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- <br>
- <center>
- <H3>version 3.0<br>October 16, 2002</H3>
- <table border=0 cellpadding=2>
- <tr><td align=center colspan=2>Foreign language versions
- <tr>
- <td align=center> <a href=http://www.cazahuracan.com/educativa/conceptos/conc_03.htm>
- <img src=graphics/prflag.jpg width="50"><br>
- en español</a>
- <td align=center> <a href=http://www.meteo.nc/cyclones/QFP/sous_panneaux_FAQ.html>
- <img src=graphics/FrFlag.jpg width="50"><br>
- en français</a>
- <tr><td align=center colspan=2>Recommended by
- <tr>
- <td align=center> <a href=http://www.studyweb.com> <img src=graphics/sw_award.gif width=50></a>
- <td align=center> <a href=http://www.mcb.co.uk/dpm.htm> <img src=graphics/man.gif width=50></a>
- </table>
- </center>
- <p>This is currently a multi-part FAQ (Frequently Asked
- Questions report) that is in its seventeenth incarnation (version
- 3.0). However, there may be some errors or discrepancies that
- have not yet been found. If you do see an item that needs
- correction, OR if you have any additional questions that you
- think should be added to this FAQ, please contact
- <a href=mailto:chris.landsea@noaa.gov>me</a> directly. This file
- contains various definitions, answers for some specific
- questions, information about the various tropical cyclone basins,
- provides sites that you can access both real-time information
- about tropical cyclones, what is available on-line for historical
- storms, as well as good books to read and various references for
- tropical cyclones. Keep in mind that this FAQ is not considered
- a reviewed paper to reference. Its main purpose is to provide
- quick answers for (naturally) frequently asked questions as well
- as to be a pointer to various sources of information.
- <p>
- I'd like to thank various people for helping to put together
- this FAQ: Sim Aberson, Jack Beven, Gary Padgett, Tom Berg,
- Julian Heming, Neal Dorst, Gary Gray, Stephen Caparotta, Steven
- Young, D. Walston all provided substantial bits to this FAQ.
- Also thanks to the many people who provided additional questions
- and information for this FAQ: Bill McCaul, Val Hendry, Marian
- Jones, Joseph Carobene, Eric Swartz, Ilana Stern, Dave Pace, Dave
- Blanchard, Ken Fung, James (I R A Aggie) Stricherz, Mike Dettinger,
- Jan Schloerer, Eric Blake, Jeff Kepert, Frank Woodcock, Roger
- Edson, Bill Cherepy, Stephen Jascourt, Kelly Dean, Malcolm ???,
- Jon Gill, Ken Waters, Derek West, Gert van Dijken, George
- Gumbert III, Edward Reid, Tim Trice, Michael Scott, Kerry
- Emanuel, George Sambataro, James Lewis Free, Sam Biller, David
- Faciane, Eric Gross, Jeff Hawkins, Mike Fiorino, Madeleine Hall,
- Mike Schneider, Jennifer Collins, dhmuzz, Alan Gregersen, Hugh
- Willoughby and David Roth. Many thanks also to Jan Null for
- providing the first .html version of the FAQ. If I didn't get
- to all the suggested FAQs, I'll try to include them in future
- versions.
- <p>
- Much of the on-line information is pulled from Ilana Stern's wonderful
- "Sources of Meteorological Data FAQ" and I acknowledge the time
- and effort she has put in in originally compiling this
- information. Also Gary Gray has put together a very
- comprehensive listing of tropical cyclone Web sites that I've
- included here with his permission.
- <p>
- <b><a href=mailto:Chris.Landsea@noaa.gov>Chris Landsea</a></b><br>
- <b><a href=mailto:Stan.Goldenberg@noaa.gov>Stan Goldenberg</a></b>
- <p>
- <center><h2>Table of Contents</h2></center>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqA.html>A : BASIC DEFINITIONS</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=A1.html>A1) What is a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone?</a><br>
- <a href=A2.html>A2) What are "Cape Verde"-type hurricanes?</a><br>
- <a href=A3.html>A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane ? What is an intense hurricane ?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- <br>
- <a href=A4.html>A4) Where do these easterly waves come from and what causes them?</a><br>
- <a href=A5.html>A5) What is a sub-tropical cyclone?</a><br>
- <a href=A6.html>A6) How are tropical cyclones different from mid-latitude storms?</a><br>
- <a href=A7.html>A7) What is storm surge and how is it different from tidal surge ?</a><br>
- <a href=A8.html>A8) What does the acronym "CDO" in a discussion of tropical cyclones mean?</a><br>
- <a href=A9.html>A9) What is a TUTT?</a><br>
- <a href=A10.html>A10) How do tropical cyclones form ?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- <br>
- <a href=A11.html>A11) What is the "eye" ? How is it formed and maintained ?</a><br>
- <a href=A12.html>A12) What is a moat in a hurricane ?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>New</font></blink>
- </font></b> <br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqB.html>B : TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=B1.html>B1) Why are tropical cyclones named?</a><br>
- <a href=B2.html>B2) What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names ?</a><br>
- <a href=B3.html>B3) What names have been retired in the Atlantic basin?</a><br>
- <a href=B4.html>B4) What is the origin of the name 'hurricane' ?</a></font></b> <br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqC.html>C : TROPICAL CYCLONE MODIFICATION AND MYTHS</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=C1.html>C1) Doesn't the low pressure in the tropical cyclone
- center cause the storm surge?</a><br>
- <a href=C2.html>C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical
- cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=C3.html>C3) Aren't big tropical cyclones also intense tropical
- cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=C4.html>C4) Has there ever been an attempt or
- experiment to reduce the strength of a hurricane ?</a><br>
- C5) Why don't we try to destroy tropical cyclones by:
- (pick one or more) </a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- <ol>
- <li><a href=C5a.html>seeding them with silver iodide ? </a><br>
- <li><a href=C5b.html> placing a substance on the ocean surface ? </a><br>
- <li><a href=C5c.html> nuking them ? </a><br>
- <li><a href=C5d.html> adding water absorbing substances ?</a>
- <li><a href=C5e.html> other means ?</a>
- </ol>
- <a href=C6.html>C6) During a hurricane are you supposed to have the windows and
- doors on the storm side closed and the windows and doors on the
- lee side open ?</a><br>
- <a href=C7.html>C7) Should I tape my windows when a hurricane threatens? </a></font></b><br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqD.html>D : TROPICAL CYCLONE WINDS</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=D1.html>D1) How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked?</a><br>
- <a href=D2.html>D2) How are Australian tropical cyclones ranked?</a><br>
- <a href=D3.html>D3) Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counter-clockwise (clockwise)
- in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?</a><br>
- <a href=D4.html>D4) How do I convert from mph to knots (to m/s) and from inches of mercury
- to mb (to hPa)?</a><br>
- <a href=D5.html>D5) How does the damage that hurricanes cause increase as a function
- of wind speed?</a><br>
- <a href=D6.html>D6) Why are the strongest winds in a hurricane typically on the right side of the storm?</a><br>
- <a href=D7.html>D7) How much energy does a hurricane release?</a><br>
- <a href=D8.html>D8) What are "concentric eyewall cycles" (or
- "eyewall replacement cycles") and why do they cause a hurricane's
- maximum winds to weaken ?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>New</font></blink><br>
- <a href=D9.html>D9) What causes each hurricane to have a different
- maximum wind speed for that given minimum sea-level pressure?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>New</font></blink>
- </font></b><br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqE.html>E : TROPICAL CYCLONE RECORDS</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=E1.html>E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on
- record?</a><br>
- <a href=E2.html>E2) Which tropical cyclone intensified the fastest?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- <br>
- <a href=E3.html>E3) Which tropical cyclone has produced the highest
- storm surge?</a><br>
- <a href=E4.html>E4) What are the largest rainfalls associated with
- tropical cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=E5.html>E5) Which are the largest and smallest tropical
- cyclones on record?</a><br>
- <a href=E6.html>E6) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest?</a><br>
- <a href=E7.html>E7) Which tropical cyclones have caused the most
- deaths and most damage?</a><br>
- <a href=E8.html>E8) What are the average, most, and least tropical
- cyclones occurring in each basin?</a><br>
- <a href=E9.html>E9) What are the most and least tropical cyclones
- occurring in the Atlantic basin and striking the USA?</a><br>
- <a href=E10.html>E10) For the USA, what are the 30
- most intense, 30 costliest, and 30 highest death toll
- hurricanes on record ?</a><br>
- <a href=E11.html>E11) What tropical storms and hurricanes
- have moved from the Atlantic to the Northeast Pacific
- or visa versa?</a></font></b><br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqF.html>F : TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECASTING</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=F1.html>F1) What regions around the globe have tropical
- cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- <br>
- <a href=F2.html>F2) What are those track and intensity models that
- the Atlantic forecasters are talking about in the Inter-Governmental
- messages?</a><br>
- <a href=F3.html>F3) What are the various forecasts that are being
- issued for seasonal tropical cyclone activity around the world ?</a><br>
- <a href=F4.html>F4) What is Prof. Gray's seasonal hurricane
- forecast for this year and what are the predictive factors?</a><br>
- <a href=F5.html>F5) How has Dr. Gray done in previous years of
- forecasting hurricanes?</a><br>
- <a href=F6.html>F6) What is the official U.S. Government (NOAA)
- seasonal hurricane outlook for the Atlantic basin for this year
- and what are the predictive factors ?</a><br>
- <a href=F7.html>F7) How has the official U.S. Government (NOAA)
- seasonal hurricane outlook done in previous years ?</a><br>
- </font></b><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqG.html>G : TROPICAL CYCLONE CLIMATOLOGY</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=G1.html>G1) When is hurricane season?</a><br>
- <a href=G2.html>G2) How does El Niño-Southern Oscillation
- affect tropical cyclone activity around the globe?</a><br>
- <a href=G3.html>G3) What may happen with tropical cyclone activity
- in a 2xCO2 world?</a><br>
- <a href=G4.html>G4) Are we getting stronger and more frequent hurricanes,
- typhoons, and tropical cyclones in the last several years?</a><br>
- <a href=G5.html>G5) Why do tropical cyclones occur primarily in
- the summer and autumn?</a><br>
- <a href=G6.html>G6) What determines the movement of tropical cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=G7.html>G7) Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience
- tropical cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=G8.html>G8) Does an active June and July mean the rest of
- the season will be busy too?</a><br>
- <a href=G9.html>G9) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the
- U.S., but never the West coast?</a><br>
- <a href=G10.html>G10) How much lightning occurs in tropical cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=G11.html>G11) What is the 20th century hurricane record
- for each U.S. coastal state and county?</a><br>
- <a href=G12.html>G12) What is my chance of being struck by a tropical
- storm or hurricane?</a><br>
- <a href=G13.html>G13) What is my chance of having a tropical storm
- or hurricane strike by each month? </a><br>
- <a href=G14.html>G14) What is the average number of tropical storms
- and hurricanes to affect my town? </a><br>
- <a href=G15.html>G15)What is the peak number of tropical storms
- and hurricanes to affect my town? </a></font></b><br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqH.html>H : TROPICAL CYCLONE OBSERVATION</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=H1.html>H1) What is the Dvorak technique and how is it
- used?</a><br>
- <a href=H2.html>H2) Who are the "Hurricane Hunters" and what are
- they looking for?</a><br>
- <a href=H3.html>H3) What is it like to fly into a hurricane?</a><br>
- <a href=H4.html>H4) Can I get a seat on a hurricane flight?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>New</font></blink>
- <br>
- </font></b><br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqI.html>I : REAL TIME INFORMATION</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><p>
- <a href=I1.html>I1) Where can I get real-time advisories for tropical cyclones?</a><br>
- <a href=I2.html>I2) Where can I get real-time tropical weather analyses?</a><br>
- <a href=I3.html>I3) Where can I get real-time ship and buoy data?</a><br>
- <a href=I4.html>I4) Where can I get real-time sea surface temperature data?</a><br>
- <a href=I5.html>I5) Where can I get real-time satellite pictures and satellite products?</a><br>
- <a href=I6.html>I6) Where can I get real-time radar data?</a><br>
- <a href=I7.html>I7) Where can I get real-time hurricane aircraft reconnaissance data?</a><br>
- <a href=I8.html>I8) Where can I get real-time forecasts of tropical cyclone motion?</a><br>
- <a href=I9.html>I9) What computer software is available for
- tracking tropical cyclones?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- </font></b><p>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqJ.html>J : HISTORICAL INFORMATION</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=J1.html>J1) Where can I get historical data on tropical
- cyclones ?</a><br>
- <a href=J2.html>J2) What journals have regular articles on tropical
- cyclones ?</a>
- <blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
- <br>
- <a href=J3.html>J3) What books have been written about tropical
- cyclones ?</a><br>
- <a href=J4.html>J4) What refereed articles were written in recent
- years on tropical cyclones ?</a></font></b><br><br>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqK.html>K : HURRICANE PREPARATION</a></font></h4>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=K1.html>K1) What steps should I take when a hurricane watch/warning is posted?</a><br>
- <a href=K2.html>K2) What can I do to make my home/business more disaster resistant? </a><br>
- <a href=K3.html>K3) What kind of hurricane shutters are available ?</a><br> </font></b>
- <h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
- <a href=tcfaqL.html>L : HURRICANES versus TORNADOES</a></font></h4>
- <blink><font color=red>New Section</font></blink><br>
- <b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
- <a href=L1.html>L1) How are tropical cyclones different from tornadoes?</a><br>
- <a href=L2.html> L2) Why do tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes?</a><br>
- <a href=L3.html> L3) What percentage of tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes?</a><br>
- <a href=L4.html> L4 What parts of a tropical cyclone are most favored for tornado formation?</a><br>
- <a href=L5.html> L5) How long after landfall are TC tornadoes a threat?</a><br>
- <a href=L6.html> L6) Are TC tornadoes weaker than midlatitude tornadoes?</a><br>
- <a href=L7.html> L7) What is the largest known outbreak of TC tornadoes?</a><br>
- <a href=L8.html> L8) What is the deadliest single TC-spawned tornado? </a><br>
- <a href=L9.html> L9) What is the most damaging single TC-spawned tornado? </a><br>
- <a href=L10.html> L10) Why are TC tornadoes especially difficult to deal with?</a><br></font></b>
- <p>
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