/lib/grade/grade_item.php

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<?php
// This file is part of Moodle - http://moodle.org/
//
// Moodle is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
// it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
// (at your option) any later version.
//
// Moodle is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
// GNU General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with Moodle.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

/**
 * Definition of a class to represent a grade item
 *
 * @package   core_grades
 * @category  grade
 * @copyright 2006 Nicolas Connault
 * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */

defined('MOODLE_INTERNAL') || die();
require_once('grade_object.php');

/**
 * Class representing a grade item.
 *
 * It is responsible for handling its DB representation, modifying and returning its metadata.
 *
 * @package   core_grades
 * @category  grade
 * @copyright 2006 Nicolas Connault
 * @license   http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html GNU GPL v3 or later
 */
class grade_item extends grade_object {
    /**
     * DB Table (used by grade_object).
     * @var string $table
     */
    public $table = 'grade_items';

    /**
     * Array of required table fields, must start with 'id'.
     * @var array $required_fields
     */
    public $required_fields = array('id', 'courseid', 'categoryid', 'itemname', 'itemtype', 'itemmodule', 'iteminstance',
                                 'itemnumber', 'iteminfo', 'idnumber', 'calculation', 'gradetype', 'grademax', 'grademin',
                                 'scaleid', 'outcomeid', 'gradepass', 'multfactor', 'plusfactor', 'aggregationcoef',
                                 'aggregationcoef2', 'sortorder', 'display', 'decimals', 'hidden', 'locked', 'locktime',
                                 'needsupdate', 'weightoverride', 'timecreated', 'timemodified');

    /**
     * The course this grade_item belongs to.
     * @var int $courseid
     */
    public $courseid;

    /**
     * The category this grade_item belongs to (optional).
     * @var int $categoryid
     */
    public $categoryid;

    /**
     * The grade_category object referenced $this->iteminstance if itemtype == 'category' or == 'course'.
     * @var grade_category $item_category
     */
    public $item_category;

    /**
     * The grade_category object referenced by $this->categoryid.
     * @var grade_category $parent_category
     */
    public $parent_category;


    /**
     * The name of this grade_item (pushed by the module).
     * @var string $itemname
     */
    public $itemname;

    /**
     * e.g. 'category', 'course' and 'mod', 'blocks', 'import', etc...
     * @var string $itemtype
     */
    public $itemtype;

    /**
     * The module pushing this grade (e.g. 'forum', 'quiz', 'assignment' etc).
     * @var string $itemmodule
     */
    public $itemmodule;

    /**
     * ID of the item module
     * @var int $iteminstance
     */
    public $iteminstance;

    /**
     * Number of the item in a series of multiple grades pushed by an activity.
     * @var int $itemnumber
     */
    public $itemnumber;

    /**
     * Info and notes about this item.
     * @var string $iteminfo
     */
    public $iteminfo;

    /**
     * Arbitrary idnumber provided by the module responsible.
     * @var string $idnumber
     */
    public $idnumber;

    /**
     * Calculation string used for this item.
     * @var string $calculation
     */
    public $calculation;

    /**
     * Indicates if we already tried to normalize the grade calculation formula.
     * This flag helps to minimize db access when broken formulas used in calculation.
     * @var bool
     */
    public $calculation_normalized;
    /**
     * Math evaluation object
     * @var calc_formula A formula object
     */
    public $formula;

    /**
     * The type of grade (0 = none, 1 = value, 2 = scale, 3 = text)
     * @var int $gradetype
     */
    public $gradetype = GRADE_TYPE_VALUE;

    /**
     * Maximum allowable grade.
     * @var float $grademax
     */
    public $grademax = 100;

    /**
     * Minimum allowable grade.
     * @var float $grademin
     */
    public $grademin = 0;

    /**
     * id of the scale, if this grade is based on a scale.
     * @var int $scaleid
     */
    public $scaleid;

    /**
     * The grade_scale object referenced by $this->scaleid.
     * @var grade_scale $scale
     */
    public $scale;

    /**
     * The id of the optional grade_outcome associated with this grade_item.
     * @var int $outcomeid
     */
    public $outcomeid;

    /**
     * The grade_outcome this grade is associated with, if applicable.
     * @var grade_outcome $outcome
     */
    public $outcome;

    /**
     * grade required to pass. (grademin <= gradepass <= grademax)
     * @var float $gradepass
     */
    public $gradepass = 0;

    /**
     * Multiply all grades by this number.
     * @var float $multfactor
     */
    public $multfactor = 1.0;

    /**
     * Add this to all grades.
     * @var float $plusfactor
     */
    public $plusfactor = 0;

    /**
     * Aggregation coeficient used for weighted averages or extra credit
     * @var float $aggregationcoef
     */
    public $aggregationcoef = 0;

    /**
     * Aggregation coeficient used for weighted averages only
     * @var float $aggregationcoef2
     */
    public $aggregationcoef2 = 0;

    /**
     * Sorting order of the columns.
     * @var int $sortorder
     */
    public $sortorder = 0;

    /**
     * Display type of the grades (Real, Percentage, Letter, or default).
     * @var int $display
     */
    public $display = GRADE_DISPLAY_TYPE_DEFAULT;

    /**
     * The number of digits after the decimal point symbol. Applies only to REAL and PERCENTAGE grade display types.
     * @var int $decimals
     */
    public $decimals = null;

    /**
     * Grade item lock flag. Empty if not locked, locked if any value present, usually date when item was locked. Locking prevents updating.
     * @var int $locked
     */
    public $locked = 0;

    /**
     * Date after which the grade will be locked. Empty means no automatic locking.
     * @var int $locktime
     */
    public $locktime = 0;

    /**
     * If set, the whole column will be recalculated, then this flag will be switched off.
     * @var bool $needsupdate
     */
    public $needsupdate = 1;

    /**
     * If set, the grade item's weight has been overridden by a user and should not be automatically adjusted.
     */
    public $weightoverride = 0;

    /**
     * Cached dependson array
     * @var array An array of cached grade item dependencies.
     */
    public $dependson_cache = null;

    /**
     * Constructor. Optionally (and by default) attempts to fetch corresponding row from the database
     *
     * @param array $params An array with required parameters for this grade object.
     * @param bool $fetch Whether to fetch corresponding row from the database or not,
     *        optional fields might not be defined if false used
     */
    public function __construct($params = null, $fetch = true) {
        global $CFG;
        // Set grademax from $CFG->gradepointdefault .
        self::set_properties($this, array('grademax' => $CFG->gradepointdefault));
        parent::__construct($params, $fetch);
    }

    /**
     * In addition to update() as defined in grade_object, handle the grade_outcome and grade_scale objects.
     * Force regrading if necessary, rounds the float numbers using php function,
     * the reason is we need to compare the db value with computed number to skip regrading if possible.
     *
     * @param string $source from where was the object inserted (mod/forum, manual, etc.)
     * @return bool success
     */
    public function update($source=null) {
        // reset caches
        $this->dependson_cache = null;

        // Retrieve scale and infer grademax/min from it if needed
        $this->load_scale();

        // make sure there is not 0 in outcomeid
        if (empty($this->outcomeid)) {
            $this->outcomeid = null;
        }

        if ($this->qualifies_for_regrading()) {
            $this->force_regrading();
        }

        $this->timemodified = time();

        $this->grademin        = grade_floatval($this->grademin);
        $this->grademax        = grade_floatval($this->grademax);
        $this->multfactor      = grade_floatval($this->multfactor);
        $this->plusfactor      = grade_floatval($this->plusfactor);
        $this->aggregationcoef = grade_floatval($this->aggregationcoef);
        $this->aggregationcoef2 = grade_floatval($this->aggregationcoef2);

        $result = parent::update($source);

        if ($result) {
            $event = \core\event\grade_item_updated::create_from_grade_item($this);
            $event->trigger();
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Compares the values held by this object with those of the matching record in DB, and returns
     * whether or not these differences are sufficient to justify an update of all parent objects.
     * This assumes that this object has an id number and a matching record in DB. If not, it will return false.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function qualifies_for_regrading() {
        if (empty($this->id)) {
            return false;
        }

        $db_item = new grade_item(array('id' => $this->id));

        $calculationdiff = $db_item->calculation != $this->calculation;
        $categorydiff    = $db_item->categoryid  != $this->categoryid;
        $gradetypediff   = $db_item->gradetype   != $this->gradetype;
        $scaleiddiff     = $db_item->scaleid     != $this->scaleid;
        $outcomeiddiff   = $db_item->outcomeid   != $this->outcomeid;
        $locktimediff    = $db_item->locktime    != $this->locktime;
        $grademindiff    = grade_floats_different($db_item->grademin,        $this->grademin);
        $grademaxdiff    = grade_floats_different($db_item->grademax,        $this->grademax);
        $multfactordiff  = grade_floats_different($db_item->multfactor,      $this->multfactor);
        $plusfactordiff  = grade_floats_different($db_item->plusfactor,      $this->plusfactor);
        $acoefdiff       = grade_floats_different($db_item->aggregationcoef, $this->aggregationcoef);
        $acoefdiff2      = grade_floats_different($db_item->aggregationcoef2, $this->aggregationcoef2);
        $weightoverride  = grade_floats_different($db_item->weightoverride, $this->weightoverride);

        $needsupdatediff = !$db_item->needsupdate &&  $this->needsupdate;    // force regrading only if setting the flag first time
        $lockeddiff      = !empty($db_item->locked) && empty($this->locked); // force regrading only when unlocking

        return ($calculationdiff || $categorydiff || $gradetypediff || $grademaxdiff || $grademindiff || $scaleiddiff
             || $outcomeiddiff || $multfactordiff || $plusfactordiff || $needsupdatediff
             || $lockeddiff || $acoefdiff || $acoefdiff2 || $weightoverride || $locktimediff);
    }

    /**
     * Finds and returns a grade_item instance based on params.
     *
     * @static
     * @param array $params associative arrays varname=>value
     * @return grade_item|bool Returns a grade_item instance or false if none found
     */
    public static function fetch($params) {
        return grade_object::fetch_helper('grade_items', 'grade_item', $params);
    }

    /**
     * Check to see if there are any existing grades for this grade_item.
     *
     * @return boolean - true if there are valid grades for this grade_item.
     */
    public function has_grades() {
        global $DB;

        $count = $DB->count_records_select('grade_grades',
                                           'itemid = :gradeitemid AND finalgrade IS NOT NULL',
                                           array('gradeitemid' => $this->id));
        return $count > 0;
    }

    /**
     * Check to see if there are existing overridden grades for this grade_item.
     *
     * @return boolean - true if there are overridden grades for this grade_item.
     */
    public function has_overridden_grades() {
        global $DB;

        $count = $DB->count_records_select('grade_grades',
                                           'itemid = :gradeitemid AND finalgrade IS NOT NULL AND overridden > 0',
                                           array('gradeitemid' => $this->id));
        return $count > 0;
    }

    /**
     * Finds and returns all grade_item instances based on params.
     *
     * @static
     * @param array $params associative arrays varname=>value
     * @return array array of grade_item instances or false if none found.
     */
    public static function fetch_all($params) {
        return grade_object::fetch_all_helper('grade_items', 'grade_item', $params);
    }

    /**
     * Delete all grades and force_regrading of parent category.
     *
     * @param string $source from where was the object deleted (mod/forum, manual, etc.)
     * @return bool success
     */
    public function delete($source=null) {
        global $DB;

        $transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();
        $this->delete_all_grades($source);
        $success = parent::delete($source);
        $transaction->allow_commit();
        return $success;
    }

    /**
     * Delete all grades
     *
     * @param string $source from where was the object deleted (mod/forum, manual, etc.)
     * @return bool
     */
    public function delete_all_grades($source=null) {
        global $DB;

        $transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();

        if (!$this->is_course_item()) {
            $this->force_regrading();
        }

        if ($grades = grade_grade::fetch_all(array('itemid'=>$this->id))) {
            foreach ($grades as $grade) {
                $grade->delete($source);
            }
        }

        // Delete all the historical files.
        // We only support feedback files for modules atm.
        if ($this->is_external_item()) {
            $fs = new file_storage();
            $fs->delete_area_files($this->get_context()->id, GRADE_FILE_COMPONENT, GRADE_HISTORY_FEEDBACK_FILEAREA);
        }

        $transaction->allow_commit();

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * In addition to perform parent::insert(), calls force_regrading() method too.
     *
     * @param string $source From where was the object inserted (mod/forum, manual, etc.)
     * @return int PK ID if successful, false otherwise
     */
    public function insert($source=null) {
        global $CFG, $DB;

        if (empty($this->courseid)) {
            print_error('cannotinsertgrade');
        }

        // load scale if needed
        $this->load_scale();

        // add parent category if needed
        if (empty($this->categoryid) and !$this->is_course_item() and !$this->is_category_item()) {
            $course_category = grade_category::fetch_course_category($this->courseid);
            $this->categoryid = $course_category->id;

        }

        // always place the new items at the end, move them after insert if needed
        $last_sortorder = $DB->get_field_select('grade_items', 'MAX(sortorder)', "courseid = ?", array($this->courseid));
        if (!empty($last_sortorder)) {
            $this->sortorder = $last_sortorder + 1;
        } else {
            $this->sortorder = 1;
        }

        // add proper item numbers to manual items
        if ($this->itemtype == 'manual') {
            if (empty($this->itemnumber)) {
                $this->itemnumber = 0;
            }
        }

        // make sure there is not 0 in outcomeid
        if (empty($this->outcomeid)) {
            $this->outcomeid = null;
        }

        $this->timecreated = $this->timemodified = time();

        if (parent::insert($source)) {
            // force regrading of items if needed
            $this->force_regrading();

            $event = \core\event\grade_item_created::create_from_grade_item($this);
            $event->trigger();

            return $this->id;

        } else {
            debugging("Could not insert this grade_item in the database!");
            return false;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set idnumber of grade item, updates also course_modules table
     *
     * @param string $idnumber (without magic quotes)
     * @return bool success
     */
    public function add_idnumber($idnumber) {
        global $DB;
        if (!empty($this->idnumber)) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($this->itemtype == 'mod' and !$this->is_outcome_item()) {
            if ($this->itemnumber == 0) {
                // for activity modules, itemnumber 0 is synced with the course_modules
                if (!$cm = get_coursemodule_from_instance($this->itemmodule, $this->iteminstance, $this->courseid)) {
                    return false;
                }
                if (!empty($cm->idnumber)) {
                    return false;
                }
                $DB->set_field('course_modules', 'idnumber', $idnumber, array('id' => $cm->id));
                $this->idnumber = $idnumber;
                return $this->update();
            } else {
                $this->idnumber = $idnumber;
                return $this->update();
            }

        } else {
            $this->idnumber = $idnumber;
            return $this->update();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the locked state of this grade_item (if the grade_item is locked OR no specific
     * $userid is given) or the locked state of a specific grade within this item if a specific
     * $userid is given and the grade_item is unlocked.
     *
     * @param int $userid The user's ID
     * @return bool Locked state
     */
    public function is_locked($userid=NULL) {
        global $CFG;

        // Override for any grade items belonging to activities which are in the process of being deleted.
        require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/course/lib.php');
        if (course_module_instance_pending_deletion($this->courseid, $this->itemmodule, $this->iteminstance)) {
            return true;
        }

        if (!empty($this->locked)) {
            return true;
        }

        if (!empty($userid)) {
            if ($grade = grade_grade::fetch(array('itemid'=>$this->id, 'userid'=>$userid))) {
                $grade->grade_item =& $this; // prevent db fetching of cached grade_item
                return $grade->is_locked();
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Locks or unlocks this grade_item and (optionally) all its associated final grades.
     *
     * @param int $lockedstate 0, 1 or a timestamp int(10) after which date the item will be locked.
     * @param bool $cascade Lock/unlock child objects too
     * @param bool $refresh Refresh grades when unlocking
     * @return bool True if grade_item all grades updated, false if at least one update fails
     */
    public function set_locked($lockedstate, $cascade=false, $refresh=true) {
        if ($lockedstate) {
        /// setting lock
            if ($this->needsupdate) {
                return false; // can not lock grade without first having final grade
            }

            $this->locked = time();
            $this->update();

            if ($cascade) {
                $grades = $this->get_final();
                foreach($grades as $g) {
                    $grade = new grade_grade($g, false);
                    $grade->grade_item =& $this;
                    $grade->set_locked(1, null, false);
                }
            }

            return true;

        } else {
        /// removing lock
            if (!empty($this->locked) and $this->locktime < time()) {
                //we have to reset locktime or else it would lock up again
                $this->locktime = 0;
            }

            $this->locked = 0;
            $this->update();

            if ($cascade) {
                if ($grades = grade_grade::fetch_all(array('itemid'=>$this->id))) {
                    foreach($grades as $grade) {
                        $grade->grade_item =& $this;
                        $grade->set_locked(0, null, false);
                    }
                }
            }

            if ($refresh) {
                //refresh when unlocking
                $this->refresh_grades();
            }

            return true;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Lock the grade if needed. Make sure this is called only when final grades are valid
     */
    public function check_locktime() {
        if (!empty($this->locked)) {
            return; // already locked
        }

        if ($this->locktime and $this->locktime < time()) {
            $this->locked = time();
            $this->update('locktime');
        }
    }

    /**
     * Set the locktime for this grade item.
     *
     * @param int $locktime timestamp for lock to activate
     * @return void
     */
    public function set_locktime($locktime) {
        $this->locktime = $locktime;
        $this->update();
    }

    /**
     * Set the locktime for this grade item.
     *
     * @return int $locktime timestamp for lock to activate
     */
    public function get_locktime() {
        return $this->locktime;
    }

    /**
     * Set the hidden status of grade_item and all grades.
     *
     * 0 mean always visible, 1 means always hidden and a number > 1 is a timestamp to hide until
     *
     * @param int $hidden new hidden status
     * @param bool $cascade apply to child objects too
     */
    public function set_hidden($hidden, $cascade=false) {
        parent::set_hidden($hidden, $cascade);

        if ($cascade) {
            if ($grades = grade_grade::fetch_all(array('itemid'=>$this->id))) {
                foreach($grades as $grade) {
                    $grade->grade_item =& $this;
                    $grade->set_hidden($hidden, $cascade);
                }
            }
        }

        //if marking item visible make sure category is visible MDL-21367
        if( !$hidden ) {
            $category_array = grade_category::fetch_all(array('id'=>$this->categoryid));
            if ($category_array && array_key_exists($this->categoryid, $category_array)) {
                $category = $category_array[$this->categoryid];
                //call set_hidden on the category regardless of whether it is hidden as its parent might be hidden
                $category->set_hidden($hidden, false);
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of grades that are hidden
     *
     * @param string $groupsql SQL to limit the query by group
     * @param array $params SQL params for $groupsql
     * @param string $groupwheresql Where conditions for $groupsql
     * @return int The number of hidden grades
     */
    public function has_hidden_grades($groupsql="", array $params=null, $groupwheresql="") {
        global $DB;
        $params = (array)$params;
        $params['itemid'] = $this->id;

        return $DB->get_field_sql("SELECT COUNT(*) FROM {grade_grades} g LEFT JOIN "
                            ."{user} u ON g.userid = u.id $groupsql WHERE itemid = :itemid AND hidden = 1 $groupwheresql", $params);
    }

    /**
     * Mark regrading as finished successfully. This will also be called when subsequent regrading will not change any grades.
     * Situations such as an error being found will still result in the regrading being finished.
     */
    public function regrading_finished() {
        global $DB;
        $this->needsupdate = 0;
        //do not use $this->update() because we do not want this logged in grade_item_history
        $DB->set_field('grade_items', 'needsupdate', 0, array('id' => $this->id));
    }

    /**
     * Performs the necessary calculations on the grades_final referenced by this grade_item.
     * Also resets the needsupdate flag once successfully performed.
     *
     * This function must be used ONLY from lib/gradeslib.php/grade_regrade_final_grades(),
     * because the regrading must be done in correct order!!
     *
     * @param int $userid Supply a user ID to limit the regrading to a single user
     * @return bool true if ok, error string otherwise
     */
    public function regrade_final_grades($userid=null) {
        global $CFG, $DB;

        // locked grade items already have correct final grades
        if ($this->is_locked()) {
            return true;
        }

        // calculation produces final value using formula from other final values
        if ($this->is_calculated()) {
            if ($this->compute($userid)) {
                return true;
            } else {
                return "Could not calculate grades for grade item"; // TODO: improve and localize
            }

        // noncalculated outcomes already have final values - raw grades not used
        } else if ($this->is_outcome_item()) {
            return true;

        // aggregate the category grade
        } else if ($this->is_category_item() or $this->is_course_item()) {
            // aggregate category grade item
            $category = $this->load_item_category();
            $category->grade_item =& $this;
            if ($category->generate_grades($userid)) {
                return true;
            } else {
                return "Could not aggregate final grades for category:".$this->id; // TODO: improve and localize
            }

        } else if ($this->is_manual_item()) {
            // manual items track only final grades, no raw grades
            return true;

        } else if (!$this->is_raw_used()) {
            // hmm - raw grades are not used- nothing to regrade
            return true;
        }

        // normal grade item - just new final grades
        $result = true;
        $grade_inst = new grade_grade();
        $fields = implode(',', $grade_inst->required_fields);
        if ($userid) {
            $params = array($this->id, $userid);
            $rs = $DB->get_recordset_select('grade_grades', "itemid=? AND userid=?", $params, '', $fields);
        } else {
            $rs = $DB->get_recordset('grade_grades', array('itemid' => $this->id), '', $fields);
        }
        if ($rs) {
            foreach ($rs as $grade_record) {
                $grade = new grade_grade($grade_record, false);

                if (!empty($grade_record->locked) or !empty($grade_record->overridden)) {
                    // this grade is locked - final grade must be ok
                    continue;
                }

                $grade->finalgrade = $this->adjust_raw_grade($grade->rawgrade, $grade->rawgrademin, $grade->rawgrademax);

                if (grade_floats_different($grade_record->finalgrade, $grade->finalgrade)) {
                    $success = $grade->update('system');

                    // If successful trigger a user_graded event.
                    if ($success) {
                        $grade->load_grade_item();
                        \core\event\user_graded::create_from_grade($grade, \core\event\base::USER_OTHER)->trigger();
                    } else {
                        $result = "Internal error updating final grade";
                    }
                }
            }
            $rs->close();
        }

        return $result;
    }

    /**
     * Given a float grade value or integer grade scale, applies a number of adjustment based on
     * grade_item variables and returns the result.
     *
     * @param float $rawgrade The raw grade value
     * @param float $rawmin original rawmin
     * @param float $rawmax original rawmax
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function adjust_raw_grade($rawgrade, $rawmin, $rawmax) {
        if (is_null($rawgrade)) {
            return null;
        }

        if ($this->gradetype == GRADE_TYPE_VALUE) { // Dealing with numerical grade

            if ($this->grademax < $this->grademin) {
                return null;
            }

            if ($this->grademax == $this->grademin) {
                return $this->grademax; // no range
            }

            // Standardise score to the new grade range
            // NOTE: skip if the activity provides a manual rescaling option.
            $manuallyrescale = (component_callback_exists('mod_' . $this->itemmodule, 'rescale_activity_grades') !== false);
            if (!$manuallyrescale && ($rawmin != $this->grademin or $rawmax != $this->grademax)) {
                $rawgrade = grade_grade::standardise_score($rawgrade, $rawmin, $rawmax, $this->grademin, $this->grademax);
            }

            // Apply other grade_item factors
            $rawgrade *= $this->multfactor;
            $rawgrade += $this->plusfactor;

            return $this->bounded_grade($rawgrade);

        } else if ($this->gradetype == GRADE_TYPE_SCALE) { // Dealing with a scale value
            if (empty($this->scale)) {
                $this->load_scale();
            }

            if ($this->grademax < 0) {
                return null; // scale not present - no grade
            }

            if ($this->grademax == 0) {
                return $this->grademax; // only one option
            }

            // Convert scale if needed
            // NOTE: skip if the activity provides a manual rescaling option.
            $manuallyrescale = (component_callback_exists('mod_' . $this->itemmodule, 'rescale_activity_grades') !== false);
            if (!$manuallyrescale && ($rawmin != $this->grademin or $rawmax != $this->grademax)) {
                // This should never happen because scales are locked if they are in use.
                $rawgrade = grade_grade::standardise_score($rawgrade, $rawmin, $rawmax, $this->grademin, $this->grademax);
            }

            return $this->bounded_grade($rawgrade);


        } else if ($this->gradetype == GRADE_TYPE_TEXT or $this->gradetype == GRADE_TYPE_NONE) { // no value
            // somebody changed the grading type when grades already existed
            return null;

        } else {
            debugging("Unknown grade type");
            return null;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Update the rawgrademax and rawgrademin for all grade_grades records for this item.
     * Scale every rawgrade to maintain the percentage. This function should be called
     * after the gradeitem has been updated to the new min and max values.
     *
     * @param float $oldgrademin The previous grade min value
     * @param float $oldgrademax The previous grade max value
     * @param float $newgrademin The new grade min value
     * @param float $newgrademax The new grade max value
     * @param string $source from where was the object inserted (mod/forum, manual, etc.)
     * @return bool True on success
     */
    public function rescale_grades_keep_percentage($oldgrademin, $oldgrademax, $newgrademin, $newgrademax, $source = null) {
        global $DB;

        if (empty($this->id)) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($oldgrademax <= $oldgrademin) {
            // Grades cannot be scaled.
            return false;
        }
        $scale = ($newgrademax - $newgrademin) / ($oldgrademax - $oldgrademin);
        if (($newgrademax - $newgrademin) <= 1) {
            // We would lose too much precision, lets bail.
            return false;
        }

        $rs = $DB->get_recordset('grade_grades', array('itemid' => $this->id));

        foreach ($rs as $graderecord) {
            // For each record, create an object to work on.
            $grade = new grade_grade($graderecord, false);
            // Set this object in the item so it doesn't re-fetch it.
            $grade->grade_item = $this;

            if (!$this->is_category_item() || ($this->is_category_item() && $grade->is_overridden())) {
                // Updating the raw grade automatically updates the min/max.
                if ($this->is_raw_used()) {
                    $rawgrade = (($grade->rawgrade - $oldgrademin) * $scale) + $newgrademin;
                    $this->update_raw_grade(false, $rawgrade, $source, false, FORMAT_MOODLE, null, null, null, $grade);
                } else {
                    $finalgrade = (($grade->finalgrade - $oldgrademin) * $scale) + $newgrademin;
                    $this->update_final_grade($grade->userid, $finalgrade, $source);
                }
            }
        }
        $rs->close();

        // Mark this item for regrading.
        $this->force_regrading();

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Sets this grade_item's needsupdate to true. Also marks the course item as needing update.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function force_regrading() {
        global $DB;
        $this->needsupdate = 1;
        //mark this item and course item only - categories and calculated items are always regraded
        $wheresql = "(itemtype='course' OR id=?) AND courseid=?";
        $params   = array($this->id, $this->courseid);
        $DB->set_field_select('grade_items', 'needsupdate', 1, $wheresql, $params);
    }

    /**
     * Instantiates a grade_scale object from the DB if this item's scaleid variable is set
     *
     * @return grade_scale Returns a grade_scale object or null if no scale used
     */
    public function load_scale() {
        if ($this->gradetype != GRADE_TYPE_SCALE) {
            $this->scaleid = null;
        }

        if (!empty($this->scaleid)) {
            //do not load scale if already present
            if (empty($this->scale->id) or $this->scale->id != $this->scaleid) {
                $this->scale = grade_scale::fetch(array('id'=>$this->scaleid));
                if (!$this->scale) {
                    debugging('Incorrect scale id: '.$this->scaleid);
                    $this->scale = null;
                    return null;
                }
                $this->scale->load_items();
            }

            // Until scales are uniformly set to min=0 max=count(scaleitems)-1 throughout Moodle, we
            // stay with the current min=1 max=count(scaleitems)
            $this->grademax = count($this->scale->scale_items);
            $this->grademin = 1;

        } else {
            $this->scale = null;
        }

        return $this->scale;
    }

    /**
     * Instantiates a grade_outcome object from the DB if this item's outcomeid variable is set
     *
     * @return grade_outcome This grade item's associated grade_outcome or null
     */
    public function load_outcome() {
        if (!empty($this->outcomeid)) {
            $this->outcome = grade_outcome::fetch(array('id'=>$this->outcomeid));
        }
        return $this->outcome;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the grade_category object this grade_item belongs to (referenced by categoryid)
     * or category attached to category item.
     *
     * @return grade_category|bool Returns a grade_category object if applicable or false if this is a course item
     */
    public function get_parent_category() {
        if ($this->is_category_item() or $this->is_course_item()) {
            return $this->get_item_category();

        } else {
            return grade_category::fetch(array('id'=>$this->categoryid));
        }
    }

    /**
     * Calls upon the get_parent_category method to retrieve the grade_category object
     * from the DB and assigns it to $this->parent_category. It also returns the object.
     *
     * @return grade_category This grade item's parent grade_category.
     */
    public function load_parent_category() {
        if (empty($this->parent_category->id)) {
            $this->parent_category = $this->get_parent_category();
        }
        return $this->parent_category;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the grade_category for a grade category grade item
     *
     * @return grade_category|bool Returns a grade_category instance if applicable or false otherwise
     */
    public function get_item_category() {
        if (!$this->is_course_item() and !$this->is_category_item()) {
            return false;
        }
        return grade_category::fetch(array('id'=>$this->iteminstance));
    }

    /**
     * Calls upon the get_item_category method to retrieve the grade_category object
     * from the DB and assigns it to $this->item_category. It also returns the object.
     *
     * @return grade_category
     */
    public function load_item_category() {
        if (empty($this->item_category->id)) {
            $this->item_category = $this->get_item_category();
        }
        return $this->item_category;
    }

    /**
     * Is the grade item associated with category?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_category_item() {
        return ($this->itemtype == 'category');
    }

    /**
     * Is the grade item associated with course?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_course_item() {
        return ($this->itemtype == 'course');
    }

    /**
     * Is this a manually graded item?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_manual_item() {
        return ($this->itemtype == 'manual');
    }

    /**
     * Is this an outcome item?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_outcome_item() {
        return !empty($this->outcomeid);
    }

    /**
     * Is the grade item external - associated with module, plugin or something else?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_external_item() {
        return ($this->itemtype == 'mod');
    }

    /**
     * Is the grade item overridable
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_overridable_item() {
        if ($this->is_course_item() or $this->is_category_item()) {
            $overridable = (bool) get_config('moodle', 'grade_overridecat');
        } else {
            $overridable = false;
        }

        return !$this->is_outcome_item() and ($this->is_external_item() or $this->is_calculated() or $overridable);
    }

    /**
     * Is the grade item feedback overridable
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_overridable_item_feedback() {
        return !$this->is_outcome_item() and $this->is_external_item();
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if grade items uses raw grades
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_raw_used() {
        return ($this->is_external_item() and !$this->is_calculated() and !$this->is_outcome_item());
    }

    /**
     * Returns true if the grade item is an aggreggated type grade.
     *
     * @since  Moodle 2.8.7, 2.9.1
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_aggregate_item() {
        return ($this->is_category_item() || $this->is_course_item());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the grade item associated with the course
     *
     * @param int $courseid
     * @return grade_item Course level grade item object
     */
    public static function fetch_course_item($courseid) {
        if ($course_item = grade_item::fetch(array('courseid'=>$courseid, 'itemtype'=>'course'))) {
            return $course_item;
        }

        // first get category - it creates the associated grade item
        $course_category = grade_category::fetch_course_category($courseid);
        return $course_category->get_grade_item();
    }

    /**
     * Is grading object editable?
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function is_editable() {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Checks if grade calculated. Returns this object's calculation.
     *
     * @return bool true if grade item calculated.
     */
    public function is_calculated() {
        if (empty($this->calculation)) {
            return false;
        }

        /*
         * The main reason why we use the ##gixxx## instead of [[idnumber]] is speed of depends_on(),
         * we would have to fetch all course grade items to find out the ids.
         * Also if user changes the idnumber the formula does not need to be updated.
         */

        // first detect if we need to change calculation formula from [[idnumber]] to ##giXXX## (after backup, etc.)
        if (!$this->calculation_normalized and strpos($this->calculation, '[[') !== false) {
            $this->set_calculation($this->calculation);
        }

        return !empty($this->calculation);
    }

    /**
     * Returns calculation string if grade calculated.
     *
     * @return string Returns the grade item's calculation if calculation is used, null if not
     */
    public function get_calculation() {
        if ($this->is_calculated()) {
            return grade_item::denormalize_formula($this->calculation, $this->courseid);

        } else {
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Sets this item's calculation (creates it) if not yet set, or
     * updates it if already set (in the DB). If no calculation is given,
     * the calculation is removed.
     *
     * @param string $formula string representation of formula used for calculation
     * @return bool success
     */
    public function set_calculation($formula) {
        $this->calculation = grade_item::normalize_formula($formula, $this->courseid);
        $this->calculation_normalized = true;
        return $this->update();
    }

    /**
     * Denormalizes the calculation formula to [idnumber] form
     *
     * @param string $formula A string representation of the formula
     * @param int $courseid The course ID
     * @return string The denormalized formula as a string
     */
    public static function denormalize_formula($formula, $courseid) {
        if (empty($formula)) {
            return '';
        }

        // denormalize formula - convert ##giXX## to [[idnumber]]
        if (preg_match_all('/##gi(\d+)##/', $formula, $matches)) {
            foreach ($matches[1] as $id) {
                if ($grade_item = grade_item::fetch(array('id'=>$id, 'courseid'=>$courseid))) {
                    if (!empty($grade_item->idnumber)) {
                        $formula = str_replace('##gi'.$grade_item->id.'##', '[['.$grade_item->idnumber.']]', $formula);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return $formula;

    }

    /**
     * Normalizes the calculation formula to [#giXX#] form
     *
     * @param string $formula The formula
     * @param int $courseid The course ID
     * @return string The normalized formula as a string
     */
    public static function normalize_formula($formula, $courseid) {
        $formula = trim($formula);

        if (empty($formula)) {
            return NULL;

        }

        // normalize formula - we want grade item ids ##giXXX## instead of [[idnumber]]
        if ($grade_items = grade_item::fetch_all(array('courseid'=>$courseid))) {
            foreach ($grade_items as $grade_item) {
                $formula = str_replace('[['.$grade_item->idnumber.']]', '##gi'.$grade_item->id.'##', $formula);
            }
        }

        return $formula;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the final values for this grade item (as imported by module or other source).
     *
     * @param int $userid Optional: to retrieve a single user's final grade
     * @return array|grade_grade An array of all grade_grade instances for this grade_item, or a single grade_grade instance.
     */
    public function get_final($userid=NULL) {
        global $DB;
        if ($userid) {
            if ($user = $DB->get_record('grade_grades', array('itemid' => $this->id, 'userid' => $userid))) {
                return $user;
            }

        } else {
            if ($grades = $DB->get_records('grade_grades', array('itemid' => $this->id))) {
                //TODO: speed up with better SQL (MDL-31380)
                $result = array();
                foreach ($grades as $grade) {
                    $result[$grade->userid] = $grade;
                }
                return $result;
            } else {
                return array();
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Get (or create if not exist yet) grade for this user
     *
     * @param int $userid The user ID
     * @param bool $create If true and the user has no grade for this grade item a new grade_grade instance will be inserted
     * @return grade_grade The grade_grade instance for the user for this grade item
     */
    public function get_grade($userid, $create=true) {
        if (empty($this->id)) {
            debugging('Can not use before insert');
            return false;
        }

        $grade = new grade_grade(array('userid'=>$userid, 'itemid'=>$this->id));
        if (empty($grade->id) and $create) {
            $grade->insert();
        }

        return $grade;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the sortorder of this grade_item. This method is also available in
     * grade_category, for cases where the object type is not know.
     *
     * @return int Sort order
     */
    public function get_sortorder() {
        return $this->sortorder;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the idnumber of this grade_item. This method is also available in
     * grade_category, for cases where the object type is not know.
     *
     * @return string The grade item idnumber
     */
    public function get_idnumber() {
        return $this->idnumber;
    }

    /**
     * Returns this grade_item. This method is also available in
     * grade_category, for cases where the object type is not know.
     *
     * @return grade_item
     */
    public function get_grade_item() {
        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Sets the sortorder of this grade_item. This method is also available in
     * grade_category, for cases where the object type is not know.
     *
     * @param int $sortorder
     */
    public function set_sortorder($sortorder) {
        if ($this->sortorder == $sortorder) {
            return;
        }
        $this->sortorder = $sortorder;
        $this->update();
    }

    /**
     * Update this grade item's sortorder so that it will appear after $sortorder
     *
     * @param int $sortorder The sort order to place this grade item after
     */
    public function move_after_sortorder($sortorder) {
        global $CFG, $DB;

        //make some room first
        $params = array($sortorder, $this->courseid);
        $sql = "UPDATE {grade_items}
                   SET sortorder = sortorder + 1
                 WHERE sortorder > ? AND courseid = ?";
        $DB->execute($sql, $params);

        $this->set_sortorder($sortorder + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Detect duplicate grade item's sortorder and re-sort them.
     * Note: Duplicate sortorder will be introduced while duplicating activities or
     * merging two courses.
     *
     * @param int $courseid id of the course for which grade_items sortorder need to be fixed.
     */
    public static function fix_duplicate_sortorder($courseid) {
        global $DB;

        $transaction = $DB->start_delegated_transaction();

        $sql = "SELECT DISTINCT g1.id, g1.courseid, g1.sortorder
                    FROM {grade_items} g1
                    JOIN {grade_items} g2 ON g1.courseid = g2.courseid
                WHERE g1.sortorder = g2.sortorder AND g1.id != g2.id AND g1.courseid = :courseid
                ORDER BY g1.sortorder DESC, g1.id DESC";

        // Get all duplicates in course highest sort order, and higest id first so that we can make space at the
        // bottom higher end of the sort orders and work down by id.
        $rs = $DB->get_recordset_sql($sql, array('courseid' => $courseid));

        foreach($rs as $duplicate) {
            $DB->execute("UPDATE {grade_items}
                            SET sortorder = sortorder + 1
                          WHERE courseid = :courseid AND
                          (sortorder > :sortorder OR (sortorder = :sortorder2 AND id > :id))",
                array('courseid' => $duplicate->courseid,
                    'sortorder' => $duplicate->sortorder,
                    'sortorder2' => $duplicate->sortorder,
                    'id' => $duplicate->id));
        }
        $rs->close();
        $transaction->allow_commit();
    }

    /**
     * Returns the most descriptive field for this object.
     *
     * Determines what type of grade item it is then returns the appropriate string
     *
     * @param bool $fulltotal If the item is a category total, returns $categoryname."total" instead of "Category total" or "Course total"
     * @return string name
     */
    public function get_name($fulltotal=false) {
        global $CFG;
        require_once($CFG->dirroot . '/course/lib.php');
        if (strval($this->itemname) !== '') {
            // MDL-10557

            // Make it obvious to users if the course module to which this grade item relates, is currently being removed.
            $deletionpending = course_module_instance_pending_deletion($this->courseid, $this->itemmodule, $this->iteminstance);
            $deletionnotice = get_string('gradesmoduledeletionprefix', 'grades');

            $options = ['context' => context_course::instance($this->courseid)];
            return $deletionpending ?
                format_string($deletionnotice . ' ' . $this->itemname, true, $options) :
                format_string($this->itemname, true, $options);

        } else if ($this->is_course_item()) {
            return get_string('coursetotal', 'grades');

        } else if ($this->is_category_item()) {
            if ($fulltotal) {
                $category = $this->load_parent_category();
                $a = new stdClass();
                $a->category = $category->get_name();
                return get_string('categorytotalfull', 'grades', $a);
            } else {
            return get_string('categorytotal', 'grades');
            }

        } else {
            return get_string('grade');
        }
    }

    /**
     *…

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