/pypy/jit/metainterp/warmspot.py

import sys, py
from pypy.tool.sourcetools import func_with_new_name
from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, llmemory
from pypy.rpython.annlowlevel import llhelper, MixLevelHelperAnnotator,\
     cast_base_ptr_to_instance, hlstr
from pypy.annotation import model as annmodel
from pypy.rpython.llinterp import LLException
from pypy.rpython.test.test_llinterp import get_interpreter, clear_tcache
from pypy.objspace.flow.model import SpaceOperation, Variable, Constant
from pypy.objspace.flow.model import checkgraph, Link, copygraph
from pypy.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
from pypy.rlib.unroll import unrolling_iterable
from pypy.rlib.debug import fatalerror
from pypy.rlib.rstackovf import StackOverflow
from pypy.translator.simplify import get_functype
from pypy.translator.unsimplify import call_final_function

from pypy.jit.metainterp import history, pyjitpl, gc, memmgr
from pypy.jit.metainterp.pyjitpl import MetaInterpStaticData
from pypy.jit.metainterp.jitprof import Profiler, EmptyProfiler
from pypy.jit.metainterp.jitexc import JitException
from pypy.jit.metainterp.jitdriver import JitDriverStaticData
from pypy.jit.codewriter import support, codewriter, longlong
from pypy.jit.codewriter.policy import JitPolicy
from pypy.jit.codewriter.effectinfo import EffectInfo
from pypy.jit.metainterp.optimizeopt import ALL_OPTS_NAMES

# ____________________________________________________________
# Bootstrapping

def apply_jit(translator, backend_name="auto", inline=False,
              enable_opts=ALL_OPTS_NAMES, **kwds):
    if 'CPUClass' not in kwds:
        from pypy.jit.backend.detect_cpu import getcpuclass
        kwds['CPUClass'] = getcpuclass(backend_name)
    ProfilerClass = Profiler
    # Always use Profiler here, which should have a very low impact.
    # Otherwise you can try with ProfilerClass = EmptyProfiler.
    warmrunnerdesc = WarmRunnerDesc(translator,
                                    translate_support_code=True,
                                    listops=True,
                                    no_stats = True,
                                    ProfilerClass = ProfilerClass,
                                    **kwds)
    for jd in warmrunnerdesc.jitdrivers_sd:
        jd.warmstate.set_param_inlining(inline)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_enable_opts(enable_opts)
    warmrunnerdesc.finish()
    translator.warmrunnerdesc = warmrunnerdesc    # for later debugging

def ll_meta_interp(function, args, backendopt=False, type_system='lltype',
                   listcomp=False, translationoptions={}, **kwds):
    if listcomp:
        extraconfigopts = {'translation.list_comprehension_operations': True}
    else:
        extraconfigopts = {}
    for key, value in translationoptions.items():
        extraconfigopts['translation.' + key] = value
    interp, graph = get_interpreter(function, args,
                                    backendopt=False,  # will be done below
                                    type_system=type_system,
                                    **extraconfigopts)
    clear_tcache()
    return jittify_and_run(interp, graph, args, backendopt=backendopt, **kwds)

def jittify_and_run(interp, graph, args, repeat=1, graph_and_interp_only=False,
                    backendopt=False, trace_limit=sys.maxint,
                    inline=False, loop_longevity=0, retrace_limit=5,
                    function_threshold=4,
                    enable_opts=ALL_OPTS_NAMES, max_retrace_guards=15, **kwds):
    from pypy.config.config import ConfigError
    translator = interp.typer.annotator.translator
    try:
        translator.config.translation.gc = "boehm"
    except ConfigError:
        pass
    try:
        translator.config.translation.list_comprehension_operations = True
    except ConfigError:
        pass
    try:
        translator.config.translation.jit_ffi = True
    except ConfigError:
        pass
    warmrunnerdesc = WarmRunnerDesc(translator, backendopt=backendopt, **kwds)
    for jd in warmrunnerdesc.jitdrivers_sd:
        jd.warmstate.set_param_threshold(3)          # for tests
        jd.warmstate.set_param_function_threshold(function_threshold)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_trace_eagerness(2)    # for tests
        jd.warmstate.set_param_trace_limit(trace_limit)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_inlining(inline)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_loop_longevity(loop_longevity)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_retrace_limit(retrace_limit)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_max_retrace_guards(max_retrace_guards)
        jd.warmstate.set_param_enable_opts(enable_opts)
    warmrunnerdesc.finish()
    if graph_and_interp_only:
        return interp, graph
    res = interp.eval_graph(graph, args)
    if not kwds.get('translate_support_code', False):
        warmrunnerdesc.metainterp_sd.profiler.finish()
        warmrunnerdesc.metainterp_sd.cpu.finish_once()
    print '~~~ return value:', res
    while repeat > 1:
        print '~' * 79
        res1 = interp.eval_graph(graph, args)
        if isinstance(res, int):
            assert res1 == res
        repeat -= 1
    return res

def rpython_ll_meta_interp(function, args, backendopt=True, **kwds):
    return ll_meta_interp(function, args, backendopt=backendopt,
                          translate_support_code=True, **kwds)

def _find_jit_marker(graphs, marker_name, check_driver=True):
    results = []
    for graph in graphs:
        for block in graph.iterblocks():
            for i in range(len(block.operations)):
                op = block.operations[i]
                if (op.opname == 'jit_marker' and
                    op.args[0].value == marker_name and
                    (not check_driver or op.args[1].value is None or
                     op.args[1].value.active)):   # the jitdriver
                    results.append((graph, block, i))
    return results

def find_can_enter_jit(graphs):
    return _find_jit_marker(graphs, 'can_enter_jit')

def find_loop_headers(graphs):
    return _find_jit_marker(graphs, 'loop_header')

def find_jit_merge_points(graphs):
    results = _find_jit_marker(graphs, 'jit_merge_point')
    if not results:
        raise Exception("no jit_merge_point found!")
    seen = set([graph for graph, block, pos in results])
    assert len(seen) == len(results), (
        "found several jit_merge_points in the same graph")
    return results

def find_access_helpers(graphs):
    return _find_jit_marker(graphs, 'access_helper', False)

def locate_jit_merge_point(graph):
    [(graph, block, pos)] = find_jit_merge_points([graph])
    return block, pos, block.operations[pos]

def find_set_param(graphs):
    return _find_jit_marker(graphs, 'set_param')

def find_force_quasi_immutable(graphs):
    results = []
    for graph in graphs:
        for block in graph.iterblocks():
            for i in range(len(block.operations)):
                op = block.operations[i]
                if op.opname == 'jit_force_quasi_immutable':
                    results.append((graph, block, i))
    return results

def get_stats():
    return pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.stats

def reset_stats():
    pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.stats.clear()

def get_translator():
    return pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc.translator

def debug_checks():
    stats = get_stats()
    stats.maybe_view()
    stats.check_consistency()

class ContinueRunningNormallyBase(JitException):
    pass

# ____________________________________________________________

class WarmRunnerDesc(object):

    def __init__(self, translator, policy=None, backendopt=True, CPUClass=None,
                 ProfilerClass=EmptyProfiler, **kwds):
        pyjitpl._warmrunnerdesc = self   # this is a global for debugging only!
        self.set_translator(translator)
        self.memory_manager = memmgr.MemoryManager()
        self.build_cpu(CPUClass, **kwds)
        self.find_portals()
        self.codewriter = codewriter.CodeWriter(self.cpu, self.jitdrivers_sd)
        if policy is None:
            policy = JitPolicy()
        policy.set_supports_floats(self.cpu.supports_floats)
        policy.set_supports_longlong(self.cpu.supports_longlong)
        policy.set_supports_singlefloats(self.cpu.supports_singlefloats)
        graphs = self.codewriter.find_all_graphs(policy)
        policy.dump_unsafe_loops()
        self.check_access_directly_sanity(graphs)
        if backendopt:
            self.prejit_optimizations(policy, graphs)
        elif self.opt.listops:
            self.prejit_optimizations_minimal_inline(policy, graphs)

        self.build_meta_interp(ProfilerClass)
        self.make_args_specifications()
        #
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.virtualref import VirtualRefInfo
        vrefinfo = VirtualRefInfo(self)
        self.codewriter.setup_vrefinfo(vrefinfo)
        #
        self.hooks = policy.jithookiface
        self.make_virtualizable_infos()
        self.make_exception_classes()
        self.make_driverhook_graphs()
        self.make_enter_functions()
        self.rewrite_jit_merge_points(policy)

        verbose = False # not self.cpu.translate_support_code
        self.rewrite_access_helpers()
        self.codewriter.make_jitcodes(verbose=verbose)
        self.rewrite_can_enter_jits()
        self.rewrite_set_param()
        self.rewrite_force_virtual(vrefinfo)
        self.rewrite_force_quasi_immutable()
        self.add_finish()
        self.metainterp_sd.finish_setup(self.codewriter)

    def finish(self):
        vinfos = set([jd.virtualizable_info for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd])
        for vinfo in vinfos:
            if vinfo is not None:
                vinfo.finish()
        if self.cpu.translate_support_code:
            self.annhelper.finish()

    def _freeze_(self):
        return True

    def set_translator(self, translator):
        self.translator = translator
        self.rtyper = translator.rtyper
        self.gcdescr = gc.get_description(translator.config)

    def find_portals(self):
        self.jitdrivers_sd = []
        graphs = self.translator.graphs
        for jit_merge_point_pos in find_jit_merge_points(graphs):
            self.split_graph_and_record_jitdriver(*jit_merge_point_pos)
        #
        assert (len(set([jd.jitdriver for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd])) ==
                len(self.jitdrivers_sd)), \
                "there are multiple jit_merge_points with the same jitdriver"

    def split_graph_and_record_jitdriver(self, graph, block, pos):
        op = block.operations[pos]
        jd = JitDriverStaticData()
        jd._jit_merge_point_in = graph
        args = op.args[2:]
        s_binding = self.translator.annotator.binding
        jd._portal_args_s = [s_binding(v) for v in args]
        graph = copygraph(graph)
        [jmpp] = find_jit_merge_points([graph])
        graph.startblock = support.split_before_jit_merge_point(*jmpp)
        # a crash in the following checkgraph() means that you forgot
        # to list some variable in greens=[] or reds=[] in JitDriver,
        # or that a jit_merge_point() takes a constant as an argument.
        checkgraph(graph)
        for v in graph.getargs():
            assert isinstance(v, Variable)
        assert len(dict.fromkeys(graph.getargs())) == len(graph.getargs())
        self.translator.graphs.append(graph)
        jd.portal_graph = graph
        # it's a bit unbelievable to have a portal without func
        assert hasattr(graph, "func")
        graph.func._dont_inline_ = True
        graph.func._jit_unroll_safe_ = True
        jd.jitdriver = block.operations[pos].args[1].value
        jd.portal_runner_ptr = "<not set so far>"
        jd.result_type = history.getkind(jd.portal_graph.getreturnvar()
                                         .concretetype)[0]
        self.jitdrivers_sd.append(jd)

    def check_access_directly_sanity(self, graphs):
        from pypy.translator.backendopt.inline import collect_called_graphs
        jit_graphs = set(graphs)
        for graph in collect_called_graphs(self.translator.entry_point_graph,
                                           self.translator):
            if graph in jit_graphs:
                continue
            assert not getattr(graph, 'access_directly', False)

    def prejit_optimizations(self, policy, graphs):
        from pypy.translator.backendopt.all import backend_optimizations
        backend_optimizations(self.translator,
                              graphs=graphs,
                              merge_if_blocks=True,
                              constfold=True,
                              raisingop2direct_call=False,
                              remove_asserts=True,
                              really_remove_asserts=True)

    def prejit_optimizations_minimal_inline(self, policy, graphs):
        from pypy.translator.backendopt.inline import auto_inline_graphs
        auto_inline_graphs(self.translator, graphs, 0.01)

    def build_cpu(self, CPUClass, translate_support_code=False,
                  no_stats=False, supports_floats=True,
                  supports_longlong=True, supports_singlefloats=True,
                  **kwds):
        assert CPUClass is not None
        self.opt = history.Options(**kwds)
        if no_stats:
            stats = history.NoStats()
        else:
            stats = history.Stats()
        self.stats = stats
        if translate_support_code:
            self.annhelper = MixLevelHelperAnnotator(self.translator.rtyper)
        cpu = CPUClass(self.translator.rtyper, self.stats, self.opt,
                       translate_support_code, gcdescr=self.gcdescr)
        if not supports_floats:       cpu.supports_floats       = False
        if not supports_longlong:     cpu.supports_longlong     = False
        if not supports_singlefloats: cpu.supports_singlefloats = False
        self.cpu = cpu

    def build_meta_interp(self, ProfilerClass):
        self.metainterp_sd = MetaInterpStaticData(self.cpu,
                                                  self.opt,
                                                  ProfilerClass=ProfilerClass,
                                                  warmrunnerdesc=self)

    def make_virtualizable_infos(self):
        vinfos = {}
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            #
            jd.greenfield_info = None
            for name in jd.jitdriver.greens:
                if '.' in name:
                    from pypy.jit.metainterp.greenfield import GreenFieldInfo
                    jd.greenfield_info = GreenFieldInfo(self.cpu, jd)
                    break
            #
            if not jd.jitdriver.virtualizables:
                jd.virtualizable_info = None
                jd.index_of_virtualizable = -1
                continue
            else:
                assert jd.greenfield_info is None, "XXX not supported yet"
            #
            jitdriver = jd.jitdriver
            assert len(jitdriver.virtualizables) == 1    # for now
            [vname] = jitdriver.virtualizables
            # XXX skip the Voids here too
            jd.index_of_virtualizable = jitdriver.reds.index(vname)
            #
            index = jd.num_green_args + jd.index_of_virtualizable
            VTYPEPTR = jd._JIT_ENTER_FUNCTYPE.ARGS[index]
            if VTYPEPTR not in vinfos:
                from pypy.jit.metainterp.virtualizable import VirtualizableInfo
                vinfos[VTYPEPTR] = VirtualizableInfo(self, VTYPEPTR)
            jd.virtualizable_info = vinfos[VTYPEPTR]

    def make_exception_classes(self):

        class DoneWithThisFrameVoid(JitException):
            def __str__(self):
                return 'DoneWithThisFrameVoid()'

        class DoneWithThisFrameInt(JitException):
            def __init__(self, result):
                assert lltype.typeOf(result) is lltype.Signed
                self.result = result
            def __str__(self):
                return 'DoneWithThisFrameInt(%s)' % (self.result,)

        class DoneWithThisFrameRef(JitException):
            def __init__(self, cpu, result):
                assert lltype.typeOf(result) == cpu.ts.BASETYPE
                self.result = result
            def __str__(self):
                return 'DoneWithThisFrameRef(%s)' % (self.result,)

        class DoneWithThisFrameFloat(JitException):
            def __init__(self, result):
                assert lltype.typeOf(result) is longlong.FLOATSTORAGE
                self.result = result
            def __str__(self):
                return 'DoneWithThisFrameFloat(%s)' % (self.result,)

        class ExitFrameWithExceptionRef(JitException):
            def __init__(self, cpu, value):
                assert lltype.typeOf(value) == cpu.ts.BASETYPE
                self.value = value
            def __str__(self):
                return 'ExitFrameWithExceptionRef(%s)' % (self.value,)

        class ContinueRunningNormally(ContinueRunningNormallyBase):
            def __init__(self, gi, gr, gf, ri, rr, rf):
                # the six arguments are: lists of green ints, greens refs,
                # green floats, red ints, red refs, and red floats.
                self.green_int = gi
                self.green_ref = gr
                self.green_float = gf
                self.red_int = ri
                self.red_ref = rr
                self.red_float = rf
            def __str__(self):
                return 'ContinueRunningNormally(%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)' % (
                    self.green_int, self.green_ref, self.green_float,
                    self.red_int, self.red_ref, self.red_float)

        # XXX there is no point any more to not just have the exceptions
        # as globals
        self.DoneWithThisFrameVoid = DoneWithThisFrameVoid
        self.DoneWithThisFrameInt = DoneWithThisFrameInt
        self.DoneWithThisFrameRef = DoneWithThisFrameRef
        self.DoneWithThisFrameFloat = DoneWithThisFrameFloat
        self.ExitFrameWithExceptionRef = ExitFrameWithExceptionRef
        self.ContinueRunningNormally = ContinueRunningNormally
        self.metainterp_sd.DoneWithThisFrameVoid = DoneWithThisFrameVoid
        self.metainterp_sd.DoneWithThisFrameInt = DoneWithThisFrameInt
        self.metainterp_sd.DoneWithThisFrameRef = DoneWithThisFrameRef
        self.metainterp_sd.DoneWithThisFrameFloat = DoneWithThisFrameFloat
        self.metainterp_sd.ExitFrameWithExceptionRef = ExitFrameWithExceptionRef
        self.metainterp_sd.ContinueRunningNormally = ContinueRunningNormally

    def make_enter_functions(self):
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            self.make_enter_function(jd)

    def make_enter_function(self, jd):
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.warmstate import WarmEnterState
        state = WarmEnterState(self, jd)
        maybe_compile_and_run = state.make_entry_point()
        jd.warmstate = state

        def crash_in_jit(e):
            tb = not we_are_translated() and sys.exc_info()[2]
            try:
                raise e
            except JitException:
                raise     # go through
            except MemoryError:
                raise     # go through
            except StackOverflow:
                raise     # go through
            except Exception, e:
                if not we_are_translated():
                    print "~~~ Crash in JIT!"
                    print '~~~ %s: %s' % (e.__class__, e)
                    if sys.stdout == sys.__stdout__:
                        import pdb; pdb.post_mortem(tb)
                    raise e.__class__, e, tb
                fatalerror('~~~ Crash in JIT! %s' % (e,), traceback=True)
        crash_in_jit._dont_inline_ = True

        if self.translator.rtyper.type_system.name == 'lltypesystem':
            def maybe_enter_jit(*args):
                try:
                    maybe_compile_and_run(state.increment_threshold, *args)
                except Exception, e:
                    crash_in_jit(e)
            maybe_enter_jit._always_inline_ = True
        else:
            def maybe_enter_jit(*args):
                maybe_compile_and_run(state.increment_threshold, *args)
            maybe_enter_jit._always_inline_ = True
        jd._maybe_enter_jit_fn = maybe_enter_jit

        def maybe_enter_from_start(*args):
            maybe_compile_and_run(state.increment_function_threshold, *args)
        maybe_enter_from_start._always_inline_ = True
        jd._maybe_enter_from_start_fn = maybe_enter_from_start

    def make_driverhook_graphs(self):
        from pypy.rlib.jit import BaseJitCell
        bk = self.rtyper.annotator.bookkeeper
        classdef = bk.getuniqueclassdef(BaseJitCell)
        s_BaseJitCell_or_None = annmodel.SomeInstance(classdef,
                                                      can_be_None=True)
        s_BaseJitCell_not_None = annmodel.SomeInstance(classdef)
        s_Str = annmodel.SomeString()
        #
        annhelper = MixLevelHelperAnnotator(self.translator.rtyper)
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            jd._set_jitcell_at_ptr = self._make_hook_graph(jd,
                annhelper, jd.jitdriver.set_jitcell_at, annmodel.s_None,
                s_BaseJitCell_not_None)
            jd._get_jitcell_at_ptr = self._make_hook_graph(jd,
                annhelper, jd.jitdriver.get_jitcell_at, s_BaseJitCell_or_None)
            jd._get_printable_location_ptr = self._make_hook_graph(jd,
                annhelper, jd.jitdriver.get_printable_location, s_Str)
            jd._confirm_enter_jit_ptr = self._make_hook_graph(jd,
                annhelper, jd.jitdriver.confirm_enter_jit, annmodel.s_Bool,
                onlygreens=False)
            jd._can_never_inline_ptr = self._make_hook_graph(jd,
                annhelper, jd.jitdriver.can_never_inline, annmodel.s_Bool)
            jd._should_unroll_one_iteration_ptr = self._make_hook_graph(jd,
                annhelper, jd.jitdriver.should_unroll_one_iteration,
                annmodel.s_Bool)
        annhelper.finish()

    def _make_hook_graph(self, jitdriver_sd, annhelper, func,
                         s_result, s_first_arg=None, onlygreens=True):
        if func is None:
            return None
        #
        extra_args_s = []
        if s_first_arg is not None:
            extra_args_s.append(s_first_arg)
        #
        args_s = jitdriver_sd._portal_args_s
        if onlygreens:
            args_s = args_s[:len(jitdriver_sd._green_args_spec)]
        graph = annhelper.getgraph(func, extra_args_s + args_s, s_result)
        funcptr = annhelper.graph2delayed(graph)
        return funcptr

    def make_args_specifications(self):
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            self.make_args_specification(jd)

    def make_args_specification(self, jd):
        graph = jd._jit_merge_point_in
        _, _, op = locate_jit_merge_point(graph)
        greens_v, reds_v = support.decode_hp_hint_args(op)
        ALLARGS = [v.concretetype for v in (greens_v + reds_v)]
        jd._green_args_spec = [v.concretetype for v in greens_v]
        jd.red_args_types = [history.getkind(v.concretetype) for v in reds_v]
        jd.num_green_args = len(jd._green_args_spec)
        jd.num_red_args = len(jd.red_args_types)
        RESTYPE = graph.getreturnvar().concretetype
        (jd._JIT_ENTER_FUNCTYPE,
         jd._PTR_JIT_ENTER_FUNCTYPE) = self.cpu.ts.get_FuncType(ALLARGS, lltype.Void)
        (jd._PORTAL_FUNCTYPE,
         jd._PTR_PORTAL_FUNCTYPE) = self.cpu.ts.get_FuncType(ALLARGS, RESTYPE)
        #
        if jd.result_type == 'v':
            ASMRESTYPE = lltype.Void
        elif jd.result_type == history.INT:
            ASMRESTYPE = lltype.Signed
        elif jd.result_type == history.REF:
            ASMRESTYPE = llmemory.GCREF
        elif jd.result_type == history.FLOAT:
            ASMRESTYPE = lltype.Float
        else:
            assert False
        (_, jd._PTR_ASSEMBLER_HELPER_FUNCTYPE) = self.cpu.ts.get_FuncType(
            [lltype.Signed, llmemory.GCREF], ASMRESTYPE)

    def rewrite_can_enter_jits(self):
        sublists = {}
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            sublists[jd.jitdriver] = jd, []
            jd.no_loop_header = True
        #
        loop_headers = find_loop_headers(self.translator.graphs)
        for graph, block, index in loop_headers:
            op = block.operations[index]
            jitdriver = op.args[1].value
            assert jitdriver in sublists, \
                   "loop_header with no matching jit_merge_point"
            jd, sublist = sublists[jitdriver]
            jd.no_loop_header = False
        #
        can_enter_jits = find_can_enter_jit(self.translator.graphs)
        for graph, block, index in can_enter_jits:
            op = block.operations[index]
            jitdriver = op.args[1].value
            assert jitdriver in sublists, \
                   "can_enter_jit with no matching jit_merge_point"
            jd, sublist = sublists[jitdriver]
            origportalgraph = jd._jit_merge_point_in
            if graph is not origportalgraph:
                sublist.append((graph, block, index))
                jd.no_loop_header = False
            else:
                pass   # a 'can_enter_jit' before the 'jit-merge_point', but
                       # originally in the same function: we ignore it here
                       # see e.g. test_jitdriver.test_simple
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            _, sublist = sublists[jd.jitdriver]
            self.rewrite_can_enter_jit(jd, sublist)

    def rewrite_can_enter_jit(self, jd, can_enter_jits):
        FUNCPTR = jd._PTR_JIT_ENTER_FUNCTYPE
        jit_enter_fnptr = self.helper_func(FUNCPTR, jd._maybe_enter_jit_fn)

        if len(can_enter_jits) == 0:
            # see test_warmspot.test_no_loop_at_all
            operations = jd.portal_graph.startblock.operations
            op1 = operations[0]
            assert (op1.opname == 'jit_marker' and
                    op1.args[0].value == 'jit_merge_point')
            op0 = SpaceOperation(
                'jit_marker',
                [Constant('can_enter_jit', lltype.Void)] + op1.args[1:],
                None)
            operations.insert(0, op0)
            can_enter_jits = [(jd.portal_graph, jd.portal_graph.startblock, 0)]

        for graph, block, index in can_enter_jits:
            if graph is jd._jit_merge_point_in:
                continue

            op = block.operations[index]
            greens_v, reds_v = support.decode_hp_hint_args(op)
            args_v = greens_v + reds_v

            vlist = [Constant(jit_enter_fnptr, FUNCPTR)] + args_v

            v_result = Variable()
            v_result.concretetype = lltype.Void
            newop = SpaceOperation('direct_call', vlist, v_result)
            block.operations[index] = newop

    def helper_func(self, FUNCPTR, func):
        if not self.cpu.translate_support_code:
            return llhelper(FUNCPTR, func)
        FUNC = get_functype(FUNCPTR)
        args_s = [annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(ARG) for ARG in FUNC.ARGS]
        s_result = annmodel.lltype_to_annotation(FUNC.RESULT)
        graph = self.annhelper.getgraph(func, args_s, s_result)
        return self.annhelper.graph2delayed(graph, FUNC)

    def rewrite_access_helpers(self):
        ah = find_access_helpers(self.translator.graphs)
        for graph, block, index in ah:
            op = block.operations[index]
            self.rewrite_access_helper(op)

    def rewrite_access_helper(self, op):
        ARGS = [arg.concretetype for arg in op.args[2:]]
        RESULT = op.result.concretetype
        FUNCPTR = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType(ARGS, RESULT))
        # make sure we make a copy of function so it no longer belongs
        # to extregistry
        func = op.args[1].value
        func = func_with_new_name(func, func.func_name + '_compiled')
        ptr = self.helper_func(FUNCPTR, func)
        op.opname = 'direct_call'
        op.args = [Constant(ptr, FUNCPTR)] + op.args[2:]

    def rewrite_jit_merge_points(self, policy):
        for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
            self.rewrite_jit_merge_point(jd, policy)

    def rewrite_jit_merge_point(self, jd, policy):
        #
        # Mutate the original portal graph from this:
        #
        #       def original_portal(..):
        #           stuff
        #           while 1:
        #               jit_merge_point(*args)
        #               more stuff
        #
        # to that:
        #
        #       def original_portal(..):
        #           stuff
        #           return portal_runner(*args)
        #
        #       def portal_runner(*args):
        #           while 1:
        #               try:
        #                   return portal(*args)
        #               except ContinueRunningNormally, e:
        #                   *args = *e.new_args
        #               except DoneWithThisFrame, e:
        #                   return e.return
        #               except ExitFrameWithException, e:
        #                   raise Exception, e.value
        #
        #       def portal(*args):
        #           while 1:
        #               more stuff
        #
        origportalgraph = jd._jit_merge_point_in
        portalgraph = jd.portal_graph
        PORTALFUNC = jd._PORTAL_FUNCTYPE

        # ____________________________________________________________
        # Prepare the portal_runner() helper
        #
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.warmstate import specialize_value
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.warmstate import unspecialize_value
        portal_ptr = self.cpu.ts.functionptr(PORTALFUNC, 'portal',
                                         graph = portalgraph)
        jd._portal_ptr = portal_ptr
        #
        portalfunc_ARGS = []
        nums = {}
        for i, ARG in enumerate(PORTALFUNC.ARGS):
            kind = history.getkind(ARG)
            assert kind != 'void'
            if i < len(jd.jitdriver.greens):
                color = 'green'
            else:
                color = 'red'
            attrname = '%s_%s' % (color, kind)
            count = nums.get(attrname, 0)
            nums[attrname] = count + 1
            portalfunc_ARGS.append((ARG, attrname, count))
        portalfunc_ARGS = unrolling_iterable(portalfunc_ARGS)
        #
        rtyper = self.translator.rtyper
        RESULT = PORTALFUNC.RESULT
        result_kind = history.getkind(RESULT)
        ts = self.cpu.ts

        def ll_portal_runner(*args):
            start = True
            while 1:
                try:
                    if start:
                        jd._maybe_enter_from_start_fn(*args)
                    return support.maybe_on_top_of_llinterp(rtyper,
                                                      portal_ptr)(*args)
                except self.ContinueRunningNormally, e:
                    args = ()
                    for ARGTYPE, attrname, count in portalfunc_ARGS:
                        x = getattr(e, attrname)[count]
                        x = specialize_value(ARGTYPE, x)
                        args = args + (x,)
                    start = False
                    continue
                except self.DoneWithThisFrameVoid:
                    assert result_kind == 'void'
                    return
                except self.DoneWithThisFrameInt, e:
                    assert result_kind == 'int'
                    return specialize_value(RESULT, e.result)
                except self.DoneWithThisFrameRef, e:
                    assert result_kind == 'ref'
                    return specialize_value(RESULT, e.result)
                except self.DoneWithThisFrameFloat, e:
                    assert result_kind == 'float'
                    return specialize_value(RESULT, e.result)
                except self.ExitFrameWithExceptionRef, e:
                    value = ts.cast_to_baseclass(e.value)
                    if not we_are_translated():
                        raise LLException(ts.get_typeptr(value), value)
                    else:
                        value = cast_base_ptr_to_instance(Exception, value)
                        raise Exception, value

        def handle_jitexception(e):
            # XXX the bulk of this function is mostly a copy-paste from above
            try:
                raise e
            except self.ContinueRunningNormally, e:
                args = ()
                for ARGTYPE, attrname, count in portalfunc_ARGS:
                    x = getattr(e, attrname)[count]
                    x = specialize_value(ARGTYPE, x)
                    args = args + (x,)
                result = ll_portal_runner(*args)
                if result_kind != 'void':
                    result = unspecialize_value(result)
                return result
            except self.DoneWithThisFrameVoid:
                assert result_kind == 'void'
                return
            except self.DoneWithThisFrameInt, e:
                assert result_kind == 'int'
                return e.result
            except self.DoneWithThisFrameRef, e:
                assert result_kind == 'ref'
                return e.result
            except self.DoneWithThisFrameFloat, e:
                assert result_kind == 'float'
                return e.result
            except self.ExitFrameWithExceptionRef, e:
                value = ts.cast_to_baseclass(e.value)
                if not we_are_translated():
                    raise LLException(ts.get_typeptr(value), value)
                else:
                    value = cast_base_ptr_to_instance(Exception, value)
                    raise Exception, value

        jd._ll_portal_runner = ll_portal_runner # for debugging
        jd.portal_runner_ptr = self.helper_func(jd._PTR_PORTAL_FUNCTYPE,
                                                ll_portal_runner)
        jd.portal_runner_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(jd.portal_runner_ptr)
        jd.portal_calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(
            jd._PTR_PORTAL_FUNCTYPE.TO,
            jd._PTR_PORTAL_FUNCTYPE.TO.ARGS,
            jd._PTR_PORTAL_FUNCTYPE.TO.RESULT,
            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)

        vinfo = jd.virtualizable_info

        def assembler_call_helper(failindex, virtualizableref):
            fail_descr = self.cpu.get_fail_descr_from_number(failindex)
            if vinfo is not None:
                virtualizable = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(
                    vinfo.VTYPEPTR, virtualizableref)
                vinfo.reset_vable_token(virtualizable)
            try:
                fail_descr.handle_fail(self.metainterp_sd, jd)
            except JitException, e:
                return handle_jitexception(e)
            else:
                assert 0, "should have raised"

        jd._assembler_call_helper = assembler_call_helper # for debugging
        jd._assembler_helper_ptr = self.helper_func(
            jd._PTR_ASSEMBLER_HELPER_FUNCTYPE,
            assembler_call_helper)
        jd.assembler_helper_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(
            jd._assembler_helper_ptr)
        if vinfo is not None:
            jd.vable_token_descr = vinfo.vable_token_descr

        def handle_jitexception_from_blackhole(bhcaller, e):
            result = handle_jitexception(e)
            if result_kind == 'void':
                pass
            elif result_kind == 'int':
                bhcaller._setup_return_value_i(result)
            elif result_kind == 'ref':
                bhcaller._setup_return_value_r(result)
            elif result_kind == 'float':
                bhcaller._setup_return_value_f(result)
            else:
                assert False
        jd.handle_jitexc_from_bh = handle_jitexception_from_blackhole

        # ____________________________________________________________
        # Now mutate origportalgraph to end with a call to portal_runner_ptr
        #
        origblock, origindex, op = locate_jit_merge_point(origportalgraph)
        assert op.opname == 'jit_marker'
        assert op.args[0].value == 'jit_merge_point'
        greens_v, reds_v = support.decode_hp_hint_args(op)
        vlist = [Constant(jd.portal_runner_ptr, jd._PTR_PORTAL_FUNCTYPE)]
        vlist += greens_v
        vlist += reds_v
        v_result = Variable()
        v_result.concretetype = PORTALFUNC.RESULT
        newop = SpaceOperation('direct_call', vlist, v_result)
        del origblock.operations[origindex:]
        origblock.operations.append(newop)
        origblock.exitswitch = None
        origblock.recloseblock(Link([v_result], origportalgraph.returnblock))
        #
        checkgraph(origportalgraph)

    def add_finish(self):
        def finish():
            if self.metainterp_sd.profiler.initialized:
                self.metainterp_sd.profiler.finish()
            self.metainterp_sd.cpu.finish_once()

        if self.cpu.translate_support_code:
            call_final_function(self.translator, finish,
                                annhelper = self.annhelper)

    def rewrite_set_param(self):
        from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem.rstr import STR

        closures = {}
        graphs = self.translator.graphs
        _, PTR_SET_PARAM_FUNCTYPE = self.cpu.ts.get_FuncType([lltype.Signed],
                                                             lltype.Void)
        _, PTR_SET_PARAM_STR_FUNCTYPE = self.cpu.ts.get_FuncType(
            [lltype.Ptr(STR)], lltype.Void)
        def make_closure(jd, fullfuncname, is_string):
            if jd is None:
                def closure(i):
                    if is_string:
                        i = hlstr(i)
                    for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
                        getattr(jd.warmstate, fullfuncname)(i)
            else:
                state = jd.warmstate
                def closure(i):
                    if is_string:
                        i = hlstr(i)
                    getattr(state, fullfuncname)(i)
            if is_string:
                TP = PTR_SET_PARAM_STR_FUNCTYPE
            else:
                TP = PTR_SET_PARAM_FUNCTYPE
            funcptr = self.helper_func(TP, closure)
            return Constant(funcptr, TP)
        #
        for graph, block, i in find_set_param(graphs):
            
            op = block.operations[i]
            if op.args[1].value is not None:
                for jd in self.jitdrivers_sd:
                    if jd.jitdriver is op.args[1].value:
                        break
                else:
                    assert 0, "jitdriver of set_param() not found"
            else:
                jd = None
            funcname = op.args[2].value
            key = jd, funcname
            if key not in closures:
                closures[key] = make_closure(jd, 'set_param_' + funcname,
                                             funcname == 'enable_opts')
            op.opname = 'direct_call'
            op.args[:3] = [closures[key]]

    def rewrite_force_virtual(self, vrefinfo):
        if self.cpu.ts.name != 'lltype':
            py.test.skip("rewrite_force_virtual: port it to ootype")
        all_graphs = self.translator.graphs
        vrefinfo.replace_force_virtual_with_call(all_graphs)

    def replace_force_quasiimmut_with_direct_call(self, op):
        ARG = op.args[0].concretetype
        mutatefieldname = op.args[1].value
        key = (ARG, mutatefieldname)
        if key in self._cache_force_quasiimmed_funcs:
            cptr = self._cache_force_quasiimmed_funcs[key]
        else:
            from pypy.jit.metainterp import quasiimmut
            func = quasiimmut.make_invalidation_function(ARG, mutatefieldname)
            FUNC = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([ARG], lltype.Void))
            llptr = self.helper_func(FUNC, func)
            cptr = Constant(llptr, FUNC)
            self._cache_force_quasiimmed_funcs[key] = cptr
        op.opname = 'direct_call'
        op.args = [cptr, op.args[0]]

    def rewrite_force_quasi_immutable(self):
        self._cache_force_quasiimmed_funcs = {}
        graphs = self.translator.graphs
        for graph, block, i in find_force_quasi_immutable(graphs):
            self.replace_force_quasiimmut_with_direct_call(block.operations[i])