/vendor/scripts/backbone.marionette.js

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 // Backbone.Marionette, v1.0.0-rc4
 // Copyright (c)2013 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
 // Distributed under MIT license
 // http://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette


/*!
 * Includes BabySitter
 * https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.babysitter/
 *
 * Includes Wreqr
 * https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.wreqr/
 */


// Backbone.BabySitter, v0.0.4
// Copyright (c)2012 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
// Distributed under MIT license
// http://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.babysitter
// Backbone.ChildViewContainer
// ---------------------------
//
// Provide a container to store, retrieve and
// shut down child views.

Backbone.ChildViewContainer = (function(Backbone, _){
  
  // Container Constructor
  // ---------------------

  var Container = function(initialViews){
    this._views = {};
    this._indexByModel = {};
    this._indexByCollection = {};
    this._indexByCustom = {};
    this._updateLength();

    this._addInitialViews(initialViews);
  };

  // Container Methods
  // -----------------

  _.extend(Container.prototype, {

    // Add a view to this container. Stores the view
    // by `cid` and makes it searchable by the model
    // and/or collection of the view. Optionally specify
    // a custom key to store an retrieve the view.
    add: function(view, customIndex){
      var viewCid = view.cid;

      // store the view
      this._views[viewCid] = view;

      // index it by model
      if (view.model){
        this._indexByModel[view.model.cid] = viewCid;
      }

      // index it by collection
      if (view.collection){
        this._indexByCollection[view.collection.cid] = viewCid;
      }

      // index by custom
      if (customIndex){
        this._indexByCustom[customIndex] = viewCid;
      }

      this._updateLength();
    },

    // Find a view by the model that was attached to
    // it. Uses the model's `cid` to find it, and
    // retrieves the view by it's `cid` from the result
    findByModel: function(model){
      var viewCid = this._indexByModel[model.cid];
      return this.findByCid(viewCid);
    },

    // Find a view by the collection that was attached to
    // it. Uses the collection's `cid` to find it, and
    // retrieves the view by it's `cid` from the result
    findByCollection: function(col){
      var viewCid = this._indexByCollection[col.cid];
      return this.findByCid(viewCid);
    },

    // Find a view by a custom indexer.
    findByCustom: function(index){
      var viewCid = this._indexByCustom[index];
      return this.findByCid(viewCid);
    },

    // Find by index. This is not guaranteed to be a
    // stable index.
    findByIndex: function(index){
      return _.values(this._views)[index];
    },

    // retrieve a view by it's `cid` directly
    findByCid: function(cid){
      return this._views[cid];
    },

    // Remove a view
    remove: function(view){
      var viewCid = view.cid;

      // delete model index
      if (view.model){
        delete this._indexByModel[view.model.cid];
      }

      // delete collection index
      if (view.collection){
        delete this._indexByCollection[view.collection.cid];
      }

      // delete custom index
      var cust;

      for (var key in this._indexByCustom){
        if (this._indexByCustom.hasOwnProperty(key)){
          if (this._indexByCustom[key] === viewCid){
            cust = key;
            break;
          }
        }
      }

      if (cust){
        delete this._indexByCustom[cust];
      }

      // remove the view from the container
      delete this._views[viewCid];

      // update the length
      this._updateLength();
    },

    // Call a method on every view in the container,
    // passing parameters to the call method one at a
    // time, like `function.call`.
    call: function(method, args){
      args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
      this.apply(method, args);
    },

    // Apply a method on every view in the container,
    // passing parameters to the call method one at a
    // time, like `function.apply`.
    apply: function(method, args){
      var view;

      // fix for IE < 9
      args = args || [];

      _.each(this._views, function(view, key){
        if (_.isFunction(view[method])){
          view[method].apply(view, args);
        }
      });

    },

    // Update the `.length` attribute on this container
    _updateLength: function(){
      this.length = _.size(this._views);
    },

    // set up an initial list of views
    _addInitialViews: function(views){
      if (!views){ return; }

      var view, i,
          length = views.length;

      for (i=0; i<length; i++){
        view = views[i];
        this.add(view);
      }
    }
  });

  // Borrowing this code from Backbone.Collection:
  // http://backbonejs.org/docs/backbone.html#section-106
  //
  // Mix in methods from Underscore, for iteration, and other
  // collection related features.
  var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 
    'select', 'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 
    'contains', 'invoke', 'toArray', 'first', 'initial', 'rest', 
    'last', 'without', 'isEmpty', 'pluck'];

  _.each(methods, function(method) {
    Container.prototype[method] = function() {
      var views = _.values(this._views);
      var args = [views].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
      return _[method].apply(_, args);
    };
  });

  // return the public API
  return Container;
})(Backbone, _);

// Backbone.Wreqr, v0.1.1
// Copyright (c)2013 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC.
// Distributed under MIT license
// http://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.wreqr
Backbone.Wreqr = (function(Backbone, Marionette, _){
  "use strict";
  var Wreqr = {};

  // Handlers
  // --------
  // A registry of functions to call, given a name
  
  Wreqr.Handlers = (function(Backbone, _){
    "use strict";
    
    // Constructor
    // -----------
  
    var Handlers = function(){
      this._handlers = {};
    };
  
    Handlers.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
  
    // Instance Members
    // ----------------
  
    _.extend(Handlers.prototype, {
  
      // Add a handler for the given name, with an
      // optional context to run the handler within
      addHandler: function(name, handler, context){
        var config = {
          callback: handler,
          context: context
        };
  
        this._handlers[name] = config;
      },
  
      // Get the currently registered handler for
      // the specified name. Throws an exception if
      // no handler is found.
      getHandler: function(name){
        var config = this._handlers[name];
  
        if (!config){
          throw new Error("Handler not found for '" + name + "'");
        }
  
        return function(){
          var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
          return config.callback.apply(config.context, args);
        };
      },
  
      // Remove a handler for the specified name
      removeHandler: function(name){
        delete this._handlers[name];
      },
  
      // Remove all handlers from this registry
      removeAllHandlers: function(){
        this._handlers = {};
      }
    });
  
    return Handlers;
  })(Backbone, _);
  
  // Wreqr.Commands
  // --------------
  //
  // A simple command pattern implementation. Register a command
  // handler and execute it.
  Wreqr.Commands = (function(Wreqr){
    "use strict";
  
    return Wreqr.Handlers.extend({
      execute: function(){
        var name = arguments[0];
        var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
  
        this.getHandler(name).apply(this, args);
      }
    });
  
  })(Wreqr);
  
  // Wreqr.RequestResponse
  // ---------------------
  //
  // A simple request/response implementation. Register a
  // request handler, and return a response from it
  Wreqr.RequestResponse = (function(Wreqr){
    "use strict";
  
    return Wreqr.Handlers.extend({
      request: function(){
        var name = arguments[0];
        var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1);
  
        return this.getHandler(name).apply(this, args);
      }
    });
  
  })(Wreqr);
  
  // Event Aggregator
  // ----------------
  // A pub-sub object that can be used to decouple various parts
  // of an application through event-driven architecture.
  
  Wreqr.EventAggregator = (function(Backbone, _){
    "use strict";
    var EA = function(){};
  
    // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
    EA.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;
  
    // Copy the basic Backbone.Events on to the event aggregator
    _.extend(EA.prototype, Backbone.Events);
  
    return EA;
  })(Backbone, _);
  

  return Wreqr;
})(Backbone, Backbone.Marionette, _);

var Marionette = (function(Backbone, _, $){
  "use strict";

  var Marionette = {};
  Backbone.Marionette = Marionette;

// Helpers
// -------

// For slicing `arguments` in functions
var slice = Array.prototype.slice;

// Marionette.extend
// -----------------

// Borrow the Backbone `extend` method so we can use it as needed
Marionette.extend = Backbone.Model.extend;

// Marionette.getOption
// --------------------

// Retrieve an object, function or other value from a target
// object or it's `options`, with `options` taking precedence.
Marionette.getOption = function(target, optionName){
  if (!target || !optionName){ return; }
  var value;

  if (target.options && (optionName in target.options) && (target.options[optionName] !== undefined)){
    value = target.options[optionName];
  } else {
    value = target[optionName];
  }

  return value;
};

// Mairionette.createObject
// ------------------------

// A wrapper / shim for `Object.create`. Uses native `Object.create`
// if available, otherwise shims it in place for Marionette to use.
Marionette.createObject = (function(){
  var createObject;
  
  // Define this once, and just replace the .prototype on it as needed,
  // to improve performance in older / less optimized JS engines
  function F() {}


  // Check for existing native / shimmed Object.create
  if (typeof Object.create === "function"){

    // found native/shim, so use it
    createObject = Object.create;

  } else {

    // An implementation of the Boodman/Crockford delegation 
    // w/ Cornford optimization, as suggested by @unscriptable
    // https://gist.github.com/3959151

    // native/shim not found, so shim it ourself
    createObject = function (o) {

      // set the prototype of the function
      // so we will get `o` as the prototype
      // of the new object instance
      F.prototype = o;

      // create a new object that inherits from
      // the `o` parameter
      var child = new F();
      
      // clean up just in case o is really large
      F.prototype = null; 

      // send it back
      return child;
    };

  }

  return createObject;
})();

// Trigger an event and a corresponding method name. Examples:
//
// `this.triggerMethod("foo")` will trigger the "foo" event and
// call the "onFoo" method. 
//
// `this.triggerMethod("foo:bar") will trigger the "foo:bar" event and
// call the "onFooBar" method.
Marionette.triggerMethod = function(){
  var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
  var eventName = args[0];
  var segments = eventName.split(":");
  var segment, capLetter, methodName = "on";

  for (var i = 0; i < segments.length; i++){
    segment = segments[i];
    capLetter = segment.charAt(0).toUpperCase();
    methodName += capLetter + segment.slice(1);
  }

  this.trigger.apply(this, args);

  if (_.isFunction(this[methodName])){
    args.shift();
    return this[methodName].apply(this, args);
  }
};

// DOMRefresh
// ----------
//
// Monitor a view's state, and after it has been rendered and shown
// in the DOM, trigger a "dom:refresh" event every time it is
// re-rendered.

Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh = (function(){
  // track when the view has been rendered
  function handleShow(view){
    view._isShown = true;
    triggerDOMRefresh(view);
  }

  // track when the view has been shown in the DOM,
  // using a Marionette.Region (or by other means of triggering "show")
  function handleRender(view){
    view._isRendered = true;
    triggerDOMRefresh(view);
  }

  // Trigger the "dom:refresh" event and corresponding "onDomRefresh" method
  function triggerDOMRefresh(view){
    if (view._isShown && view._isRendered){
      if (_.isFunction(view.triggerMethod)){
        view.triggerMethod("dom:refresh");
      }
    }
  }

  // Export public API
  return function(view){
    view.listenTo(view, "show", function(){
      handleShow(view);
    });

    view.listenTo(view, "render", function(){
      handleRender(view);
    });
  };
})();


// Marionette.bindEntityEvents & unbindEntityEvents
// ---------------------------
//
// These methods are used to bind/unbind a backbone "entity" (collection/model) 
// to methods on a target object. 
//
// The first paremter, `target`, must have a `listenTo` method from the
// EventBinder object.
//
// The second parameter is the entity (Backbone.Model or Backbone.Collection)
// to bind the events from.
//
// The third parameter is a hash of { "event:name": "eventHandler" }
// configuration. Multiple handlers can be separated by a space. A
// function can be supplied instead of a string handler name. 

(function(Marionette){
  "use strict";

  // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
  // handler names on the target object
  function bindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods){
    var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);

    _.each(methodNames,function(methodName) {

      var method = target[methodName];
      if(!method) {
        throw new Error("Method '"+ methodName +"' was configured as an event handler, but does not exist.");
      }

      target.listenTo(entity, evt, method, target);
    });
  }

  // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
  function bindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method){
      target.listenTo(entity, evt, method, target);
  }

  // Bind the event to handlers specified as a string of
  // handler names on the target object
  function unbindFromStrings(target, entity, evt, methods){
    var methodNames = methods.split(/\s+/);

    _.each(methodNames,function(methodName) {
      var method = target[method];
      target.stopListening(entity, evt, method, target);
    });
  }

  // Bind the event to a supplied callback function
  function unbindToFunction(target, entity, evt, method){
      target.stopListening(entity, evt, method, target);
  }

  
  // generic looping function
  function iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, functionCallback, stringCallback){
    if (!entity || !bindings) { return; }

    // allow the bindings to be a function
    if (_.isFunction(bindings)){
      bindings = bindings.call(target);
    }

    // iterate the bindings and bind them
    _.each(bindings, function(methods, evt){

      // allow for a function as the handler, 
      // or a list of event names as a string
      if (_.isFunction(methods)){
        functionCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
      } else {
        stringCallback(target, entity, evt, methods);
      }

    });
  }
 
  // Export Public API
  Marionette.bindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings){
    iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, bindToFunction, bindFromStrings);
  };

  Marionette.unbindEntityEvents = function(target, entity, bindings){
    iterateEvents(target, entity, bindings, unbindToFunction, unbindFromStrings);
  };

})(Marionette);

  
// Callbacks
// ---------

// A simple way of managing a collection of callbacks
// and executing them at a later point in time, using jQuery's
// `Deferred` object.
Marionette.Callbacks = function(){
  this._deferred = $.Deferred();
  this._callbacks = [];
};

_.extend(Marionette.Callbacks.prototype, {

  // Add a callback to be executed. Callbacks added here are
  // guaranteed to execute, even if they are added after the 
  // `run` method is called.
  add: function(callback, contextOverride){
    this._callbacks.push({cb: callback, ctx: contextOverride});

    this._deferred.done(function(context, options){
      if (contextOverride){ context = contextOverride; }
      callback.call(context, options);
    });
  },

  // Run all registered callbacks with the context specified. 
  // Additional callbacks can be added after this has been run 
  // and they will still be executed.
  run: function(options, context){
    this._deferred.resolve(context, options);
  },

  // Resets the list of callbacks to be run, allowing the same list
  // to be run multiple times - whenever the `run` method is called.
  reset: function(){
    var that = this;
    var callbacks = this._callbacks;
    this._deferred = $.Deferred();
    this._callbacks = [];
    _.each(callbacks, function(cb){
      that.add(cb.cb, cb.ctx);
    });
  }
});


// Marionette Controller
// ---------------------
//
// A multi-purpose object to use as a controller for
// modules and routers, and as a mediator for workflow
// and coordination of other objects, views, and more.
Marionette.Controller = function(options){
  this.triggerMethod = Marionette.triggerMethod;
  this.options = options || {};

  if (_.isFunction(this.initialize)){
    this.initialize(this.options);
  }
};

Marionette.Controller.extend = Marionette.extend;

// Controller Methods
// --------------

// Ensure it can trigger events with Backbone.Events
_.extend(Marionette.Controller.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
  close: function(){
    this.stopListening();
    this.triggerMethod("close");
    this.unbind();
  }
});

// Region 
// ------
//
// Manage the visual regions of your composite application. See
// http://lostechies.com/derickbailey/2011/12/12/composite-js-apps-regions-and-region-managers/

Marionette.Region = function(options){
  this.options = options || {};

  this.el = Marionette.getOption(this, "el");

  if (!this.el){
    var err = new Error("An 'el' must be specified for a region.");
    err.name = "NoElError";
    throw err;
  }

  if (this.initialize){
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    this.initialize.apply(this, args);
  }
};


// Region Type methods
// -------------------

_.extend(Marionette.Region, {

  // Build an instance of a region by passing in a configuration object
  // and a default region type to use if none is specified in the config.
  //
  // The config object should either be a string as a jQuery DOM selector,
  // a Region type directly, or an object literal that specifies both
  // a selector and regionType:
  //
  // ```js
  // {
  //   selector: "#foo",
  //   regionType: MyCustomRegion
  // }
  // ```
  //
  buildRegion: function(regionConfig, defaultRegionType){
    var regionIsString = (typeof regionConfig === "string");
    var regionSelectorIsString = (typeof regionConfig.selector === "string");
    var regionTypeIsUndefined = (typeof regionConfig.regionType === "undefined");
    var regionIsType = (typeof regionConfig === "function");

    if (!regionIsType && !regionIsString && !regionSelectorIsString) {
      throw new Error("Region must be specified as a Region type, a selector string or an object with selector property");
    }

    var selector, RegionType;
   
    // get the selector for the region
    
    if (regionIsString) {
      selector = regionConfig;
    } 

    if (regionConfig.selector) {
      selector = regionConfig.selector;
    }

    // get the type for the region
    
    if (regionIsType){
      RegionType = regionConfig;
    }

    if (!regionIsType && regionTypeIsUndefined) {
      RegionType = defaultRegionType;
    }

    if (regionConfig.regionType) {
      RegionType = regionConfig.regionType;
    }
    
    // build the region instance

    var regionManager = new RegionType({
      el: selector
    });

    return regionManager;
  }

});

// Region Instance Methods
// -----------------------

_.extend(Marionette.Region.prototype, Backbone.Events, {

  // Displays a backbone view instance inside of the region.
  // Handles calling the `render` method for you. Reads content
  // directly from the `el` attribute. Also calls an optional
  // `onShow` and `close` method on your view, just after showing
  // or just before closing the view, respectively.
  show: function(view){

    this.ensureEl();
    this.close();

    view.render();
    this.open(view);

    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "show", view);

    this.currentView = view;
  },

  ensureEl: function(){
    if (!this.$el || this.$el.length === 0){
      this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
    }
  },

  // Override this method to change how the region finds the
  // DOM element that it manages. Return a jQuery selector object.
  getEl: function(selector){
    return $(selector);
  },

  // Override this method to change how the new view is
  // appended to the `$el` that the region is managing
  open: function(view){
    this.$el.empty().append(view.el);
  },

  // Close the current view, if there is one. If there is no
  // current view, it does nothing and returns immediately.
  close: function(){
    var view = this.currentView;
    if (!view || view.isClosed){ return; }

    if (view.close) { view.close(); }
    Marionette.triggerMethod.call(this, "close");

    delete this.currentView;
  },

  // Attach an existing view to the region. This 
  // will not call `render` or `onShow` for the new view, 
  // and will not replace the current HTML for the `el`
  // of the region.
  attachView: function(view){
    this.currentView = view;
  },

  // Reset the region by closing any existing view and
  // clearing out the cached `$el`. The next time a view
  // is shown via this region, the region will re-query the
  // DOM for the region's `el`.
  reset: function(){
    this.close();
    delete this.$el;
  }
});

// Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
Marionette.Region.extend = Marionette.extend;


// Template Cache
// --------------

// Manage templates stored in `<script>` blocks,
// caching them for faster access.
Marionette.TemplateCache = function(templateId){
  this.templateId = templateId;
};

// TemplateCache object-level methods. Manage the template
// caches from these method calls instead of creating 
// your own TemplateCache instances
_.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache, {
  templateCaches: {},

  // Get the specified template by id. Either
  // retrieves the cached version, or loads it
  // from the DOM.
  get: function(templateId){
    var that = this;
    var cachedTemplate = this.templateCaches[templateId];

    if (!cachedTemplate){
      cachedTemplate = new Marionette.TemplateCache(templateId);
      this.templateCaches[templateId] = cachedTemplate;
    }

    return cachedTemplate.load();
  },

  // Clear templates from the cache. If no arguments
  // are specified, clears all templates:
  // `clear()`
  //
  // If arguments are specified, clears each of the 
  // specified templates from the cache:
  // `clear("#t1", "#t2", "...")`
  clear: function(){
    var i;
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    var length = args.length;

    if (length > 0){
      for(i=0; i<length; i++){
        delete this.templateCaches[args[i]];
      }
    } else {
      this.templateCaches = {};
    }
  }
});

// TemplateCache instance methods, allowing each
// template cache object to manage it's own state
// and know whether or not it has been loaded
_.extend(Marionette.TemplateCache.prototype, {

  // Internal method to load the template
  load: function(){
    var that = this;

    // Guard clause to prevent loading this template more than once
    if (this.compiledTemplate){
      return this.compiledTemplate;
    }

    // Load the template and compile it
    var template = this.loadTemplate(this.templateId);
    this.compiledTemplate = this.compileTemplate(template);

    return this.compiledTemplate;
  },

  // Load a template from the DOM, by default. Override
  // this method to provide your own template retrieval
  // For asynchronous loading with AMD/RequireJS, consider
  // using a template-loader plugin as described here: 
  // https://github.com/marionettejs/backbone.marionette/wiki/Using-marionette-with-requirejs
  loadTemplate: function(templateId){
    var template = $(templateId).html();

    if (!template || template.length === 0){
      var msg = "Could not find template: '" + templateId + "'";
      var err = new Error(msg);
      err.name = "NoTemplateError";
      throw err;
    }

    return template;
  },

  // Pre-compile the template before caching it. Override
  // this method if you do not need to pre-compile a template
  // (JST / RequireJS for example) or if you want to change
  // the template engine used (Handebars, etc).
  compileTemplate: function(rawTemplate){
    return _.template(rawTemplate);
  }
});


// Renderer
// --------

// Render a template with data by passing in the template
// selector and the data to render.
Marionette.Renderer = {

  // Render a template with data. The `template` parameter is
  // passed to the `TemplateCache` object to retrieve the
  // template function. Override this method to provide your own
  // custom rendering and template handling for all of Marionette.
  render: function(template, data){
    var templateFunc = typeof template === 'function' ? template : Marionette.TemplateCache.get(template);
    var html = templateFunc(data);
    return html;
  }
};



// Marionette.View
// ---------------

// The core view type that other Marionette views extend from.
Marionette.View = Backbone.View.extend({

  constructor: function(){
    _.bindAll(this, "render");

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Backbone.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);

    Marionette.MonitorDOMRefresh(this);
    this.listenTo(this, "show", this.onShowCalled, this);
  },

  // import the "triggerMethod" to trigger events with corresponding
  // methods if the method exists 
  triggerMethod: Marionette.triggerMethod,

  // Get the template for this view
  // instance. You can set a `template` attribute in the view
  // definition or pass a `template: "whatever"` parameter in
  // to the constructor options.
  getTemplate: function(){
    return Marionette.getOption(this, "template");
  },

  // Mix in template helper methods. Looks for a
  // `templateHelpers` attribute, which can either be an
  // object literal, or a function that returns an object
  // literal. All methods and attributes from this object
  // are copies to the object passed in.
  mixinTemplateHelpers: function(target){
    target = target || {};
    var templateHelpers = this.templateHelpers;
    if (_.isFunction(templateHelpers)){
      templateHelpers = templateHelpers.call(this);
    }
    return _.extend(target, templateHelpers);
  },

  // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
  // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
  configureTriggers: function(){
    if (!this.triggers) { return; }

    var that = this;
    var triggerEvents = {};

    // Allow `triggers` to be configured as a function
    var triggers = _.result(this, "triggers");

    // Configure the triggers, prevent default
    // action and stop propagation of DOM events
    _.each(triggers, function(value, key){

      // build the event handler function for the DOM event
      triggerEvents[key] = function(e){

        // stop the event in it's tracks
        if (e && e.preventDefault){ e.preventDefault(); }
        if (e && e.stopPropagation){ e.stopPropagation(); }

        // buil the args for the event
        var args = {
          view: this,
          model: this.model,
          collection: this.collection
        };

        // trigger the event
        that.triggerMethod(value, args);
      };

    });

    return triggerEvents;
  },

  // Overriding Backbone.View's delegateEvents to handle 
  // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` configuration
  delegateEvents: function(events){
    this._delegateDOMEvents(events);
    Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
    Marionette.bindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
  },

  // internal method to delegate DOM events and triggers
  _delegateDOMEvents: function(events){
    events = events || this.events;
    if (_.isFunction(events)){ events = events.call(this); }

    var combinedEvents = {};
    var triggers = this.configureTriggers();
    _.extend(combinedEvents, events, triggers);

    Backbone.View.prototype.delegateEvents.call(this, combinedEvents);
  },

  // Overriding Backbone.View's undelegateEvents to handle unbinding
  // the `triggers`, `modelEvents`, and `collectionEvents` config
  undelegateEvents: function(){
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments);
    Backbone.View.prototype.undelegateEvents.apply(this, args);

    Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.model, Marionette.getOption(this, "modelEvents"));
    Marionette.unbindEntityEvents(this, this.collection, Marionette.getOption(this, "collectionEvents"));
  },

  // Internal method, handles the `show` event.
  onShowCalled: function(){},

  // Default `close` implementation, for removing a view from the
  // DOM and unbinding it. Regions will call this method
  // for you. You can specify an `onClose` method in your view to
  // add custom code that is called after the view is closed.
  close: function(){
    if (this.isClosed) { return; }

    // allow the close to be stopped by returning `false`
    // from the `onBeforeClose` method
    var shouldClose = this.triggerMethod("before:close");
    if (shouldClose === false){
      return;
    }

    // mark as closed before doing the actual close, to
    // prevent infinite loops within "close" event handlers
    // that are trying to close other views
    this.isClosed = true;
    this.triggerMethod("close");

    this.remove();
  },

  // This method binds the elements specified in the "ui" hash inside the view's code with
  // the associated jQuery selectors.
  bindUIElements: function(){
    if (!this.ui) { return; }

    var that = this;

    if (!this.uiBindings) {
      // We want to store the ui hash in uiBindings, since afterwards the values in the ui hash
      // will be overridden with jQuery selectors.
      this.uiBindings = _.result(this, "ui");
    }

    // refreshing the associated selectors since they should point to the newly rendered elements.
    this.ui = {};
    _.each(_.keys(this.uiBindings), function(key) {
      var selector = that.uiBindings[key];
      that.ui[key] = that.$(selector);
    });
  }
});

// Item View
// ---------

// A single item view implementation that contains code for rendering
// with underscore.js templates, serializing the view's model or collection,
// and calling several methods on extended views, such as `onRender`.
Marionette.ItemView =  Marionette.View.extend({
  constructor: function(){
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);
  },

  // Serialize the model or collection for the view. If a model is
  // found, `.toJSON()` is called. If a collection is found, `.toJSON()`
  // is also called, but is used to populate an `items` array in the
  // resulting data. If both are found, defaults to the model.
  // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
  // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
  serializeData: function(){
    var data = {};

    if (this.model) {
      data = this.model.toJSON();
    }
    else if (this.collection) {
      data = { items: this.collection.toJSON() };
    }

    return data;
  },

  // Render the view, defaulting to underscore.js templates.
  // You can override this in your view definition to provide
  // a very specific rendering for your view. In general, though,
  // you should override the `Marionette.Renderer` object to
  // change how Marionette renders views.
  render: function(){
    this.isClosed = false;

    this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
    this.triggerMethod("item:before:render", this);

    var data = this.serializeData();
    data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);

    var template = this.getTemplate();
    var html = Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
    this.$el.html(html);
    this.bindUIElements();

    this.triggerMethod("render", this);
    this.triggerMethod("item:rendered", this);

    return this;
  },

  // Override the default close event to add a few
  // more events that are triggered.
  close: function(){
    if (this.isClosed){ return; }

    this.triggerMethod('item:before:close');

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, args);

    this.triggerMethod('item:closed');
  }
});

// Collection View
// ---------------

// A view that iterates over a Backbone.Collection
// and renders an individual ItemView for each model.
Marionette.CollectionView = Marionette.View.extend({
  // used as the prefix for item view events
  // that are forwarded through the collectionview
  itemViewEventPrefix: "itemview",

  // constructor
  constructor: function(options){
    this._initChildViewStorage();

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);

    this._initialEvents();
  },

  // Configured the initial events that the collection view
  // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
  // events, or to add your own initial events.
  _initialEvents: function(){
    if (this.collection){
      this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
      this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
      this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this.render, this);
    }
  },

  // Handle a child item added to the collection
  addChildView: function(item, collection, options){
    this.closeEmptyView();
    var ItemView = this.getItemView(item);
    var index = this.collection.indexOf(item);
    this.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
  },

  // Override from `Marionette.View` to guarantee the `onShow` method
  // of child views is called.
  onShowCalled: function(){
    this.children.each(function(child){
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(child, "show");
    });
  },

  // Internal method to trigger the before render callbacks
  // and events
  triggerBeforeRender: function(){
    this.triggerMethod("before:render", this);
    this.triggerMethod("collection:before:render", this);
  },

  // Internal method to trigger the rendered callbacks and
  // events
  triggerRendered: function(){
    this.triggerMethod("render", this);
    this.triggerMethod("collection:rendered", this);
  },

  // Render the collection of items. Override this method to
  // provide your own implementation of a render function for
  // the collection view.
  render: function(){
    this.isClosed = false;

    this.triggerBeforeRender();
    this.closeEmptyView();
    this.closeChildren();

    if (this.collection && this.collection.length > 0) {
      this.showCollection();
    } else {
      this.showEmptyView();
    }

    this.triggerRendered();
    return this;
  },

  // Internal method to loop through each item in the
  // collection view and show it
  showCollection: function(){
    var that = this;
    var ItemView;
    this.collection.each(function(item, index){
      ItemView = that.getItemView(item);
      that.addItemView(item, ItemView, index);
    });
  },

  // Internal method to show an empty view in place of
  // a collection of item views, when the collection is
  // empty
  showEmptyView: function(){
    var EmptyView = Marionette.getOption(this, "emptyView");

    if (EmptyView && !this._showingEmptyView){
      this._showingEmptyView = true;
      var model = new Backbone.Model();
      this.addItemView(model, EmptyView, 0);
    }
  },

  // Internal method to close an existing emptyView instance
  // if one exists. Called when a collection view has been
  // rendered empty, and then an item is added to the collection.
  closeEmptyView: function(){
    if (this._showingEmptyView){
      this.closeChildren();
      delete this._showingEmptyView;
    }
  },

  // Retrieve the itemView type, either from `this.options.itemView`
  // or from the `itemView` in the object definition. The "options"
  // takes precedence.
  getItemView: function(item){
    var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView");

    if (!itemView){
      var err = new Error("An `itemView` must be specified");
      err.name = "NoItemViewError";
      throw err;
    }

    return itemView;
  },

  // Render the child item's view and add it to the
  // HTML for the collection view.
  addItemView: function(item, ItemView, index){
    var that = this;

    // get the itemViewOptions if any were specified
    var itemViewOptions = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewOptions");
    if (_.isFunction(itemViewOptions)){
      itemViewOptions = itemViewOptions.call(this, item);
    }

    // build the view 
    var view = this.buildItemView(item, ItemView, itemViewOptions);
    
    // set up the child view event forwarding
    this.addChildViewEventForwarding(view);

    // this view is about to be added
    this.triggerMethod("before:item:added", view);

    // Store the child view itself so we can properly
    // remove and/or close it later
    this.children.add(view);

    // call the "show" method if the collection view
    // has already been shown
    if (this._isShown){
      Marionette.triggerMethod.call(view, "show");
    }

    // Render it and show it
    var renderResult = this.renderItemView(view, index);
    
    // this view was added
    this.triggerMethod("after:item:added", view);
  },

  // Set up the child view event forwarding. Uses an "itemview:"
  // prefix in front of all forwarded events.
  addChildViewEventForwarding: function(view){
    var prefix = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemViewEventPrefix");

    // Forward all child item view events through the parent,
    // prepending "itemview:" to the event name
    this.listenTo(view, "all", function(){
      var args = slice.call(arguments);
      args[0] = prefix + ":" + args[0];
      args.splice(1, 0, view);

      Marionette.triggerMethod.apply(this, args);
    }, this);
  },

  // render the item view
  renderItemView: function(view, index) {
    view.render();
    this.appendHtml(this, view, index);
  },

  // Build an `itemView` for every model in the collection.
  buildItemView: function(item, ItemViewType, itemViewOptions){
    var options = _.extend({model: item}, itemViewOptions);
    var view = new ItemViewType(options);
    return view;
  },

  // get the child view by item it holds, and remove it
  removeItemView: function(item){
    var view = this.children.findByModel(item);
    this.removeChildView(view);
    this.checkEmpty();
  },

  // Remove the child view and close it
  removeChildView: function(view){

    // shut down the child view properly,
    // including events that the collection has from it
    if (view){
      this.stopListening(view);

      if (view.close){
        view.close();
      }

      this.children.remove(view);
    }

    this.triggerMethod("item:removed", view);
  },

  // helper to show the empty view if the collection is empty
  checkEmpty: function() {
    // check if we're empty now, and if we are, show the
    // empty view
    if (!this.collection || this.collection.length === 0){
      this.showEmptyView();
    }
  },

  // Append the HTML to the collection's `el`.
  // Override this method to do something other
  // then `.append`.
  appendHtml: function(collectionView, itemView, index){
    collectionView.$el.append(itemView.el);
  },

  // Internal method to set up the `children` object for
  // storing all of the child views
  _initChildViewStorage: function(){
    this.children = new Backbone.ChildViewContainer();
  },

  // Handle cleanup and other closing needs for
  // the collection of views.
  close: function(){
    if (this.isClosed){ return; }

    this.triggerMethod("collection:before:close");
    this.closeChildren();
    this.triggerMethod("collection:closed");

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, args);
  },

  // Close the child views that this collection view
  // is holding on to, if any
  closeChildren: function(){
    this.children.each(function(child){
      this.removeChildView(child);
    }, this);
    this.checkEmpty();
  }
});


// Composite View
// --------------

// Used for rendering a branch-leaf, hierarchical structure.
// Extends directly from CollectionView and also renders an
// an item view as `modelView`, for the top leaf
Marionette.CompositeView = Marionette.CollectionView.extend({
  constructor: function(options){
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.CollectionView.apply(this, args);

    this.itemView = this.getItemView();
  },

  // Configured the initial events that the composite view
  // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
  // events, or to add your own initial events.
  _initialEvents: function(){
    if (this.collection){
      this.listenTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
      this.listenTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
      this.listenTo(this.collection, "reset", this.renderCollection, this);
    }
  },

  // Retrieve the `itemView` to be used when rendering each of
  // the items in the collection. The default is to return
  // `this.itemView` or Marionette.CompositeView if no `itemView`
  // has been defined
  getItemView: function(item){
    var itemView = Marionette.getOption(this, "itemView") || this.constructor;

    if (!itemView){
      var err = new Error("An `itemView` must be specified");
      err.name = "NoItemViewError";
      throw err;
    }

    return itemView;
  },

  // Serialize the collection for the view. 
  // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view
  // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
  serializeData: function(){
    var data = {};

    if (this.model){
      data = this.model.toJSON();
    }

    return data;
  },

  // Renders the model once, and the collection once. Calling
  // this again will tell the model's view to re-render itself
  // but the collection will not re-render.
  render: function(){
    this.isClosed = false;

    this.resetItemViewContainer();

    var html = this.renderModel();
    this.$el.html(html);

    // the ui bindings is done here and not at the end of render since they 
    // will not be available until after the model is rendered, but should be
    // available before the collection is rendered.
    this.bindUIElements();

    this.triggerMethod("composite:model:rendered");

    this.renderCollection();
    this.triggerMethod("composite:rendered");
    return this;
  },

  // Render the collection for the composite view
  renderCollection: function(){
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.render.apply(this, args);

    this.triggerMethod("composite:collection:rendered");
  },

  // Render an individual model, if we have one, as
  // part of a composite view (branch / leaf). For example:
  // a treeview.
  renderModel: function(){
    var data = {};
    data = this.serializeData();
    data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);

    var template = this.getTemplate();
    return Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
  },

  // Appends the `el` of itemView instances to the specified
  // `itemViewContainer` (a jQuery selector). Override this method to
  // provide custom logic of how the child item view instances have their
  // HTML appended to the composite view instance.
  appendHtml: function(cv, iv){
    var $container = this.getItemViewContainer(cv);
    $container.append(iv.el);
  },

  // Internal method to ensure an `$itemViewContainer` exists, for the
  // `appendHtml` method to use.
  getItemViewContainer: function(containerView){
    if ("$itemViewContainer" in containerView){
      return containerView.$itemViewContainer;
    }

    var container;
    if (containerView.itemViewContainer){

      var selector = _.result(containerView, "itemViewContainer");
      container = containerView.$(selector);
      if (container.length <= 0) {
        var err = new Error("The specified `itemViewContainer` was not found: " + containerView.itemViewContainer);
        err.name = "ItemViewContainerMissingError";
        throw err;
      }

    } else {
      container = containerView.$el;
    }

    containerView.$itemViewContainer = container;
    return container;
  },

  // Internal method to reset the `$itemViewContainer` on render
  resetItemViewContainer: function(){
    if (this.$itemViewContainer){
      delete this.$itemViewContainer;
    }
  }
});


// Layout
// ------

// Used for managing application layouts, nested layouts and
// multiple regions within an application or sub-application.
//
// A specialized view type that renders an area of HTML and then
// attaches `Region` instances to the specified `regions`.
// Used for composite view management and sub-application areas.
Marionette.Layout = Marionette.ItemView.extend({
  regionType: Marionette.Region,
  
  // Ensure the regions are avialable when the `initialize` method
  // is called.
  constructor: function () {
    this._firstRender = true;
    this.initializeRegions();

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.ItemView.apply(this, args);
  },

  // Layout's render will use the existing region objects the
  // first time it is called. Subsequent calls will close the
  // views that the regions are showing and then reset the `el`
  // for the regions to the newly rendered DOM elements.
  render: function(){

    if (this._firstRender){
      // if this is the first render, don't do anything to
      // reset the regions
      this._firstRender = false;
    } else {
      // If this is not the first render call, then we need to 
      // re-initializing the `el` for each region
      this.closeRegions();
      this.reInitializeRegions();
    }

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    var result = Marionette.ItemView.prototype.render.apply(this, args);

    return result;
  },

  // Handle closing regions, and then close the view itself.
  close: function () {
    if (this.isClosed){ return; }

    this.closeRegions();
    this.destroyRegions();

    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Marionette.ItemView.prototype.close.apply(this, args);
  },

  // Initialize the regions that have been defined in a
  // `regions` attribute on this layout. The key of the
  // hash becomes an attribute on the layout object directly.
  // For example: `regions: { menu: ".menu-container" }`
  // will product a `layout.menu` object which is a region
  // that controls the `.menu-container` DOM element.
  initializeRegions: function () {
    if (!this.regionManagers){
      this.regionManagers = {};
    }

    var that = this;
    var regions = this.regions || {};
    _.each(regions, function (region, name) {

      var regionManager = Marionette.Region.buildRegion(region, that.regionType);
      regionManager.getEl = function(selector){
        return that.$(selector);
      };

      that.regionManagers[name] = regionManager;
      that[name] = regionManager;
    });

  },

  // Re-initialize all of the regions by updating the `el` that
  // they point to
  reInitializeRegions: function(){
    if (this.regionManagers && _.size(this.regionManagers)===0){
      this.initializeRegions();
    } else {
      _.each(this.regionManagers, function(region){
        region.reset();
      });
    }
  },

  // Close all of the regions that have been opened by
  // this layout. This method is called when the layout
  // itself is closed.
  closeRegions: function () {
    var that = this;
    _.each(this.regionManagers, function (manager, name) {
      manager.close();
    });
  },

  // Destroys all of the regions by removing references
  // from the Layout
  destroyRegions: function(){
    var that = this;
    _.each(this.regionManagers, function (manager, name) {
      delete that[name];
    });
    this.regionManagers = {};
  }
});



// AppRouter
// ---------

// Reduce the boilerplate code of handling route events
// and then calling a single method on another object.
// Have your routers configured to call the method on
// your object, directly.
//
// Configure an AppRouter with `appRoutes`.
//
// App routers can only take one `controller` object. 
// It is recommended that you divide your controller
// objects in to smaller peices of related functionality
// and have multiple routers / controllers, instead of
// just one giant router and controller.
//
// You can also add standard routes to an AppRouter.

Marionette.AppRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({

  constructor: function(options){
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments);
    Backbone.Router.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);

    this.options = options;

    if (this.appRoutes){
      var controller = Marionette.getOption(this, "controller");
      this.processAppRoutes(controller, this.appRoutes);
    }
  },

  // Internal method to process the `appRoutes` for the
  // router, and turn them in to routes that trigger the
  // specified method on the specified `controller`.
  processAppRoutes: function(controller, appRoutes){
    var method, methodName;
    var route, routesLength, i;
    var routes = [];
    var router = this;

    for(route in appRoutes){
      if (appRoutes.hasOwnProperty(route)){
        routes.unshift([route, ap…