/pylons-rest-ENV/lib/python2.6/site-packages/IPython/Magic.py

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# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""Magic functions for InteractiveShell.
"""

#*****************************************************************************
#       Copyright (C) 2001 Janko Hauser <jhauser@zscout.de> and
#       Copyright (C) 2001-2006 Fernando Perez <fperez@colorado.edu>
#
#  Distributed under the terms of the BSD License.  The full license is in
#  the file COPYING, distributed as part of this software.
#*****************************************************************************

#****************************************************************************
# Modules and globals

# Python standard modules
import __builtin__
import bdb
import inspect
import os
import pdb
import pydoc
import sys
import re
import tempfile
import time
import cPickle as pickle
import textwrap
from cStringIO import StringIO
from getopt import getopt,GetoptError
from pprint import pprint, pformat

# cProfile was added in Python2.5
try:
    import cProfile as profile
    import pstats
except ImportError:
    # profile isn't bundled by default in Debian for license reasons
    try:
        import profile,pstats
    except ImportError:
        profile = pstats = None

# Homebrewed
import IPython
from IPython import Debugger, OInspect, wildcard
from IPython.FakeModule import FakeModule
from IPython.Itpl import Itpl, itpl, printpl,itplns
from IPython.PyColorize import Parser
from IPython.ipstruct import Struct
from IPython.macro import Macro
from IPython.genutils import *
from IPython import platutils
import IPython.generics
import IPython.ipapi
from IPython.ipapi import UsageError
from IPython.testing import decorators as testdec

#***************************************************************************
# Utility functions
def on_off(tag):
    """Return an ON/OFF string for a 1/0 input. Simple utility function."""
    return ['OFF','ON'][tag]

class Bunch: pass

def compress_dhist(dh):
    head, tail = dh[:-10], dh[-10:]

    newhead = []
    done = set()
    for h in head:
        if h in done:
            continue
        newhead.append(h)
        done.add(h)

    return newhead + tail        
        

#***************************************************************************
# Main class implementing Magic functionality
class Magic:
    """Magic functions for InteractiveShell.

    Shell functions which can be reached as %function_name. All magic
    functions should accept a string, which they can parse for their own
    needs. This can make some functions easier to type, eg `%cd ../`
    vs. `%cd("../")`

    ALL definitions MUST begin with the prefix magic_. The user won't need it
    at the command line, but it is is needed in the definition. """

    # class globals
    auto_status = ['Automagic is OFF, % prefix IS needed for magic functions.',
                   'Automagic is ON, % prefix NOT needed for magic functions.']

    #......................................................................
    # some utility functions

    def __init__(self,shell):
        
        self.options_table = {}
        if profile is None:
            self.magic_prun = self.profile_missing_notice
        self.shell = shell

        # namespace for holding state we may need
        self._magic_state = Bunch()

    def profile_missing_notice(self, *args, **kwargs):
        error("""\
The profile module could not be found. It has been removed from the standard
python packages because of its non-free license. To use profiling, install the
python-profiler package from non-free.""")

    def default_option(self,fn,optstr):
        """Make an entry in the options_table for fn, with value optstr"""

        if fn not in self.lsmagic():
            error("%s is not a magic function" % fn)
        self.options_table[fn] = optstr

    def lsmagic(self):
        """Return a list of currently available magic functions.

        Gives a list of the bare names after mangling (['ls','cd', ...], not
        ['magic_ls','magic_cd',...]"""

        # FIXME. This needs a cleanup, in the way the magics list is built.
        
        # magics in class definition
        class_magic = lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                      callable(Magic.__dict__[fn])
        # in instance namespace (run-time user additions)
        inst_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                     callable(self.__dict__[fn])
        # and bound magics by user (so they can access self):
        inst_bound_magic =  lambda fn: fn.startswith('magic_') and \
                           callable(self.__class__.__dict__[fn])
        magics = filter(class_magic,Magic.__dict__.keys()) + \
                 filter(inst_magic,self.__dict__.keys()) + \
                 filter(inst_bound_magic,self.__class__.__dict__.keys())
        out = []
        for fn in set(magics):
            out.append(fn.replace('magic_','',1))
        out.sort()
        return out
    
    def extract_input_slices(self,slices,raw=False):
        """Return as a string a set of input history slices.

        Inputs:

          - slices: the set of slices is given as a list of strings (like
          ['1','4:8','9'], since this function is for use by magic functions
          which get their arguments as strings.

        Optional inputs:

          - raw(False): by default, the processed input is used.  If this is
          true, the raw input history is used instead.

        Note that slices can be called with two notations:

        N:M -> standard python form, means including items N...(M-1).

        N-M -> include items N..M (closed endpoint)."""

        if raw:
            hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw
        else:
            hist = self.shell.input_hist

        cmds = []
        for chunk in slices:
            if ':' in chunk:
                ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split(':'))
            elif '-' in chunk:
                ini,fin = map(int,chunk.split('-'))
                fin += 1
            else:
                ini = int(chunk)
                fin = ini+1
            cmds.append(hist[ini:fin])
        return cmds
        
    def _ofind(self, oname, namespaces=None):
        """Find an object in the available namespaces.

        self._ofind(oname) -> dict with keys: found,obj,ospace,ismagic

        Has special code to detect magic functions.
        """
        
        oname = oname.strip()

        alias_ns = None
        if namespaces is None:
            # Namespaces to search in:
            # Put them in a list. The order is important so that we
            # find things in the same order that Python finds them.
            namespaces = [ ('Interactive', self.shell.user_ns),
                           ('IPython internal', self.shell.internal_ns),
                           ('Python builtin', __builtin__.__dict__),
                           ('Alias', self.shell.alias_table),
                           ]
            alias_ns = self.shell.alias_table

        # initialize results to 'null'
        found = 0; obj = None;  ospace = None;  ds = None;
        ismagic = 0; isalias = 0; parent = None

        # Look for the given name by splitting it in parts.  If the head is
        # found, then we look for all the remaining parts as members, and only
        # declare success if we can find them all.
        oname_parts = oname.split('.')
        oname_head, oname_rest = oname_parts[0],oname_parts[1:]
        for nsname,ns in namespaces:
            try:
                obj = ns[oname_head]
            except KeyError:
                continue
            else:
                #print 'oname_rest:', oname_rest  # dbg
                for part in oname_rest:
                    try:
                        parent = obj
                        obj = getattr(obj,part)
                    except:
                        # Blanket except b/c some badly implemented objects
                        # allow __getattr__ to raise exceptions other than
                        # AttributeError, which then crashes IPython.
                        break
                else:
                    # If we finish the for loop (no break), we got all members
                    found = 1
                    ospace = nsname
                    if ns == alias_ns:
                        isalias = 1
                    break  # namespace loop

        # Try to see if it's magic
        if not found:
            if oname.startswith(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC):
                oname = oname[1:]
            obj = getattr(self,'magic_'+oname,None)
            if obj is not None:
                found = 1
                ospace = 'IPython internal'
                ismagic = 1

        # Last try: special-case some literals like '', [], {}, etc:
        if not found and oname_head in ["''",'""','[]','{}','()']:
            obj = eval(oname_head)
            found = 1
            ospace = 'Interactive'
            
        return {'found':found, 'obj':obj, 'namespace':ospace,
                'ismagic':ismagic, 'isalias':isalias, 'parent':parent}
    
    def arg_err(self,func):
        """Print docstring if incorrect arguments were passed"""
        print 'Error in arguments:'
        print OInspect.getdoc(func)

    def format_latex(self,strng):
        """Format a string for latex inclusion."""

        # Characters that need to be escaped for latex:
        escape_re = re.compile(r'(%|_|\$|#|&)',re.MULTILINE)
        # Magic command names as headers:
        cmd_name_re = re.compile(r'^(%s.*?):' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                 re.MULTILINE)
        # Magic commands 
        cmd_re = re.compile(r'(?P<cmd>%s.+?\b)(?!\}\}:)' % self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                            re.MULTILINE)
        # Paragraph continue
        par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)

        # The "\n" symbol
        newline_re = re.compile(r'\\n')

        # Now build the string for output:
        #strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\texttt{\\textsl{\\large \1}}:',strng)
        strng = cmd_name_re.sub(r'\n\\bigskip\n\\texttt{\\textbf{ \1}}:',
                                strng)
        strng = cmd_re.sub(r'\\texttt{\g<cmd>}',strng)
        strng = par_re.sub(r'\\\\',strng)
        strng = escape_re.sub(r'\\\1',strng)
        strng = newline_re.sub(r'\\textbackslash{}n',strng)
        return strng

    def format_screen(self,strng):
        """Format a string for screen printing.

        This removes some latex-type format codes."""
        # Paragraph continue
        par_re = re.compile(r'\\$',re.MULTILINE)
        strng = par_re.sub('',strng)
        return strng

    def parse_options(self,arg_str,opt_str,*long_opts,**kw):
        """Parse options passed to an argument string.

        The interface is similar to that of getopt(), but it returns back a
        Struct with the options as keys and the stripped argument string still
        as a string.

        arg_str is quoted as a true sys.argv vector by using shlex.split.
        This allows us to easily expand variables, glob files, quote
        arguments, etc.

        Options:
          -mode: default 'string'. If given as 'list', the argument string is
          returned as a list (split on whitespace) instead of a string.

          -list_all: put all option values in lists. Normally only options
          appearing more than once are put in a list.

          -posix (True): whether to split the input line in POSIX mode or not,
          as per the conventions outlined in the shlex module from the
          standard library."""
 
        # inject default options at the beginning of the input line
        caller = sys._getframe(1).f_code.co_name.replace('magic_','')
        arg_str = '%s %s' % (self.options_table.get(caller,''),arg_str)
        
        mode = kw.get('mode','string')
        if mode not in ['string','list']:
            raise ValueError,'incorrect mode given: %s' % mode
        # Get options
        list_all = kw.get('list_all',0)
        posix = kw.get('posix',True)

        # Check if we have more than one argument to warrant extra processing:
        odict = {}  # Dictionary with options
        args = arg_str.split()
        if len(args) >= 1:
            # If the list of inputs only has 0 or 1 thing in it, there's no
            # need to look for options
            argv = arg_split(arg_str,posix)
            # Do regular option processing
            try:
                opts,args = getopt(argv,opt_str,*long_opts)
            except GetoptError,e:
                raise UsageError('%s ( allowed: "%s" %s)' % (e.msg,opt_str, 
                                        " ".join(long_opts)))
            for o,a in opts:
                if o.startswith('--'):
                    o = o[2:]
                else:
                    o = o[1:]
                try:
                    odict[o].append(a)
                except AttributeError:
                    odict[o] = [odict[o],a]
                except KeyError:
                    if list_all:
                        odict[o] = [a]
                    else:
                        odict[o] = a

        # Prepare opts,args for return
        opts = Struct(odict)
        if mode == 'string':
            args = ' '.join(args)

        return opts,args
    
    #......................................................................
    # And now the actual magic functions

    # Functions for IPython shell work (vars,funcs, config, etc)
    def magic_lsmagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
        """List currently available magic functions."""
        mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
        print 'Available magic functions:\n'+mesc+\
              ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic())
        print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic]
        return None
        
    def magic_magic(self, parameter_s = ''):
        """Print information about the magic function system.
        
        Supported formats: -latex, -brief, -rest        
        """

        mode = ''
        try:
            if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-latex':
                mode = 'latex'
            if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-brief':
                mode = 'brief'
            if parameter_s.split()[0] == '-rest':
                mode = 'rest'
                rest_docs = []
        except:
            pass

        magic_docs = []
        for fname in self.lsmagic():
            mname = 'magic_' + fname
            for space in (Magic,self,self.__class__):
                try:
                    fn = space.__dict__[mname]
                except KeyError:
                    pass
                else:
                    break
            if mode == 'brief':
                # only first line
                if fn.__doc__:                    
                    fndoc = fn.__doc__.split('\n',1)[0]
                else:
                    fndoc = 'No documentation'
            else:
                if fn.__doc__:
                    fndoc = fn.__doc__.rstrip()       
                else:
                    fndoc = 'No documentation'
                
                
            if mode == 'rest':
                rest_docs.append('**%s%s**::\n\n\t%s\n\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                    fname,fndoc))
                
            else:
                magic_docs.append('%s%s:\n\t%s\n' %(self.shell.ESC_MAGIC,
                                                    fname,fndoc))
                
        magic_docs = ''.join(magic_docs)

        if mode == 'rest':
            return "".join(rest_docs)
        
        if mode == 'latex':
            print self.format_latex(magic_docs)
            return
        else:
            magic_docs = self.format_screen(magic_docs)
        if mode == 'brief':
            return magic_docs
        
        outmsg = """
IPython's 'magic' functions
===========================

The magic function system provides a series of functions which allow you to
control the behavior of IPython itself, plus a lot of system-type
features. All these functions are prefixed with a % character, but parameters
are given without parentheses or quotes.

NOTE: If you have 'automagic' enabled (via the command line option or with the
%automagic function), you don't need to type in the % explicitly.  By default,
IPython ships with automagic on, so you should only rarely need the % escape.

Example: typing '%cd mydir' (without the quotes) changes you working directory
to 'mydir', if it exists.

You can define your own magic functions to extend the system. See the supplied
ipythonrc and example-magic.py files for details (in your ipython
configuration directory, typically $HOME/.ipython/).

You can also define your own aliased names for magic functions. In your
ipythonrc file, placing a line like:

  execute __IPYTHON__.magic_pf = __IPYTHON__.magic_profile

will define %pf as a new name for %profile.

You can also call magics in code using the ipmagic() function, which IPython
automatically adds to the builtin namespace.  Type 'ipmagic?' for details.

For a list of the available magic functions, use %lsmagic. For a description
of any of them, type %magic_name?, e.g. '%cd?'.

Currently the magic system has the following functions:\n"""

        mesc = self.shell.ESC_MAGIC
        outmsg = ("%s\n%s\n\nSummary of magic functions (from %slsmagic):"
                  "\n\n%s%s\n\n%s" % (outmsg,
                                     magic_docs,mesc,mesc,
                                     ('  '+mesc).join(self.lsmagic()),
                                     Magic.auto_status[self.shell.rc.automagic] ) )

        page(outmsg,screen_lines=self.shell.rc.screen_length)
  

    def magic_autoindent(self, parameter_s = ''):
        """Toggle autoindent on/off (if available)."""

        self.shell.set_autoindent()
        print "Automatic indentation is:",['OFF','ON'][self.shell.autoindent]


    def magic_automagic(self, parameter_s = ''):
        """Make magic functions callable without having to type the initial %.

        Without argumentsl toggles on/off (when off, you must call it as
        %automagic, of course).  With arguments it sets the value, and you can
        use any of (case insensitive):

         - on,1,True: to activate

         - off,0,False: to deactivate.

        Note that magic functions have lowest priority, so if there's a
        variable whose name collides with that of a magic fn, automagic won't
        work for that function (you get the variable instead). However, if you
        delete the variable (del var), the previously shadowed magic function
        becomes visible to automagic again."""

        rc = self.shell.rc
        arg = parameter_s.lower()
        if parameter_s in ('on','1','true'):
            rc.automagic = True
        elif parameter_s in ('off','0','false'):
            rc.automagic = False
        else:
            rc.automagic = not rc.automagic
        print '\n' + Magic.auto_status[rc.automagic]

    @testdec.skip_doctest
    def magic_autocall(self, parameter_s = ''):
        """Make functions callable without having to type parentheses.

        Usage:

           %autocall [mode]

        The mode can be one of: 0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full.  If not given, the
        value is toggled on and off (remembering the previous state).

        In more detail, these values mean:

        0 -> fully disabled

        1 -> active, but do not apply if there are no arguments on the line.

        In this mode, you get:

        In [1]: callable
        Out[1]: <built-in function callable>

        In [2]: callable 'hello'
        ------> callable('hello')
        Out[2]: False

        2 -> Active always.  Even if no arguments are present, the callable
        object is called:

        In [2]: float
        ------> float()
        Out[2]: 0.0

        Note that even with autocall off, you can still use '/' at the start of
        a line to treat the first argument on the command line as a function
        and add parentheses to it:

        In [8]: /str 43
        ------> str(43)
        Out[8]: '43'

        # all-random (note for auto-testing)
        """

        rc = self.shell.rc

        if parameter_s:
            arg = int(parameter_s)
        else:
            arg = 'toggle'

        if not arg in (0,1,2,'toggle'):
            error('Valid modes: (0->Off, 1->Smart, 2->Full')
            return

        if arg in (0,1,2):
            rc.autocall = arg
        else: # toggle
            if rc.autocall:
                self._magic_state.autocall_save = rc.autocall
                rc.autocall = 0
            else:
                try:
                    rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save
                except AttributeError:
                    rc.autocall = self._magic_state.autocall_save = 1

        print "Automatic calling is:",['OFF','Smart','Full'][rc.autocall]

    def magic_system_verbose(self, parameter_s = ''):
        """Set verbose printing of system calls.

        If called without an argument, act as a toggle"""

        if parameter_s:
            val = bool(eval(parameter_s))
        else:
            val = None
            
        self.shell.rc_set_toggle('system_verbose',val)
        print "System verbose printing is:",\
              ['OFF','ON'][self.shell.rc.system_verbose]


    def magic_page(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Pretty print the object and display it through a pager.
        
        %page [options] OBJECT

        If no object is given, use _ (last output).
        
        Options:

          -r: page str(object), don't pretty-print it."""

        # After a function contributed by Olivier Aubert, slightly modified.

        # Process options/args
        opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'r')
        raw = 'r' in opts

        oname = args and args or '_'
        info = self._ofind(oname)
        if info['found']:
            txt = (raw and str or pformat)( info['obj'] )
            page(txt)
        else:
            print 'Object `%s` not found' % oname

    def magic_profile(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Print your currently active IPyhton profile."""
        if self.shell.rc.profile:
            printpl('Current IPython profile: $self.shell.rc.profile.')
        else:
            print 'No profile active.'

    def magic_pinfo(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
        """Provide detailed information about an object.
    
        '%pinfo object' is just a synonym for object? or ?object."""
    
        #print 'pinfo par: <%s>' % parameter_s  # dbg
    
        
        # detail_level: 0 -> obj? , 1 -> obj??
        detail_level = 0
        # We need to detect if we got called as 'pinfo pinfo foo', which can
        # happen if the user types 'pinfo foo?' at the cmd line.
        pinfo,qmark1,oname,qmark2 = \
               re.match('(pinfo )?(\?*)(.*?)(\??$)',parameter_s).groups()
        if pinfo or qmark1 or qmark2:
            detail_level = 1
        if "*" in oname:
            self.magic_psearch(oname)
        else:
            self._inspect('pinfo', oname, detail_level=detail_level,
                          namespaces=namespaces)

    def magic_pdef(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
        """Print the definition header for any callable object.

        If the object is a class, print the constructor information."""
        self._inspect('pdef',parameter_s, namespaces)

    def magic_pdoc(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
        """Print the docstring for an object.

        If the given object is a class, it will print both the class and the
        constructor docstrings."""
        self._inspect('pdoc',parameter_s, namespaces)

    def magic_psource(self, parameter_s='', namespaces=None):
        """Print (or run through pager) the source code for an object."""
        self._inspect('psource',parameter_s, namespaces)

    def magic_pfile(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Print (or run through pager) the file where an object is defined.

        The file opens at the line where the object definition begins. IPython
        will honor the environment variable PAGER if set, and otherwise will
        do its best to print the file in a convenient form.

        If the given argument is not an object currently defined, IPython will
        try to interpret it as a filename (automatically adding a .py extension
        if needed). You can thus use %pfile as a syntax highlighting code
        viewer."""

        # first interpret argument as an object name
        out = self._inspect('pfile',parameter_s)
        # if not, try the input as a filename
        if out == 'not found':
            try:
                filename = get_py_filename(parameter_s)
            except IOError,msg:
                print msg
                return
            page(self.shell.inspector.format(file(filename).read()))

    def _inspect(self,meth,oname,namespaces=None,**kw):
        """Generic interface to the inspector system.

        This function is meant to be called by pdef, pdoc & friends."""

        #oname = oname.strip()
        #print '1- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
        try:
            oname = oname.strip().encode('ascii')
            #print '2- oname: <%r>' % oname  # dbg
        except UnicodeEncodeError:
            print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
            return 'not found'
            
        info = Struct(self._ofind(oname, namespaces))
        
        if info.found:
            try:
                IPython.generics.inspect_object(info.obj)
                return
            except IPython.ipapi.TryNext:
                pass
            # Get the docstring of the class property if it exists.
            path = oname.split('.')
            root = '.'.join(path[:-1])
            if info.parent is not None:
                try:
                    target = getattr(info.parent, '__class__') 
                    # The object belongs to a class instance. 
                    try: 
                        target = getattr(target, path[-1])
                        # The class defines the object. 
                        if isinstance(target, property):
                            oname = root + '.__class__.' + path[-1]
                            info = Struct(self._ofind(oname))
                    except AttributeError: pass
                except AttributeError: pass
                        
            pmethod = getattr(self.shell.inspector,meth)
            formatter = info.ismagic and self.format_screen or None
            if meth == 'pdoc':
                pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter)
            elif meth == 'pinfo':
                pmethod(info.obj,oname,formatter,info,**kw)
            else:
                pmethod(info.obj,oname)
        else:
            print 'Object `%s` not found.' % oname
            return 'not found'  # so callers can take other action
        
    def magic_psearch(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Search for object in namespaces by wildcard.

        %psearch [options] PATTERN [OBJECT TYPE]

        Note: ? can be used as a synonym for %psearch, at the beginning or at
        the end: both a*? and ?a* are equivalent to '%psearch a*'.  Still, the
        rest of the command line must be unchanged (options come first), so
        for example the following forms are equivalent

        %psearch -i a* function
        -i a* function?
        ?-i a* function

        Arguments:
        
          PATTERN

          where PATTERN is a string containing * as a wildcard similar to its
          use in a shell.  The pattern is matched in all namespaces on the
          search path. By default objects starting with a single _ are not
          matched, many IPython generated objects have a single
          underscore. The default is case insensitive matching. Matching is
          also done on the attributes of objects and not only on the objects
          in a module.

          [OBJECT TYPE]

          Is the name of a python type from the types module. The name is
          given in lowercase without the ending type, ex. StringType is
          written string. By adding a type here only objects matching the
          given type are matched. Using all here makes the pattern match all
          types (this is the default).

        Options:

          -a: makes the pattern match even objects whose names start with a
          single underscore.  These names are normally ommitted from the
          search.

          -i/-c: make the pattern case insensitive/sensitive.  If neither of
          these options is given, the default is read from your ipythonrc
          file.  The option name which sets this value is
          'wildcards_case_sensitive'.  If this option is not specified in your
          ipythonrc file, IPython's internal default is to do a case sensitive
          search.

          -e/-s NAMESPACE: exclude/search a given namespace.  The pattern you
          specifiy can be searched in any of the following namespaces:
          'builtin', 'user', 'user_global','internal', 'alias', where
          'builtin' and 'user' are the search defaults.  Note that you should
          not use quotes when specifying namespaces.

          'Builtin' contains the python module builtin, 'user' contains all
          user data, 'alias' only contain the shell aliases and no python
          objects, 'internal' contains objects used by IPython.  The
          'user_global' namespace is only used by embedded IPython instances,
          and it contains module-level globals.  You can add namespaces to the
          search with -s or exclude them with -e (these options can be given
          more than once).
    
        Examples:
       
        %psearch a*            -> objects beginning with an a
        %psearch -e builtin a* -> objects NOT in the builtin space starting in a
        %psearch a* function   -> all functions beginning with an a
        %psearch re.e*         -> objects beginning with an e in module re
        %psearch r*.e*         -> objects that start with e in modules starting in r
        %psearch r*.* string   -> all strings in modules beginning with r

        Case sensitve search:
       
        %psearch -c a*         list all object beginning with lower case a

        Show objects beginning with a single _:
       
        %psearch -a _*         list objects beginning with a single underscore"""
        try:
            parameter_s = parameter_s.encode('ascii')
        except UnicodeEncodeError:
            print 'Python identifiers can only contain ascii characters.'
            return

        # default namespaces to be searched
        def_search = ['user','builtin']

        # Process options/args
        opts,args = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'cias:e:',list_all=True)
        opt = opts.get
        shell = self.shell
        psearch = shell.inspector.psearch

        # select case options
        if opts.has_key('i'):
            ignore_case = True
        elif opts.has_key('c'):
            ignore_case = False
        else:
            ignore_case = not shell.rc.wildcards_case_sensitive

        # Build list of namespaces to search from user options
        def_search.extend(opt('s',[]))
        ns_exclude = ns_exclude=opt('e',[])
        ns_search = [nm for nm in def_search if nm not in ns_exclude]
        
        # Call the actual search
        try:
            psearch(args,shell.ns_table,ns_search,
                    show_all=opt('a'),ignore_case=ignore_case)
        except:
            shell.showtraceback()

    def magic_who_ls(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Return a sorted list of all interactive variables.

        If arguments are given, only variables of types matching these
        arguments are returned."""

        user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
        internal_ns = self.shell.internal_ns
        user_config_ns = self.shell.user_config_ns
        out = []
        typelist = parameter_s.split()

        for i in user_ns:
            if not (i.startswith('_') or i.startswith('_i')) \
                   and not (i in internal_ns or i in user_config_ns):
                if typelist:
                    if type(user_ns[i]).__name__ in typelist:
                        out.append(i)
                else:
                    out.append(i)
        out.sort()
        return out
        
    def magic_who(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Print all interactive variables, with some minimal formatting.

        If any arguments are given, only variables whose type matches one of
        these are printed.  For example:

          %who function str

        will only list functions and strings, excluding all other types of
        variables.  To find the proper type names, simply use type(var) at a
        command line to see how python prints type names.  For example:

          In [1]: type('hello')\\
          Out[1]: <type 'str'>

        indicates that the type name for strings is 'str'.

        %who always excludes executed names loaded through your configuration
        file and things which are internal to IPython.

        This is deliberate, as typically you may load many modules and the
        purpose of %who is to show you only what you've manually defined."""

        varlist = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
        if not varlist:
            if parameter_s:
                print 'No variables match your requested type.'
            else:
                print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
            return

        # if we have variables, move on...
        count = 0
        for i in varlist:
            print i+'\t',
            count += 1
            if count > 8:
                count = 0
                print
        print

    def magic_whos(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Like %who, but gives some extra information about each variable.

        The same type filtering of %who can be applied here.

        For all variables, the type is printed. Additionally it prints:
        
          - For {},[],(): their length.

          - For numpy and Numeric arrays, a summary with shape, number of
          elements, typecode and size in memory.

          - Everything else: a string representation, snipping their middle if
          too long."""
        
        varnames = self.magic_who_ls(parameter_s)
        if not varnames:
            if parameter_s:
                print 'No variables match your requested type.'
            else:
                print 'Interactive namespace is empty.'
            return

        # if we have variables, move on...

        # for these types, show len() instead of data:
        seq_types = [types.DictType,types.ListType,types.TupleType]

        # for numpy/Numeric arrays, display summary info
        try:
            import numpy
        except ImportError:
            ndarray_type = None
        else:
            ndarray_type = numpy.ndarray.__name__
        try:
            import Numeric
        except ImportError:
            array_type = None
        else:
            array_type = Numeric.ArrayType.__name__

        # Find all variable names and types so we can figure out column sizes
        def get_vars(i):
            return self.shell.user_ns[i]
        
        # some types are well known and can be shorter
        abbrevs = {'IPython.macro.Macro' : 'Macro'}
        def type_name(v):
            tn = type(v).__name__
            return abbrevs.get(tn,tn)
            
        varlist = map(get_vars,varnames)

        typelist = []
        for vv in varlist:
            tt = type_name(vv)

            if tt=='instance':
                typelist.append( abbrevs.get(str(vv.__class__),
                                             str(vv.__class__)))
            else:
                typelist.append(tt)

        # column labels and # of spaces as separator
        varlabel = 'Variable'
        typelabel = 'Type'
        datalabel = 'Data/Info'
        colsep = 3
        # variable format strings
        vformat    = "$vname.ljust(varwidth)$vtype.ljust(typewidth)"
        vfmt_short = '$vstr[:25]<...>$vstr[-25:]'
        aformat    = "%s: %s elems, type `%s`, %s bytes"
        # find the size of the columns to format the output nicely
        varwidth = max(max(map(len,varnames)), len(varlabel)) + colsep
        typewidth = max(max(map(len,typelist)), len(typelabel)) + colsep
        # table header
        print varlabel.ljust(varwidth) + typelabel.ljust(typewidth) + \
              ' '+datalabel+'\n' + '-'*(varwidth+typewidth+len(datalabel)+1)
        # and the table itself
        kb = 1024
        Mb = 1048576  # kb**2
        for vname,var,vtype in zip(varnames,varlist,typelist):
            print itpl(vformat),
            if vtype in seq_types:
                print len(var)
            elif vtype in [array_type,ndarray_type]:
                vshape = str(var.shape).replace(',','').replace(' ','x')[1:-1]
                if vtype==ndarray_type:
                    # numpy
                    vsize  = var.size
                    vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize
                    vdtype = var.dtype
                else:
                    # Numeric
                    vsize  = Numeric.size(var)
                    vbytes = vsize*var.itemsize()
                    vdtype = var.typecode()
                    
                if vbytes < 100000:
                    print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes)
                else:
                    print aformat % (vshape,vsize,vdtype,vbytes),
                    if vbytes < Mb:
                        print '(%s kb)' % (vbytes/kb,)
                    else:
                        print '(%s Mb)' % (vbytes/Mb,)
            else:
                try:
                    vstr = str(var)
                except UnicodeEncodeError:
                    vstr = unicode(var).encode(sys.getdefaultencoding(),
                                               'backslashreplace')
                vstr = vstr.replace('\n','\\n')
                if len(vstr) < 50:
                    print vstr
                else:
                    printpl(vfmt_short)
                
    def magic_reset(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Resets the namespace by removing all names defined by the user.

        Input/Output history are left around in case you need them.

        Parameters
        ----------
          -y : force reset without asking for confirmation.

        Examples
        --------
        In [6]: a = 1

        In [7]: a
        Out[7]: 1

        In [8]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
        Out[8]: True

        In [9]: %reset -f

        In [10]: 'a' in _ip.user_ns
        Out[10]: False
        """

        if parameter_s == '-f':
            ans = True
        else:
            ans = self.shell.ask_yes_no(
                "Once deleted, variables cannot be recovered. Proceed (y/[n])? ")
        if not ans:
            print 'Nothing done.'
            return
        user_ns = self.shell.user_ns
        for i in self.magic_who_ls():
            del(user_ns[i])
            
        # Also flush the private list of module references kept for script
        # execution protection
        self.shell.clear_main_mod_cache()

    def magic_logstart(self,parameter_s=''):
        """Start logging anywhere in a session.

        %logstart [-o|-r|-t] [log_name [log_mode]]

        If no name is given, it defaults to a file named 'ipython_log.py' in your
        current directory, in 'rotate' mode (see below).

        '%logstart name' saves to file 'name' in 'backup' mode.  It saves your
        history up to that point and then continues logging.

        %logstart takes a second optional parameter: logging mode. This can be one
        of (note that the modes are given unquoted):\\
          append: well, that says it.\\
          backup: rename (if exists) to name~ and start name.\\
          global: single logfile in your home dir, appended to.\\
          over  : overwrite existing log.\\
          rotate: create rotating logs name.1~, name.2~, etc.

        Options:

          -o: log also IPython's output.  In this mode, all commands which
          generate an Out[NN] prompt are recorded to the logfile, right after
          their corresponding input line.  The output lines are always
          prepended with a '#[Out]# ' marker, so that the log remains valid
          Python code.

          Since this marker is always the same, filtering only the output from
          a log is very easy, using for example a simple awk call:

            awk -F'#\\[Out\\]# ' '{if($2) {print $2}}' ipython_log.py

          -r: log 'raw' input.  Normally, IPython's logs contain the processed
          input, so that user lines are logged in their final form, converted
          into valid Python.  For example, %Exit is logged as
          '_ip.magic("Exit").  If the -r flag is given, all input is logged
          exactly as typed, with no transformations applied.

          -t: put timestamps before each input line logged (these are put in
          comments)."""
        
        opts,par = self.parse_options(parameter_s,'ort')
        log_output = 'o' in opts
        log_raw_input = 'r' in opts
        timestamp = 't' in opts

        rc = self.shell.rc
        logger = self.shell.logger

        # if no args are given, the defaults set in the logger constructor by
        # ipytohn remain valid
        if par:
            try:
                logfname,logmode = par.split()
            except:
                logfname = par
                logmode = 'backup'
        else:
            logfname = logger.logfname
            logmode = logger.logmode
        # put logfname into rc struct as if it had been called on the command
        # line, so it ends up saved in the log header Save it in case we need
        # to restore it...
        old_logfile = rc.opts.get('logfile','')  
        if logfname:
            logfname = os.path.expanduser(logfname)
        rc.opts.logfile = logfname
        loghead = self.shell.loghead_tpl % (rc.opts,rc.args)
        try:
            started  = logger.logstart(logfname,loghead,logmode,
                                       log_output,timestamp,log_raw_input)
        except:
            rc.opts.logfile = old_logfile
            warn("Couldn't start log: %s" % sys.exc_info()[1])
        else:
            # log input history up to this point, optionally interleaving
            # output if requested

            if timestamp:
                # disable timestamping for the previous history, since we've
                # lost those already (no time machine here).
                logger.timestamp = False

            if log_raw_input:
                input_hist = self.shell.input_hist_raw
            else:
                input_hist = self.shell.input_hist
                
            if log_output:
                log_write = logger.log_write
                output_hist = self.shell.output_hist
                for n in range(1,len(input_hist)-1):
                    log_write(input_hist[n].rstrip())
                    if n in output_hist:
                        log_write(repr(output_hist[n]),'output')
            else:
                logger.log_write(input_hist[1:])
            if timestamp:
                # re-enable timestamping
                logger.timestamp = True
                
            print ('Activating auto-logging. '
                   'Current session state plus future input saved.')
            logger.logstate()

    def magic_logstop(self,parameter_s=''):
        """Fully stop logging and close log file.

        In order to start logging again, a new %logstart call needs to be made,
        possibly (though not necessarily) with a new filename, mode and other
        options."""
        self.logger.logstop()

    def magic_logoff(self,parameter_s=''):
        """Temporarily stop logging.

        You must have previously started logging."""
        self.shell.logger.switch_log(0)
        
    def magic_logon(self,parameter_s=''):
        """Restart logging.

        This function is for restarting logging which you've temporarily
        stopped with %logoff. For starting logging for the first time, you
        must use the %logstart function, which allows you to specify an
        optional log filename."""
        
        self.shell.logger.switch_log(1)
    
    def magic_logstate(self,parameter_s=''):
        """Print the status of the logging system."""

        self.shell.logger.logstate()
        
    def magic_pdb(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Control the automatic calling of the pdb interactive debugger.

        Call as '%pdb on', '%pdb 1', '%pdb off' or '%pdb 0'. If called without
        argument it works as a toggle.

        When an exception is triggered, IPython can optionally call the
        interactive pdb debugger after the traceback printout. %pdb toggles
        this feature on and off.

        The initial state of this feature is set in your ipythonrc
        configuration file (the variable is called 'pdb').

        If you want to just activate the debugger AFTER an exception has fired,
        without having to type '%pdb on' and rerunning your code, you can use
        the %debug magic."""

        par = parameter_s.strip().lower()

        if par:
            try:
                new_pdb = {'off':0,'0':0,'on':1,'1':1}[par]
            except KeyError:
                print ('Incorrect argument. Use on/1, off/0, '
                       'or nothing for a toggle.')
                return
        else:
            # toggle
            new_pdb = not self.shell.call_pdb

        # set on the shell
        self.shell.call_pdb = new_pdb
        print 'Automatic pdb calling has been turned',on_off(new_pdb)

    def magic_debug(self, parameter_s=''):
        """Activate the interactive debugger in post-mortem mode.

        If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
        frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
        traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
        exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
        occurs, it clobbers the previous one.

        If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
        the %pdb magic for more details.
        """
        
        self.shell.debugger(force=True)

    @testdec.skip_doctest
    def magic_prun(self, parameter_s ='',user_mode=1,
                   opts=None,arg_lst=None,prog_ns=None):

        """Run a statement through the python code profiler.

        Usage:
          %prun [options] statement

        The given statement (which doesn't require quote marks) is run via the
        python profiler in a manner similar to the profile.run() function.
        Namespaces are internally managed to work correctly; profile.run
        cannot be used in IPython because it makes certain assumptions about
        namespaces which do not hold under IPython.

        Options:

        -l <limit>: you can place restrictions on what or how much of the
        profile gets printed. The limit value can be:

          * A string: only information for function names containing this string
          is printed.

          * An integer: only these many lines are printed.

          * A float (between 0 and 1): this fraction of the report is printed
          (for example, use a limit of 0.4 to see the topmost 40% only).

        You can combine several limits with repeated use of the option. For
        example, '-l __init__ -l 5' will print only the topmost 5 lines of
        information about class constructors.

        -r: return the pstats.Stats object generated by the profiling. This
        object has all the information about the profile in it, and you can
        later use it for further analysis or in other functions.

       -s <key>: sort profile by given key. You can provide more than one key
        by using the option several times: '-s key1 -s key2 -s key3...'. The
        default sorting key is 'time'.

        The following is copied verbatim from the profile documentation
        referenced below:

        When more than one key is provided, additional keys are used as
        secondary criteria when the there is equality in all keys selected
        before them.
        
        Abbreviations can be used for any key names, as long as the
        abbreviation is unambiguous.  The following are the keys currently
        defined:

                Valid Arg       Meaning
                  "calls"      call count
                  "cumulative" cumulative time
                  "file"       file name
                  "module"     file name
                  "pcalls"     primitive call count
                  "line"       line number
                  "name"       function name
                  "nfl"        name/file/line
                  "stdname"    standard name
                  "time"       internal time

        Note that all sorts on statistics are in descending order (placing
        most time consuming items first), where as name, file, and line number
        searches are in ascending order (i.e., alphabetical). The subtle
        distinction between "nfl" and "stdname" is that the standard name is a
        sort of the name as printed, which means that the embedded line
        numbers get compared in an odd way.  For example, lines 3, 20, and 40
        would (if the file names were the same) appear in the string order
        "20" "3" and "40".  In contrast, "nfl" does a numeric compare of the
        line numbers.  In fact, sort_stats("nfl") is the same as
        sort_stats("name", "file", "line").

        -T <filename>: save profile results as shown on screen to a text
        file. The profile is still shown on screen.

        -D <filename>: save (via dump_stats) profile st…