/mcs/class/Mono.Posix/Mono.Unix.Native/Syscall.cs

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//
// Mono.Unix/Syscall.cs
//
// Authors:
//   Miguel de Icaza (miguel@novell.com)
//   Jonathan Pryor (jonpryor@vt.edu)
//
// (C) 2003 Novell, Inc.
// (C) 2004-2006 Jonathan Pryor
//
// This file implements the low-level syscall interface to the POSIX
// subsystem.
//
// This file tries to stay close to the low-level API as much as possible
// using enumerations, structures and in a few cases, using existing .NET
// data types.
//
// Implementation notes:
//
//    Since the values for the various constants on the API changes
//    from system to system (even Linux on different architectures will
//    have different values), we define our own set of values, and we
//    use a set of C helper routines to map from the constants we define
//    to the values of the native OS.
//
//    Bitfields are flagged with the [Map] attribute, and a helper program
//    generates a set of routines that we can call to convert from our value 
//    definitions to the value definitions expected by the OS; see
//    NativeConvert for the conversion routines.
//
//    Methods that require tuning are bound as `private sys_NAME' methods
//    and then a `NAME' method is exposed.
//

//
// Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
// a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
// "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
// without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
// distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
// permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
// the following conditions:
// 
// The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
// included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
// 
// THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
// EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
// MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
// NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
// LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
// OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
// WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
//

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.InteropServices;
using System.Security;
using System.Text;
using Mono.Unix.Native;

namespace Mono.Unix.Native {

	#region Enumerations

	[Flags][Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum SyslogOptions {
		LOG_PID    = 0x01,  // log the pid with each message
		LOG_CONS   = 0x02,  // log on the console if errors in sending
		LOG_ODELAY = 0x04,  // delay open until first syslog (default)
		LOG_NDELAY = 0x08,  // don't delay open
		LOG_NOWAIT = 0x10,  // don't wait for console forks; DEPRECATED
		LOG_PERROR = 0x20   // log to stderr as well
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum SyslogFacility {
		LOG_KERN      = 0 << 3,
		LOG_USER      = 1 << 3,
		LOG_MAIL      = 2 << 3,
		LOG_DAEMON    = 3 << 3,
		LOG_AUTH      = 4 << 3,
		LOG_SYSLOG    = 5 << 3,
		LOG_LPR       = 6 << 3,
		LOG_NEWS      = 7 << 3,
		LOG_UUCP      = 8 << 3,
		LOG_CRON      = 9 << 3,
		LOG_AUTHPRIV  = 10 << 3,
		LOG_FTP       = 11 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL0    = 16 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL1    = 17 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL2    = 18 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL3    = 19 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL4    = 20 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL5    = 21 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL6    = 22 << 3,
		LOG_LOCAL7    = 23 << 3,
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum SyslogLevel {
		LOG_EMERG   = 0,  // system is unusable
		LOG_ALERT   = 1,  // action must be taken immediately
		LOG_CRIT    = 2,  // critical conditions
		LOG_ERR     = 3,  // warning conditions
		LOG_WARNING = 4,  // warning conditions
		LOG_NOTICE  = 5,  // normal but significant condition
		LOG_INFO    = 6,  // informational
		LOG_DEBUG   = 7   // debug-level messages
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum OpenFlags : int {
		//
		// One of these
		//
		O_RDONLY    = 0x00000000,
		O_WRONLY    = 0x00000001,
		O_RDWR      = 0x00000002,

		//
		// Or-ed with zero or more of these
		//
		O_CREAT     = 0x00000040,
		O_EXCL      = 0x00000080,
		O_NOCTTY    = 0x00000100,
		O_TRUNC     = 0x00000200,
		O_APPEND    = 0x00000400,
		O_NONBLOCK  = 0x00000800,
		O_SYNC      = 0x00001000,

		//
		// These are non-Posix.  Using them will result in errors/exceptions on
		// non-supported platforms.
		//
		// (For example, "C-wrapped" system calls -- calls with implementation in
		// MonoPosixHelper -- will return -1 with errno=EINVAL.  C#-wrapped system
		// calls will generate an exception in NativeConvert, as the value can't be
		// converted on the target platform.)
		//
		
		O_NOFOLLOW  = 0x00020000,
		O_DIRECTORY = 0x00010000,
		O_DIRECT    = 0x00004000,
		O_ASYNC     = 0x00002000,
		O_LARGEFILE = 0x00008000
	}
	
	// mode_t
	[Flags][Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum FilePermissions : uint {
		S_ISUID     = 0x0800, // Set user ID on execution
		S_ISGID     = 0x0400, // Set group ID on execution
		S_ISVTX     = 0x0200, // Save swapped text after use (sticky).
		S_IRUSR     = 0x0100, // Read by owner
		S_IWUSR     = 0x0080, // Write by owner
		S_IXUSR     = 0x0040, // Execute by owner
		S_IRGRP     = 0x0020, // Read by group
		S_IWGRP     = 0x0010, // Write by group
		S_IXGRP     = 0x0008, // Execute by group
		S_IROTH     = 0x0004, // Read by other
		S_IWOTH     = 0x0002, // Write by other
		S_IXOTH     = 0x0001, // Execute by other

		S_IRWXG     = (S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IXGRP),
		S_IRWXU     = (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IXUSR),
		S_IRWXO     = (S_IROTH | S_IWOTH | S_IXOTH),
		ACCESSPERMS = (S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO), // 0777
		ALLPERMS    = (S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISVTX | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG | S_IRWXO), // 07777
		DEFFILEMODE = (S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH), // 0666

		// Device types
		// Why these are held in "mode_t" is beyond me...
		S_IFMT      = 0xF000, // Bits which determine file type
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFDIR     = 0x4000, // Directory
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFCHR     = 0x2000, // Character device
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFBLK     = 0x6000, // Block device
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFREG     = 0x8000, // Regular file
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFIFO     = 0x1000, // FIFO
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFLNK     = 0xA000, // Symbolic link
		[Map(SuppressFlags="S_IFMT")]
		S_IFSOCK    = 0xC000, // Socket
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum FcntlCommand : int {
		// Form /usr/include/bits/fcntl.h
		F_DUPFD    =    0, // Duplicate file descriptor.
		F_GETFD    =    1, // Get file descriptor flags.
		F_SETFD    =    2, // Set file descriptor flags.
		F_GETFL    =    3, // Get file status flags.
		F_SETFL    =    4, // Set file status flags.
		F_GETLK    =   12, // Get record locking info. [64]
		F_SETLK    =   13, // Set record locking info (non-blocking). [64]
		F_SETLKW   =   14, // Set record locking info (blocking). [64]
		F_SETOWN   =    8, // Set owner of socket (receiver of SIGIO).
		F_GETOWN   =    9, // Get owner of socket (receiver of SIGIO).
		F_SETSIG   =   10, // Set number of signal to be sent.
		F_GETSIG   =   11, // Get number of signal to be sent.
		F_SETLEASE = 1024, // Set a lease.
		F_GETLEASE = 1025, // Enquire what lease is active.
		F_NOTIFY   = 1026, // Required notifications on a directory
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum LockType : short {
		F_RDLCK = 0, // Read lock.
		F_WRLCK = 1, // Write lock.
		F_UNLCK = 2, // Remove lock.
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum SeekFlags : short {
		// values liberally copied from /usr/include/unistd.h
		SEEK_SET = 0, // Seek from beginning of file.
		SEEK_CUR = 1, // Seek from current position.
		SEEK_END = 2, // Seek from end of file.

		L_SET    = SEEK_SET, // BSD alias for SEEK_SET
		L_INCR   = SEEK_CUR, // BSD alias for SEEK_CUR
		L_XTND   = SEEK_END, // BSD alias for SEEK_END
	}
	
	[Map, Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum DirectoryNotifyFlags : int {
		// from /usr/include/bits/fcntl.h
		DN_ACCESS    = 0x00000001, // File accessed.
		DN_MODIFY    = 0x00000002, // File modified.
		DN_CREATE    = 0x00000004, // File created.
		DN_DELETE    = 0x00000008, // File removed.
		DN_RENAME    = 0x00000010, // File renamed.
		DN_ATTRIB    = 0x00000020, // File changed attributes.
		DN_MULTISHOT = unchecked ((int)0x80000000), // Don't remove notifier
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum PosixFadviseAdvice : int {
		POSIX_FADV_NORMAL     = 0,  // No further special treatment.
		POSIX_FADV_RANDOM     = 1,  // Expect random page references.
		POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL = 2,  // Expect sequential page references.
		POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED   = 3,  // Will need these pages.
		POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED   = 4,  // Don't need these pages.
		POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE    = 5,  // Data will be accessed once.
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum PosixMadviseAdvice : int {
		POSIX_MADV_NORMAL     = 0,  // No further special treatment.
		POSIX_MADV_RANDOM     = 1,  // Expect random page references.
		POSIX_MADV_SEQUENTIAL = 2,  // Expect sequential page references.
		POSIX_MADV_WILLNEED   = 3,  // Will need these pages.
		POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED   = 4,  // Don't need these pages.
	}

	[Map]
	public enum Signum : int {
		SIGHUP    =  1, // Hangup (POSIX).
		SIGINT    =  2, // Interrupt (ANSI).
		SIGQUIT   =  3, // Quit (POSIX).
		SIGILL    =  4, // Illegal instruction (ANSI).
		SIGTRAP   =  5, // Trace trap (POSIX).
		SIGABRT   =  6, // Abort (ANSI).
		SIGIOT    =  6, // IOT trap (4.2 BSD).
		SIGBUS    =  7, // BUS error (4.2 BSD).
		SIGFPE    =  8, // Floating-point exception (ANSI).
		SIGKILL   =  9, // Kill, unblockable (POSIX).
		SIGUSR1   = 10, // User-defined signal 1 (POSIX).
		SIGSEGV   = 11, // Segmentation violation (ANSI).
		SIGUSR2   = 12, // User-defined signal 2 (POSIX).
		SIGPIPE   = 13, // Broken pipe (POSIX).
		SIGALRM   = 14, // Alarm clock (POSIX).
		SIGTERM   = 15, // Termination (ANSI).
		SIGSTKFLT = 16, // Stack fault.
		SIGCLD    = SIGCHLD, // Same as SIGCHLD (System V).
		SIGCHLD   = 17, // Child status has changed (POSIX).
		SIGCONT   = 18, // Continue (POSIX).
		SIGSTOP   = 19, // Stop, unblockable (POSIX).
		SIGTSTP   = 20, // Keyboard stop (POSIX).
		SIGTTIN   = 21, // Background read from tty (POSIX).
		SIGTTOU   = 22, // Background write to tty (POSIX).
		SIGURG    = 23, // Urgent condition on socket (4.2 BSD).
		SIGXCPU   = 24, // CPU limit exceeded (4.2 BSD).
		SIGXFSZ   = 25, // File size limit exceeded (4.2 BSD).
		SIGVTALRM = 26, // Virtual alarm clock (4.2 BSD).
		SIGPROF   = 27, // Profiling alarm clock (4.2 BSD).
		SIGWINCH  = 28, // Window size change (4.3 BSD, Sun).
		SIGPOLL   = SIGIO, // Pollable event occurred (System V).
		SIGIO     = 29, // I/O now possible (4.2 BSD).
		SIGPWR    = 30, // Power failure restart (System V).
		SIGSYS    = 31, // Bad system call.
		SIGUNUSED = 31
	}

	[Flags][Map]
	public enum WaitOptions : int {
		WNOHANG   = 1,  // Don't block waiting
		WUNTRACED = 2,  // Report status of stopped children
	}

  [Flags][Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum AccessModes : int {
		R_OK = 1,
		W_OK = 2,
		X_OK = 4,
		F_OK = 8,
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum PathconfName : int {
		_PC_LINK_MAX,
		_PC_MAX_CANON,
		_PC_MAX_INPUT,
		_PC_NAME_MAX,
		_PC_PATH_MAX,
		_PC_PIPE_BUF,
		_PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED,
		_PC_NO_TRUNC,
		_PC_VDISABLE,
		_PC_SYNC_IO,
		_PC_ASYNC_IO,
		_PC_PRIO_IO,
		_PC_SOCK_MAXBUF,
		_PC_FILESIZEBITS,
		_PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE,
		_PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE,
		_PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE,
		_PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN,
		_PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN,
		_PC_SYMLINK_MAX,
		_PC_2_SYMLINKS
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum SysconfName : int {
		_SC_ARG_MAX,
		_SC_CHILD_MAX,
		_SC_CLK_TCK,
		_SC_NGROUPS_MAX,
		_SC_OPEN_MAX,
		_SC_STREAM_MAX,
		_SC_TZNAME_MAX,
		_SC_JOB_CONTROL,
		_SC_SAVED_IDS,
		_SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS,
		_SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING,
		_SC_TIMERS,
		_SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO,
		_SC_PRIORITIZED_IO,
		_SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO,
		_SC_FSYNC,
		_SC_MAPPED_FILES,
		_SC_MEMLOCK,
		_SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE,
		_SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION,
		_SC_MESSAGE_PASSING,
		_SC_SEMAPHORES,
		_SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS,
		_SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX,
		_SC_AIO_MAX,
		_SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX,
		_SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX,
		_SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX,
		_SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX,
		_SC_VERSION,
		_SC_PAGESIZE,
		_SC_RTSIG_MAX,
		_SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX,
		_SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX,
		_SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX,
		_SC_TIMER_MAX,
		/* Values for the argument to `sysconf'
			 corresponding to _POSIX2_* symbols.  */
		_SC_BC_BASE_MAX,
		_SC_BC_DIM_MAX,
		_SC_BC_SCALE_MAX,
		_SC_BC_STRING_MAX,
		_SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX,
		_SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX,
		_SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX,
		_SC_LINE_MAX,
		_SC_RE_DUP_MAX,
		_SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX,
		_SC_2_VERSION,
		_SC_2_C_BIND,
		_SC_2_C_DEV,
		_SC_2_FORT_DEV,
		_SC_2_FORT_RUN,
		_SC_2_SW_DEV,
		_SC_2_LOCALEDEF,
		_SC_PII,
		_SC_PII_XTI,
		_SC_PII_SOCKET,
		_SC_PII_INTERNET,
		_SC_PII_OSI,
		_SC_POLL,
		_SC_SELECT,
		_SC_UIO_MAXIOV,
		_SC_IOV_MAX = _SC_UIO_MAXIOV,
		_SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM,
		_SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM,
		_SC_PII_OSI_COTS,
		_SC_PII_OSI_CLTS,
		_SC_PII_OSI_M,
		_SC_T_IOV_MAX,
		/* Values according to POSIX 1003.1c (POSIX threads).  */
		_SC_THREADS,
		_SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS,
		_SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX,
		_SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX,
		_SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX,
		_SC_TTY_NAME_MAX,
		_SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS,
		_SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX,
		_SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN,
		_SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX,
		_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR,
		_SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE,
		_SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING,
		_SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT,
		_SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT,
		_SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED,
		_SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF,
		_SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN,
		_SC_PHYS_PAGES,
		_SC_AVPHYS_PAGES,
		_SC_ATEXIT_MAX,
		_SC_PASS_MAX,
		_SC_XOPEN_VERSION,
		_SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION,
		_SC_XOPEN_UNIX,
		_SC_XOPEN_CRYPT,
		_SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N,
		_SC_XOPEN_SHM,
		_SC_2_CHAR_TERM,
		_SC_2_C_VERSION,
		_SC_2_UPE,
		_SC_XOPEN_XPG2,
		_SC_XOPEN_XPG3,
		_SC_XOPEN_XPG4,
		_SC_CHAR_BIT,
		_SC_CHAR_MAX,
		_SC_CHAR_MIN,
		_SC_INT_MAX,
		_SC_INT_MIN,
		_SC_LONG_BIT,
		_SC_WORD_BIT,
		_SC_MB_LEN_MAX,
		_SC_NZERO,
		_SC_SSIZE_MAX,
		_SC_SCHAR_MAX,
		_SC_SCHAR_MIN,
		_SC_SHRT_MAX,
		_SC_SHRT_MIN,
		_SC_UCHAR_MAX,
		_SC_UINT_MAX,
		_SC_ULONG_MAX,
		_SC_USHRT_MAX,
		_SC_NL_ARGMAX,
		_SC_NL_LANGMAX,
		_SC_NL_MSGMAX,
		_SC_NL_NMAX,
		_SC_NL_SETMAX,
		_SC_NL_TEXTMAX,
		_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32,
		_SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG,
		_SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64,
		_SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG,
		_SC_XOPEN_LEGACY,
		_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME,
		_SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS,
		_SC_ADVISORY_INFO,
		_SC_BARRIERS,
		_SC_BASE,
		_SC_C_LANG_SUPPORT,
		_SC_C_LANG_SUPPORT_R,
		_SC_CLOCK_SELECTION,
		_SC_CPUTIME,
		_SC_THREAD_CPUTIME,
		_SC_DEVICE_IO,
		_SC_DEVICE_SPECIFIC,
		_SC_DEVICE_SPECIFIC_R,
		_SC_FD_MGMT,
		_SC_FIFO,
		_SC_PIPE,
		_SC_FILE_ATTRIBUTES,
		_SC_FILE_LOCKING,
		_SC_FILE_SYSTEM,
		_SC_MONOTONIC_CLOCK,
		_SC_MULTI_PROCESS,
		_SC_SINGLE_PROCESS,
		_SC_NETWORKING,
		_SC_READER_WRITER_LOCKS,
		_SC_SPIN_LOCKS,
		_SC_REGEXP,
		_SC_REGEX_VERSION,
		_SC_SHELL,
		_SC_SIGNALS,
		_SC_SPAWN,
		_SC_SPORADIC_SERVER,
		_SC_THREAD_SPORADIC_SERVER,
		_SC_SYSTEM_DATABASE,
		_SC_SYSTEM_DATABASE_R,
		_SC_TIMEOUTS,
		_SC_TYPED_MEMORY_OBJECTS,
		_SC_USER_GROUPS,
		_SC_USER_GROUPS_R,
		_SC_2_PBS,
		_SC_2_PBS_ACCOUNTING,
		_SC_2_PBS_LOCATE,
		_SC_2_PBS_MESSAGE,
		_SC_2_PBS_TRACK,
		_SC_SYMLOOP_MAX,
		_SC_STREAMS,
		_SC_2_PBS_CHECKPOINT,
		_SC_V6_ILP32_OFF32,
		_SC_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG,
		_SC_V6_LP64_OFF64,
		_SC_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG,
		_SC_HOST_NAME_MAX,
		_SC_TRACE,
		_SC_TRACE_EVENT_FILTER,
		_SC_TRACE_INHERIT,
		_SC_TRACE_LOG,
		_SC_LEVEL1_ICACHE_SIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL1_ICACHE_ASSOC,
		_SC_LEVEL1_ICACHE_LINESIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL1_DCACHE_SIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL1_DCACHE_ASSOC,
		_SC_LEVEL1_DCACHE_LINESIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL2_CACHE_SIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL2_CACHE_ASSOC,
		_SC_LEVEL2_CACHE_LINESIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL3_CACHE_SIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL3_CACHE_ASSOC,
		_SC_LEVEL3_CACHE_LINESIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL4_CACHE_SIZE,
		_SC_LEVEL4_CACHE_ASSOC,
		_SC_LEVEL4_CACHE_LINESIZE
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum ConfstrName : int {
		_CS_PATH,			/* The default search path.  */
		_CS_V6_WIDTH_RESTRICTED_ENVS,
		_CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION,
		_CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION,
		_CS_LFS_CFLAGS = 1000,
		_CS_LFS_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_LFS_LIBS,
		_CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_LFS64_CFLAGS,
		_CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_LFS64_LIBS,
		_CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS = 1100,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS,
		_CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS,
		_CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS,
		_CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LIBS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS,
		_CS_POSIX_V6_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS
	}

	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum LockfCommand : int {
		F_ULOCK = 0, // Unlock a previously locked region.
		F_LOCK  = 1, // Lock a region for exclusive use.
		F_TLOCK = 2, // Test and lock a region for exclusive use.
		F_TEST  = 3, // Test a region for other process locks.
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	public enum PollEvents : short {
		POLLIN      = 0x0001, // There is data to read
		POLLPRI     = 0x0002, // There is urgent data to read
		POLLOUT     = 0x0004, // Writing now will not block
		POLLERR     = 0x0008, // Error condition
		POLLHUP     = 0x0010, // Hung up
		POLLNVAL    = 0x0020, // Invalid request; fd not open
		// XPG4.2 definitions (via _XOPEN_SOURCE)
		POLLRDNORM  = 0x0040, // Normal data may be read
		POLLRDBAND  = 0x0080, // Priority data may be read
		POLLWRNORM  = 0x0100, // Writing now will not block
		POLLWRBAND  = 0x0200, // Priority data may be written
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum XattrFlags : int {
		XATTR_AUTO = 0,
		XATTR_CREATE = 1,
		XATTR_REPLACE = 2,
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum MountFlags : ulong {
		ST_RDONLY      =    1,  // Mount read-only
		ST_NOSUID      =    2,  // Ignore suid and sgid bits
		ST_NODEV       =    4,  // Disallow access to device special files
		ST_NOEXEC      =    8,  // Disallow program execution
		ST_SYNCHRONOUS =   16,  // Writes are synced at once
		ST_REMOUNT     =   32,  // Alter flags of a mounted FS
		ST_MANDLOCK    =   64,  // Allow mandatory locks on an FS
		ST_WRITE       =  128,  // Write on file/directory/symlink
		ST_APPEND      =  256,  // Append-only file
		ST_IMMUTABLE   =  512,  // Immutable file
		ST_NOATIME     = 1024,  // Do not update access times
		ST_NODIRATIME  = 2048,  // Do not update directory access times
		ST_BIND        = 4096,  // Bind directory at different place
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum MmapFlags : int {
		MAP_SHARED      = 0x01,     // Share changes.
		MAP_PRIVATE     = 0x02,     // Changes are private.
		MAP_TYPE        = 0x0f,     // Mask for type of mapping.
		MAP_FIXED       = 0x10,     // Interpret addr exactly.
		MAP_FILE        = 0,
		MAP_ANONYMOUS   = 0x20,     // Don't use a file.
		MAP_ANON        = MAP_ANONYMOUS,

		// These are Linux-specific.
		MAP_GROWSDOWN   = 0x00100,  // Stack-like segment.
		MAP_DENYWRITE   = 0x00800,  // ETXTBSY
		MAP_EXECUTABLE  = 0x01000,  // Mark it as an executable.
		MAP_LOCKED      = 0x02000,  // Lock the mapping.
		MAP_NORESERVE   = 0x04000,  // Don't check for reservations.
		MAP_POPULATE    = 0x08000,  // Populate (prefault) pagetables.
		MAP_NONBLOCK    = 0x10000,  // Do not block on IO.
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum MmapProts : int {
		PROT_READ       = 0x1,  // Page can be read.
		PROT_WRITE      = 0x2,  // Page can be written.
		PROT_EXEC       = 0x4,  // Page can be executed.
		PROT_NONE       = 0x0,  // Page can not be accessed.
		PROT_GROWSDOWN  = 0x01000000, // Extend change to start of
		                              //   growsdown vma (mprotect only).
		PROT_GROWSUP    = 0x02000000, // Extend change to start of
		                              //   growsup vma (mprotect only).
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum MsyncFlags : int {
		MS_ASYNC      = 0x1,  // Sync memory asynchronously.
		MS_SYNC       = 0x4,  // Synchronous memory sync.
		MS_INVALIDATE = 0x2,  // Invalidate the caches.
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum MlockallFlags : int {
		MCL_CURRENT	= 0x1,	// Lock all currently mapped pages.
		MCL_FUTURE  = 0x2,	// Lock all additions to address
	}

	[Map][Flags]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum MremapFlags : ulong {
		MREMAP_MAYMOVE = 0x1,
	}

	#endregion

	#region Structures

	[Map ("struct flock")]
	public struct Flock
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Flock>
#endif
	{
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public LockType         l_type;    // Type of lock: F_RDLCK, F_WRLCK, F_UNLCK
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public SeekFlags        l_whence;  // How to interpret l_start
		[off_t] public long     l_start;   // Starting offset for lock
		[off_t] public long     l_len;     // Number of bytes to lock
		[pid_t] public int      l_pid;     // PID of process blocking our lock (F_GETLK only)

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return l_type.GetHashCode () ^ l_whence.GetHashCode () ^ 
				l_start.GetHashCode () ^ l_len.GetHashCode () ^
				l_pid.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if ((obj == null) || (obj.GetType () != GetType ()))
				return false;
			Flock value = (Flock) obj;
			return l_type == value.l_type && l_whence == value.l_whence && 
				l_start == value.l_start && l_len == value.l_len && 
				l_pid == value.l_pid;
		}

		public bool Equals (Flock value)
		{
			return l_type == value.l_type && l_whence == value.l_whence && 
				l_start == value.l_start && l_len == value.l_len && 
				l_pid == value.l_pid;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Flock lhs, Flock rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Flock lhs, Flock rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Map ("struct pollfd")]
	public struct Pollfd
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Pollfd>
#endif
	{
		public int fd;
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public PollEvents events;
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public PollEvents revents;

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return events.GetHashCode () ^ revents.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType () != GetType ())
				return false;
			Pollfd value = (Pollfd) obj;
			return value.events == events && value.revents == revents;
		}

		public bool Equals (Pollfd value)
		{
			return value.events == events && value.revents == revents;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Pollfd lhs, Pollfd rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Pollfd lhs, Pollfd rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Map ("struct stat")]
	public struct Stat
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Stat>
#endif
	{
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		[dev_t]     public ulong    st_dev;     // device
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		[ino_t]     public  ulong   st_ino;     // inode
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public  FilePermissions     st_mode;    // protection
		[NonSerialized]
#pragma warning disable 169		
		private uint                _padding_;  // padding for structure alignment
#pragma warning restore 169		
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		[nlink_t]   public  ulong   st_nlink;   // number of hard links
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		[uid_t]     public  uint    st_uid;     // user ID of owner
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		[gid_t]     public  uint    st_gid;     // group ID of owner
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		[dev_t]     public  ulong   st_rdev;    // device type (if inode device)
		[off_t]     public  long    st_size;    // total size, in bytes
		[blksize_t] public  long    st_blksize; // blocksize for filesystem I/O
		[blkcnt_t]  public  long    st_blocks;  // number of blocks allocated
		[time_t]    public  long    st_atime;   // time of last access
		[time_t]    public  long    st_mtime;   // time of last modification
		[time_t]    public  long    st_ctime;   // time of last status change

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return st_dev.GetHashCode () ^
				st_ino.GetHashCode () ^
				st_mode.GetHashCode () ^
				st_nlink.GetHashCode () ^
				st_uid.GetHashCode () ^
				st_gid.GetHashCode () ^
				st_rdev.GetHashCode () ^
				st_size.GetHashCode () ^
				st_blksize.GetHashCode () ^
				st_blocks.GetHashCode () ^
				st_atime.GetHashCode () ^
				st_mtime.GetHashCode () ^
				st_ctime.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType() != GetType ())
				return false;
			Stat value = (Stat) obj;
			return value.st_dev == st_dev &&
				value.st_ino == st_ino &&
				value.st_mode == st_mode &&
				value.st_nlink == st_nlink &&
				value.st_uid == st_uid &&
				value.st_gid == st_gid &&
				value.st_rdev == st_rdev &&
				value.st_size == st_size &&
				value.st_blksize == st_blksize &&
				value.st_blocks == st_blocks &&
				value.st_atime == st_atime &&
				value.st_mtime == st_mtime &&
				value.st_ctime == st_ctime;
		}

		public bool Equals (Stat value)
		{
			return value.st_dev == st_dev &&
				value.st_ino == st_ino &&
				value.st_mode == st_mode &&
				value.st_nlink == st_nlink &&
				value.st_uid == st_uid &&
				value.st_gid == st_gid &&
				value.st_rdev == st_rdev &&
				value.st_size == st_size &&
				value.st_blksize == st_blksize &&
				value.st_blocks == st_blocks &&
				value.st_atime == st_atime &&
				value.st_mtime == st_mtime &&
				value.st_ctime == st_ctime;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Stat lhs, Stat rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Stat lhs, Stat rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	// `struct statvfs' isn't portable, so don't generate To/From methods.
	[Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public struct Statvfs
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Statvfs>
#endif
	{
		public                  ulong f_bsize;	  // file system block size
		public                  ulong f_frsize;   // fragment size
		[fsblkcnt_t] public     ulong f_blocks;   // size of fs in f_frsize units
		[fsblkcnt_t] public     ulong f_bfree;    // # free blocks
		[fsblkcnt_t] public     ulong f_bavail;   // # free blocks for non-root
		[fsfilcnt_t] public     ulong f_files;    // # inodes
		[fsfilcnt_t] public     ulong f_ffree;    // # free inodes
		[fsfilcnt_t] public     ulong f_favail;   // # free inodes for non-root
		public                  ulong f_fsid;     // file system id
		public MountFlags             f_flag;     // mount flags
		public                  ulong f_namemax;  // maximum filename length

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return f_bsize.GetHashCode () ^
				f_frsize.GetHashCode () ^
				f_blocks.GetHashCode () ^
				f_bfree.GetHashCode () ^
				f_bavail.GetHashCode () ^
				f_files.GetHashCode () ^
				f_ffree.GetHashCode () ^
				f_favail.GetHashCode () ^
				f_fsid.GetHashCode () ^
				f_flag.GetHashCode () ^
				f_namemax.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType() != GetType ())
				return false;
			Statvfs value = (Statvfs) obj;
			return value.f_bsize == f_bsize &&
				value.f_frsize == f_frsize &&
				value.f_blocks == f_blocks &&
				value.f_bfree == f_bfree &&
				value.f_bavail == f_bavail &&
				value.f_files == f_files &&
				value.f_ffree == f_ffree &&
				value.f_favail == f_favail &&
				value.f_fsid == f_fsid &&
				value.f_flag == f_flag &&
				value.f_namemax == f_namemax;
		}

		public bool Equals (Statvfs value)
		{
			return value.f_bsize == f_bsize &&
				value.f_frsize == f_frsize &&
				value.f_blocks == f_blocks &&
				value.f_bfree == f_bfree &&
				value.f_bavail == f_bavail &&
				value.f_files == f_files &&
				value.f_ffree == f_ffree &&
				value.f_favail == f_favail &&
				value.f_fsid == f_fsid &&
				value.f_flag == f_flag &&
				value.f_namemax == f_namemax;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Statvfs lhs, Statvfs rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Statvfs lhs, Statvfs rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Map ("struct timeval")]
	public struct Timeval
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Timeval>
#endif
	{
		[time_t]      public long tv_sec;   // seconds
		[suseconds_t] public long tv_usec;  // microseconds

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return tv_sec.GetHashCode () ^ tv_usec.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType () != GetType ())
				return false;
			Timeval value = (Timeval) obj;
			return value.tv_sec == tv_sec && value.tv_usec == tv_usec;
		}

		public bool Equals (Timeval value)
		{
			return value.tv_sec == tv_sec && value.tv_usec == tv_usec;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Timeval lhs, Timeval rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Timeval lhs, Timeval rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Map ("struct timezone")]
	public struct Timezone
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Timezone>
#endif
	{
		public  int tz_minuteswest; // minutes W of Greenwich
#pragma warning disable 169		
		private int tz_dsttime;     // type of dst correction (OBSOLETE)
#pragma warning restore 169		

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return tz_minuteswest.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType () != GetType ())
				return false;
			Timezone value = (Timezone) obj;
			return value.tz_minuteswest == tz_minuteswest;
		}

		public bool Equals (Timezone value)
		{
			return value.tz_minuteswest == tz_minuteswest;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Timezone lhs, Timezone rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Timezone lhs, Timezone rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Map ("struct utimbuf")]
	public struct Utimbuf
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Utimbuf>
#endif
	{
		[time_t] public long    actime;   // access time
		[time_t] public long    modtime;  // modification time

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return actime.GetHashCode () ^ modtime.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType () != GetType ())
				return false;
			Utimbuf value = (Utimbuf) obj;
			return value.actime == actime && value.modtime == modtime;
		}

		public bool Equals (Utimbuf value)
		{
			return value.actime == actime && value.modtime == modtime;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Utimbuf lhs, Utimbuf rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Utimbuf lhs, Utimbuf rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Map ("struct timespec")]
	public struct Timespec
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Timespec>
#endif
	{
		[time_t] public long    tv_sec;   // Seconds.
		public          long    tv_nsec;  // Nanoseconds.

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return tv_sec.GetHashCode () ^ tv_nsec.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || obj.GetType () != GetType ())
				return false;
			Timespec value = (Timespec) obj;
			return value.tv_sec == tv_sec && value.tv_nsec == tv_nsec;
		}

		public bool Equals (Timespec value)
		{
			return value.tv_sec == tv_sec && value.tv_nsec == tv_nsec;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Timespec lhs, Timespec rhs)
		{
			return lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Timespec lhs, Timespec rhs)
		{
			return !lhs.Equals (rhs);
		}
	}

	[Flags][Map]
	public enum EpollFlags {
		EPOLL_CLOEXEC = 02000000,
		EPOLL_NONBLOCK = 04000,
	}

	[Flags][Map]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public enum EpollEvents : uint {
		EPOLLIN = 0x001,
		EPOLLPRI = 0x002,
		EPOLLOUT = 0x004,
		EPOLLRDNORM = 0x040,
		EPOLLRDBAND = 0x080,
		EPOLLWRNORM = 0x100,
		EPOLLWRBAND = 0x200,
		EPOLLMSG = 0x400,
		EPOLLERR = 0x008,
		EPOLLHUP = 0x010,
		EPOLLRDHUP = 0x2000,
		EPOLLONESHOT = 1 << 30,
		EPOLLET = unchecked ((uint) (1 << 31))
	}

	public enum EpollOp {
		EPOLL_CTL_ADD = 1,
		EPOLL_CTL_DEL = 2,
		EPOLL_CTL_MOD = 3,
	}

	[StructLayout (LayoutKind.Explicit, Size=12, Pack=1)]
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public struct EpollEvent {
		[FieldOffset (0)]
		public EpollEvents events;
		[FieldOffset (4)]
		public int fd;
		[FieldOffset (4)]
		public IntPtr ptr;
		[FieldOffset (4)]
		public uint u32;
		[FieldOffset (4)]
		public ulong u64;
	}
	#endregion

	#region Classes

	public sealed class Dirent
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Dirent>
#endif
	{
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public /* ino_t */ ulong  d_ino;
		public /* off_t */ long   d_off;
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public ushort             d_reclen;
		public byte               d_type;
		public string             d_name;

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return d_ino.GetHashCode () ^ d_off.GetHashCode () ^ 
				d_reclen.GetHashCode () ^ d_type.GetHashCode () ^
				d_name.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType())
				return false;
			Dirent d = (Dirent) obj;
			return Equals (d);
		}

		public bool Equals (Dirent value)
		{
			if (value == null)
				return false;
			return value.d_ino == d_ino && value.d_off == d_off &&
				value.d_reclen == d_reclen && value.d_type == d_type &&
				value.d_name == d_name;
		}

		public override string ToString ()
		{
			return d_name;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Dirent lhs, Dirent rhs)
		{
			return Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Dirent lhs, Dirent rhs)
		{
			return !Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}
	}

	public sealed class Fstab
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Fstab>
#endif
	{
		public string fs_spec;
		public string fs_file;
		public string fs_vfstype;
		public string fs_mntops;
		public string fs_type;
		public int    fs_freq;
		public int    fs_passno;

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return fs_spec.GetHashCode () ^ fs_file.GetHashCode () ^
				fs_vfstype.GetHashCode () ^ fs_mntops.GetHashCode () ^
				fs_type.GetHashCode () ^ fs_freq ^ fs_passno;
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType())
				return false;
			Fstab f = (Fstab) obj;
			return Equals (f);
		}

		public bool Equals (Fstab value)
		{
			if (value == null)
				return false;
			return value.fs_spec == fs_spec && value.fs_file == fs_file &&
				value.fs_vfstype == fs_vfstype && value.fs_mntops == fs_mntops &&
				value.fs_type == fs_type && value.fs_freq == fs_freq && 
				value.fs_passno == fs_passno;
		}

		public override string ToString ()
		{
			return fs_spec;
		}

		public static bool operator== (Fstab lhs, Fstab rhs)
		{
			return Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Fstab lhs, Fstab rhs)
		{
			return !Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}
	}

	public sealed class Group
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Group>
#endif
	{
		public string           gr_name;
		public string           gr_passwd;
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public /* gid_t */ uint gr_gid;
		public string[]         gr_mem;

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			int memhc = 0;
			for (int i = 0; i < gr_mem.Length; ++i)
				memhc ^= gr_mem[i].GetHashCode ();

			return gr_name.GetHashCode () ^ gr_passwd.GetHashCode () ^ 
				gr_gid.GetHashCode () ^ memhc;
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType())
				return false;
			Group g = (Group) obj;
			return Equals (g);
		}

		public bool Equals (Group value)
		{
			if (value == null)
				return false;
			if (value.gr_gid != gr_gid)
				return false;
			if (value.gr_gid == gr_gid && value.gr_name == gr_name &&
				value.gr_passwd == gr_passwd) {
				if (value.gr_mem == gr_mem)
					return true;
				if (value.gr_mem == null || gr_mem == null)
					return false;
				if (value.gr_mem.Length != gr_mem.Length)
					return false;
				for (int i = 0; i < gr_mem.Length; ++i)
					if (gr_mem[i] != value.gr_mem[i])
						return false;
				return true;
			}
			return false;
		}

		// Generate string in /etc/group format
		public override string ToString ()
		{
			StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder ();
			sb.Append (gr_name).Append (":").Append (gr_passwd).Append (":");
			sb.Append (gr_gid).Append (":");
			GetMembers (sb, gr_mem);
			return sb.ToString ();
		}

		private static void GetMembers (StringBuilder sb, string[] members)
		{
			if (members.Length > 0)
				sb.Append (members[0]);
			for (int i = 1; i < members.Length; ++i) {
				sb.Append (",");
				sb.Append (members[i]);
			}
		}

		public static bool operator== (Group lhs, Group rhs)
		{
			return Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Group lhs, Group rhs)
		{
			return !Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}
	}

	public sealed class Passwd
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Passwd>
#endif
	{
		public string           pw_name;
		public string           pw_passwd;
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public /* uid_t */ uint pw_uid;
		[CLSCompliant (false)]
		public /* gid_t */ uint pw_gid;
		public string           pw_gecos;
		public string           pw_dir;
		public string           pw_shell;

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return pw_name.GetHashCode () ^ pw_passwd.GetHashCode () ^ 
				pw_uid.GetHashCode () ^ pw_gid.GetHashCode () ^
				pw_gecos.GetHashCode () ^ pw_dir.GetHashCode () ^
				pw_dir.GetHashCode () ^ pw_shell.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType())
				return false;
			Passwd p = (Passwd) obj;
			return Equals (p);
		}

		public bool Equals (Passwd value)
		{
			if (value == null)
				return false;
			return value.pw_uid == pw_uid && value.pw_gid == pw_gid && 
				value.pw_name == pw_name && value.pw_passwd == pw_passwd && 
				value.pw_gecos == pw_gecos && value.pw_dir == pw_dir && 
				value.pw_shell == pw_shell;
		}

		// Generate string in /etc/passwd format
		public override string ToString ()
		{
			return string.Format ("{0}:{1}:{2}:{3}:{4}:{5}:{6}",
				pw_name, pw_passwd, pw_uid, pw_gid, pw_gecos, pw_dir, pw_shell);
		}

		public static bool operator== (Passwd lhs, Passwd rhs)
		{
			return Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Passwd lhs, Passwd rhs)
		{
			return !Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}
	}

	public sealed class Utsname
#if NET_2_0
		: IEquatable <Utsname>
#endif
	{
		public string sysname;
		public string nodename;
		public string release;
		public string version;
		public string machine;
		public string domainname;

		public override int GetHashCode ()
		{
			return sysname.GetHashCode () ^ nodename.GetHashCode () ^ 
				release.GetHashCode () ^ version.GetHashCode () ^
				machine.GetHashCode () ^ domainname.GetHashCode ();
		}

		public override bool Equals (object obj)
		{
			if (obj == null || GetType() != obj.GetType())
				return false;
			Utsname u = (Utsname) obj;
			return Equals (u);
		}

		public bool Equals (Utsname value)
		{
			return value.sysname == sysname && value.nodename == nodename && 
				value.release == release && value.version == version && 
				value.machine == machine && value.domainname == domainname;
		}

		// Generate string in /etc/passwd format
		public override string ToString ()
		{
			return string.Format ("{0} {1} {2} {3} {4}",
				sysname, nodename, release, version, machine);
		}

		public static bool operator== (Utsname lhs, Utsname rhs)
		{
			return Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}

		public static bool operator!= (Utsname lhs, Utsname rhs)
		{
			return !Object.Equals (lhs, rhs);
		}
	}

	//
	// Convention: Functions *not* part of the standard C library AND part of
	// a POSIX and/or Unix standard (X/Open, SUS, XPG, etc.) go here.
	//
	// For example, the man page should be similar to:
	//
	//    CONFORMING TO (or CONFORMS TO)
	//           XPG2, SUSv2, POSIX, etc.
	//
	// BSD- and GNU-specific exports can also be placed here.
	//
	// Non-POSIX/XPG/etc. functions can also be placed here if:
	//  (a) They'd be likely to be covered in a Steven's-like book
	//  (b) The functions would be present in libc.so (or equivalent).
	//
	// If a function has its own library, that's a STRONG indicator that the
	// function should get a different binding, probably in its own assembly, 
	// so that package management can work sanely.  (That is, we'd like to avoid
	// scenarios where FooLib.dll is installed, but it requires libFooLib.so to
	// run, and libFooLib.so doesn't exist.  That would be confusing.)
	//
	// The only methods in here should be:
	//  (1) low-level functions
	//  (2) "Trivial" function overloads.  For example, if the parameters to a
	//      function are related (e.g. getgroups(2))
	//  (3) The return type SHOULD NOT be changed.  If you want to provide a
	//      convenience function with a nicer return type, place it into one of
	//      the Mono.Unix.Unix* wrapper classes, and give it a .NET-styled name.
	//      - EXCEPTION: No public functions should have a `void' return type.
	//        `void' return types should be replaced with `int'.
	//        Rationality: `void'-return functions typically require a
	//        complicated call sequence, such as clear errno, then call, then
	//        check errno to see if any errors occurred.  This sequence can't 
	//        be done safely in managed code, as errno may change as part of 
	//        the P/Invoke mechanism.
	//        Instead, add a MonoPosixHelper export which does:
	//          errno = 0;
	//          INVOKE SYSCALL;
	//          return errno == 0 ? 0 : -1;
	//        This lets managed code check the return value in the usual manner.
	//  (4) Exceptions SHOULD NOT be thrown.  EXCEPTIONS: 
	//      - If you're wrapping *broken* methods which make assumptions about 
	//        input data, such as that an argument refers to N bytes of data.  
	//        This is currently limited to cuserid(3) and encrypt(3).
	//      - If you call functions which themselves generate exceptions.  
	//        This is the case for using NativeConvert, which will throw an
	//        exception if an invalid/unsupported value is used.
	//
	// Naming Conventions:
	//  - Syscall method names should have the same name as the function being
	//    wrapped (e.g. Syscall.read ==> read(2)).  This allows people to
	//    consult the appropriate man page if necessary.
	//  - Methods need not have the same arguments IF this simplifies or
	//    permits correct usage.  The current example is syslog, in which
	//    syslog(3)'s single `priority' argument is split into SyslogFacility
	//    and SyslogLevel arguments.
	//  - Type names (structures, classes, enumerations) are always PascalCased.
	//  - Enumerations are named as <MethodName><ArgumentName>, and are located
	//    in the Mono.Unix.Native namespace.  For readability, if ArgumentName 
	//    is "cmd", use Command instead.  For example, fcntl(2) takes a
	//    FcntlCommand argument.  This naming convention is to provide an
	//    assocation between an enumeration and where it should be used, and
	//    allows a single method to accept multiple different enumerations 
	//    (see mmap(2), which takes MmapProts and MmapFlags).
	//    - EXCEPTION: if an enumeration is shared between multiple different
	//      methods, AND/OR the "obvious" enumeration name conflicts with an
	//      existing .NET type, a more appropriate name should be used.
	//      Example: FilePermissions
	//    - EXCEPTION: [Flags] enumerations should get plural names to follow
	//      .NET name guidelines.  Usually this doesn't result in a change
	//      (OpenFlags is the `flags' parameter for open(2)), but it can
	//      (mmap(2) prot ==> MmapProts, access(2) mode ==> AccessModes).
	//  - Enumerations should have the [Map] and (optional) [Flags] attributes.
	//    [Map] is required for make-map to find the type and generate the
	//    appropriate NativeConvert conversion functions.
	//  - Enumeration contents should match the original Unix names.  This helps
	//    with documentation (the existing man pages are still useful), and is
	//    required for use with the make-map generation program.
	//  - Structure names should be the PascalCased version of the actual
	//    structure name (struct flock ==> Flock).  Structure members should
	//    have the same names, or a (reasonably) portable subset (Dirent being
	//    the poster child for questionable members).
	//    - Whether the managed type should be a reference type (class) or a 
	//      value type (struct) should be determined on a case-by-case basis: 
	//      if you ever need to be able to use NULL for it (such as with Dirent, 
	//      Group, Passwd, as these are method return types and `null' is used 
	//      to signify the end), it should be a reference type; otherwise, use 
	//      your discretion, and keep any expected usage patterns in mind.
	//  - Syscall should be a Single Point Of Truth (SPOT).  There should be
	//    only ONE way to do anything.  By convention, the Linux function names
	//    are used, but that need not always be the case (use your discretion).
	//    It SHOULD NOT be required that developers know what platform they're
	//    on, and choose among a set of similar functions.  In short, anything
	//    that requires a platform check is BAD -- Mono.Unix is a wrapper, and
	//    we can afford to clean things up whenever possible.
	//    - Examples: 
	//    	- Syscall.statfs: Solaris/Mac OS X provide statfs(2), Linux provides
	//        statvfs(2).  MonoPosixHelper will "thunk" between the two,
	//        exporting a statvfs that works across platforms.
	//    	- Syscall.getfsent: Glibc export which Solaris lacks, while Solaris
	//    	  instead provides getvfsent(3).  MonoPosixHelper provides wrappers
	//    	  to convert getvfsent(3) into Fstab data.
	//    - Exception: If it isn't possible to cleanly wrap platforms, then the
	//      method shouldn't be exported.  The user will be expected to do their
	//      own platform check and their own DllImports.
	//      Examples: mount(2), umount(2), etc.
	//    - Note: if a platform doesn't support a function AT ALL, the
	//      MonoPosixHelper wrapper won't be compiled, resulting in a
	//      EntryPointNotFoundException.  This is also consistent with a missing 
	//      P/Invoke into libc.so.
	//
	[CLSCompliant (false)]
	public sealed class Syscall : Stdlib
	{
		new internal const string LIBC  = "libc";

		private Syscall () {}

		//
		// <aio.h>
		//

		// TODO: aio_cancel(3), aio_error(3), aio_fsync(3), aio_read(3), 
		// aio_return(3), aio_suspend(3), aio_write(3)
		//
		// Then update UnixStream.BeginRead to use the aio* functions.


		#region <attr/xattr.h> Declarations
		//
		// <attr/xattr.h> -- COMPLETE
		//

		// setxattr(2)
		//    int setxattr (const char *path, const char *name,
		//        const void *value, size_t size, int flags);
		[DllImport (MPH, SetLastError=true,
				EntryPoint="Mono_Posix_Syscall_setxattr")]
		public static extern int setxattr (
				[MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.CustomMarshaler, MarshalTypeRef=typeof(FileNameMarshaler))]
				string path, 
				[MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.CustomMarshaler, MarshalTypeRef=typeof(FileNameMarshaler))]
				string name, byte[] value, ulong size, XattrFlags flags);

		public static int setxattr (string path, string name, byte [] value, ulong size)
		{
			return setxattr (path, name, value, size, XattrFlags.XATTR_AUTO);
		}

		public static int setxattr (string path, string name, byte [] value, XattrFlags flags)
		{
			return setxattr (path, name, value, (ulong) value.Length, flags);
		}

		public static int setxattr (string path, string name, byte [] value)
		{
			return setxattr (path, name, value, (ulong) value.Length);
		}

		// lsetxattr(2)
		// 	  int lsetxattr (const char *path, const char *name,
		//                   const void *value, size_t size, int flags);
		[DllImport (MPH, SetLastError=true,
				EntryPoint="Mono_Posix_Syscall_lsetxattr")]
		public static extern int lsetxattr (
				[MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.CustomMarshaler, MarshalTypeRef=typeof(FileNameMarshaler))]
				string path, 
				[MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.CustomMarshaler, MarshalTypeRef=typeof(FileNameMarshaler))]
				string name, byte[] value, ulong size, XattrFlags flags);

		public static int lsetxattr (string path, string name, byte [] value, ulong size)
		{
			return lsetxattr (path, name, value, size, XattrFlags.XATTR_AUTO);
		}

		public static int lsetxattr (string path, string name, byte [] value, XattrFlags flags)
		{
			return lsetxattr (path, name, value, (ulong) value.Length, flags);
		}

		public static int lsetxattr (string path, string name, byte [] value)
		{
			return lsetxattr (path, name, value, (ulong) value.Length);
		}

		// fsetxattr(2)
		// 	  int fsetxattr (int fd, const char *name,
		//                   const void *value, size_t size, int flags);
		[DllImport (MPH, SetLastError=true,
				EntryPoint="Mono_Posix_Syscall_fsetxattr")]
		public static extern int fsetxattr (int fd, 
				[MarshalAs (UnmanagedType.CustomMarshaler, MarshalTypeRef=typeof(FileNameMarshaler))]
				string name, byte[] value, ulong size, XattrFlags flags);

		public static int fsetxattr (int fd, string name, byte [] value, ulong size)
		{
			return fsetxattr (fd, name, value, size, XattrFlags.XATTR_AUTO);
		}

		public static int fsetxattr (int fd, string name, byte [] value, XattrFlags flags)
		{
			return fsetxattr…