(); i++) nargs[i + args.Length] = tp[i];

                return PythonCalls.Call(func, nargs);

            }



            List allArgs = PythonOps.MakeEmptyList(args.Length + 10);

            allArgs.AddRange(args);

            IEnumerator e = PythonOps.GetEnumerator(argsTuple);

            while (e.MoveNext()) allArgs.AddNoLock(e.Current);



            return PythonCalls.Call(func, allArgs.GetObjectArray());

        }



        public static object GetIndex(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, object index) {

            PythonContext pc = PythonContext.GetContext(context);

            return pc.GetIndexSite.Target(pc.GetIndexSite, o, index);

        }



        public static bool TryGetBoundAttr(object o, string name, out object ret) {

            return TryGetBoundAttr(DefaultContext.Default, o, name, out ret);

        }



        public static void SetAttr(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name, object value) {

            PythonContext.GetContext(context).SetAttr(context, o, name, value);

        }



        public static bool TryGetBoundAttr(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name, out object ret) {

            return DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o).TryGetBoundAttr(context, o, name, out ret);

        }



        public static void DeleteAttr(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name) {

            PythonContext.GetContext(context).DeleteAttr(context, o, name);

        }



        public static bool HasAttr(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name) {

            object dummy;

            try {

                return TryGetBoundAttr(context, o, name, out dummy);

            } catch (SystemExitException) {

                throw;

            } catch (KeyboardInterruptException) {

                // we don't catch ThreadAbortException because it will

                // automatically re-throw on it's own.

                throw;

            } catch {

                return false;

            }

        }



        public static object GetBoundAttr(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name) {

            object ret;

            if (!DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o).TryGetBoundAttr(context, o, name, out ret)) {

                if (o is OldClass) {

                    throw PythonOps.AttributeError("type object '{0}' has no attribute '{1}'",

                        ((OldClass)o).Name, name);

                } else {

                    throw PythonOps.AttributeError("'{0}' object has no attribute '{1}'", PythonTypeOps.GetName(o), name);

                }

            }



            return ret;

        }



        public static void ObjectSetAttribute(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name, object value) {

            if (!DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o).TrySetNonCustomMember(context, o, name, value))

                throw AttributeErrorForMissingOrReadonly(context, DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o), name);

        }



        public static void ObjectDeleteAttribute(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name) {

            if (!DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o).TryDeleteNonCustomMember(context, o, name)) {

                throw AttributeErrorForMissingOrReadonly(context, DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o), name);

            }

        }



        public static object ObjectGetAttribute(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o, string name) {

            OldClass oc = o as OldClass;

            if (oc != null) {

                return oc.GetMember(context, name);

            }



            object value;

            if (DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o).TryGetNonCustomMember(context, o, name, out value)) {

                return value;

            }



            throw PythonOps.AttributeErrorForObjectMissingAttribute(o, name);

        }



        internal static IList<string> GetStringMemberList(IPythonMembersList pyMemList) {

            List<string> res = new List<string>();

            foreach (object o in pyMemList.GetMemberNames(DefaultContext.Default)) {

                if (o is string) {

                    res.Add((string)o);

                }

            }

            return res;

        }



        public static IList<object> GetAttrNames(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object o) {

            IPythonMembersList pyMemList = o as IPythonMembersList;

            if (pyMemList != null) {

                return pyMemList.GetMemberNames(context);

            }



            IMembersList memList = o as IMembersList;

            if (memList != null) {

                return new List(memList.GetMemberNames());

            }



            IPythonObject po = o as IPythonObject;

            if (po != null) {

                return po.PythonType.GetMemberNames(context, o);

            }



            List res = DynamicHelpers.GetPythonType(o).GetMemberNames(context, o);



#if !SILVERLIGHT



            if (o != null && Microsoft.Scripting.ComInterop.ComBinder.IsComObject(o)) {

                foreach (string name in Microsoft.Scripting.ComInterop.ComBinder.GetDynamicMemberNames(o)) {

                    if (!res.Contains(name)) {

                        res.AddNoLock(name);

                    }

                }

            }

#endif

            return res;

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Called from generated code emitted by NewTypeMaker.

        /// </summary>

        public static void CheckInitializedAttribute(object o, object self, string name) {

            if (o == Uninitialized.Instance) {

                throw PythonOps.AttributeError("'{0}' object has no attribute '{1}'",

                    PythonTypeOps.GetName(self),

                    name);

            }

        }



        public static object GetUserSlotValue(CodeContext/*!*/ context, PythonTypeUserDescriptorSlot slot, object instance, PythonType type) {

            return slot.GetValue(context, instance, type);

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Handles the descriptor protocol for user-defined objects that may implement __get__

        /// </summary>

        public static object GetUserDescriptor(object o, object instance, object context) {

            if (o is IPythonObject) {

                // slow, but only encountred for user defined descriptors.

                PerfTrack.NoteEvent(PerfTrack.Categories.DictInvoke, "__get__");

                object ret;

                if (PythonContext.TryInvokeTernaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default,

                    TernaryOperators.GetDescriptor,

                    o,

                    instance,

                    context,

                    out ret)) {

                    return ret;

                }

            }



            return o;

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Handles the descriptor protocol for user-defined objects that may implement __set__

        /// </summary>

        public static bool TrySetUserDescriptor(object o, object instance, object value) {

            if (o != null && o.GetType() == typeof(OldInstance)) return false;   // only new-style classes have descriptors



            // slow, but only encountred for user defined descriptors.

            PerfTrack.NoteEvent(PerfTrack.Categories.DictInvoke, "__set__");



            object dummy;

            return PythonContext.TryInvokeTernaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default,

                TernaryOperators.SetDescriptor,

                o,

                instance,

                value,

                out dummy);

        }



        /// <summary>

        /// Handles the descriptor protocol for user-defined objects that may implement __delete__

        /// </summary>

        public static bool TryDeleteUserDescriptor(object o, object instance) {

            if (o != null && o.GetType() == typeof(OldInstance)) return false;   // only new-style classes can have descriptors



            // slow, but only encountred for user defined descriptors.

            PerfTrack.NoteEvent(PerfTrack.Categories.DictInvoke, "__delete__");



            object dummy;

            return PythonTypeOps.TryInvokeBinaryOperator(DefaultContext.Default,

                o,

                instance,

                "__delete__",

                out dummy);

        }



        public static object Invoke(CodeContext/*!*/ context, object target, string name, params object[] args) {

            return PythonCalls.Call(context, PythonOps.GetBoundAttr(context, target, name), args);

        }



        public static Delegate CreateDynamicDelegate(DynamicMethod meth, Type delegateT…