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  11.                 SQLAlchemy Core
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  13.     SQLAlchemy 0.7 Documentation
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  57.     <h1>SQLAlchemy 0.7 Documentation</h1>
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  69.         Release: <span class="version-num">0.7.8</span> | Release Date: June 16, 2012
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  97.                 SQLAlchemy Core
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  102.                 SQLAlchemy Core
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  142.         
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  143. <div class="section" id="sqlalchemy-core">
    144. 

  144. <span id="core-toplevel"></span><h1>SQLAlchemy Core<a class="headerlink" href="#sqlalchemy-core" title="Permalink to this headline">ś</a></h1>
    145. 

  145. <p>The breadth of SQLAlchemy’s SQL rendering engine, DBAPI integration,
    146. 

  146. transaction integration, and schema description services are documented here.
    147. 

  147. In contrast to the ORM’s domain-centric mode of usage, the SQL Expression
    148. 

  148. Language provides a schema-centric usage paradigm.</p>
    149. 

  149. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
    150. 

  150. <ul>
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  151. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html">SQL Expression Language Tutorial</a><ul>
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  152. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#version-check">Version Check</a></li>
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  153. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#connecting">Connecting</a></li>
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  154. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#define-and-create-tables">Define and Create Tables</a></li>
    155. 

  155. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#insert-expressions">Insert Expressions</a></li>
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  156. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#executing">Executing</a></li>
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  157. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#executing-multiple-statements">Executing Multiple Statements</a></li>
    158. 

  158. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#connectionless-implicit-execution">Connectionless / Implicit Execution</a></li>
    159. 

  159. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#selecting">Selecting</a></li>
    160. 

  160. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#operators">Operators</a></li>
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  161. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#conjunctions">Conjunctions</a></li>
    162. 

  162. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-text">Using Text</a></li>
    163. 

  163. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-aliases">Using Aliases</a></li>
    164. 

  164. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#using-joins">Using Joins</a></li>
    165. 

  165. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#intro-to-generative-selects">Intro to Generative Selects</a><ul>
    166. 

  166. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#transforming-a-statement">Transforming a Statement</a></li>
    167. 

  167. </ul>
    168. 

  168. </li>
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  169. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#everything-else">Everything Else</a><ul>
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  170. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#bind-parameter-objects">Bind Parameter Objects</a></li>
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  171. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
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  172. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#window-functions">Window Functions</a></li>
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  173. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#unions-and-other-set-operations">Unions and Other Set Operations</a></li>
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  174. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#scalar-selects">Scalar Selects</a></li>
    175. 

  175. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#correlated-subqueries">Correlated Subqueries</a></li>
    176. 

  176. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#ordering-grouping-limiting-offset-ing">Ordering, Grouping, Limiting, Offset...ing...</a></li>
    177. 

  177. </ul>
    178. 

  178. </li>
    179. 

  179. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#inserts-and-updates">Inserts and Updates</a><ul>
    180. 

  180. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#correlated-updates">Correlated Updates</a></li>
    181. 

  181. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#multiple-table-updates">Multiple Table Updates</a></li>
    182. 

  182. </ul>
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  183. </li>
    184. 

  184. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#deletes">Deletes</a></li>
    185. 

  185. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial.html#further-reference">Further Reference</a></li>
    186. 

  186. </ul>
    187. 

  187. </li>
    188. 

  188. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html">SQL Statements and Expressions API</a><ul>
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  189. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html#functions">Functions</a></li>
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  190. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html#classes">Classes</a></li>
    191. 

  191. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="expression_api.html#generic-functions">Generic Functions</a></li>
    192. 

  192. </ul>
    193. 

  193. </li>
    194. 

  194. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html">Engine Configuration</a><ul>
    195. 

  195. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#supported-databases">Supported Databases</a></li>
    196. 

  196. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#engine-creation-api">Engine Creation API</a></li>
    197. 

  197. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#database-urls">Database Urls</a><ul>
    198. 

  198. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#postgresql">Postgresql</a></li>
    199. 

  199. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#mysql">MySQL</a></li>
    200. 

  200. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#oracle">Oracle</a></li>
    201. 

  201. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#microsoft-sql-server">Microsoft SQL Server</a></li>
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  202. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#sqlite">SQLite</a></li>
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  204. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#url-api">URL API</a></li>
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  207. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="engines.html#pooling">Pooling</a></li>
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    210. 

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  211. </li>
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  212. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html">Working with Engines and Connections</a><ul>
    213. 

  213. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#basic-usage">Basic Usage</a></li>
    214. 

  214. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#using-transactions">Using Transactions</a><ul>
    215. 

  215. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#nesting-of-transaction-blocks">Nesting of Transaction Blocks</a></li>
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  216. </ul>
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  217. </li>
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  218. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#understanding-autocommit">Understanding Autocommit</a></li>
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  219. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#connectionless-execution-implicit-execution">Connectionless Execution, Implicit Execution</a></li>
    220. 

  220. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#using-the-threadlocal-execution-strategy">Using the Threadlocal Execution Strategy</a></li>
    221. 

  221. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="connections.html#connection-engine-api">Connection / Engine API</a></li>
    222. 

  222. </ul>
    223. 

  223. </li>
    224. 

  224. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html">Connection Pooling</a><ul>
    225. 

  225. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#connection-pool-configuration">Connection Pool Configuration</a></li>
    226. 

  226. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#switching-pool-implementations">Switching Pool Implementations</a></li>
    227. 

  227. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#using-a-custom-connection-function">Using a Custom Connection Function</a></li>
    228. 

  228. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#constructing-a-pool">Constructing a Pool</a></li>
    229. 

  229. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#pool-events">Pool Events</a></li>
    230. 

  230. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#dealing-with-disconnects">Dealing with Disconnects</a><ul>
    231. 

  231. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#disconnect-handling-optimistic">Disconnect Handling - Optimistic</a></li>
    232. 

  232. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#disconnect-handling-pessimistic">Disconnect Handling - Pessimistic</a></li>
    233. 

  233. </ul>
    234. 

  234. </li>
    235. 

  235. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#api-documentation-available-pool-implementations">API Documentation - Available Pool Implementations</a></li>
    236. 

  236. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pooling.html#pooling-plain-db-api-connections">Pooling Plain DB-API Connections</a></li>
    237. 

  237. </ul>
    238. 

  238. </li>
    239. 

  239. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html">Schema Definition Language</a><ul>
    240. 

  240. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#describing-databases-with-metadata">Describing Databases with MetaData</a><ul>
    241. 

  241. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#accessing-tables-and-columns">Accessing Tables and Columns</a></li>
    242. 

  242. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#creating-and-dropping-database-tables">Creating and Dropping Database Tables</a></li>
    243. 

  243. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#altering-schemas-through-migrations">Altering Schemas through Migrations</a></li>
    244. 

  244. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#binding-metadata-to-an-engine-or-connection">Binding MetaData to an Engine or Connection</a></li>
    245. 

  245. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#specifying-the-schema-name">Specifying the Schema Name</a></li>
    246. 

  246. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#backend-specific-options">Backend-Specific Options</a></li>
    247. 

  247. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#column-table-metadata-api">Column, Table, MetaData API</a></li>
    248. 

  248. </ul>
    249. 

  249. </li>
    250. 

  250. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#reflecting-database-objects">Reflecting Database Objects</a><ul>
    251. 

  251. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#overriding-reflected-columns">Overriding Reflected Columns</a></li>
    252. 

  252. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#reflecting-views">Reflecting Views</a></li>
    253. 

  253. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#reflecting-all-tables-at-once">Reflecting All Tables at Once</a></li>
    254. 

  254. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#fine-grained-reflection-with-inspector">Fine Grained Reflection with Inspector</a></li>
    255. 

  255. </ul>
    256. 

  256. </li>
    257. 

  257. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#column-insert-update-defaults">Column Insert/Update Defaults</a><ul>
    258. 

  258. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#scalar-defaults">Scalar Defaults</a></li>
    259. 

  259. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#python-executed-functions">Python-Executed Functions</a></li>
    260. 

  260. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#sql-expressions">SQL Expressions</a></li>
    261. 

  261. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#server-side-defaults">Server Side Defaults</a></li>
    262. 

  262. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#triggered-columns">Triggered Columns</a></li>
    263. 

  263. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#defining-sequences">Defining Sequences</a></li>
    264. 

  264. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#default-objects-api">Default Objects API</a></li>
    265. 

  265. </ul>
    266. 

  266. </li>
    267. 

  267. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#defining-constraints-and-indexes">Defining Constraints and Indexes</a><ul>
    268. 

  268. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#defining-foreign-keys">Defining Foreign Keys</a></li>
    269. 

  269. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#unique-constraint">UNIQUE Constraint</a></li>
    270. 

  270. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#check-constraint">CHECK Constraint</a></li>
    271. 

  271. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#setting-up-constraints-when-using-the-declarative-orm-extension">Setting up Constraints when using the Declarative ORM Extension</a></li>
    272. 

  272. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#constraints-api">Constraints API</a></li>
    273. 

  273. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#indexes">Indexes</a></li>
    274. 

  274. </ul>
    275. 

  275. </li>
    276. 

  276. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#customizing-ddl">Customizing DDL</a><ul>
    277. 

  277. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#controlling-ddl-sequences">Controlling DDL Sequences</a></li>
    278. 

  278. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#custom-ddl">Custom DDL</a></li>
    279. 

  279. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="schema.html#ddl-expression-constructs-api">DDL Expression Constructs API</a></li>
    280. 

  280. </ul>
    281. 

  281. </li>
    282. 

  282. </ul>
    283. 

  283. </li>
    284. 

  284. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html">Column and Data Types</a><ul>
    285. 

  285. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#generic-types">Generic Types</a></li>
    286. 

  286. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#sql-standard-types">SQL Standard Types</a></li>
    287. 

  287. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#vendor-specific-types">Vendor-Specific Types</a></li>
    288. 

  288. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#custom-types">Custom Types</a><ul>
    289. 

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    290. 

  290. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#augmenting-existing-types">Augmenting Existing Types</a></li>
    291. 

  291. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#typedecorator-recipes">TypeDecorator Recipes</a></li>
    292. 

  292. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html#creating-new-types">Creating New Types</a></li>
    293. 

  293. </ul>
    294. 

  294. </li>
    295. 

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    296. 

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    297. 

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    298. 

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    299. 

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    300. 

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    301. 

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    302. 

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    304. 

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    305. 

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    306. 

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    307. 

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    308. 

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    310. 

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    313. 

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    315. 

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    317. 

  317. </ul>
    318. 

  318. </li>
    319. 

  319. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#enabling-autocommit-on-a-construct">Enabling Autocommit on a Construct</a></li>
    320. 

  320. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#changing-the-default-compilation-of-existing-constructs">Changing the default compilation of existing constructs</a></li>
    321. 

  321. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#changing-compilation-of-types">Changing Compilation of Types</a></li>
    322. 

  322. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#subclassing-guidelines">Subclassing Guidelines</a></li>
    323. 

  323. <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#further-examples">Further Examples</a><ul>
    324. 

  324. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#utc-timestamp-function">&#8220;UTC timestamp&#8221; function</a></li>
    325. 

  325. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#greatest-function">&#8220;GREATEST&#8221; function</a></li>
    326. 

  326. <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="compiler.html#false-expression">&#8220;false&#8221; expression</a></li>
    327. 

  327. </ul>
    328. 

  328. </li>
    329. 

  329. </ul>
    330. 

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    331. 

  331. <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="serializer.html">Expression Serializer Extension</a></li>
    332. 

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    333. 

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    334. 

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    335. 

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