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  119.   
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  120. <h1 align="center">SQL As Understood By SQLite</h1><p><a href="lang.html">[Top]</a></p><h2>SQLite Keywords</h2></DIV>
    121. 

  121. 

  122. <p>The SQL standard specifies a huge number of keywords which may not
    123. 

  123. be used as the names of tables, indices, columns, databases, user-defined
    124. 

  124. functions, collations, virtual table modules, or any other named object.
    125. 

  125. The list of keywords is so long that few people can remember them all.
    126. 

  126. For most SQL code, your safest bet is to never use any English language
    127. 

  127. word as the name of a user-defined object.</p>
    128. 

  128. 

  129. <p>If you want to use a keyword as a name, you need to quote it.  There
    130. 

  130. are four ways of quoting keywords in SQLite:</p>
    131. 

  131. 

  132. <p>
    133. 

  133. <blockquote>
    134. 

  134. <table>
    135. 

  135. <tr>	<td valign="top"><b>'keyword'</b></td><td width="20"></td>
    136. 

  136. 	<td>A keyword in single quotes is a string literal.</td></tr>
    137. 

  137. 

  138. <tr>	<td valign="top"><b>"keyword"</b></td><td></td>
    139. 

  139. 	<td>A keyword in double-quotes is an identifier.</td></tr>
    140. 

  140. 

  141. <tr>	<td valign="top"><b>&#91;keyword&#93;</b></td><td></td>
    142. 

  142. 	<td>A keyword enclosed in square brackets is 
    143. 

  143.         an identifier.  This is not standard SQL.  This quoting mechanism
    144. 

  144.         is used by MS Access and SQL Server and is included in SQLite for
    145. 

  145.         compatibility.</td></tr>
    146. 

  146. 

  147. <tr>	<td valign="top"><b>&#96;keyword&#96;</b></td><td></td>
    148. 

  148. 	<td>A keyword enclosed in grave accents (ASCII code 96) is 
    149. 

  149.         an identifier.  This is not standard SQL.  This quoting mechanism
    150. 

  150.         is used by MySQL and is included in SQLite for
    151. 

  151.         compatibility.</td></tr>
    152. 

  152. </table>
    153. 

  153. </blockquote>
    154. 

  154. </p>
    155. 

  155. 

  156. <p>For resilience when confronted with historical SQL statements, SQLite
    157. 

  157. will sometimes bend the quoting rules above:</p>
    158. 

  158. 

  159. <ul>
    160. 

  160. <li><p>If a keyword in single
    161. 

  161. quotes (ex: <b>'key'</b> or <b>'glob'</b>) is used in a context where
    162. 

  162. an identifier is allowed but where a string literal is not allowed, then
    163. 

  163. the token is understood to be an identifier instead of a string literal.
    164. 

  164. </p></li>
    165. 

  165. 

  166. <li><p>If a keyword in double
    167. 

  167. quotes (ex: <b>"key"</b> or <b>"glob"</b>) is used in a context where
    168. 

  168. it cannot be resolved to an identifier but where a string literal
    169. 

  169. is allowed, then the token is understood to be a string literal instead
    170. 

  170. of an identifier.</p></li>
    171. 

  171. </ul>
    172. 

  172. 

  173. <p>Programmers are cautioned not to use the two exceptions described in
    174. 

  174. the previous bullets.  We emphasize that they exist only so that old
    175. 

  175. and ill-formed SQL statements will run correctly.  Future versions of
    176. 

  176. SQLite might change to raise errors instead of accepting the malformed
    177. 

  177. statements covered by the exceptions above.</p>
    178. 

  178. 

  179. <p>
    180. 

  180. SQLite adds new keywords from time to time when it takes on new features.
    181. 

  181. So to prevent your code from being broken by future enhancements, you should
    182. 

  182. normally quote any identifier that is an English language word, even if
    183. 

  183. you do not have to.
    184. 

  184. </p>
    185. 

  185. 

  186. <p>
    187. 

  187. The list below shows all possible keywords used by any build of
    188. 

  188. SQLite regardless of <a href="compile.html">compile-time options</a>.  
    189. 

  189. Most reasonable configurations use most or all of these keywords,
    190. 

  190. but some keywords may be omitted when SQL language features are
    191. 

  191. disabled.
    192. 

  192. Regardless of the compile-time configuration, any identifier that is not on
    193. 

  193. the following 121 element
    194. 

  194. list is not a keyword to the SQL parser in SQLite:
    195. 

  195. </p>
    196. 

  196. 

  197. <blockquote>
    198. 

  198. <table width="100%"><tr>
    199. 

  199. <td align="left" valign="top" width="20%">
    200. 

  200. ABORT<br>
    201. 

  201. ACTION<br>
    202. 

  202. ADD<br>
    203. 

  203. AFTER<br>
    204. 

  204. ALL<br>
    205. 

  205. ALTER<br>
    206. 

  206. ANALYZE<br>
    207. 

  207. AND<br>
    208. 

  208. AS<br>
    209. 

  209. ASC<br>
    210. 

  210. ATTACH<br>
    211. 

  211. AUTOINCREMENT<br>
    212. 

  212. BEFORE<br>
    213. 

  213. BEGIN<br>
    214. 

  214. BETWEEN<br>
    215. 

  215. BY<br>
    216. 

  216. CASCADE<br>
    217. 

  217. CASE<br>
    218. 

  218. CAST<br>
    219. 

  219. CHECK<br>
    220. 

  220. COLLATE<br>
    221. 

  221. COLUMN<br>
    222. 

  222. COMMIT<br>
    223. 

  223. CONFLICT<br>
    224. 

  224. CONSTRAINT<br>
    225. 

  225. </td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">CREATE<br>
    226. 

  226. CROSS<br>
    227. 

  227. CURRENT_DATE<br>
    228. 

  228. CURRENT_TIME<br>
    229. 

  229. CURRENT_TIMESTAMP<br>
    230. 

  230. DATABASE<br>
    231. 

  231. DEFAULT<br>
    232. 

  232. DEFERRABLE<br>
    233. 

  233. DEFERRED<br>
    234. 

  234. DELETE<br>
    235. 

  235. DESC<br>
    236. 

  236. DETACH<br>
    237. 

  237. DISTINCT<br>
    238. 

  238. DROP<br>
    239. 

  239. EACH<br>
    240. 

  240. ELSE<br>
    241. 

  241. END<br>
    242. 

  242. ESCAPE<br>
    243. 

  243. EXCEPT<br>
    244. 

  244. EXCLUSIVE<br>
    245. 

  245. EXISTS<br>
    246. 

  246. EXPLAIN<br>
    247. 

  247. FAIL<br>
    248. 

  248. FOR<br>
    249. 

  249. FOREIGN<br>
    250. 

  250. </td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">FROM<br>
    251. 

  251. FULL<br>
    252. 

  252. GLOB<br>
    253. 

  253. GROUP<br>
    254. 

  254. HAVING<br>
    255. 

  255. IF<br>
    256. 

  256. IGNORE<br>
    257. 

  257. IMMEDIATE<br>
    258. 

  258. IN<br>
    259. 

  259. INDEX<br>
    260. 

  260. INDEXED<br>
    261. 

  261. INITIALLY<br>
    262. 

  262. INNER<br>
    263. 

  263. INSERT<br>
    264. 

  264. INSTEAD<br>
    265. 

  265. INTERSECT<br>
    266. 

  266. INTO<br>
    267. 

  267. IS<br>
    268. 

  268. ISNULL<br>
    269. 

  269. JOIN<br>
    270. 

  270. KEY<br>
    271. 

  271. LEFT<br>
    272. 

  272. LIKE<br>
    273. 

  273. LIMIT<br>
    274. 

  274. MATCH<br>
    275. 

  275. </td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">NATURAL<br>
    276. 

  276. NO<br>
    277. 

  277. NOT<br>
    278. 

  278. NOTNULL<br>
    279. 

  279. NULL<br>
    280. 

  280. OF<br>
    281. 

  281. OFFSET<br>
    282. 

  282. ON<br>
    283. 

  283. OR<br>
    284. 

  284. ORDER<br>
    285. 

  285. OUTER<br>
    286. 

  286. PLAN<br>
    287. 

  287. PRAGMA<br>
    288. 

  288. PRIMARY<br>
    289. 

  289. QUERY<br>
    290. 

  290. RAISE<br>
    291. 

  291. REFERENCES<br>
    292. 

  292. REGEXP<br>
    293. 

  293. REINDEX<br>
    294. 

  294. RELEASE<br>
    295. 

  295. RENAME<br>
    296. 

  296. REPLACE<br>
    297. 

  297. RESTRICT<br>
    298. 

  298. RIGHT<br>
    299. 

  299. ROLLBACK<br>
    300. 

  300. </td><td valign="top" align="left" width="20%">ROW<br>
    301. 

  301. SAVEPOINT<br>
    302. 

  302. SELECT<br>
    303. 

  303. SET<br>
    304. 

  304. TABLE<br>
    305. 

  305. TEMP<br>
    306. 

  306. TEMPORARY<br>
    307. 

  307. THEN<br>
    308. 

  308. TO<br>
    309. 

  309. TRANSACTION<br>
    310. 

  310. TRIGGER<br>
    311. 

  311. UNION<br>
    312. 

  312. UNIQUE<br>
    313. 

  313. UPDATE<br>
    314. 

  314. USING<br>
    315. 

  315. VACUUM<br>
    316. 

  316. VALUES<br>
    317. 

  317. VIEW<br>
    318. 

  318. VIRTUAL<br>
    319. 

  319. WHEN<br>
    320. 

  320. WHERE<br>
    321. 

  321. 

  322. </td></tr></table></blockquote>
    323. 

  323. 

  324.