/pypy/rlib/clibffi.py

""" Libffi wrapping
"""
from __future__ import with_statement

from pypy.rpython.tool import rffi_platform
from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, rffi
from pypy.rlib.unroll import unrolling_iterable
from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import intmask, r_uint, is_emulated_long
from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
from pypy.rlib.rmmap import alloc
from pypy.rlib.rdynload import dlopen, dlclose, dlsym, dlsym_byordinal
from pypy.rlib.rdynload import DLOpenError, DLLHANDLE
from pypy.rlib import jit
from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import specialize
from pypy.tool.autopath import pypydir
from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
from pypy.translator.platform import platform
import py
import os
import sys
import ctypes.util

from pypy.tool.ansi_print import ansi_log
log = py.log.Producer("libffi")
py.log.setconsumer("libffi", ansi_log)

# maaaybe isinstance here would be better. Think
_MSVC = platform.name == "msvc"
_MINGW = platform.name == "mingw32"
_WIN32 = _MSVC or _MINGW
_WIN64 = _WIN32 and is_emulated_long
_MAC_OS = platform.name == "darwin"
_FREEBSD_7 = platform.name == "freebsd7"

_LITTLE_ENDIAN = sys.byteorder == 'little'
_BIG_ENDIAN = sys.byteorder == 'big'

if _WIN32:
    from pypy.rlib import rwin32

if _WIN32:
    separate_module_sources = ['''
    #include <stdio.h>
    #include <windows.h>

    /* Get the module where the "fopen" function resides in */
    HANDLE pypy_get_libc_handle() {
        MEMORY_BASIC_INFORMATION  mi;
        char buf[1000];
        memset(&mi, 0, sizeof(mi));

        if( !VirtualQueryEx(GetCurrentProcess(), &fopen, &mi, sizeof(mi)) )
            return 0;

        GetModuleFileName((HMODULE)mi.AllocationBase, buf, 500);

        return (HMODULE)mi.AllocationBase;
    }
    ''']
else:
    separate_module_sources = []

if not _WIN32:
    # On some platforms, we try to link statically libffi, which is small
    # anyway and avoids endless troubles for installing.  On other platforms
    # libffi.a is typically not there, so we link dynamically.
    includes = ['ffi.h']

    if _MAC_OS:
        pre_include_bits = ['#define MACOSX']
    else: 
        pre_include_bits = []

    def find_libffi_a():
        dirlist = platform.library_dirs_for_libffi_a()
        for dir in dirlist:
            result = os.path.join(dir, 'libffi.a')
            if os.path.exists(result):
                return result
        log.WARNING("'libffi.a' not found in %s" % (dirlist,))
        log.WARNING("trying to use the dynamic library instead...")
        return None

    path_libffi_a = None
    if hasattr(platform, 'library_dirs_for_libffi_a'):
        path_libffi_a = find_libffi_a()
    if path_libffi_a is not None:
        # platforms on which we want static linking
        libraries = []
        link_files = [path_libffi_a]
    else:
        # platforms on which we want dynamic linking
        libraries = ['ffi']
        link_files = []

    eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
        pre_include_bits = pre_include_bits,
        includes = includes,
        libraries = libraries,
        separate_module_sources = separate_module_sources,
        include_dirs = platform.include_dirs_for_libffi(),
        library_dirs = platform.library_dirs_for_libffi(),
        link_files = link_files,
        testonly_libraries = ['ffi'],
    )
elif _MINGW:
    includes = ['ffi.h']
    libraries = ['libffi-5']

    eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
        libraries = libraries,
        includes = includes,
        export_symbols = [],
        separate_module_sources = separate_module_sources,
        )

    eci = rffi_platform.configure_external_library(
        'libffi-5', eci,
        [dict(prefix='libffi-',
              include_dir='include', library_dir='.libs'),
         dict(prefix=r'c:\mingw64', include_dir='include', library_dir='lib'),
         ])
else:
    libffidir = py.path.local(pypydir).join('translator', 'c', 'src', 'libffi_msvc')
    if not _WIN64:
        asm_ifc = 'win32.c'
    else:
        asm_ifc = 'win64.asm'
    eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
        includes = ['ffi.h', 'windows.h'],
        libraries = ['kernel32'],
        include_dirs = [libffidir],
        separate_module_sources = separate_module_sources,
        separate_module_files = [libffidir.join('ffi.c'),
                                 libffidir.join('prep_cif.c'),
                                 libffidir.join(asm_ifc),
                                 libffidir.join('pypy_ffi.c'),
                                 ],
        export_symbols = ['ffi_call', 'ffi_prep_cif', 'ffi_prep_closure',
                          'pypy_get_libc_handle'],
        )

FFI_TYPE_P = lltype.Ptr(lltype.ForwardReference())
FFI_TYPE_PP = rffi.CArrayPtr(FFI_TYPE_P)
FFI_TYPE_NULL = lltype.nullptr(FFI_TYPE_P.TO)

class CConfig:
    _compilation_info_ = eci

    FFI_OK = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger('FFI_OK')
    FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger('FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF')
    FFI_DEFAULT_ABI = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger('FFI_DEFAULT_ABI')
    if _WIN32 and not _WIN64:
        FFI_STDCALL = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger('FFI_STDCALL')

    FFI_TYPE_STRUCT = rffi_platform.ConstantInteger('FFI_TYPE_STRUCT')

    size_t = rffi_platform.SimpleType("size_t", rffi.ULONG)
    ffi_abi = rffi_platform.SimpleType("ffi_abi", rffi.USHORT)

    ffi_type = rffi_platform.Struct('ffi_type', [('size', rffi.ULONG),
                                                 ('alignment', rffi.USHORT),
                                                 ('type', rffi.USHORT),
                                                 ('elements', FFI_TYPE_PP)])

    ffi_closure = rffi_platform.Struct('ffi_closure', [])

def add_simple_type(type_name):
    for name in ['size', 'alignment', 'type']:
        setattr(CConfig, type_name + '_' + name,
            rffi_platform.ConstantInteger(type_name + '.' + name))

def configure_simple_type(type_name):
    l = lltype.malloc(FFI_TYPE_P.TO, flavor='raw', immortal=True)
    for tp, name in [(size_t, 'size'),
                     (rffi.USHORT, 'alignment'),
                     (rffi.USHORT, 'type')]:
        value = getattr(cConfig, '%s_%s' % (type_name, name))
        setattr(l, 'c_' + name, rffi.cast(tp, value))
    l.c_elements = lltype.nullptr(FFI_TYPE_PP.TO)
    return l

base_names = ['double', 'uchar', 'schar', 'sshort', 'ushort', 'uint', 'sint',
              # ffi_type_slong and ffi_type_ulong are omitted because
              # their meaning changes too much from one libffi version to
              # another.  DON'T USE THEM!  use cast_type_to_ffitype().
              'float', 'longdouble', 'pointer', 'void',
              # by size
              'sint8', 'uint8', 'sint16', 'uint16', 'sint32', 'uint32',
              'sint64', 'uint64']
type_names = ['ffi_type_%s' % name for name in base_names]
for i in type_names:
    add_simple_type(i)

class cConfig:
    pass

for k, v in rffi_platform.configure(CConfig).items():
    setattr(cConfig, k, v)

FFI_TYPE_P.TO.become(cConfig.ffi_type)
size_t = cConfig.size_t
ffi_abi = cConfig.ffi_abi

for name in type_names:
    locals()[name] = configure_simple_type(name)

def _signed_type_for(TYPE):
    sz = rffi.sizeof(TYPE)
    if sz == 1:   return ffi_type_sint8
    elif sz == 2: return ffi_type_sint16
    elif sz == 4: return ffi_type_sint32
    elif sz == 8: return ffi_type_sint64
    else: raise ValueError("unsupported type size for %r" % (TYPE,))

def _unsigned_type_for(TYPE):
    sz = rffi.sizeof(TYPE)
    if sz == 1:   return ffi_type_uint8
    elif sz == 2: return ffi_type_uint16
    elif sz == 4: return ffi_type_uint32
    elif sz == 8: return ffi_type_uint64
    else: raise ValueError("unsupported type size for %r" % (TYPE,))

__int_type_map = [
    (rffi.UCHAR, ffi_type_uchar),
    (rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, ffi_type_schar),
    (rffi.SHORT, ffi_type_sshort),
    (rffi.USHORT, ffi_type_ushort),
    (rffi.UINT, ffi_type_uint),
    (rffi.INT, ffi_type_sint),
    # xxx don't use ffi_type_slong and ffi_type_ulong - their meaning
    # changes from a libffi version to another :-((
    (rffi.ULONG, _unsigned_type_for(rffi.ULONG)),
    (rffi.LONG, _signed_type_for(rffi.LONG)),
    (rffi.ULONGLONG, _unsigned_type_for(rffi.ULONGLONG)),
    (rffi.LONGLONG, _signed_type_for(rffi.LONGLONG)),
    (lltype.UniChar, _unsigned_type_for(lltype.UniChar)),
    (lltype.Bool, _unsigned_type_for(lltype.Bool)),
    (lltype.Char, _signed_type_for(lltype.Char)),
    ]

__float_type_map = [
    (rffi.DOUBLE, ffi_type_double),
    (rffi.FLOAT, ffi_type_float),
    (rffi.LONGDOUBLE, ffi_type_longdouble),
    ]

__ptr_type_map = [
    (rffi.VOIDP, ffi_type_pointer),
    ]

__type_map = __int_type_map + __float_type_map + [
    (lltype.Void, ffi_type_void)
    ]

TYPE_MAP_INT = dict(__int_type_map)
TYPE_MAP_FLOAT = dict(__float_type_map)
TYPE_MAP = dict(__type_map)

ffitype_map_int = unrolling_iterable(__int_type_map)
ffitype_map_int_or_ptr = unrolling_iterable(__int_type_map + __ptr_type_map)
ffitype_map_float = unrolling_iterable(__float_type_map)
ffitype_map = unrolling_iterable(__type_map)

del __int_type_map, __float_type_map, __ptr_type_map, __type_map


def external(name, args, result, **kwds):
    return rffi.llexternal(name, args, result, compilation_info=eci, **kwds)

def winexternal(name, args, result):
    return rffi.llexternal(name, args, result, compilation_info=eci, calling_conv='win')


if not _MSVC:
    def check_fficall_result(result, flags):
        pass # No check
else:
    def check_fficall_result(result, flags):
        if result == 0:
            return
        # if win64:
        #     raises ValueError("ffi_call failed with code %d" % (result,))
        if result < 0:
            if flags & FUNCFLAG_CDECL:
                raise StackCheckError(
                    "Procedure called with not enough arguments"
                    " (%d bytes missing)"
                    " or wrong calling convention" % (-result,))
            else:
                raise StackCheckError(
                    "Procedure called with not enough arguments "
                    " (%d bytes missing) " % (-result,))
        else:
            raise StackCheckError(
                "Procedure called with too many "
                "arguments (%d bytes in excess) " % (result,))

if not _WIN32:
    libc_name = ctypes.util.find_library('c')
    assert libc_name is not None, "Cannot find C library, ctypes.util.find_library('c') returned None"

    def get_libc_name():
        return libc_name
elif _MSVC:
    get_libc_handle = external('pypy_get_libc_handle', [], DLLHANDLE)

    @jit.dont_look_inside
    def get_libc_name():
        return rwin32.GetModuleFileName(get_libc_handle())

    assert "msvcr" in get_libc_name().lower(), \
           "Suspect msvcrt library: %s" % (get_libc_name(),)
elif _MINGW:
    def get_libc_name():
        return 'msvcrt.dll'

if _WIN32:
    LoadLibrary = rwin32.LoadLibrary

FFI_OK = cConfig.FFI_OK
FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF = cConfig.FFI_BAD_TYPEDEF
FFI_DEFAULT_ABI = cConfig.FFI_DEFAULT_ABI
if _WIN32 and not _WIN64:
    FFI_STDCALL = cConfig.FFI_STDCALL
FFI_TYPE_STRUCT = cConfig.FFI_TYPE_STRUCT
FFI_CIFP = rffi.COpaquePtr('ffi_cif', compilation_info=eci)

FFI_CLOSUREP = lltype.Ptr(cConfig.ffi_closure)

VOIDPP = rffi.CArrayPtr(rffi.VOIDP)

c_ffi_prep_cif = external('ffi_prep_cif', [FFI_CIFP, ffi_abi, rffi.UINT,
                                           FFI_TYPE_P, FFI_TYPE_PP], rffi.INT)
if _MSVC:
    c_ffi_call_return_type = rffi.INT
else:
    c_ffi_call_return_type = lltype.Void
c_ffi_call = external('ffi_call', [FFI_CIFP, rffi.VOIDP, rffi.VOIDP,
                                   VOIDPP], c_ffi_call_return_type)
CALLBACK_TP = rffi.CCallback([FFI_CIFP, rffi.VOIDP, rffi.VOIDPP, rffi.VOIDP],
                             lltype.Void)
c_ffi_prep_closure = external('ffi_prep_closure', [FFI_CLOSUREP, FFI_CIFP,
                                                   CALLBACK_TP, rffi.VOIDP],
                              rffi.INT)            

FFI_STRUCT_P = lltype.Ptr(lltype.Struct('FFI_STRUCT',
                                        ('ffistruct', FFI_TYPE_P.TO),
                                        ('members', lltype.Array(FFI_TYPE_P))))

@specialize.arg(3)
def make_struct_ffitype_e(size, aligment, field_types, track_allocation=True):
    """Compute the type of a structure.  Returns a FFI_STRUCT_P out of
       which the 'ffistruct' member is a regular FFI_TYPE.
    """
    tpe = lltype.malloc(FFI_STRUCT_P.TO, len(field_types)+1, flavor='raw',
                        track_allocation=track_allocation)
    tpe.ffistruct.c_type = rffi.cast(rffi.USHORT, FFI_TYPE_STRUCT)
    tpe.ffistruct.c_size = rffi.cast(rffi.SIZE_T, size)
    tpe.ffistruct.c_alignment = rffi.cast(rffi.USHORT, aligment)
    tpe.ffistruct.c_elements = rffi.cast(FFI_TYPE_PP,
                                         lltype.direct_arrayitems(tpe.members))
    n = 0
    while n < len(field_types):
        tpe.members[n] = field_types[n]
        n += 1
    tpe.members[n] = lltype.nullptr(FFI_TYPE_P.TO)
    return tpe

def cast_type_to_ffitype(tp):
    """ This function returns ffi representation of rpython type tp
    """
    return TYPE_MAP[tp]
cast_type_to_ffitype._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:memo'

def push_arg_as_ffiptr(ffitp, arg, ll_buf):
    # This is for primitive types.  Note that the exact type of 'arg' may be
    # different from the expected 'c_size'.  To cope with that, we fall back
    # to a byte-by-byte copy.
    TP = lltype.typeOf(arg)
    TP_P = lltype.Ptr(rffi.CArray(TP))
    TP_size = rffi.sizeof(TP)
    c_size = intmask(ffitp.c_size)
    # if both types have the same size, we can directly write the
    # value to the buffer
    if c_size == TP_size:
        buf = rffi.cast(TP_P, ll_buf)
        buf[0] = arg
    else:
        # needs byte-by-byte copying.  Make sure 'arg' is an integer type.
        # Note that this won't work for rffi.FLOAT/rffi.DOUBLE.
        assert TP is not rffi.FLOAT and TP is not rffi.DOUBLE
        if TP_size <= rffi.sizeof(lltype.Signed):
            arg = rffi.cast(lltype.Unsigned, arg)
        else:
            arg = rffi.cast(lltype.UnsignedLongLong, arg)
        if _LITTLE_ENDIAN:
            for i in range(c_size):
                ll_buf[i] = chr(arg & 0xFF)
                arg >>= 8
        elif _BIG_ENDIAN:
            for i in range(c_size-1, -1, -1):
                ll_buf[i] = chr(arg & 0xFF)
                arg >>= 8
        else:
            raise AssertionError
push_arg_as_ffiptr._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:argtype(1)'


# type defs for callback and closure userdata
USERDATA_P = lltype.Ptr(lltype.ForwardReference())
CALLBACK_TP = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([rffi.VOIDPP, rffi.VOIDP, USERDATA_P],
                                         lltype.Void))
USERDATA_P.TO.become(lltype.Struct('userdata',
                                   ('callback', CALLBACK_TP),
                                   ('addarg', lltype.Signed),
                                   hints={'callback':True}))


def ll_callback(ffi_cif, ll_res, ll_args, ll_userdata):
    """ Callback specification.
    ffi_cif - something ffi specific, don't care
    ll_args - rffi.VOIDPP - pointer to array of pointers to args
    ll_restype - rffi.VOIDP - pointer to result
    ll_userdata - a special structure which holds necessary information
                  (what the real callback is for example), casted to VOIDP
    """
    userdata = rffi.cast(USERDATA_P, ll_userdata)
    userdata.callback(ll_args, ll_res, userdata)

class StackCheckError(ValueError):
    message = None
    def __init__(self, message):
        self.message = message

CHUNK = 4096
CLOSURES = rffi.CArrayPtr(FFI_CLOSUREP.TO)

class ClosureHeap(object):

    def __init__(self):
        self.free_list = lltype.nullptr(rffi.VOIDP.TO)

    def _more(self):
        chunk = rffi.cast(CLOSURES, alloc(CHUNK))
        count = CHUNK//rffi.sizeof(FFI_CLOSUREP.TO)
        for i in range(count):
            rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDPP, chunk)[0] = self.free_list
            self.free_list = rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDP, chunk)
            chunk = rffi.ptradd(chunk, 1)

    def alloc(self):
        if not self.free_list:
            self._more()
        p = self.free_list
        self.free_list = rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDPP, p)[0]
        return rffi.cast(FFI_CLOSUREP, p)

    def free(self, p):
        rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDPP, p)[0] = self.free_list
        self.free_list = rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDP, p)

closureHeap = ClosureHeap()

FUNCFLAG_STDCALL   = 0    # on Windows: for WINAPI calls
FUNCFLAG_CDECL     = 1    # on Windows: for __cdecl calls
FUNCFLAG_PYTHONAPI = 4
FUNCFLAG_USE_ERRNO = 8
FUNCFLAG_USE_LASTERROR = 16

def get_call_conv(flags, from_jit):
    if _WIN32 and not _WIN64 and (flags & FUNCFLAG_CDECL == 0):
        return FFI_STDCALL
    else:
        return FFI_DEFAULT_ABI
get_call_conv._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'     # hack :-/


class AbstractFuncPtr(object):
    ll_cif = lltype.nullptr(FFI_CIFP.TO)
    ll_argtypes = lltype.nullptr(FFI_TYPE_PP.TO)

    _immutable_fields_ = ['argtypes', 'restype']

    def __init__(self, name, argtypes, restype, flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
        self.name = name
        self.argtypes = argtypes
        self.restype = restype
        self.flags = flags
        argnum = len(argtypes)
        self.ll_argtypes = lltype.malloc(FFI_TYPE_PP.TO, argnum, flavor='raw',
                                         track_allocation=False) # freed by the __del__
        for i in range(argnum):
            self.ll_argtypes[i] = argtypes[i]
        self.ll_cif = lltype.malloc(FFI_CIFP.TO, flavor='raw',
                                    track_allocation=False) # freed by the __del__

        if _MSVC:
            # This little trick works correctly with MSVC.
            # It returns small structures in registers
            if intmask(restype.c_type) == FFI_TYPE_STRUCT:
                if restype.c_size <= 4:
                    restype = ffi_type_sint32
                elif restype.c_size <= 8:
                    restype = ffi_type_sint64

        res = c_ffi_prep_cif(self.ll_cif,
                             rffi.cast(rffi.USHORT, get_call_conv(flags,False)),
                             rffi.cast(rffi.UINT, argnum), restype,
                             self.ll_argtypes)
        if not res == FFI_OK:
            raise OSError(-1, "Wrong typedef")

    def __del__(self):
        if self.ll_cif:
            lltype.free(self.ll_cif, flavor='raw', track_allocation=False)
            self.ll_cif = lltype.nullptr(FFI_CIFP.TO)
        if self.ll_argtypes:
            lltype.free(self.ll_argtypes, flavor='raw', track_allocation=False)
            self.ll_argtypes = lltype.nullptr(FFI_TYPE_PP.TO)

# as long as CallbackFuncPtr is kept alive, the underlaying userdata
# is kept alive as well
class CallbackFuncPtr(AbstractFuncPtr):
    ll_closure = lltype.nullptr(FFI_CLOSUREP.TO)
    ll_userdata = lltype.nullptr(USERDATA_P.TO)

    # additional_arg should really be a non-heap type like a integer,
    # it cannot be any kind of movable gc reference
    def __init__(self, argtypes, restype, func, additional_arg=0,
                 flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
        AbstractFuncPtr.__init__(self, "callback", argtypes, restype, flags)
        self.ll_closure = closureHeap.alloc()
        self.ll_userdata = lltype.malloc(USERDATA_P.TO, flavor='raw',
                                         track_allocation=False)
        self.ll_userdata.callback = rffi.llhelper(CALLBACK_TP, func)
        self.ll_userdata.addarg = additional_arg
        res = c_ffi_prep_closure(self.ll_closure, self.ll_cif,
                                 ll_callback, rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDP,
                                                        self.ll_userdata))
        if not res == FFI_OK:
            raise OSError(-1, "Unspecified error calling ffi_prep_closure")

    def __del__(self):
        AbstractFuncPtr.__del__(self)
        if self.ll_closure:
            closureHeap.free(self.ll_closure)
            self.ll_closure = lltype.nullptr(FFI_CLOSUREP.TO)
        if self.ll_userdata:
            lltype.free(self.ll_userdata, flavor='raw', track_allocation=False)
            self.ll_userdata = lltype.nullptr(USERDATA_P.TO)

class RawFuncPtr(AbstractFuncPtr):

    def __init__(self, name, argtypes, restype, funcsym, flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL,
                 keepalive=None):
        AbstractFuncPtr.__init__(self, name, argtypes, restype, flags)
        self.keepalive = keepalive
        self.funcsym = funcsym

    def call(self, args_ll, ll_result):
        assert len(args_ll) == len(self.argtypes), (
            "wrong number of arguments in call to %s(): "
            "%d instead of %d" % (self.name, len(args_ll), len(self.argtypes)))
        ll_args = lltype.malloc(rffi.VOIDPP.TO, len(args_ll), flavor='raw')
        for i in range(len(args_ll)):
            assert args_ll[i] # none should be NULL
            ll_args[i] = args_ll[i]
        ffires = c_ffi_call(self.ll_cif, self.funcsym, ll_result, ll_args)
        lltype.free(ll_args, flavor='raw')
        check_fficall_result(ffires, self.flags)

class FuncPtr(AbstractFuncPtr):
    ll_args = lltype.nullptr(rffi.VOIDPP.TO)
    ll_result = lltype.nullptr(rffi.VOIDP.TO)

    def __init__(self, name, argtypes, restype, funcsym, flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL,
                 keepalive=None):
        # initialize each one of pointers with null
        AbstractFuncPtr.__init__(self, name, argtypes, restype, flags)
        self.keepalive = keepalive
        self.funcsym = funcsym
        self.argnum = len(self.argtypes)
        self.pushed_args = 0
        self.ll_args = lltype.malloc(rffi.VOIDPP.TO, self.argnum, flavor='raw')
        for i in range(self.argnum):
            # space for each argument
            self.ll_args[i] = lltype.malloc(rffi.VOIDP.TO,
                                            intmask(argtypes[i].c_size),
                                            flavor='raw')
        if restype != ffi_type_void:
            self.ll_result = lltype.malloc(rffi.VOIDP.TO,
                                           intmask(restype.c_size),
                                           flavor='raw')

    def push_arg(self, value):
        #if self.pushed_args == self.argnum:
        #    raise TypeError("Too many arguments, eats %d, pushed %d" %
        #                    (self.argnum, self.argnum + 1))
        if not we_are_translated():
            TP = lltype.typeOf(value)
            if isinstance(TP, lltype.Ptr):
                if TP.TO._gckind != 'raw':
                    raise ValueError("Can only push raw values to C, not 'gc'")
                # XXX probably we should recursively check for struct fields
                # here, lets just ignore that for now
                if isinstance(TP.TO, lltype.Array):
                    try:
                        TP.TO._hints['nolength']
                    except KeyError:
                        raise ValueError("Can only push to C arrays without length info")
        push_arg_as_ffiptr(self.argtypes[self.pushed_args], value,
                           self.ll_args[self.pushed_args])
        self.pushed_args += 1
    push_arg._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:argtype(1)'

    def _check_args(self):
        if self.pushed_args < self.argnum:
            raise TypeError("Did not specify arg nr %d" % (self.pushed_args + 1))

    def _clean_args(self):
        self.pushed_args = 0

    def call(self, RES_TP):
        self._check_args()
        ffires = c_ffi_call(self.ll_cif, self.funcsym,
                            rffi.cast(rffi.VOIDP, self.ll_result),
                            rffi.cast(VOIDPP, self.ll_args))
        if RES_TP is not lltype.Void:
            TP = lltype.Ptr(rffi.CArray(RES_TP))
            res = rffi.cast(TP, self.ll_result)[0]
        else:
            res = None
        self._clean_args()
        check_fficall_result(ffires, self.flags)
        return res
    call._annspecialcase_ = 'specialize:arg(1)'

    def __del__(self):
        if self.ll_args:
            argnum = len(self.argtypes)
            for i in range(argnum):
                if self.ll_args[i]:
                    lltype.free(self.ll_args[i], flavor='raw')
            lltype.free(self.ll_args, flavor='raw')
            self.ll_args = lltype.nullptr(rffi.VOIDPP.TO)
        if self.ll_result:
            lltype.free(self.ll_result, flavor='raw')
            self.ll_result = lltype.nullptr(rffi.VOIDP.TO)
        AbstractFuncPtr.__del__(self)

class RawCDLL(object):
    def __init__(self, handle):
        self.lib = handle

    def getpointer(self, name, argtypes, restype, flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
        # these arguments are already casted to proper ffi
        # structures!
        return FuncPtr(name, argtypes, restype, dlsym(self.lib, name),
                       flags=flags, keepalive=self)

    def getrawpointer(self, name, argtypes, restype, flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
        # these arguments are already casted to proper ffi
        # structures!
        return RawFuncPtr(name, argtypes, restype, dlsym(self.lib, name),
                          flags=flags, keepalive=self)

    def getrawpointer_byordinal(self, ordinal, argtypes, restype,
                                flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL):
        # these arguments are already casted to proper ffi
        # structures!
        return RawFuncPtr(name, argtypes, restype,
                          dlsym_byordinal(self.lib, ordinal), flags=flags,
                          keepalive=self)

    def getaddressindll(self, name):
        return dlsym(self.lib, name)

class CDLL(RawCDLL):
    def __init__(self, libname, mode=-1):
        """Load the library, or raises DLOpenError."""
        RawCDLL.__init__(self, rffi.cast(DLLHANDLE, -1))
        with rffi.scoped_str2charp(libname) as ll_libname:
            self.lib = dlopen(ll_libname, mode)

    def __del__(self):
        if self.lib != rffi.cast(DLLHANDLE, -1):
            dlclose(self.lib)
            self.lib = rffi.cast(DLLHANDLE, -1)