/strtk.hpp

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/*
 *****************************************************************
 *                     String Toolkit Library                    *
 *                                                               *
 * Author: Arash Partow (2002-2013)                              *
 * URL: http://www.partow.net/programming/strtk/index.html       *
 *                                                               *
 * Copyright notice:                                             *
 * Free use of the String Toolkit Library is permitted under the *
 * guidelines and in accordance with the most current version of *
 * the Common Public License.                                    *
 * http://www.opensource.org/licenses/cpl1.0.php                 *
 *                                                               *
 *****************************************************************
*/

#ifndef INCLUDE_STRTK_HPP
#define INCLUDE_STRTK_HPP


#include <cstddef>
#include <cctype>
#include <cstring>
#include <cerrno>
#include <exception>
#include <cmath>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <sstream>
#include <utility>
#include <algorithm>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <deque>
#include <list>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <stack>
#include <queue>


#ifndef strtk_no_tr1_or_boost
   #define strtk_enable_lexical_cast
   #define strtk_enable_random
   #define strtk_enable_regex
#endif

#ifdef strtk_enable_lexical_cast
   #include <boost/lexical_cast.hpp>
#endif

#ifdef strtk_enable_random
   // Requires definition of a TR1 compatible random library header
   //#include <random>
   #include <boost/random.hpp>
#endif

#ifdef strtk_enable_regex
   // Requires definition of a TR1 compatible regex library header
   //#include <regex>
   #include <boost/regex.hpp>
#endif


namespace strtk
{

   static const std::size_t one_kilobyte = 1024;
   static const std::size_t one_megabyte = 1024 * one_kilobyte;
   static const std::size_t one_gigabyte = 1024 * one_megabyte;
   static const std::size_t magic_seed   = 0xA5A5A5A5;

   template <typename Tokenizer, typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_token(const std::string& buffer,
                                     Tokenizer& tokenizer,
                                     Function function)
   {
      std::size_t token_count = 0;
      tokenizer.assign(buffer);
      typename Tokenizer::iterator itr = tokenizer.begin();
      typename Tokenizer::const_iterator end = tokenizer.end();
      while (end != itr)
      {
         function(*itr);
         ++itr;
         ++token_count;
      }
      return token_count;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line(std::istream& stream,
                                    Function function,
                                    const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::string buffer;
      buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
      std::size_t line_count = 0;
      while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
      {
         function(buffer);
         ++line_count;
      }
      return line_count;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line_n(std::istream& stream,
                                      const std::size_t& n,
                                      Function function,
                                      const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::string buffer;
      buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
      std::size_t line_count = 0;
      while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
      {
         function(buffer);
         if (n == ++line_count)
            break;
      }
      return line_count;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line(const std::string& file_name,
                                    Function function,
                                    const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
      if (stream)
         return for_each_line(stream,function,buffer_size);
      else
         return 0;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line_n(const std::string& file_name,
                                      const std::size_t& n,
                                      Function function,
                                      const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
      if (stream)
         return for_each_line_n(stream,n,function,buffer_size);
      else
         return 0;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line_conditional(std::istream& stream,
                                                Function function,
                                                const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::string buffer;
      buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
      std::size_t line_count = 0;
      while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
      {
         if (!function(buffer))
         {
            return line_count;
         }
         ++line_count;
      }
      return line_count;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line_n_conditional(std::istream& stream,
                                                  const std::size_t& n,
                                                  Function function,
                                                  const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::string buffer;
      buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
      std::size_t line_count = 0;
      while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
      {
         if (!function(buffer))
         {
            return line_count;
         }
         if (n == ++line_count)
            break;
      }
      return line_count;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line_conditional(const std::string& file_name,
                                                Function function,
                                                const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
      if (stream)
         return for_each_line_conditional(stream,function,buffer_size);
      else
         return 0;
   }

   template <typename Function>
   inline std::size_t for_each_line_n_conditional(const std::string& file_name,
                                                  const std::size_t& n,
                                                  Function function,
                                                  const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
      if (stream)
         return for_each_line_n_conditional(stream,n,function,buffer_size);
      else
         return 0;
   }

   template <typename T>
   inline bool read_line_as_value(std::istream& stream,
                                  T& t,
                                  const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
      std::string buffer;
      buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
      if (!std::getline(stream,buffer))
         return false;
      return string_to_type_converter(buffer,t);
   }

   namespace details
   {
      struct not_supported_type_tag   {};
      struct unsigned_type_tag        {};
      struct signed_type_tag          {};
      struct real_type_tag            {};
      struct byte_type_tag            {};
      struct bool_type_tag            {};
      struct hex_number_type_tag      {};
      struct hex_string_type_tag      {};
      struct base64_type_tag          {};
      struct ignore_token_type_tag    {};
      struct stdstring_type_tag       {};
      struct stdstring_range_type_tag {};
      struct value_type_tag           {};
      struct sink_type_tag            {};
      struct stl_seq_type_tag         {};
      struct attribute_type_tag       {};
      struct semantic_action_type_tag {};
      struct expect_type_tag          {};
      struct like_type_tag            {};
      struct inrange_type_tag         {};
      struct trim_type_tag            {};
      struct lcase_type_tag           {};
      struct ucase_type_tag           {};
      struct fillchararray_type_tag   {};

      template <typename T>
      struct supported_conversion_to_type
      {
         typedef not_supported_type_tag type;
      };

      template <typename T>
      struct supported_conversion_from_type
      {
         typedef not_supported_type_tag type;
      };

      template <bool, typename T = void>
      struct enable_if {};

      template <typename T>
      struct enable_if<true, T> { typedef T type; };

      template <typename T>
      struct supported_iterator_type
      {
         enum { value = false };
      };

      template <typename T>
      struct is_valid_iterator
      {
         typedef typename details::enable_if<details::supported_iterator_type<T>::value,T>::type type;
      };

      template <typename T> struct numeric;
      template <typename T> inline std::size_t type_length(const T&);

      struct no_t  {};
      struct yes_t {};

      template <typename T>
      struct is_pod
      {
         typedef no_t result_t;
         enum { result = false };
      };

      template <typename T>
      struct is_stl_container
      { typedef no_t result_t; };

      #define register_stl_container1(C) \
      template <typename T1, typename T2>struct is_stl_container<C<T1,T2> >{ typedef yes_t result_t; };

      #define register_stl_container2(C) \
      template <typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>struct is_stl_container<C<T1,T2,T3> >{ typedef yes_t result_t; };

      register_stl_container1(std::vector)
      register_stl_container1(std::deque)
      register_stl_container1(std::list)
      register_stl_container1(std::queue)
      register_stl_container1(std::stack)
      register_stl_container2(std::set)
      register_stl_container2(std::multiset)
      register_stl_container2(std::priority_queue)

      #undef register_stl_container1
      #undef register_stl_container2

   } // namespace details

   template <typename Iterator, typename T>
   inline bool string_to_type_converter(const Iterator begin, const Iterator end, T& t)
   {
      typedef typename details::is_valid_iterator<Iterator>::type itr_type;
      typename details::supported_conversion_to_type<T>::type type;
      Iterator itr = begin;
      return string_to_type_converter_impl(itr,end,t,type);
   }

   template <typename Iterator, typename T>
   inline bool string_to_type_converter(const std::pair<Iterator,Iterator>& range, T& t)
   {
      return string_to_type_converter(range.first,range.second,t);
   }

   template <typename T, typename Iterator>
   inline T string_to_type_converter(const Iterator begin, const Iterator end)
   {
      typedef typename details::is_valid_iterator<Iterator>::type itr_type;
      typename details::supported_conversion_to_type<T>::type type;
      T t;
      Iterator itr = begin;
      if (string_to_type_converter_impl(itr,end,t,type))
         return t;
      else
         throw std::invalid_argument("string_to_type_converter() - Failed to convert: " +
                                     std::string(begin,end));
   }

   template <typename T, typename Iterator>
   inline T string_to_type_converter(const std::pair<Iterator,Iterator>& range)
   {
      return string_to_type_converter<T>(range.first,range.second);
   }

   template <typename T>
   inline bool string_to_type_converter(const std::string& s, T& t)
   {
      return string_to_type_converter<const char*,T>(s.data(),s.data() + s.size(),t);
   }

   template <typename T>
   inline T string_to_type_converter(const std::string& s)
   {
      return string_to_type_converter<T>(s.data(),s.data() + s.size());
   }

   template <typename T>
   inline bool type_to_string(const T& t, std::string& s)
   {
      typename details::supported_conversion_from_type<T>::type type;
      return type_to_string_converter_impl(t,s,type);
   }

   template <typename T>
   inline std::string type_to_string(const T& t)
   {
      std::string s;
      if (type_to_string<T>(t,s))
         return s;
      else
         throw std::invalid_argument("type_to_string() - Failed to convert type to string");
   }

   #define strtk_begin_register_string_to_type \
   namespace strtk { namespace details {

   #define strtk_end_register_string_to_type \
   }}

   #define strtk_string_to_type_begin(Type) \
   namespace strtk { namespace details { template <typename Iterator> \
   inline bool string_to_type_converter_impl(const Iterator& begin, const Iterator& end, \
                                             Type& t, details::not_supported_type_tag&) {

   #define strtk_string_to_type_end()\
   }}}

   template <typename T,
             typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(std::istream& stream,
                                          Sequence<T,Allocator>& sequence,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;
     std::string buffer;
     buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
     std::size_t line_count = 0;
     while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
     {
        ++line_count;
        sequence.push_back(string_to_type_converter<T>(buffer));
     }
     return line_count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(std::istream& stream,
                                          std::set<T,Comparator,Allocator>& set,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;
     std::string buffer;
     buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
     std::size_t line_count = 0;
     while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
     {
        ++line_count;
        set.insert(string_to_type_converter<T>(buffer));
     }
     return line_count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(std::istream& stream,
                                          std::multiset<T,Comparator,Allocator>& multiset,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;
     std::string buffer;
     buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
     std::size_t line_count = 0;
     while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
     {
        ++line_count;
        multiset.insert(string_to_type_converter<T>(buffer));
     }
     return line_count;
   }

   template <typename T, typename Container>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(std::istream& stream,
                                          std::queue<T,Container>& queue,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;
     std::string buffer;
     buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
     std::size_t line_count = 0;
     while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
     {
        ++line_count;
        queue.push(string_to_type_converter<T>(buffer));
     }
     return line_count;
   }

   template <typename T, typename Container>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(std::istream& stream,
                                          std::stack<T,Container>& stack,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;
     std::string buffer;
     buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
     std::size_t line_count = 0;
     while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
     {
        ++line_count;
        stack.push(string_to_type_converter<T>(buffer));
     }
     return line_count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Container,
             typename Comparator>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(std::istream& stream,
                                          std::priority_queue<T,Container,Comparator>& priority_queue,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;
     std::string buffer;
     buffer.reserve(buffer_size);
     std::size_t line_count = 0;
     while (std::getline(stream,buffer))
     {
        ++line_count;
        priority_queue.push(string_to_type_converter<T>(buffer));
     }
     return line_count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                          Sequence<T,Allocator>& sequence,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return load_from_text_file(stream,sequence,buffer_size);
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                          std::set<T,Comparator,Allocator>& set,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return load_from_text_file(stream,set,buffer_size);
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                          std::multiset<T,Comparator,Allocator>& multiset,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return load_from_text_file(stream,multiset,buffer_size);
   }

   template <typename T, typename Container>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                          std::queue<T,Container>& queue,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return load_from_text_file(stream,queue,buffer_size);
   }

   template <typename T, typename Container>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                          std::stack<T,Container>& stack,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return load_from_text_file(stream,stack,buffer_size);
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Container,
             typename Comparator>
   inline std::size_t load_from_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                          std::priority_queue<T,Container,Comparator>& priority_queue,
                                          const std::size_t& buffer_size = one_kilobyte)
   {
     std::ifstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return load_from_text_file(stream,priority_queue,buffer_size);
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline std::size_t write_to_text_file(std::ostream& stream,
                                         const Sequence<T,Allocator>& sequence,
                                         const std::string& delimiter = "")
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;

     std::size_t count = 0;
     typename Sequence<T,Allocator>::const_iterator itr = sequence.begin();
     typename Sequence<T,Allocator>::const_iterator end = sequence.end();

     if (!delimiter.empty())
     {
        while (end != itr)
        {
           stream << (*itr) << delimiter;
           ++itr;
           ++count;
        }
     }
     else
     {
        while (end != itr)
        {
           stream << (*itr);
           ++itr;
           ++count;
        }
     }
     return count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t write_to_text_file(std::ostream& stream,
                                         const std::set<T,Comparator,Allocator>& set,
                                         const std::string& delimiter = "")
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;

     std::size_t count = 0;
     typename std::set<T,Comparator,Allocator>::const_iterator itr = set.begin();
     typename std::set<T,Comparator,Allocator>::const_iterator end = set.end();

     if (!delimiter.empty())
     {
        while (end != itr)
        {
           stream << (*itr) << delimiter;
           ++itr;
           ++count;
        }
     }
     else
     {
        while (end != itr)
        {
           stream << (*itr);
           ++itr;
           ++count;
        }
     }
     return count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t write_to_text_file(std::ostream& stream,
                                         const std::multiset<T,Comparator,Allocator>& multiset,
                                         const std::string& delimiter = "")
   {
     if (!stream) return 0;

     std::size_t count = 0;
     typename std::multiset<T,Comparator,Allocator>::const_iterator itr = multiset.begin();
     typename std::multiset<T,Comparator,Allocator>::const_iterator end = multiset.end();

     if (!delimiter.empty())
     {
        while (end != itr)
        {
           stream << (*itr) << delimiter;
           ++itr;
           ++count;
        }
     }
     else
     {
        while (end != itr)
        {
           stream << (*itr);
           ++itr;
           ++count;
        }
     }
     return count;
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline std::size_t write_to_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                         const Sequence<T,Allocator>& sequence,
                                         const std::string& delimiter = "")
   {
     std::ofstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return write_to_text_file(stream,sequence,delimiter);
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t write_to_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                         const std::set<T,Comparator,Allocator>& set,
                                         const std::string& delimiter = "")
   {
     std::ofstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return write_to_text_file(stream,set,delimiter);
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Comparator,
             typename Allocator>
   inline std::size_t write_to_text_file(const std::string& file_name,
                                         const std::multiset<T,Comparator,Allocator>& multiset,
                                         const std::string& delimiter = "")
   {
     std::ofstream stream(file_name.c_str());
     if (!stream)
        return 0;
     else
        return write_to_text_file(stream,multiset,delimiter);
   }

   template <typename InputIterator, typename OutputIterator>
   inline void copy_n(InputIterator itr, std::size_t n, OutputIterator out)
   {
      while (n)
      {
         (*out) = (*itr);
         ++itr;
         ++out;
         --n;
      }
   }

   template <typename Predicate,
             typename InputIterator,
             typename OutputIterator>
   inline void copy_if(Predicate predicate,
                       const InputIterator begin, const InputIterator end,
                       OutputIterator out)
   {
      InputIterator itr = begin;
      while (end != itr)
      {
         if (predicate(*itr))
         {
            *(out++) = (*itr);
         }
         ++itr;
      }
   }

   template <typename Predicate,
             typename InputIterator,
             typename OutputIterator>
   inline InputIterator copy_while(Predicate predicate,
                                   const InputIterator begin, const InputIterator end,
                                   OutputIterator out)
   {
      InputIterator itr = begin;
      while (end != itr)
      {
         if (!predicate(*itr))
            return itr;
         *(out++) = *(itr++);
      }
      return end;
   }

   template <typename Predicate,
             typename InputIterator,
             typename OutputIterator>
   inline InputIterator copy_until(Predicate predicate,
                                   const InputIterator begin, const InputIterator end,
                                   OutputIterator out)
   {
      InputIterator itr = begin;
      while (end != itr)
      {
         if (predicate(*itr))
            return itr;
         *(out++) = *(itr++);
      }
      return end;
   }

   template <typename InputIterator, typename OutputIterator>
   inline void extract_unique(const InputIterator begin, const InputIterator end,
                              OutputIterator out)
   {
      typedef typename std::iterator_traits<InputIterator>::value_type T;
      std::vector<T> buffer(begin,end);
      std::sort(buffer.begin(),buffer.end());
      std::unique_copy(buffer.begin(),buffer.end(),out);
   }

   template <typename Predicate, typename InputIterator>
   inline bool range_only_contains(Predicate predicate,
                                   const InputIterator begin,
                                   const InputIterator end)
   {
      InputIterator itr = begin;
      while (end != itr)
      {
         if (!predicate(*itr))
         {
            return false;
         }
         ++itr;
      }
      return true;
   }

   namespace range
   {
      template <typename T>
      class adapter
      {
      public:

         typedef T value_type;
         typedef T* iterator;
         typedef const iterator const_iterator;

         adapter(T* const begin, T* const end)
         : begin_(begin),
           end_(end)
         {}

         adapter(const std::pair<T*,T*>& r)
         : begin_(r.first),
           end_(r.second)
         {}

         adapter(T* const begin, const std::size_t length)
         : begin_(begin),
           end_(begin_ + length)
         {}

         inline iterator begin() const
         {
            return begin_;
         }

         inline iterator end() const
         {
            return end_;
         }

         inline std::size_t size() const
         {
            return std::distance(begin_,end_);
         }

         inline operator std::string() const
         {
            return stringify(begin_,end_);
         }

         inline const T& operator[](const std::size_t& index) const
         {
            return *(begin_ + index);
         }

         inline T& operator[](const std::size_t& index)
         {
            return *(begin_ + index);
         }

      private:

         template <typename Type>
         static inline std::string stringify(Type*,Type*)
         {
            static std::string result = "";
            return result;
         }

         static inline std::string stringify(const char* begin, const char* end)
         {
            return std::string(begin,end);
         }

         iterator begin_;
         iterator end_;
      };

      typedef adapter<const char> string;
      typedef adapter<const unsigned char> ustring;

      template <typename T>
      inline adapter<T> type(const T* begin, const T* end)
      {
         return adapter<T>(begin,end);
      }

      template <typename T, std::size_t N>
      inline adapter<T> type(const T (&t)[N])
      {
         return adapter<T>(t,N);
      }

      static inline adapter<const char> type(const std::string& s)
      {
         return adapter<const char>(s.data(),s.size());
      }

      template <typename T,
                typename Allocator,
                template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
      inline adapter<typename Sequence<T,Allocator>::iterator> type(const Sequence<T,Allocator>& seq)
      {
         return adapter<typename Sequence<T,Allocator>::iterator>(seq.begin(),seq.end());
      }

      inline std::string as_string(const adapter<const char>& a)
      {
         return std::string(a.begin(),a.end());
      }

      inline std::string as_string(const adapter<const unsigned char>& a)
      {
         return std::string(a.begin(),a.end());
      }

   } // namespace range

   template <typename T>
   struct single_delimiter_predicate
   {
   public:

      typedef T value_type;

      single_delimiter_predicate(const T& d)
      : delimiter_(d)
      {}

      inline bool operator()(const T& d) const
      {
         return delimiter_ == d;
      }

   private:

      single_delimiter_predicate<T>& operator=(const single_delimiter_predicate<T>&);
      const T delimiter_;
   };

   template <typename T>
   struct multiple_delimiter_predicate
   {
   public:

      typedef T value_type;

      multiple_delimiter_predicate(const T* d_begin, const T* d_end)
      : length_(std::distance(d_begin,d_end)),
        delimiter_((length_ <= sbo_buffer_size) ? sbo_buffer : new T[length_]),
        delimiter_end_(delimiter_ + length_)
      {
         std::copy(d_begin,d_end, delimiter_);
      }

      multiple_delimiter_predicate(const T d[], const std::size_t& length)
      : length_(length),
        delimiter_((length_ <= sbo_buffer_size) ? sbo_buffer : new T[length_]),
        delimiter_end_(delimiter_ + length_)
      {
         std::copy(d,d + length, delimiter_);
      }

      template <typename Iterator>
      multiple_delimiter_predicate(const Iterator begin, const Iterator end)
      : length_(std::distance(begin,end)),
        delimiter_((length_ <= sbo_buffer_size) ? sbo_buffer : new T[length_]),
        delimiter_end_(delimiter_ + length_)
      {
         //static_assert(T == std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type);
         std::copy(begin,end, delimiter_);
      }

      template <typename Type>
      multiple_delimiter_predicate(const range::adapter<Type>& r)
      : length_(std::distance(r.begin(),r.end())),
        delimiter_((length_ <= sbo_buffer_size) ? sbo_buffer : new T[length_]),
        delimiter_end_(delimiter_ + length_)
      {
         //static_assert(T == std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type);
         std::copy(r.begin(),r.end(), delimiter_);
      }

     ~multiple_delimiter_predicate()
      {
         if (length_ > sbo_buffer_size)
         {
            delete[] delimiter_;
         }
      }

      inline bool operator()(const T& d) const
      {
         return (std::find(delimiter_,delimiter_end_,d) != delimiter_end_);
      }

   private:

      multiple_delimiter_predicate(const multiple_delimiter_predicate<T>& mdp);
      multiple_delimiter_predicate& operator=(const multiple_delimiter_predicate<T>& mdp);

      std::size_t length_;
      T* delimiter_;
      T* delimiter_end_;
      enum { sbo_buffer_size = 32 };
      T sbo_buffer[sbo_buffer_size];
   };

   struct multiple_char_delimiter_predicate
   {
   public:

      template <typename Iterator>
      multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(const Iterator begin, const Iterator end)
      {
         setup_delimiter_table(begin,end);
      }

      multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(const std::string& s)
      {
         setup_delimiter_table(s.data(),s.data() + s.size());
      }

      inline bool operator()(const unsigned char& c) const
      {
         return (delimiter_table_[c]);
      }

      inline bool operator()(const char& c) const
      {
         return operator()(static_cast<unsigned char>(c));
      }

   private:

      static const std::size_t table_size = 256;

      template <typename Iterator>
      inline void setup_delimiter_table(const Iterator begin, const Iterator end)
      {
         std::fill_n(delimiter_table_,table_size,false);
         for (Iterator itr = begin; itr != end; ++itr)
         {
            delimiter_table_[static_cast<unsigned char>(*itr)] = true;
         }
      }

      bool delimiter_table_[table_size];
   };

   namespace details
   {
      template <typename Allocator,
                template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
      struct index_remover_impl
      {
         typedef Sequence<std::size_t,Allocator> sequence_t;
         index_remover_impl(const sequence_t& sequence)
         : itr_(sequence.begin()),
           end_(sequence.end()),
           current_index_(0),
           check_(true)
         {}

         template <typename T>
         inline bool operator()(const T&)
         {
            if (check_)
            {
               if (current_index_++ == *itr_)
               {
                  if (end_ == ++itr_)
                  {
                     check_ = false;
                  }
                  return true;
               }
            }
            return false;
         }

         typename sequence_t::const_iterator itr_;
         typename sequence_t::const_iterator end_;
         std::size_t current_index_;
         bool check_;
      };
   }

   template <typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline details::index_remover_impl<Allocator,Sequence> index_remover(const Sequence<std::size_t,Allocator>& sequence)
   {
      return details::index_remover_impl<Allocator,Sequence>(sequence);
   }

   template <typename Iterator, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_inplace(Predicate predicate,
                                     Iterator begin,
                                     Iterator end)
   {
      Iterator itr1 = begin;
      Iterator itr2 = begin;
      std::size_t removal_count = 0;
      while (end != itr1)
      {
         if (predicate(*itr1))
         {
            ++itr1;
            ++removal_count;
         }
         else
         {
            if (itr1 != itr2)
            {
               (*itr2) = (*itr1);
            }
            ++itr1;
            ++itr2;
         }
      }
      return removal_count;
   }

   template <typename T, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_inplace(Predicate predicate, const range::adapter<T>& r)
   {
      return remove_inplace(predicate,r.begin(),r.end());
   }

   template <typename Predicate,
             typename T,
             typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline std::size_t remove_inplace(Predicate predicate, Sequence<T,Allocator>& sequence)
   {
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_inplace(predicate,sequence.begin(),sequence.end());
      sequence.resize(sequence.size() - removal_count);
      return removal_count;
   }

   inline void remove_inplace(const std::string::value_type c, std::string& s)
   {
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_inplace(single_delimiter_predicate<std::string::value_type>(c),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Predicate>
   inline void remove_inplace(Predicate predicate, std::string& s)
   {
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_inplace(predicate,
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Iterator, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_consecutives_inplace(Predicate predicate,
                                                  Iterator begin,
                                                  Iterator end)
   {
      if (0 == std::distance(begin,end)) return 0;
      Iterator itr1 = begin;
      Iterator itr2 = begin;
      typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type prev = *begin;
      std::size_t removal_count = 0;
      ++itr1;
      ++itr2;
      while (end != itr1)
      {
         while ((end != itr1) && (!predicate(*itr1) || !predicate(prev)))
         {
            if (itr1 != itr2)
            {
               (*itr2) = (*itr1);
            }
            prev = (*itr1);
            ++itr1;
            ++itr2;
         }

         while ((end != itr1) && predicate(*itr1))
         {
            ++itr1;
            ++removal_count;
         }
      }

      return removal_count;
   }

   template <typename T, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_consecutives_inplace(Predicate predicate, const range::adapter<T>& r)
   {
      return remove_consecutives_inplace(predicate,r.begin(),r.end());
   }

   inline void remove_consecutives_inplace(const std::string::value_type c, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_consecutives_inplace(single_delimiter_predicate<std::string::value_type>(c),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline void remove_consecutives_inplace(const std::string& rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_consecutives_inplace(multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(rem_chars),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   namespace details
   {
      #if (defined(__MINGW32_VERSION)) ||\
          (defined(__APPLE__) && (__ENVIRONMENT_MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED__ < 1070)) ||\
          (defined(_WIN32) && (_MSC_VER < 1400))
         inline std::size_t strnlength(const char* s, const std::size_t& n)
         {
            const char *end = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(memchr(s, '\0', n));
            return end ? (size_t) (end - s) : n;
         }
      #else
         inline std::size_t strnlength(const char* s, const std::size_t& n)
         {
            return strnlen(s,n);
         }
      #endif
   }

   inline void remove_consecutives_inplace(const char* rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_consecutives_inplace(multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(
                                                                    rem_chars,
                                                                    rem_chars + details::strnlength(rem_chars,256)),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Predicate>
   inline void remove_consecutives_inplace(Predicate predicate, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_consecutives_inplace(predicate,
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                                    const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Iterator>
   inline std::size_t remove_consecutives_inplace(Iterator begin, Iterator end)
   {
      if (0 == std::distance(begin,end)) return 0;

      Iterator itr1 = begin; ++itr1;
      Iterator itr2 = begin; ++itr2;
      typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type prev = *begin;
      std::size_t removal_count = 0;

      while (end != itr1)
      {
         while ((end != itr1) && (prev != (*itr1)))
         {
            if (itr1 != itr2)
            {
               (*itr2) = (*itr1);
            }
            prev = (*itr1);
            ++itr1;
            ++itr2;
         }

         while ((end != itr1) && (prev == (*itr1)))
         {
            ++itr1;
            ++removal_count;
         }
      }

      return removal_count;
   }

   template <typename T>
   inline std::size_t remove_consecutives_inplace(const range::adapter<T>& r)
   {
      return remove_consecutives_inplace(r.begin(),r.end());
   }

   template <typename T,
             typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   inline void remove_consecutives_inplace(Sequence<T,Allocator>& sequence)
   {
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_consecutives_inplace(sequence.begin(),sequence.end());
      sequence.resize(sequence.size() - removal_count);
   }

   inline void remove_consecutives_inplace(std::string& s)
   {
      std::size_t removal_count = remove_consecutives_inplace(const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                              const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));

      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline std::string remove_duplicates(const std::string& str)
   {
      std::string::value_type table[0xFF];
      std::fill_n(table,0xFF,static_cast<char>(0));
      std::string result;
      result.reserve(str.size());
      for (std::size_t i = 0; i < str.size(); ++i)
      {
         const char c = str[i];
         if (0 == table[static_cast<std::size_t>(c)])
         {
            table[static_cast<std::size_t>(c)] = 0x01;
            result += c;
         }
      }
      return result;
   }

   inline std::string remove_duplicates_inplace(std::string& str)
   {
      return remove_duplicates(str);
   }

   template <typename Iterator, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_trailing(Predicate predicate,
                                      Iterator begin,
                                      Iterator end)
   {
      const std::size_t length = std::distance(begin,end);
      if (0 == length)
         return 0;
      Iterator itr = begin + (length - 1);
      std::size_t removal_count = 0;

      while ((begin != itr) && predicate(*itr))
      {
         --itr;
         ++removal_count;
      }

      return removal_count;
   }

   template <typename T, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_trailing(Predicate predicate, const range::adapter<T>& r)
   {
      return remove_trailing(predicate,r.begin(),r.end());
   }

   inline void remove_trailing(const std::string::value_type c, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_trailing(single_delimiter_predicate<std::string::value_type>(c),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline void remove_trailing(const std::string& rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_trailing(multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(rem_chars),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline void remove_trailing(const char* rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_trailing(multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(
                                                        rem_chars,
                                                        rem_chars + details::strnlength(rem_chars,256)),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Predicate>
   inline void remove_trailing(Predicate predicate, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_trailing(predicate,
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                        const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Iterator, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_leading(Predicate predicate,
                                     Iterator begin,
                                     Iterator end)
   {
      const std::size_t length = std::distance(begin,end);
      if (0 == length)
         return 0;
      Iterator itr = begin;
      std::size_t removal_count = 0;

      while ((end != itr) && predicate(*itr))
      {
         ++itr;
         ++removal_count;
      }

      std::copy(itr,end,begin);
      return removal_count;
   }

   template <typename T, typename Predicate>
   inline std::size_t remove_leading(Predicate predicate, const range::adapter<T>& r)
   {
      return remove_leading(predicate,r.begin(),r.end());
   }

   inline void remove_leading(const std::string::value_type c, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_leading(single_delimiter_predicate<std::string::value_type>(c),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline void remove_leading(const std::string& rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_leading(multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(rem_chars),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline void remove_leading(const char* rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_leading(multiple_char_delimiter_predicate(
                                                       rem_chars,
                                                       rem_chars + details::strnlength(rem_chars,256)),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   inline void remove_leading_trailing(const std::string& rem_chars, std::string& s)
   {
      remove_leading(rem_chars,s);
      remove_trailing(rem_chars,s);
   }

   template <typename Predicate>
   inline void remove_leading(Predicate predicate, std::string& s)
   {
      if (s.empty()) return;
      const std::size_t removal_count = remove_leading(predicate,
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data()),
                                                       const_cast<char*>(s.data() + s.size()));
      if (removal_count > 0)
      {
         s.resize(s.size() - removal_count);
      }
   }

   template <typename Allocator,
             template <typename,typename> class Sequence>
   void remove_empty_strings(Sequence<std::string,Allocator>& seq)
   {
      struct is_empty { static inline bool check(const std::string& s) { return s.empty(); } };
      seq.erase(std::remove_if(seq.begin(),seq.end(),is_empty::check),seq.end());
   }

   template <typename Allocator>
   void remove_empty_strings(std::list<std::string,Allocator>& l)
   {
      struct is_empty { static inline bool check(const std::string& s) { return s.empty(); } };
      l.remove_if(is_empty::check);
   }

   template <typename Comparator, typename Allocator>
   void remove_empty_strings(std::set<std::string,Comparator,Allocator>& set)
   {
      struct is_empty { static inline bool check(const std::string& s) { return s.empty(); } };
      typename std::set<std::string,Comparator,Allocator>::iterator itr = set.begin();
      while (set.end() != itr)
      {
         if ((*itr).empty())
            set.erase(itr++);
         else
            ++itr;
      }
   }

   template <typename Comparator, typename Allocator>
   void remove_empty_strings(std::multiset<std::string,Comparator,Allocator>& set)
   {
      struct is_empty { static inline bool check(const std::string& s) { return s.empty(); } };
      typename std::multiset<std::string,Comparator,Allocator>::iterator itr = set.begin();
      while (set.end() != itr)
      {
         if ((*itr).empty())
            set.erase(itr++);
         else
            ++itr;
      }
   }

   template <typename Iterator>
   inline void replace(const typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type& c1,
                       const typename std::iterator_traits<Iterator>::value_type& c2,
                       const Iterator begin,
   …