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  31. <tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span></th></tr>
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  42. <div class="refentry" lang="en">
    43. 

  43. <a name="man.dnssec-keygen"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
    44. 

  44. <div class="refnamediv">
    45. 

  45. <h2>Name</h2>
    46. 

  46. <p><span class="application">dnssec-keygen</span> &#8212; DNSSEC key generation tool</p>
    47. 

  47. </div>
    48. 

  48. <div class="refsynopsisdiv">
    49. 

  49. <h2>Synopsis</h2>
    50. 

  50. <div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-keygen</code>  [<code class="option">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-3</code>] [<code class="option">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-C</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e</code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-G</code>] [<code class="option">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k</code>] [<code class="option">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-q</code>] [<code class="option">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] {name}</p></div>
    51. 

  51. </div>
    52. 

  52. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    53. 

  53. <a name="id2614596"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
    54. 

  54. <p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
    55. 

  55.       generates keys for DNSSEC (Secure DNS), as defined in RFC 2535
    56. 

  56.       and RFC 4034.  It can also generate keys for use with
    57. 

  57.       TSIG (Transaction Signatures) as defined in RFC 2845, or TKEY
    58. 

  58.       (Transaction Key) as defined in RFC 2930.
    59. 

  59.     </p>
    60. 

  60. <p>
    61. 

  61.       The <code class="option">name</code> of the key is specified on the command
    62. 

  62.       line.  For DNSSEC keys, this must match the name of the zone for
    63. 

  63.       which the key is being generated.
    64. 

  64.     </p>
    65. 

  65. </div>
    66. 

  66. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    67. 

  67. <a name="id2614684"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
    68. 

  68. <div class="variablelist"><dl>
    69. 

  69. <dt><span class="term">-a <em class="replaceable"><code>algorithm</code></em></span></dt>
    70. 

  70. <dd>
    71. 

  71. <p>
    72. 

  72.             Selects the cryptographic algorithm.  For DNSSEC keys, the value
    73. 

  73.             of <code class="option">algorithm</code> must be one of RSAMD5, RSASHA1,
    74. 

  74. 	    DSA, NSEC3RSASHA1, NSEC3DSA, RSASHA256, RSASHA512 or ECCGOST.
    75. 

  75. 	    For TSIG/TKEY, the value must
    76. 

  76.             be DH (Diffie Hellman), HMAC-MD5, HMAC-SHA1, HMAC-SHA224,
    77. 

  77.             HMAC-SHA256, HMAC-SHA384, or HMAC-SHA512.  These values are
    78. 

  78.             case insensitive.
    79. 

  79.           </p>
    80. 

  80. <p>
    81. 

  81.             If no algorithm is specified, then RSASHA1 will be used by
    82. 

  82.             default, unless the <code class="option">-3</code> option is specified,
    83. 

  83.             in which case NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used instead.  (If
    84. 

  84.             <code class="option">-3</code> is used and an algorithm is specified,
    85. 

  85.             that algorithm will be checked for compatibility with NSEC3.)
    86. 

  86.           </p>
    87. 

  87. <p>
    88. 

  88.             Note 1: that for DNSSEC, RSASHA1 is a mandatory to implement
    89. 

  89.             algorithm, and DSA is recommended.  For TSIG, HMAC-MD5 is
    90. 

  90. 	    mandatory.
    91. 

  91.           </p>
    92. 

  92. <p>
    93. 

  93.             Note 2: DH, HMAC-MD5, and HMAC-SHA1 through HMAC-SHA512
    94. 

  94.             automatically set the -T KEY option.
    95. 

  95.           </p>
    96. 

  96. </dd>
    97. 

  97. <dt><span class="term">-b <em class="replaceable"><code>keysize</code></em></span></dt>
    98. 

  98. <dd>
    99. 

  99. <p>
    100. 

  100.             Specifies the number of bits in the key.  The choice of key
    101. 

  101.             size depends on the algorithm used.  RSA keys must be
    102. 

  102.             between 512 and 2048 bits.  Diffie Hellman keys must be between
    103. 

  103.             128 and 4096 bits.  DSA keys must be between 512 and 1024
    104. 

  104.             bits and an exact multiple of 64.  HMAC keys must be
    105. 

  105.             between 1 and 512 bits.
    106. 

  106.           </p>
    107. 

  107. <p>
    108. 

  108.             The key size does not need to be specified if using a default
    109. 

  109.             algorithm.  The default key size is 1024 bits for zone signing
    110. 

  110.             keys (ZSK's) and 2048 bits for key signing keys (KSK's,
    111. 

  111.             generated with <code class="option">-f KSK</code>).  However, if an
    112. 

  112.             algorithm is explicitly specified with the <code class="option">-a</code>,
    113. 

  113.             then there is no default key size, and the <code class="option">-b</code>
    114. 

  114.             must be used.
    115. 

  115.           </p>
    116. 

  116. </dd>
    117. 

  117. <dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>nametype</code></em></span></dt>
    118. 

  118. <dd><p>
    119. 

  119.             Specifies the owner type of the key.  The value of
    120. 

  120.             <code class="option">nametype</code> must either be ZONE (for a DNSSEC
    121. 

  121.             zone key (KEY/DNSKEY)), HOST or ENTITY (for a key associated with
    122. 

  122.             a host (KEY)),
    123. 

  123.             USER (for a key associated with a user(KEY)) or OTHER (DNSKEY).
    124. 

  124.             These values are case insensitive.  Defaults to ZONE for DNSKEY
    125. 

  125. 	    generation.
    126. 

  126.           </p></dd>
    127. 

  127. <dt><span class="term">-3</span></dt>
    128. 

  128. <dd><p>
    129. 

  129. 	    Use an NSEC3-capable algorithm to generate a DNSSEC key.
    130. 

  130.             If this option is used and no algorithm is explicitly
    131. 

  131.             set on the command line, NSEC3RSASHA1 will be used by
    132. 

  132.             default. Note that RSASHA256, RSASHA512 and ECCGOST algorithms
    133. 

  133. 	    are NSEC3-capable.
    134. 

  134.           </p></dd>
    135. 

  135. <dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
    136. 

  136. <dd><p>
    137. 

  137. 	    Compatibility mode:  generates an old-style key, without
    138. 

  138. 	    any metadata.  By default, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
    139. 

  139. 	    will include the key's creation date in the metadata stored
    140. 

  140. 	    with the private key, and other dates may be set there as well
    141. 

  141. 	    (publication date, activation date, etc).  Keys that include
    142. 

  142. 	    this data may be incompatible with older versions of BIND; the
    143. 

  143. 	    <code class="option">-C</code> option suppresses them.
    144. 

  144.           </p></dd>
    145. 

  145. <dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
    146. 

  146. <dd><p>
    147. 

  147.             Indicates that the DNS record containing the key should have
    148. 

  148.             the specified class.  If not specified, class IN is used.
    149. 

  149.           </p></dd>
    150. 

  150. <dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
    151. 

  151. <dd><p>
    152. 

  152.             Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for random number
    153. 

  153.             and, when supported, key generation. When compiled with PKCS#11
    154. 

  154.             support it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to
    155. 

  155.             no engine.
    156. 

  156.           </p></dd>
    157. 

  157. <dt><span class="term">-e</span></dt>
    158. 

  158. <dd><p>
    159. 

  159.             If generating an RSAMD5/RSASHA1 key, use a large exponent.
    160. 

  160.           </p></dd>
    161. 

  161. <dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
    162. 

  162. <dd><p>
    163. 

  163.             Set the specified flag in the flag field of the KEY/DNSKEY record.
    164. 

  164.             The only recognized flags are KSK (Key Signing Key) and REVOKE.
    165. 

  165.           </p></dd>
    166. 

  166. <dt><span class="term">-G</span></dt>
    167. 

  167. <dd><p>
    168. 

  168.             Generate a key, but do not publish it or sign with it.  This
    169. 

  169.             option is incompatible with -P and -A.
    170. 

  170.           </p></dd>
    171. 

  171. <dt><span class="term">-g <em class="replaceable"><code>generator</code></em></span></dt>
    172. 

  172. <dd><p>
    173. 

  173.             If generating a Diffie Hellman key, use this generator.
    174. 

  174.             Allowed values are 2 and 5.  If no generator
    175. 

  175.             is specified, a known prime from RFC 2539 will be used
    176. 

  176.             if possible; otherwise the default is 2.
    177. 

  177.           </p></dd>
    178. 

  178. <dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
    179. 

  179. <dd><p>
    180. 

  180.             Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
    181. 

  181.             <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>.
    182. 

  182.           </p></dd>
    183. 

  183. <dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
    184. 

  184. <dd><p>
    185. 

  185.             Sets the directory in which the key files are to be written.
    186. 

  186.           </p></dd>
    187. 

  187. <dt><span class="term">-k</span></dt>
    188. 

  188. <dd><p>
    189. 

  189.             Deprecated in favor of -T KEY.
    190. 

  190.           </p></dd>
    191. 

  191. <dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>protocol</code></em></span></dt>
    192. 

  192. <dd><p>
    193. 

  193.             Sets the protocol value for the generated key.  The protocol
    194. 

  194.             is a number between 0 and 255.  The default is 3 (DNSSEC).
    195. 

  195.             Other possible values for this argument are listed in
    196. 

  196.             RFC 2535 and its successors.
    197. 

  197.           </p></dd>
    198. 

  198. <dt><span class="term">-q</span></dt>
    199. 

  199. <dd><p>
    200. 

  200.             Quiet mode: Suppresses unnecessary output, including
    201. 

  201.             progress indication.  Without this option, when
    202. 

  202.             <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> is run interactively
    203. 

  203.             to generate an RSA or DSA key pair, it will print a string
    204. 

  204.             of symbols to <code class="filename">stderr</code> indicating the
    205. 

  205.             progress of the key generation.  A '.' indicates that a
    206. 

  206.             random number has been found which passed an initial
    207. 

  207.             sieve test; '+' means a number has passed a single
    208. 

  208.             round of the Miller-Rabin primality test; a space
    209. 

  209.             means that the number has passed all the tests and is
    210. 

  210.             a satisfactory key.
    211. 

  211.           </p></dd>
    212. 

  212. <dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
    213. 

  213. <dd><p>
    214. 

  214.             Specifies the source of randomness.  If the operating
    215. 

  215.             system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
    216. 

  216.             or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
    217. 

  217.             is keyboard input.  <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
    218. 

  218.             specifies
    219. 

  219.             the name of a character device or file containing random
    220. 

  220.             data to be used instead of the default.  The special value
    221. 

  221.             <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
    222. 

  222.             input should be used.
    223. 

  223.           </p></dd>
    224. 

  224. <dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
    225. 

  225. <dd><p>
    226. 

  226.             Create a new key which is an explicit successor to an
    227. 

  227.             existing key.  The name, algorithm, size, and type of the
    228. 

  228.             key will be set to match the existing key.  The activation
    229. 

  229.             date of the new key will be set to the inactivation date of
    230. 

  230.             the existing one.  The publication date will be set to the
    231. 

  231.             activation date minus the prepublication interval, which
    232. 

  232.             defaults to 30 days.
    233. 

  233.           </p></dd>
    234. 

  234. <dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>strength</code></em></span></dt>
    235. 

  235. <dd><p>
    236. 

  236.             Specifies the strength value of the key.  The strength is
    237. 

  237.             a number between 0 and 15, and currently has no defined
    238. 

  238.             purpose in DNSSEC.
    239. 

  239.           </p></dd>
    240. 

  240. <dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>rrtype</code></em></span></dt>
    241. 

  241. <dd>
    242. 

  242. <p>
    243. 

  243.             Specifies the resource record type to use for the key.
    244. 

  244.             <code class="option">rrtype</code> must be either DNSKEY or KEY.  The
    245. 

  245.             default is DNSKEY when using a DNSSEC algorithm, but it can be
    246. 

  246.             overridden to KEY for use with SIG(0).
    247. 

  247.           </p>
    248. 

  248. <p>
    249. 

  249.           </p>
    250. 

  250. <p>
    251. 

  251.             Using any TSIG algorithm (HMAC-* or DH) forces this option
    252. 

  252.             to KEY.
    253. 

  253.           </p>
    254. 

  254. </dd>
    255. 

  255. <dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em></span></dt>
    256. 

  256. <dd><p>
    257. 

  257.             Indicates the use of the key.  <code class="option">type</code> must be
    258. 

  258.             one of AUTHCONF, NOAUTHCONF, NOAUTH, or NOCONF.  The default
    259. 

  259.             is AUTHCONF.  AUTH refers to the ability to authenticate
    260. 

  260.             data, and CONF the ability to encrypt data.
    261. 

  261.           </p></dd>
    262. 

  262. <dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
    263. 

  263. <dd><p>
    264. 

  264.             Sets the debugging level.
    265. 

  265.           </p></dd>
    266. 

  266. </dl></div>
    267. 

  267. </div>
    268. 

  268. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    269. 

  269. <a name="id2668243"></a><h2>TIMING OPTIONS</h2>
    270. 

  270. <p>
    271. 

  271.       Dates can be expressed in the format YYYYMMDD or YYYYMMDDHHMMSS.
    272. 

  272.       If the argument begins with a '+' or '-', it is interpreted as
    273. 

  273.       an offset from the present time.  For convenience, if such an offset
    274. 

  274.       is followed by one of the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi',
    275. 

  275.       then the offset is computed in years (defined as 365 24-hour days,
    276. 

  276.       ignoring leap years), months (defined as 30 24-hour days), weeks,
    277. 

  277.       days, hours, or minutes, respectively.  Without a suffix, the offset
    278. 

  278.       is computed in seconds.
    279. 

  279.     </p>
    280. 

  280. <div class="variablelist"><dl>
    281. 

  281. <dt><span class="term">-P <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
    282. 

  282. <dd><p>
    283. 

  283.             Sets the date on which a key is to be published to the zone.
    284. 

  284.             After that date, the key will be included in the zone but will
    285. 

  285.             not be used to sign it.  If not set, and if the -G option has
    286. 

  286.             not been used, the default is "now".
    287. 

  287.           </p></dd>
    288. 

  288. <dt><span class="term">-A <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
    289. 

  289. <dd><p>
    290. 

  290.             Sets the date on which the key is to be activated.  After that
    291. 

  291.             date, the key will be included in the zone and used to sign
    292. 

  292.             it.  If not set, and if the -G option has not been used, the
    293. 

  293.             default is "now".
    294. 

  294.           </p></dd>
    295. 

  295. <dt><span class="term">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
    296. 

  296. <dd><p>
    297. 

  297.             Sets the date on which the key is to be revoked.  After that
    298. 

  298.             date, the key will be flagged as revoked.  It will be included
    299. 

  299.             in the zone and will be used to sign it.
    300. 

  300.           </p></dd>
    301. 

  301. <dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
    302. 

  302. <dd><p>
    303. 

  303.             Sets the date on which the key is to be retired.  After that
    304. 

  304.             date, the key will still be included in the zone, but it
    305. 

  305.             will not be used to sign it.
    306. 

  306.           </p></dd>
    307. 

  307. <dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>date/offset</code></em></span></dt>
    308. 

  308. <dd><p>
    309. 

  309.             Sets the date on which the key is to be deleted.  After that
    310. 

  310.             date, the key will no longer be included in the zone.  (It
    311. 

  311.             may remain in the key repository, however.)
    312. 

  312.           </p></dd>
    313. 

  313. <dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
    314. 

  314. <dd>
    315. 

  315. <p>
    316. 

  316.             Sets the prepublication interval for a key.  If set, then
    317. 

  317.             the publication and activation dates must be separated by at least
    318. 

  318.             this much time.  If the activation date is specified but the
    319. 

  319.             publication date isn't, then the publication date will default
    320. 

  320.             to this much time before the activation date; conversely, if
    321. 

  321.             the publication date is specified but activation date isn't,
    322. 

  322.             then activation will be set to this much time after publication.
    323. 

  323.           </p>
    324. 

  324. <p>
    325. 

  325.             If the key is being created as an explicit successor to another
    326. 

  326.             key, then the default prepublication interval is 30 days; 
    327. 

  327.             otherwise it is zero.
    328. 

  328.           </p>
    329. 

  329. <p>
    330. 

  330.             As with date offsets, if the argument is followed by one of
    331. 

  331.             the suffixes 'y', 'mo', 'w', 'd', 'h', or 'mi', then the
    332. 

  332.             interval is measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours,
    333. 

  333.             or minutes, respectively.  Without a suffix, the interval is
    334. 

  334.             measured in seconds.
    335. 

  335.           </p>
    336. 

  336. </dd>
    337. 

  337. </dl></div>
    338. 

  338. </div>
    339. 

  339. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    340. 

  340. <a name="id2668501"></a><h2>GENERATED KEYS</h2>
    341. 

  341. <p>
    342. 

  342.       When <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> completes
    343. 

  343.       successfully,
    344. 

  344.       it prints a string of the form <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii</code>
    345. 

  345.       to the standard output.  This is an identification string for
    346. 

  346.       the key it has generated.
    347. 

  347.     </p>
    348. 

  348. <div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc">
    349. 

  349. <li><p><code class="filename">nnnn</code> is the key name.
    350. 

  350.         </p></li>
    351. 

  351. <li><p><code class="filename">aaa</code> is the numeric representation
    352. 

  352.           of the
    353. 

  353.           algorithm.
    354. 

  354.         </p></li>
    355. 

  355. <li><p><code class="filename">iiiii</code> is the key identifier (or
    356. 

  356.           footprint).
    357. 

  357.         </p></li>
    358. 

  358. </ul></div>
    359. 

  359. <p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> 
    360. 

  360.       creates two files, with names based
    361. 

  361.       on the printed string.  <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.key</code>
    362. 

  362.       contains the public key, and
    363. 

  363.       <code class="filename">Knnnn.+aaa+iiiii.private</code> contains the
    364. 

  364.       private
    365. 

  365.       key.
    366. 

  366.     </p>
    367. 

  367. <p>
    368. 

  368.       The <code class="filename">.key</code> file contains a DNS KEY record
    369. 

  369.       that
    370. 

  370.       can be inserted into a zone file (directly or with a $INCLUDE
    371. 

  371.       statement).
    372. 

  372.     </p>
    373. 

  373. <p>
    374. 

  374.       The <code class="filename">.private</code> file contains
    375. 

  375.       algorithm-specific
    376. 

  376.       fields.  For obvious security reasons, this file does not have
    377. 

  377.       general read permission.
    378. 

  378.     </p>
    379. 

  379. <p>
    380. 

  380.       Both <code class="filename">.key</code> and <code class="filename">.private</code>
    381. 

  381.       files are generated for symmetric encryption algorithms such as
    382. 

  382.       HMAC-MD5, even though the public and private key are equivalent.
    383. 

  383.     </p>
    384. 

  384. </div>
    385. 

  385. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    386. 

  386. <a name="id2668609"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
    387. 

  387. <p>
    388. 

  388.       To generate a 768-bit DSA key for the domain
    389. 

  389.       <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>, the following command would be
    390. 

  390.       issued:
    391. 

  391.     </p>
    392. 

  392. <p><strong class="userinput"><code>dnssec-keygen -a DSA -b 768 -n ZONE example.com</code></strong>
    393. 

  393.     </p>
    394. 

  394. <p>
    395. 

  395.       The command would print a string of the form:
    396. 

  396.     </p>
    397. 

  397. <p><strong class="userinput"><code>Kexample.com.+003+26160</code></strong>
    398. 

  398.     </p>
    399. 

  399. <p>
    400. 

  400.       In this example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span> creates
    401. 

  401.       the files <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.key</code>
    402. 

  402.       and
    403. 

  403.       <code class="filename">Kexample.com.+003+26160.private</code>.
    404. 

  404.     </p>
    405. 

  405. </div>
    406. 

  406. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    407. 

  407. <a name="id2668665"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
    408. 

  408. <p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-signzone</span>(8)</span>,
    409. 

  409.       <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
    410. 

  410.       <em class="citetitle">RFC 2539</em>,
    411. 

  411.       <em class="citetitle">RFC 2845</em>,
    412. 

  412.       <em class="citetitle">RFC 4034</em>.
    413. 

  413.     </p>
    414. 

  414. </div>
    415. 

  415. <div class="refsect1" lang="en">
    416. 

  416. <a name="id2668696"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
    417. 

  417. <p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
    418. 

  418.     </p>
    419. 

  419. </div>
    420. 

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