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<H3>version 3.0<br>October 16, 2002</H3>
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<p>This is currently a multi-part FAQ (Frequently Asked 
Questions report) that is in its seventeenth incarnation (version 
3.0).  However, there may be some errors or discrepancies that 
have not yet been found.  If you do see an item that needs 
correction, OR if you have any additional questions that you
think should be added to this FAQ, please contact 
<a href=mailto:chris.landsea@noaa.gov>me</a> directly.  This file 
contains various definitions, answers for some specific 
questions, information about the various tropical cyclone basins, 
provides sites that you can access both real-time information 
about tropical cyclones, what is available on-line for historical 
storms, as well as good books to read and various references for 
tropical cyclones.  Keep in mind that this FAQ is not considered 
a reviewed paper to reference.  Its main purpose is to provide 
quick answers for (naturally) frequently asked questions as well 
as to be a pointer to various sources of information. 
<p>
I'd like to thank various people for helping to put together 
this FAQ: Sim Aberson, Jack Beven, Gary Padgett, Tom Berg, 
Julian Heming, Neal Dorst, Gary Gray, Stephen Caparotta, Steven 
Young, D. Walston all provided substantial bits to this FAQ.  
Also thanks to the many people who provided additional questions 
and information for this FAQ:  Bill McCaul, Val Hendry, Marian 
Jones, Joseph Carobene, Eric Swartz, Ilana Stern, Dave Pace, Dave 
Blanchard, Ken Fung, James (I R A Aggie) Stricherz, Mike Dettinger, 
Jan Schloerer, Eric Blake, Jeff Kepert, Frank Woodcock, Roger 
Edson, Bill Cherepy, Stephen Jascourt, Kelly Dean, Malcolm ???, 
Jon Gill, Ken Waters, Derek West, Gert van Dijken, George 
Gumbert III, Edward Reid, Tim Trice, Michael Scott, Kerry 
Emanuel, George Sambataro, James Lewis Free, Sam Biller, David 
Faciane, Eric Gross, Jeff Hawkins, Mike Fiorino, Madeleine Hall, 
Mike Schneider, Jennifer Collins, dhmuzz, Alan Gregersen, Hugh
Willoughby and David Roth.  Many thanks also to Jan Null for 
providing the first .html version of the FAQ.  If I didn't get 
to all the suggested FAQs, I'll try to include them in future 
versions.
<p>
Much of the on-line information is pulled from Ilana Stern's wonderful 
"Sources of Meteorological Data FAQ" and I acknowledge the time 
and effort she has put in in originally compiling this 
information.  Also Gary Gray has put together a very 
comprehensive listing of tropical cyclone Web sites that I've 
included here with his permission.
<p>
<b><a href=mailto:Chris.Landsea@noaa.gov>Chris Landsea</a></b><br>
<b><a href=mailto:Stan.Goldenberg@noaa.gov>Stan Goldenberg</a></b>
<p>
<center><h2>Table of Contents</h2></center>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqA.html>A : BASIC DEFINITIONS</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
  <a href=A1.html>A1) What is a hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone?</a><br>
  <a href=A2.html>A2) What are "Cape Verde"-type hurricanes?</a><br>
  <a href=A3.html>A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane ?  What is an intense hurricane ?</a>
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
<br>
  <a href=A4.html>A4) Where do these easterly waves come from and what causes them?</a><br>
  <a href=A5.html>A5) What is a sub-tropical cyclone?</a><br>
  <a href=A6.html>A6) How are tropical cyclones different from mid-latitude storms?</a><br>
  <a href=A7.html>A7) What is storm surge and how is it different from tidal surge ?</a><br>
  <a href=A8.html>A8) What does the acronym "CDO" in a discussion of tropical cyclones mean?</a><br>
  <a href=A9.html>A9) What is a TUTT?</a><br>
  <a href=A10.html>A10) How do tropical cyclones form ?</a>
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
<br>
  <a href=A11.html>A11) What is the "eye" ? How is it formed and maintained ?</a><br>
  <a href=A12.html>A12) What is a moat in a hurricane ?</a>
<blink><font color=red>New</font></blink>
</font></b> <br><br>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqB.html>B : TROPICAL CYCLONE NAMES</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
<a href=B1.html>B1) Why are tropical cyclones named?</a><br>
<a href=B2.html>B2) What are the upcoming tropical cyclone names ?</a><br>
<a href=B3.html>B3) What names have been retired in the Atlantic basin?</a><br>
<a href=B4.html>B4) What is the origin of the name 'hurricane' ?</a></font></b> <br><br>

<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqC.html>C : TROPICAL CYCLONE MODIFICATION AND MYTHS</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
  <a href=C1.html>C1) Doesn't the low pressure in the tropical cyclone 
   center cause the storm surge?</a><br>
  <a href=C2.html>C2) Doesn't the friction over land kill tropical 
    cyclones?</a><br>
  <a href=C3.html>C3) Aren't big tropical cyclones also intense tropical 
    cyclones?</a><br>
  <a href=C4.html>C4) Has there ever been an attempt or
    experiment to reduce the strength of a hurricane ?</a><br>
  C5) Why don't we try to destroy tropical cyclones by: 
    (pick one or more) </a> 
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
    <ol>
    <li><a href=C5a.html>seeding them with silver iodide ? </a><br>
    <li><a href=C5b.html> placing a substance on the ocean surface ? </a><br>
    <li><a href=C5c.html> nuking them ? </a><br>
    <li><a href=C5d.html> adding water absorbing substances ?</a>
    <li><a href=C5e.html> other means ?</a>
    </ol>
  <a href=C6.html>C6) During a hurricane are you supposed to have the windows and 
    doors on the storm side closed and the windows and doors on the 
    lee side open ?</a><br>
  <a href=C7.html>C7) Should I tape my windows when a hurricane threatens? </a></font></b><br><br>

<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqD.html>D : TROPICAL CYCLONE WINDS</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
<a href=D1.html>D1) How are Atlantic hurricanes ranked?</a><br>
<a href=D2.html>D2) How are Australian tropical cyclones ranked?</a><br>
<a href=D3.html>D3) Why do tropical cyclones' winds rotate counter-clockwise (clockwise) 
        in the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere?</a><br>
<a href=D4.html>D4) How do I convert from mph to knots (to m/s) and from inches of mercury
        to mb (to hPa)?</a><br>
<a href=D5.html>D5) How does the damage that hurricanes cause increase as a function
        of wind speed?</a><br>
<a href=D6.html>D6) Why are the strongest winds in a hurricane typically on the right side of the storm?</a><br>
<a href=D7.html>D7) How much energy does a hurricane release?</a><br>
<a href=D8.html>D8) What are "concentric eyewall cycles" (or 
"eyewall replacement cycles") and why do they cause a hurricane's
maximum winds to weaken ?</a>
<blink><font color=red>New</font></blink><br>
<a href=D9.html>D9) What causes each hurricane to have a different
maximum wind speed for that given minimum sea-level pressure?</a>
<blink><font color=red>New</font></blink>
</font></b><br><br>

<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqE.html>E : TROPICAL CYCLONE RECORDS</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
  <a href=E1.html>E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on 
    record?</a><br>
  <a href=E2.html>E2) Which tropical cyclone intensified the fastest?</a>
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
<br>
  <a href=E3.html>E3) Which tropical cyclone has produced the highest 
    storm surge?</a><br>
  <a href=E4.html>E4) What are the largest rainfalls associated with 
    tropical cyclones?</a><br>
  <a href=E5.html>E5) Which are the largest and smallest tropical 
    cyclones on record?</a><br>
  <a href=E6.html>E6) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest?</a><br>
  <a href=E7.html>E7) Which tropical cyclones have caused the most 
    deaths and most damage?</a><br>
  <a href=E8.html>E8) What are the average, most, and least tropical 
    cyclones occurring in each basin?</a><br>
  <a href=E9.html>E9) What are the most and least tropical cyclones 
    occurring in the Atlantic basin and striking the USA?</a><br>
  <a href=E10.html>E10) For the USA, what are the 30 
    most intense, 30 costliest, and 30 highest death toll 
    hurricanes on record ?</a><br>
  <a href=E11.html>E11) What tropical storms and hurricanes
    have moved from the Atlantic to the Northeast Pacific 
     or visa versa?</a></font></b><br><br>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqF.html>F : TROPICAL CYCLONE FORECASTING</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
<a href=F1.html>F1) What regions around the globe have tropical 
cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there?</a>
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
<br>
<a href=F2.html>F2) What are those track and intensity models that 
the Atlantic forecasters are talking about in the Inter-Governmental 
messages?</a><br>
<a href=F3.html>F3) What are the various forecasts that are being
issued for seasonal tropical cyclone activity around the world ?</a><br>
<a href=F4.html>F4) What is Prof. Gray's seasonal hurricane 
forecast for this year and what are the predictive factors?</a><br>
<a href=F5.html>F5) How has Dr. Gray done in previous years of 
forecasting hurricanes?</a><br>
<a href=F6.html>F6) What is the official U.S. Government (NOAA)
seasonal hurricane outlook for the Atlantic basin for this year
and what are the predictive factors ?</a><br>
<a href=F7.html>F7) How has the official U.S. Government (NOAA)
seasonal hurricane outlook done in previous years ?</a><br>
</font></b><br>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqG.html>G : TROPICAL CYCLONE CLIMATOLOGY</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
  <a href=G1.html>G1) When is hurricane season?</a><br>
  <a href=G2.html>G2) How does El Ni&ntilde;o-Southern Oscillation 
     affect tropical cyclone activity around the globe?</a><br>
  <a href=G3.html>G3) What may happen with tropical cyclone activity 
     in a 2xCO2 world?</a><br>
  <a href=G4.html>G4) Are we getting stronger and more frequent hurricanes, 
     typhoons, and tropical cyclones in the last several years?</a><br>
  <a href=G5.html>G5) Why do tropical cyclones occur primarily in 
     the summer and autumn?</a><br>
  <a href=G6.html>G6) What determines the movement of tropical cyclones?</a><br>
  <a href=G7.html>G7) Why doesn't the South Atlantic Ocean experience 
     tropical cyclones?</a><br>
  <a href=G8.html>G8) Does an active June and July mean the rest of 
     the season will be busy too?</a><br>
  <a href=G9.html>G9) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the 
     U.S., but never the West coast?</a><br>
  <a href=G10.html>G10) How much lightning occurs in tropical cyclones?</a><br>
  <a href=G11.html>G11) What is the 20th century hurricane record 
     for each U.S. coastal state and county?</a><br>
  <a href=G12.html>G12) What is my chance of being struck by a tropical 
     storm or hurricane?</a><br>
  <a href=G13.html>G13) What is my chance of having a tropical storm 
     or hurricane strike by each month? </a><br>
  <a href=G14.html>G14) What is the average number of tropical storms 
     and hurricanes to affect my town? </a><br>
  <a href=G15.html>G15)What is the peak number of tropical storms 
     and hurricanes to affect my town? </a></font></b><br><br>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqH.html>H : TROPICAL CYCLONE OBSERVATION</a></font></h4> 
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
  <a href=H1.html>H1) What is the Dvorak technique and how is it
     used?</a><br>
  <a href=H2.html>H2) Who are the "Hurricane Hunters" and what are 
     they looking for?</a><br>
  <a href=H3.html>H3) What is it like to fly into a hurricane?</a><br> 
  <a href=H4.html>H4) Can I get a seat on a hurricane flight?</a>
<blink><font color=red>New</font></blink>
<br> 
</font></b><br><br>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqI.html>I : REAL TIME INFORMATION</a></font></h4> 
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"><p>
 <a href=I1.html>I1) Where can I get real-time advisories for tropical cyclones?</a><br>
 <a href=I2.html>I2) Where can I get real-time tropical weather analyses?</a><br>
 <a href=I3.html>I3) Where can I get real-time ship and buoy data?</a><br>
 <a href=I4.html>I4) Where can I get real-time sea surface temperature data?</a><br>
 <a href=I5.html>I5) Where can I get real-time satellite pictures and satellite products?</a><br>
 <a href=I6.html>I6) Where can I get real-time radar data?</a><br>
 <a href=I7.html>I7) Where can I get real-time hurricane aircraft reconnaissance data?</a><br>
 <a href=I8.html>I8) Where can I get real-time forecasts of tropical cyclone motion?</a><br>
 <a href=I9.html>I9) What computer software is available for 
    tracking tropical cyclones?</a>
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
</font></b><p>
<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqJ.html>J : HISTORICAL INFORMATION</a></font></h4>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2"> 
   <a href=J1.html>J1) Where can I get historical data on tropical 
      cyclones ?</a><br>
   <a href=J2.html>J2) What journals have regular articles on tropical 
      cyclones ?</a>
<blink><font color=red>Updated</font></blink>
<br>
   <a href=J3.html>J3) What books have been written about tropical 
      cyclones ?</a><br>
   <a href=J4.html>J4) What refereed articles were written in recent 
      years on tropical cyclones ?</a></font></b><br><br>

<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqK.html>K : HURRICANE PREPARATION</a></font></h4> 
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
  <a href=K1.html>K1) What steps should I take when a hurricane watch/warning is posted?</a><br>
  <a href=K2.html>K2) What can I do to make my home/business more disaster resistant? </a><br> 
  <a href=K3.html>K3) What kind of hurricane shutters are available ?</a><br> </font></b>

<h4><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" color="#000066">
<a href=tcfaqL.html>L : HURRICANES versus TORNADOES</a></font></h4> 
<blink><font color=red>New Section</font></blink><br>
<b><font face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="2">
  <a href=L1.html>L1) How are tropical cyclones different from tornadoes?</a><br>
  <a href=L2.html> L2) Why do tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes?</a><br>
  <a href=L3.html> L3) What percentage of tropical cyclones spawn tornadoes?</a><br>
  <a href=L4.html> L4 What parts of a tropical cyclone are most favored for tornado formation?</a><br>
  <a href=L5.html> L5) How long after landfall are TC tornadoes a threat?</a><br>
  <a href=L6.html> L6) Are TC tornadoes weaker than midlatitude tornadoes?</a><br>
  <a href=L7.html> L7) What is the largest known outbreak of TC tornadoes?</a><br>
  <a href=L8.html> L8) What is the deadliest single TC-spawned tornado? </a><br>
  <a href=L9.html> L9) What is the most damaging single TC-spawned tornado? </a><br>
  <a href=L10.html> L10) Why are TC tornadoes especially difficult to deal with?</a><br></font></b>
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