/lib/Phpseclib/Math/BigInteger.php
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- <?php
- /* vim: set expandtab tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 softtabstop=4: */
- /**
- * Pure-PHP arbitrary precision integer arithmetic library.
- *
- * Supports base-2, base-10, base-16, and base-256 numbers. Uses the GMP or BCMath extensions, if available,
- * and an internal implementation, otherwise.
- *
- * PHP versions 4 and 5
- *
- * {@internal (all DocBlock comments regarding implementation - such as the one that follows - refer to the
- * {@link MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_INTERNAL MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_INTERNAL} mode)
- *
- * BigInteger uses base-2**26 to perform operations such as multiplication and division and
- * base-2**52 (ie. two base 2**26 digits) to perform addition and subtraction. Because the largest possible
- * value when multiplying two base-2**26 numbers together is a base-2**52 number, double precision floating
- * point numbers - numbers that should be supported on most hardware and whose significand is 53 bits - are
- * used. As a consequence, bitwise operators such as >> and << cannot be used, nor can the modulo operator %,
- * which only supports integers. Although this fact will slow this library down, the fact that such a high
- * base is being used should more than compensate.
- *
- * When PHP version 6 is officially released, we'll be able to use 64-bit integers. This should, once again,
- * allow bitwise operators, and will increase the maximum possible base to 2**31 (or 2**62 for addition /
- * subtraction).
- *
- * Useful resources are as follows:
- *
- * - {@link http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap14.pdf Handbook of Applied Cryptography (HAC)}
- * - {@link http://math.libtomcrypt.com/files/tommath.pdf Multi-Precision Math (MPM)}
- * - Java's BigInteger classes. See /j2se/src/share/classes/java/math in jdk-1_5_0-src-jrl.zip
- *
- * One idea for optimization is to use the comba method to reduce the number of operations performed.
- * MPM uses this quite extensively. The following URL elaborates:
- *
- * {@link http://www.everything2.com/index.pl?node_id=1736418}}}
- *
- * Here's an example of how to use this library:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger(2);
- * $b = new BigInteger(3);
- *
- * $c = $a->add($b);
- *
- * echo $c->toString(); // outputs 5
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * LICENSE: This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
- * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
- * version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
- *
- * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
- * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
- * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
- * Lesser General Public License for more details.
- *
- * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
- * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
- * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
- * MA 02111-1307 USA
- *
- * @category Math
- * @package BigInteger
- * @author Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>
- * @copyright MMVI Jim Wigginton
- * @license http://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl.txt
- * @version $Id: BigInteger.php 81 2010-05-19 21:56:16Z admin $
- * @link http://pear.php.net/package/BigInteger
- */
- namespace Phpseclib\Math;
- /**#@+
- * @access private
- * @see BigInteger::_slidingWindow()
- */
- /**
- * @see BigInteger::_montgomery()
- * @see BigInteger::_prepMontgomery()
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MONTGOMERY', 0);
- /**
- * @see BigInteger::_barrett()
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_BARRETT', 1);
- /**
- * @see BigInteger::_mod2()
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_POWEROF2', 2);
- /**
- * @see BigInteger::_remainder()
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_CLASSIC', 3);
- /**
- * @see BigInteger::__clone()
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_NONE', 4);
- /**#@-*/
- /**#@+
- * @access private
- * @see BigInteger::_montgomery()
- * @see BigInteger::_barrett()
- */
- /**
- * $cache[MATH_BIGINTEGER_VARIABLE] tells us whether or not the cached data is still valid.
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_VARIABLE', 0);
- /**
- * $cache[MATH_BIGINTEGER_DATA] contains the cached data.
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_DATA', 1);
- /**#@-*/
- /**#@+
- * @access private
- * @see BigInteger::BigInteger()
- */
- /**
- * To use the pure-PHP implementation
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_INTERNAL', 1);
- /**
- * To use the BCMath library
- *
- * (if enabled; otherwise, the internal implementation will be used)
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH', 2);
- /**
- * To use the GMP library
- *
- * (if present; otherwise, either the BCMath or the internal implementation will be used)
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP', 3);
- /**#@-*/
- /**
- * The largest digit that may be used in addition / subtraction
- *
- * (we do pow(2, 52) instead of using 4503599627370496, directly, because some PHP installations
- * will truncate 4503599627370496)
- *
- * @access private
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MAX_DIGIT52', pow(2, 52));
- /**
- * Karatsuba Cutoff
- *
- * At what point do we switch between Karatsuba multiplication and schoolbook long multiplication?
- *
- * @access private
- */
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_KARATSUBA_CUTOFF', 15);
- /**
- * Pure-PHP arbitrary precision integer arithmetic library. Supports base-2, base-10, base-16, and base-256
- * numbers.
- *
- * @author Jim Wigginton <terrafrost@php.net>
- * @version 1.0.0RC3
- * @access public
- * @package BigInteger
- */
- class BigInteger {
- /**
- * Holds the BigInteger's value.
- *
- * @var Array
- * @access private
- */
- var $value;
- /**
- * Holds the BigInteger's magnitude.
- *
- * @var Boolean
- * @access private
- */
- var $is_negative = false;
- /**
- * Random number generator function
- *
- * @see setRandomGenerator()
- * @access private
- */
- var $generator = 'mt_rand';
- /**
- * Precision
- *
- * @see setPrecision()
- * @access private
- */
- var $precision = -1;
- /**
- * Precision Bitmask
- *
- * @see setPrecision()
- * @access private
- */
- var $bitmask = false;
- /**
- * Converts base-2, base-10, base-16, and binary strings (eg. base-256) to BigIntegers.
- *
- * If the second parameter - $base - is negative, then it will be assumed that the number's are encoded using
- * two's compliment. The sole exception to this is -10, which is treated the same as 10 is.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('0x32', 16); // 50 in base-16
- *
- * echo $a->toString(); // outputs 50
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param optional $x base-10 number or base-$base number if $base set.
- * @param optional integer $base
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access public
- */
- function __construct($x = 0, $base = 10)
- {
- if ( !defined('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE') ) {
- switch (true) {
- case extension_loaded('gmp'):
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE', MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP);
- break;
- case extension_loaded('bcmath'):
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE', MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH);
- break;
- default:
- define('MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE', MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_INTERNAL);
- }
- }
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- if (is_resource($x) && get_resource_type($x) == 'GMP integer') {
- $this->value = $x;
- return;
- }
- $this->value = gmp_init(0);
- break;
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $this->value = '0';
- break;
- default:
- $this->value = array();
- }
- if ($x === 0) {
- return;
- }
- switch ($base) {
- case -256:
- if (ord($x[0]) & 0x80) {
- $x = ~$x;
- $this->is_negative = true;
- }
- case 256:
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $sign = $this->is_negative ? '-' : '';
- $this->value = gmp_init($sign . '0x' . bin2hex($x));
- break;
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- // round $len to the nearest 4 (thanks, DavidMJ!)
- $len = (strlen($x) + 3) & 0xFFFFFFFC;
- $x = str_pad($x, $len, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT);
- for ($i = 0; $i < $len; $i+= 4) {
- $this->value = bcmul($this->value, '4294967296'); // 4294967296 == 2**32
- $this->value = bcadd($this->value, 0x1000000 * ord($x[$i]) + ((ord($x[$i + 1]) << 16) | (ord($x[$i + 2]) << 8) | ord($x[$i + 3])));
- }
- if ($this->is_negative) {
- $this->value = '-' . $this->value;
- }
- break;
- // converts a base-2**8 (big endian / msb) number to base-2**26 (little endian / lsb)
- default:
- while (strlen($x)) {
- $this->value[] = $this->_bytes2int($this->_base256_rshift($x, 26));
- }
- }
- if ($this->is_negative) {
- if (MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE != MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_INTERNAL) {
- $this->is_negative = false;
- }
- $temp = $this->add(new BigInteger('-1'));
- $this->value = $temp->value;
- }
- break;
- case 16:
- case -16:
- if ($base > 0 && $x[0] == '-') {
- $this->is_negative = true;
- $x = substr($x, 1);
- }
- $x = preg_replace('#^(?:0x)?([A-Fa-f0-9]*).*#', '$1', $x);
- $is_negative = false;
- if ($base < 0 && hexdec($x[0]) >= 8) {
- $this->is_negative = $is_negative = true;
- $x = bin2hex(~pack('H*', $x));
- }
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $temp = $this->is_negative ? '-0x' . $x : '0x' . $x;
- $this->value = gmp_init($temp);
- $this->is_negative = false;
- break;
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $x = ( strlen($x) & 1 ) ? '0' . $x : $x;
- $temp = new BigInteger(pack('H*', $x), 256);
- $this->value = $this->is_negative ? '-' . $temp->value : $temp->value;
- $this->is_negative = false;
- break;
- default:
- $x = ( strlen($x) & 1 ) ? '0' . $x : $x;
- $temp = new BigInteger(pack('H*', $x), 256);
- $this->value = $temp->value;
- }
- if ($is_negative) {
- $temp = $this->add(new BigInteger('-1'));
- $this->value = $temp->value;
- }
- break;
- case 10:
- case -10:
- $x = preg_replace('#^(-?[0-9]*).*#', '$1', $x);
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $this->value = gmp_init($x);
- break;
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- // explicitly casting $x to a string is necessary, here, since doing $x[0] on -1 yields different
- // results then doing it on '-1' does (modInverse does $x[0])
- $this->value = (string) $x;
- break;
- default:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- // array(10000000) is 10**7 in base-2**26. 10**7 is the closest to 2**26 we can get without passing it.
- $multiplier = new BigInteger();
- $multiplier->value = array(10000000);
- if ($x[0] == '-') {
- $this->is_negative = true;
- $x = substr($x, 1);
- }
- $x = str_pad($x, strlen($x) + (6 * strlen($x)) % 7, 0, STR_PAD_LEFT);
- while (strlen($x)) {
- $temp = $temp->multiply($multiplier);
- $temp = $temp->add(new BigInteger($this->_int2bytes(substr($x, 0, 7)), 256));
- $x = substr($x, 7);
- }
- $this->value = $temp->value;
- }
- break;
- case 2: // base-2 support originally implemented by Lluis Pamies - thanks!
- case -2:
- if ($base > 0 && $x[0] == '-') {
- $this->is_negative = true;
- $x = substr($x, 1);
- }
- $x = preg_replace('#^([01]*).*#', '$1', $x);
- $x = str_pad($x, strlen($x) + (3 * strlen($x)) % 4, 0, STR_PAD_LEFT);
- $str = '0x';
- while (strlen($x)) {
- $part = substr($x, 0, 4);
- $str.= dechex(bindec($part));
- $x = substr($x, 4);
- }
- if ($this->is_negative) {
- $str = '-' . $str;
- }
- $temp = new BigInteger($str, 8 * $base); // ie. either -16 or +16
- $this->value = $temp->value;
- $this->is_negative = $temp->is_negative;
- break;
- default:
- // base not supported, so we'll let $this == 0
- }
- }
- /**
- * Converts a BigInteger to a byte string (eg. base-256).
- *
- * Negative numbers are saved as positive numbers, unless $twos_compliment is set to true, at which point, they're
- * saved as two's compliment.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('65');
- *
- * echo $a->toBytes(); // outputs chr(65)
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param Boolean $twos_compliment
- * @return String
- * @access public
- * @internal Converts a base-2**26 number to base-2**8
- */
- function toBytes($twos_compliment = false)
- {
- if ($twos_compliment) {
- $comparison = $this->compare(new BigInteger());
- if ($comparison == 0) {
- return $this->precision > 0 ? str_repeat(chr(0), ($this->precision + 1) >> 3) : '';
- }
- $temp = $comparison < 0 ? $this->add(new BigInteger(1)) : $this->copy();
- $bytes = $temp->toBytes();
- if (empty($bytes)) { // eg. if the number we're trying to convert is -1
- $bytes = chr(0);
- }
- if (ord($bytes[0]) & 0x80) {
- $bytes = chr(0) . $bytes;
- }
- return $comparison < 0 ? ~$bytes : $bytes;
- }
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- if (gmp_cmp($this->value, gmp_init(0)) == 0) {
- return $this->precision > 0 ? str_repeat(chr(0), ($this->precision + 1) >> 3) : '';
- }
- $temp = gmp_strval(gmp_abs($this->value), 16);
- $temp = ( strlen($temp) & 1 ) ? '0' . $temp : $temp;
- $temp = pack('H*', $temp);
- return $this->precision > 0 ?
- substr(str_pad($temp, $this->precision >> 3, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT), -($this->precision >> 3)) :
- ltrim($temp, chr(0));
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- if ($this->value === '0') {
- return $this->precision > 0 ? str_repeat(chr(0), ($this->precision + 1) >> 3) : '';
- }
- $value = '';
- $current = $this->value;
- if ($current[0] == '-') {
- $current = substr($current, 1);
- }
- // we don't do four bytes at a time because then numbers larger than 1<<31 would be negative
- // two's complimented numbers, which would break chr.
- while (bccomp($current, '0') > 0) {
- $temp = bcmod($current, 0x1000000);
- $value = chr($temp >> 16) . chr($temp >> 8) . chr($temp) . $value;
- $current = bcdiv($current, 0x1000000);
- }
- return $this->precision > 0 ?
- substr(str_pad($value, $this->precision >> 3, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT), -($this->precision >> 3)) :
- ltrim($value, chr(0));
- }
- if (!count($this->value)) {
- return $this->precision > 0 ? str_repeat(chr(0), ($this->precision + 1) >> 3) : '';
- }
- $result = $this->_int2bytes($this->value[count($this->value) - 1]);
- $temp = $this->copy();
- for ($i = count($temp->value) - 2; $i >= 0; $i--) {
- $temp->_base256_lshift($result, 26);
- $result = $result | str_pad($temp->_int2bytes($temp->value[$i]), strlen($result), chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT);
- }
- return $this->precision > 0 ?
- substr(str_pad($result, $this->precision >> 3, chr(0), STR_PAD_LEFT), -($this->precision >> 3)) :
- $result;
- }
- /**
- * Converts a BigInteger to a hex string (eg. base-16)).
- *
- * Negative numbers are saved as positive numbers, unless $twos_compliment is set to true, at which point, they're
- * saved as two's compliment.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('65');
- *
- * echo $a->toHex(); // outputs '41'
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param Boolean $twos_compliment
- * @return String
- * @access public
- * @internal Converts a base-2**26 number to base-2**8
- */
- function toHex($twos_compliment = false)
- {
- return bin2hex($this->toBytes($twos_compliment));
- }
- /**
- * Converts a BigInteger to a bit string (eg. base-2).
- *
- * Negative numbers are saved as positive numbers, unless $twos_compliment is set to true, at which point, they're
- * saved as two's compliment.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('65');
- *
- * echo $a->toBits(); // outputs '1000001'
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param Boolean $twos_compliment
- * @return String
- * @access public
- * @internal Converts a base-2**26 number to base-2**2
- */
- function toBits($twos_compliment = false)
- {
- $hex = $this->toHex($twos_compliment);
- $bits = '';
- for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($hex); $i+=8) {
- $bits.= str_pad(decbin(hexdec(substr($hex, $i, 8))), 32, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
- }
- return $this->precision > 0 ? substr($bits, -$this->precision) : ltrim($bits, '0');
- }
- /**
- * Converts a BigInteger to a base-10 number.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('50');
- *
- * echo $a->toString(); // outputs 50
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @return String
- * @access public
- * @internal Converts a base-2**26 number to base-10**7 (which is pretty much base-10)
- */
- function toString()
- {
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- return gmp_strval($this->value);
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- if ($this->value === '0') {
- return '0';
- }
- return ltrim($this->value, '0');
- }
- if (!count($this->value)) {
- return '0';
- }
- $temp = $this->copy();
- $temp->is_negative = false;
- $divisor = new BigInteger();
- $divisor->value = array(10000000); // eg. 10**7
- $result = '';
- while (count($temp->value)) {
- list($temp, $mod) = $temp->divide($divisor);
- $result = str_pad($mod->value[0], 7, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT) . $result;
- }
- $result = ltrim($result, '0');
- if ($this->is_negative) {
- $result = '-' . $result;
- }
- return $result;
- }
- /**
- * Copy an object
- *
- * PHP5 passes objects by reference while PHP4 passes by value. As such, we need a function to guarantee
- * that all objects are passed by value, when appropriate. More information can be found here:
- *
- * {@link http://php.net/language.oop5.basic#51624}
- *
- * @access public
- * @see __clone()
- * @return BigInteger
- */
- function copy()
- {
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = $this->value;
- $temp->is_negative = $this->is_negative;
- $temp->generator = $this->generator;
- $temp->precision = $this->precision;
- $temp->bitmask = $this->bitmask;
- return $temp;
- }
- /**
- * __toString() magic method
- *
- * Will be called, automatically, if you're supporting just PHP5. If you're supporting PHP4, you'll need to call
- * toString().
- *
- * @access public
- * @internal Implemented per a suggestion by Techie-Michael - thanks!
- */
- function __toString()
- {
- return $this->toString();
- }
- /**
- * __clone() magic method
- *
- * Although you can call BigInteger::__toString() directly in PHP5, you cannot call BigInteger::__clone()
- * directly in PHP5. You can in PHP4 since it's not a magic method, but in PHP5, you have to call it by using the PHP5
- * only syntax of $y = clone $x. As such, if you're trying to write an application that works on both PHP4 and PHP5,
- * call BigInteger::copy(), instead.
- *
- * @access public
- * @see copy()
- * @return BigInteger
- */
- function __clone()
- {
- return $this->copy();
- }
- /**
- * Adds two BigIntegers.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('10');
- * $b = new BigInteger('20');
- *
- * $c = $a->add($b);
- *
- * echo $c->toString(); // outputs 30
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param BigInteger $y
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access public
- * @internal Performs base-2**52 addition
- */
- function add($y)
- {
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = gmp_add($this->value, $y->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = bcadd($this->value, $y->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $this_size = count($this->value);
- $y_size = count($y->value);
- if ($this_size == 0) {
- return $y->copy();
- } else if ($y_size == 0) {
- return $this->copy();
- }
- // subtract, if appropriate
- if ( $this->is_negative != $y->is_negative ) {
- // is $y the negative number?
- $y_negative = $this->compare($y) > 0;
- $temp = $this->copy();
- $y = $y->copy();
- $temp->is_negative = $y->is_negative = false;
- $diff = $temp->compare($y);
- if ( !$diff ) {
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $temp = $temp->subtract($y);
- $temp->is_negative = ($diff > 0) ? !$y_negative : $y_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $result = new BigInteger();
- $carry = 0;
- $size = max($this_size, $y_size);
- $size+= $size & 1; // rounds $size to the nearest 2.
- $x = array_pad($this->value, $size, 0);
- $y = array_pad($y->value, $size, 0);
- for ($i = 0; $i < $size - 1; $i+=2) {
- $sum = $x[$i + 1] * 0x4000000 + $x[$i] + $y[$i + 1] * 0x4000000 + $y[$i] + $carry;
- $carry = $sum >= MATH_BIGINTEGER_MAX_DIGIT52; // eg. floor($sum / 2**52); only possible values (in any base) are 0 and 1
- $sum = $carry ? $sum - MATH_BIGINTEGER_MAX_DIGIT52 : $sum;
- $temp = floor($sum / 0x4000000);
- $result->value[] = $sum - 0x4000000 * $temp; // eg. a faster alternative to fmod($sum, 0x4000000)
- $result->value[] = $temp;
- }
- if ($carry) {
- $result->value[] = (int) $carry;
- }
- $result->is_negative = $this->is_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($result);
- }
- /**
- * Subtracts two BigIntegers.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('10');
- * $b = new BigInteger('20');
- *
- * $c = $a->subtract($b);
- *
- * echo $c->toString(); // outputs -10
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param BigInteger $y
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access public
- * @internal Performs base-2**52 subtraction
- */
- function subtract($y)
- {
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = gmp_sub($this->value, $y->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = bcsub($this->value, $y->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $this_size = count($this->value);
- $y_size = count($y->value);
- if ($this_size == 0) {
- $temp = $y->copy();
- $temp->is_negative = !$temp->is_negative;
- return $temp;
- } else if ($y_size == 0) {
- return $this->copy();
- }
- // add, if appropriate (ie. -$x - +$y or +$x - -$y)
- if ( $this->is_negative != $y->is_negative ) {
- $is_negative = $y->compare($this) > 0;
- $temp = $this->copy();
- $y = $y->copy();
- $temp->is_negative = $y->is_negative = false;
- $temp = $temp->add($y);
- $temp->is_negative = $is_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $diff = $this->compare($y);
- if ( !$diff ) {
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- // switch $this and $y around, if appropriate.
- if ( (!$this->is_negative && $diff < 0) || ($this->is_negative && $diff > 0) ) {
- $is_negative = $y->is_negative;
- $temp = $this->copy();
- $y = $y->copy();
- $temp->is_negative = $y->is_negative = false;
- $temp = $y->subtract($temp);
- $temp->is_negative = !$is_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $result = new BigInteger();
- $carry = 0;
- $size = max($this_size, $y_size);
- $size+= $size % 2;
- $x = array_pad($this->value, $size, 0);
- $y = array_pad($y->value, $size, 0);
- for ($i = 0; $i < $size - 1; $i+=2) {
- $sum = $x[$i + 1] * 0x4000000 + $x[$i] - $y[$i + 1] * 0x4000000 - $y[$i] + $carry;
- $carry = $sum < 0 ? -1 : 0; // eg. floor($sum / 2**52); only possible values (in any base) are 0 and 1
- $sum = $carry ? $sum + MATH_BIGINTEGER_MAX_DIGIT52 : $sum;
- $temp = floor($sum / 0x4000000);
- $result->value[] = $sum - 0x4000000 * $temp;
- $result->value[] = $temp;
- }
- // $carry shouldn't be anything other than zero, at this point, since we already made sure that $this
- // was bigger than $y.
- $result->is_negative = $this->is_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($result);
- }
- /**
- * Multiplies two BigIntegers
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('10');
- * $b = new BigInteger('20');
- *
- * $c = $a->multiply($b);
- *
- * echo $c->toString(); // outputs 200
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param BigInteger $x
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access public
- */
- function multiply($x)
- {
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = gmp_mul($this->value, $x->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = bcmul($this->value, $x->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- static $cutoff = false;
- if ($cutoff === false) {
- $cutoff = 2 * MATH_BIGINTEGER_KARATSUBA_CUTOFF;
- }
- if ( $this->equals($x) ) {
- return $this->_square();
- }
- $this_length = count($this->value);
- $x_length = count($x->value);
- if ( !$this_length || !$x_length ) { // a 0 is being multiplied
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- $product = min($this_length, $x_length) < $cutoff ? $this->_multiply($x) : $this->_karatsuba($x);
- $product->is_negative = $this->is_negative != $x->is_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($product);
- }
- /**
- * Performs long multiplication up to $stop digits
- *
- * If you're going to be doing array_slice($product->value, 0, $stop), some cycles can be saved.
- *
- * @see _barrett()
- * @param BigInteger $x
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access private
- */
- function _multiplyLower($x, $stop)
- {
- $this_length = count($this->value);
- $x_length = count($x->value);
- if ( !$this_length || !$x_length ) { // a 0 is being multiplied
- return new BigInteger();
- }
- if ( $this_length < $x_length ) {
- return $x->_multiplyLower($this, $stop);
- }
- $product = new BigInteger();
- $product->value = $this->_array_repeat(0, $this_length + $x_length);
- // the following for loop could be removed if the for loop following it
- // (the one with nested for loops) initially set $i to 0, but
- // doing so would also make the result in one set of unnecessary adds,
- // since on the outermost loops first pass, $product->value[$k] is going
- // to always be 0
- $carry = 0;
- for ($j = 0; $j < $this_length; $j++) { // ie. $i = 0, $k = $i
- $temp = $this->value[$j] * $x->value[0] + $carry; // $product->value[$k] == 0
- $carry = floor($temp / 0x4000000);
- $product->value[$j] = $temp - 0x4000000 * $carry;
- }
- if ($j < $stop) {
- $product->value[$j] = $carry;
- }
- // the above for loop is what the previous comment was talking about. the
- // following for loop is the "one with nested for loops"
- for ($i = 1; $i < $x_length; $i++) {
- $carry = 0;
- for ($j = 0, $k = $i; $j < $this_length && $k < $stop; $j++, $k++) {
- $temp = $product->value[$k] + $this->value[$j] * $x->value[$i] + $carry;
- $carry = floor($temp / 0x4000000);
- $product->value[$k] = $temp - 0x4000000 * $carry;
- }
- if ($k < $stop) {
- $product->value[$k] = $carry;
- }
- }
- $product->is_negative = $this->is_negative != $x->is_negative;
- return $product;
- }
- /**
- * Performs long multiplication on two BigIntegers
- *
- * Modeled after 'multiply' in MutableBigInteger.java.
- *
- * @param BigInteger $x
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access private
- */
- function _multiply($x)
- {
- $this_length = count($this->value);
- $x_length = count($x->value);
- if ( !$this_length || !$x_length ) { // a 0 is being multiplied
- return new BigInteger();
- }
- if ( $this_length < $x_length ) {
- return $x->_multiply($this);
- }
- $product = new BigInteger();
- $product->value = $this->_array_repeat(0, $this_length + $x_length);
- // the following for loop could be removed if the for loop following it
- // (the one with nested for loops) initially set $i to 0, but
- // doing so would also make the result in one set of unnecessary adds,
- // since on the outermost loops first pass, $product->value[$k] is going
- // to always be 0
- $carry = 0;
- for ($j = 0; $j < $this_length; $j++) { // ie. $i = 0
- $temp = $this->value[$j] * $x->value[0] + $carry; // $product->value[$k] == 0
- $carry = floor($temp / 0x4000000);
- $product->value[$j] = $temp - 0x4000000 * $carry;
- }
- $product->value[$j] = $carry;
- // the above for loop is what the previous comment was talking about. the
- // following for loop is the "one with nested for loops"
- for ($i = 1; $i < $x_length; $i++) {
- $carry = 0;
- for ($j = 0, $k = $i; $j < $this_length; $j++, $k++) {
- $temp = $product->value[$k] + $this->value[$j] * $x->value[$i] + $carry;
- $carry = floor($temp / 0x4000000);
- $product->value[$k] = $temp - 0x4000000 * $carry;
- }
- $product->value[$k] = $carry;
- }
- $product->is_negative = $this->is_negative != $x->is_negative;
- return $this->_normalize($product);
- }
- /**
- * Performs Karatsuba multiplication on two BigIntegers
- *
- * See {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm Karatsuba algorithm} and
- * {@link http://math.libtomcrypt.com/files/tommath.pdf#page=120 MPM 5.2.3}.
- *
- * @param BigInteger $y
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access private
- */
- function _karatsuba($y)
- {
- $x = $this->copy();
- $m = min(count($x->value) >> 1, count($y->value) >> 1);
- if ($m < MATH_BIGINTEGER_KARATSUBA_CUTOFF) {
- return $x->_multiply($y);
- }
- $x1 = new BigInteger();
- $x0 = new BigInteger();
- $y1 = new BigInteger();
- $y0 = new BigInteger();
- $x1->value = array_slice($x->value, $m);
- $x0->value = array_slice($x->value, 0, $m);
- $y1->value = array_slice($y->value, $m);
- $y0->value = array_slice($y->value, 0, $m);
- $z2 = $x1->_karatsuba($y1);
- $z0 = $x0->_karatsuba($y0);
- $z1 = $x1->add($x0);
- $z1 = $z1->_karatsuba($y1->add($y0));
- $z1 = $z1->subtract($z2->add($z0));
- $z2->value = array_merge(array_fill(0, 2 * $m, 0), $z2->value);
- $z1->value = array_merge(array_fill(0, $m, 0), $z1->value);
- $xy = $z2->add($z1);
- $xy = $xy->add($z0);
- return $xy;
- }
- /**
- * Squares a BigInteger
- *
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access private
- */
- function _square()
- {
- static $cutoff = false;
- if ($cutoff === false) {
- $cutoff = 2 * MATH_BIGINTEGER_KARATSUBA_CUTOFF;
- }
- return count($this->value) < $cutoff ? $this->_baseSquare() : $this->_karatsubaSquare();
- }
- /**
- * Performs traditional squaring on two BigIntegers
- *
- * Squaring can be done faster than multiplying a number by itself can be. See
- * {@link http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap14.pdf#page=7 HAC 14.2.4} /
- * {@link http://math.libtomcrypt.com/files/tommath.pdf#page=141 MPM 5.3} for more information.
- *
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access private
- */
- function _baseSquare()
- {
- if ( empty($this->value) ) {
- return new BigInteger();
- }
- $square = new BigInteger();
- $square->value = $this->_array_repeat(0, 2 * count($this->value));
- for ($i = 0, $max_index = count($this->value) - 1; $i <= $max_index; $i++) {
- $i2 = 2 * $i;
- $temp = $square->value[$i2] + $this->value[$i] * $this->value[$i];
- $carry = floor($temp / 0x4000000);
- $square->value[$i2] = $temp - 0x4000000 * $carry;
- // note how we start from $i+1 instead of 0 as we do in multiplication.
- for ($j = $i + 1, $k = $i2 + 1; $j <= $max_index; $j++, $k++) {
- $temp = $square->value[$k] + 2 * $this->value[$j] * $this->value[$i] + $carry;
- $carry = floor($temp / 0x4000000);
- $square->value[$k] = $temp - 0x4000000 * $carry;
- }
- // the following line can yield values larger 2**15. at this point, PHP should switch
- // over to floats.
- $square->value[$i + $max_index + 1] = $carry;
- }
- return $square;
- }
- /**
- * Performs Karatsuba "squaring" on two BigIntegers
- *
- * See {@link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karatsuba_algorithm Karatsuba algorithm} and
- * {@link http://math.libtomcrypt.com/files/tommath.pdf#page=151 MPM 5.3.4}.
- *
- * @param BigInteger $y
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access private
- */
- function _karatsubaSquare()
- {
- $m = count($this->value) >> 1;
- if ($m < MATH_BIGINTEGER_KARATSUBA_CUTOFF) {
- return $this->_square();
- }
- $x1 = new BigInteger();
- $x0 = new BigInteger();
- $x1->value = array_slice($this->value, $m);
- $x0->value = array_slice($this->value, 0, $m);
- $z2 = $x1->_karatsubaSquare();
- $z0 = $x0->_karatsubaSquare();
- $z1 = $x1->add($x0);
- $z1 = $z1->_karatsubaSquare();
- $z1 = $z1->subtract($z2->add($z0));
- $z2->value = array_merge(array_fill(0, 2 * $m, 0), $z2->value);
- $z1->value = array_merge(array_fill(0, $m, 0), $z1->value);
- $xx = $z2->add($z1);
- $xx = $xx->add($z0);
- return $xx;
- }
- /**
- * Divides two BigIntegers.
- *
- * Returns an array whose first element contains the quotient and whose second element contains the
- * "common residue". If the remainder would be positive, the "common residue" and the remainder are the
- * same. If the remainder would be negative, the "common residue" is equal to the sum of the remainder
- * and the divisor (basically, the "common residue" is the first positive modulo).
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('10');
- * $b = new BigInteger('20');
- *
- * list($quotient, $remainder) = $a->divide($b);
- *
- * echo $quotient->toString(); // outputs 0
- * echo "\r\n";
- * echo $remainder->toString(); // outputs 10
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param BigInteger $y
- * @return Array
- * @access public
- * @internal This function is based off of {@link http://www.cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap14.pdf#page=9 HAC 14.20}.
- */
- function divide($y)
- {
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $quotient = new BigInteger();
- $remainder = new BigInteger();
- list($quotient->value, $remainder->value) = gmp_div_qr($this->value, $y->value);
- if (gmp_sign($remainder->value) < 0) {
- $remainder->value = gmp_add($remainder->value, gmp_abs($y->value));
- }
- return array($this->_normalize($quotient), $this->_normalize($remainder));
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $quotient = new BigInteger();
- $remainder = new BigInteger();
- $quotient->value = bcdiv($this->value, $y->value);
- $remainder->value = bcmod($this->value, $y->value);
- if ($remainder->value[0] == '-') {
- $remainder->value = bcadd($remainder->value, $y->value[0] == '-' ? substr($y->value, 1) : $y->value);
- }
- return array($this->_normalize($quotient), $this->_normalize($remainder));
- }
- if (count($y->value) == 1) {
- $temp = $this->_divide_digit($y->value[0]);
- $temp[0]->is_negative = $this->is_negative != $y->is_negative;
- return array($this->_normalize($temp[0]), $this->_normalize($temp[1]));
- }
- static $zero;
- if (!isset($zero)) {
- $zero = new BigInteger();
- }
- $x = $this->copy();
- $y = $y->copy();
- $x_sign = $x->is_negative;
- $y_sign = $y->is_negative;
- $x->is_negative = $y->is_negative = false;
- $diff = $x->compare($y);
- if ( !$diff ) {
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = array(1);
- $temp->is_negative = $x_sign != $y_sign;
- return array($this->_normalize($temp), $this->_normalize(new BigInteger()));
- }
- if ( $diff < 0 ) {
- // if $x is negative, "add" $y.
- if ( $x_sign ) {
- $x = $y->subtract($x);
- }
- return array($this->_normalize(new BigInteger()), $this->_normalize($x));
- }
- // normalize $x and $y as described in HAC 14.23 / 14.24
- $msb = $y->value[count($y->value) - 1];
- for ($shift = 0; !($msb & 0x2000000); $shift++) {
- $msb <<= 1;
- }
- $x->_lshift($shift);
- $y->_lshift($shift);
- $x_max = count($x->value) - 1;
- $y_max = count($y->value) - 1;
- $quotient = new BigInteger();
- $quotient->value = $this->_array_repeat(0, $x_max - $y_max + 1);
- // $temp = $y << ($x_max - $y_max-1) in base 2**26
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = array_merge($this->_array_repeat(0, $x_max - $y_max), $y->value);
- while ( $x->compare($temp) >= 0 ) {
- // calculate the "common residue"
- $quotient->value[$x_max - $y_max]++;
- $x = $x->subtract($temp);
- $x_max = count($x->value) - 1;
- }
- for ($i = $x_max; $i >= $y_max + 1; $i--) {
- $x_value = array(
- $x->value[$i],
- ( $i > 0 ) ? $x->value[$i - 1] : 0,
- ( $i > 1 ) ? $x->value[$i - 2] : 0
- );
- $y_value = array(
- $y->value[$y_max],
- ( $y_max > 0 ) ? $y->value[$y_max - 1] : 0
- );
- $q_index = $i - $y_max - 1;
- if ($x_value[0] == $y_value[0]) {
- $quotient->value[$q_index] = 0x3FFFFFF;
- } else {
- $quotient->value[$q_index] = floor(
- ($x_value[0] * 0x4000000 + $x_value[1])
- /
- $y_value[0]
- );
- }
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = array($y_value[1], $y_value[0]);
- $lhs = new BigInteger();
- $lhs->value = array($quotient->value[$q_index]);
- $lhs = $lhs->multiply($temp);
- $rhs = new BigInteger();
- $rhs->value = array($x_value[2], $x_value[1], $x_value[0]);
- while ( $lhs->compare($rhs) > 0 ) {
- $quotient->value[$q_index]--;
- $lhs = new BigInteger();
- $lhs->value = array($quotient->value[$q_index]);
- $lhs = $lhs->multiply($temp);
- }
- $adjust = $this->_array_repeat(0, $q_index);
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = array($quotient->value[$q_index]);
- $temp = $temp->multiply($y);
- $temp->value = array_merge($adjust, $temp->value);
- $x = $x->subtract($temp);
- if ($x->compare($zero) < 0) {
- $temp->value = array_merge($adjust, $y->value);
- $x = $x->add($temp);
- $quotient->value[$q_index]--;
- }
- $x_max = count($x->value) - 1;
- }
- // unnormalize the remainder
- $x->_rshift($shift);
- $quotient->is_negative = $x_sign != $y_sign;
- // calculate the "common residue", if appropriate
- if ( $x_sign ) {
- $y->_rshift($shift);
- $x = $y->subtract($x);
- }
- return array($this->_normalize($quotient), $this->_normalize($x));
- }
- /**
- * Divides a BigInteger by a regular integer
- *
- * abc / x = a00 / x + b0 / x + c / x
- *
- * @param BigInteger $divisor
- * @return Array
- * @access public
- */
- function _divide_digit($divisor)
- {
- $carry = 0;
- $result = new BigInteger();
- for ($i = count($this->value) - 1; $i >= 0; $i--) {
- $temp = 0x4000000 * $carry + $this->value[$i];
- $result->value[$i] = floor($temp / $divisor);
- $carry = fmod($temp, $divisor);
- }
- $remainder = new BigInteger();
- $remainder->value = array($carry);
- return array($result, $remainder);
- }
- /**
- * Performs modular exponentiation.
- *
- * Here's an example:
- * <code>
- * <?php
- * include('Math/BigInteger.php');
- *
- * $a = new BigInteger('10');
- * $b = new BigInteger('20');
- * $c = new BigInteger('30');
- *
- * $c = $a->modPow($b, $c);
- *
- * echo $c->toString(); // outputs 10
- * ?>
- * </code>
- *
- * @param BigInteger $e
- * @param BigInteger $n
- * @return BigInteger
- * @access public
- * @internal The most naive approach to modular exponentiation has very unreasonable requirements, and
- * and although the approach involving repeated squaring does vastly better, it, too, is impractical
- * for our purposes. The reason being that division - by far the most complicated and time-consuming
- * of the basic operations (eg. +,-,*,/) - occurs multiple times within it.
- *
- * Modular reductions resolve this issue. Although an individual modular reduction takes more time
- * then an individual division, when performed in succession (with the same modulo), they're a lot faster.
- *
- * The two most commonly used modular reductions are Barrett and Montgomery reduction. Montgomery reduction,
- * although faster, only works when the gcd of the modulo and of the base being used is 1. In RSA, when the
- * base is a power of two, the modulo - a product of two primes - is always going to have a gcd of 1 (because
- * the product of two odd numbers is odd), but what about when RSA isn't used?
- *
- * In contrast, Barrett reduction has no such constraint. As such, some bigint implementations perform a
- * Barrett reduction after every operation in the modpow function. Others perform Barrett reductions when the
- * modulo is even and Montgomery reductions when the modulo is odd. BigInteger.java's modPow method, however,
- * uses a trick involving the Chinese Remainder Theorem to factor the even modulo into two numbers - one odd and
- * the other, a power of two - and recombine them, later. This is the method that this modPow function uses.
- * {@link http://islab.oregonstate.edu/papers/j34monex.pdf Montgomery Reduction with Even Modulus} elaborates.
- */
- function modPow($e, $n)
- {
- $n = $this->bitmask !== false && $this->bitmask->compare($n) < 0 ? $this->bitmask : $n->abs();
- if ($e->compare(new BigInteger()) < 0) {
- $e = $e->abs();
- $temp = $this->modInverse($n);
- if ($temp === false) {
- return false;
- }
- return $this->_normalize($temp->modPow($e, $n));
- }
- switch ( MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE ) {
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_GMP:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = gmp_powm($this->value, $e->value, $n->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- case MATH_BIGINTEGER_MODE_BCMATH:
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = bcpowmod($this->value, $e->value, $n->value);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- if ( empty($e->value) ) {
- $temp = new BigInteger();
- $temp->value = array(1);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- if ( $e->value == array(1) ) {
- list(, $temp) = $this->divide($n);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- if ( $e->value == array(2) ) {
- $temp = $this->_square();
- list(, $temp) = $temp->divide($n);
- return $this->_normalize($temp);
- }
- return $this->_normalize($this->_slidingWindow($e, $n, MATH_BIGINTEGER_BARRETT));
- // is the modulo odd?
- if ( $n->value[0] & 1 ) {
- return $this->_normalize($this->_slidingWindow($e, $n, MATH_BIGINTEGER_MONTGOMERY));
- }
- // if it's not, it's even
- // find the lowest set bit (eg. the max pow of 2 that divides $n)
- …
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