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  58. <div class="plugin_translation"><span>Translations of this page<sup><a href="../../localization.html" class="wikilink1" title="localization">?</a></sup>:</span> <ul>  <li><div class="li"><span class="curid"><a href="../../stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:start">en</a></span></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../br-pt/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="br-pt:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">br-pt</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../cn/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="cn:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">cn</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../cz/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="cz:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">cz</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../de/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="de:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">de</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../es/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="es:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">es</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../fr/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="fr:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">fr</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../it/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink1" title="it:stl:deque:start">it</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../jp/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink1" title="jp:stl:deque:start">jp</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../nl/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="nl:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">nl</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../pl/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="pl:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">pl</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../ro/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="ro:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">ro</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../ru/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink1" title="ru:stl:deque:start">ru</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../sk/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="sk:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">sk</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../tr/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="tr:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">tr</a></div></li>  <li><div class="li"><a href="../../tw/stl/deque/start.html" class="wikilink2" title="tw:stl:deque:start" rel="nofollow">tw</a></div></li></ul></div>
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  72. 

  73. <h2><a name="c_double-ended_queues" id="c_double-ended_queues">C++ Double-ended Queues</a></h2>
    74. 

  74. <div class="level2">
    75. 

  75. 

  76. <p>
    77. 

  77. 

  78. Double-ended queues (or deques) are similar to <a href="../../stl/vector/start.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:vector:start">vectors</a>, except that they allow fast insertions and deletions at both the beginning and the end of the container.
    79. 

  79. </p>
    80. 

  80. 

  81. <p>
    82. 

  82. C++ deques are commonly implemented as dynamically allocated arrays that can grow at both ends.  This guarantees <a href="../../complexity.html" class="wikilink1" title="complexity">constant time</a> access, amortized constant time insertion and deletion at either end of the deque, and <a href="../../complexity.html" class="wikilink1" title="complexity">linear time</a> insertion and deletion from the middle of the deque.
    83. 

  83. 

  84. </p>
    85. 

  85. <table class="inline">
    86. 

  86. 	<tr class="row0">
    87. 

  87. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/deque.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:deque_constructors">Constructors</a></td><td class="col1">create deques and initialize them with some data</td>
    88. 

  88. 	</tr>
    89. 

  89. 	<tr class="row1">
    90. 

  90. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/operator.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:deque_operators">Operators</a></td><td class="col1">compare, assign, and access elements of a deque</td>
    91. 

  91. 	</tr>
    92. 

  92. 	<tr class="row2">
    93. 

  93. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/assign.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:assign">assign</a></td><td class="col1">assign elements to a deque</td>
    94. 

  94. 	</tr>
    95. 

  95. 	<tr class="row3">
    96. 

  96. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/at.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:at">at</a></td><td class="col1">returns a reference to an element at a specific location</td>
    97. 

  97. 	</tr>
    98. 

  98. 	<tr class="row4">
    99. 

  99. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/back.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:back">back</a></td><td class="col1">returns a reference to last element of a deque</td>
    100. 

  100. 	</tr>
    101. 

  101. 	<tr class="row5">
    102. 

  102. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/begin.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:begin">begin</a></td><td class="col1">returns an iterator to the beginning of the deque</td>
    103. 

  103. 	</tr>
    104. 

  104. 	<tr class="row6">
    105. 

  105. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/clear.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:clear">clear</a></td><td class="col1">removes all elements from the deque</td>
    106. 

  106. 	</tr>
    107. 

  107. 	<tr class="row7">
    108. 

  108. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/empty.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:empty">empty</a></td><td class="col1">true if the deque has no elements</td>
    109. 

  109. 	</tr>
    110. 

  110. 	<tr class="row8">
    111. 

  111. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/end.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:end">end</a></td><td class="col1">returns an iterator just past the last element of a deque</td>
    112. 

  112. 	</tr>
    113. 

  113. 	<tr class="row9">
    114. 

  114. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/erase.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:erase">erase</a></td><td class="col1">removes elements from a deque</td>
    115. 

  115. 	</tr>
    116. 

  116. 	<tr class="row10">
    117. 

  117. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/front.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:front">front</a></td><td class="col1">returns a reference to the first element of a deque</td>
    118. 

  118. 	</tr>
    119. 

  119. 	<tr class="row11">
    120. 

  120. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/insert.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:insert">insert</a></td><td class="col1">inserts elements into the deque</td>
    121. 

  121. 	</tr>
    122. 

  122. 	<tr class="row12">
    123. 

  123. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/max_size.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:max_size">max_size</a></td><td class="col1">returns the maximum number of elements that the deque can hold</td>
    124. 

  124. 	</tr>
    125. 

  125. 	<tr class="row13">
    126. 

  126. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/pop_back.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:pop_back">pop_back</a></td><td class="col1">removes the last element of a deque</td>
    127. 

  127. 	</tr>
    128. 

  128. 	<tr class="row14">
    129. 

  129. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/pop_front.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:pop_front">pop_front</a></td><td class="col1">removes the first element of the deque</td>
    130. 

  130. 	</tr>
    131. 

  131. 	<tr class="row15">
    132. 

  132. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/push_back.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:push_back">push_back</a></td><td class="col1">add an element to the end of the deque</td>
    133. 

  133. 	</tr>
    134. 

  134. 	<tr class="row16">
    135. 

  135. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/push_front.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:push_front">push_front</a></td><td class="col1">add an element to the front of the deque</td>
    136. 

  136. 	</tr>
    137. 

  137. 	<tr class="row17">
    138. 

  138. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/rbegin.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:rbegin">rbegin</a></td><td class="col1">returns a reverse_iterator to the end of the deque</td>
    139. 

  139. 	</tr>
    140. 

  140. 	<tr class="row18">
    141. 

  141. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/rend.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:rend">rend</a></td><td class="col1">returns a reverse_iterator to the beginning of the deque</td>
    142. 

  142. 	</tr>
    143. 

  143. 	<tr class="row19">
    144. 

  144. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/resize.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:resize">resize</a></td><td class="col1">change the size of the deque</td>
    145. 

  145. 	</tr>
    146. 

  146. 	<tr class="row20">
    147. 

  147. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/size.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:size">size</a></td><td class="col1">returns the number of items in the deque</td>
    148. 

  148. 	</tr>
    149. 

  149. 	<tr class="row21">
    150. 

  150. 		<td class="col0"><a href="../../stl/deque/swap.html" class="wikilink1" title="stl:deque:swap">swap</a></td><td class="col1">swap the contents of this deque with another</td>
    151. 

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    156. 

  156. <h3><a name="notes" id="notes">Notes</a></h3>
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    158. 

  158. 

  159. <p>
    160. 

  160. 

  161. The name deque is pronounced “deck”, and stands for “double-ended queue.” Knuth reports that the name was coined by E. J. Schweppe. See section 2.2.1 of Knuth for more information about deques. <a href="http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/taocp.html" class="urlextern" title="http://www-cs-faculty.stanford.edu/~uno/taocp.html"  rel="nofollow">(D. E. Knuth, The Art of Computer Programming. Volume 1: Fundamental Algorithms, second edition. Addison-Wesley, 1973.)</a>
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