/tutorial/manifest_notation.e
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1class MANIFEST_NOTATION 2 -- 3 -- To know more or to discover manifest notation syntax and semantic, you 4 -- can just read this file, or even better, run this code under our debugger: 5 -- 6 -- se c -sedb manifest_notation -o manifest_notation 7 -- ./manifest_notation 8 9create {ANY} 10 make 11 12feature {} 13 boolean_examples 14 -- Examples of notations for the BOOLEAN type. 15 local 16 boolean: BOOLEAN 17 do 18 -- Simply True or False: 19 boolean := True 20 21 boolean := False 22 23 check 24 True -- Is always correct. 25 end 26 end 27 28 character_examples 29 -- Examples of notations for the CHARACTER type. 30 local 31 character: CHARACTER 32 do 33 -- The ordinary notation: 34 character := 'a' 35 character := 'b' 36 character := 'c' 37 character := 'A' 38 character := 'B' 39 character := 'C' 40 character := '.' 41 character := '+' 42 character := '-' 43 -- The new_line character: 44 45 character := '%N' 46 -- The tab character: 47 48 character := '%T' 49 -- The default initialization value: 50 51 character := '%U' 52 -- The percent itself: 53 54 character := '%%' 55 -- The simple quote: 56 57 character := '%'' 58 -- The double quote: 59 60 character := '%"' 61 62 check 63 -- The At-sign (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 64 '@' = '%A' 65 end 66 -- The Backspace: 67 character := '%B' 68 69 check 70 -- Circumflex (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 71 '^' = '%C' 72 end 73 check 74 -- The dollar sign (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 75 '$' = '%D' 76 end 77 -- The Form feed: 78 character := '%F' 79 80 check 81 -- The backslasH (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 82 '\' = '%H' 83 end 84 check 85 -- The tiLda (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 86 '~' = '%L' 87 end 88 check 89 -- The back Quote 90 '`' = '%Q' 91 end 92 -- The carriage Return 93 character := '%R' 94 95 check 96 -- The Sharp (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 97 '#' = '%S' 98 end 99 check 100 -- The Vertical bar (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 101 '|' = '%V' 102 end 103 check 104 -- The opening bracket (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 105 '[' = '%(' 106 end 107 check 108 -- The closing bracket (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 109 ']' = '%)' 110 end 111 check 112 -- The opening brace (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 113 '{' = '%<' 114 end 115 check 116 -- The closing brace (just in case you have a strange keyboard ;-) 117 '}' = '%>' 118 end 119 -- The decimal ascii notation: 120 character := '%/97/' -- is equivalent to 'a' 121 character := '%/32/' -- is equivalent to ' ' 122 character := '%/0/' 123 -- is equivalent to '%U' (which is the default initialization value) 124 -- The hexadecimal notation: 125 126 character := '%/0x30/' -- is equivalent to '0' 127 character := '%/0x31/' -- is equivalent to '1' 128 character := '%/0x32/' -- is equivalent to '2' 129 character := '%/0x00/' -- is equivalent to '%U' 130 end 131 132 string_examples 133 -- Examples of notations for the STRING type. 134 local 135 string: STRING 136 do 137 string := "Hello!" 138 string := "The escape percent for new-line %N (try to print it).%N" 139 140 string := "The escape percent for tab: %T <- its a tab%N" 141 142 string := "As you may guess %% <- its a percent" 143 144 string := "As you may guess %" <- its a double quote !" 145 146 string := "When the string is too long you% 147 %can continue on more than one line" 148 149 string := "{ 150 Look this verbatim two lines string using 151 our debugger ! 152 153 }" 154 155 string := "[ 156 Look left-aligned verbatim string using 157 our debugger ! 158 159 ]" 160 161 string := "{ 162 No escape percent in %T verbatim 163 %N strings ! 164 ... cool. 165 }" 166 -- Hexadecimal notation is available too: 167 168 string := "One %/0x43414645/ pl%/0x65/ase" 169 sedb_breakpoint 170 -- Use the -sedb option to view the string ! 171 -- Finally, keep in mind that "once" can precede the STRING 172 -- notation to avoid multiple allocations: 173 174 string := once "I am allocated once even when used inside a loop !" 175 end 176 177 unicode_string_examples 178 -- Examples of notations for the UNICODE_STRING type. 179 local 180 unicode_string: UNICODE_STRING 181 do 182 unicode_string := U"I am not a STRING, but a UNICODE_STRING !" 183 unicode_string := U"<- the big U indicates that." 184 185 unicode_string := U"{ 186 As for STRING, you can write UNICODE_STRING on 187 more 188 than 189 one 190 line with the verbatim notation. 191 192 }" 193 -- Inside UNICODE_STRING only, you have the Ux notation to denote 194 -- any character you want (http://www.unicode.org): 195 196 unicode_string := U"The EURO sign is %/Ux20AC/!%N" 197 end 198 199 integer_examples 200 local 201 integer_8: INTEGER_8; integer_16: INTEGER_16; integer_32: INTEGER_32; integer_64: INTEGER_64 202 integer: INTEGER 203 do 204 -- 0 is of type INTEGER_8: 205 integer_8 := 0 206 -- The minimum value for INTEGER_8: 207 208 integer_8 := -128 209 -- The maximum value for INTEGER_8: 210 211 integer_8 := 127 212 213 inspect 214 integer_8 215 when -128 .. 127 then 216 -- The INTEGER_8 range 217 -- We should always go here... 218 else 219 check 220 False -- ... and never here ! 221 end 222 end 223 -- The INTEGER_16 range: 224 integer_16 := -32768 225 integer_16 := 32767 226 -- The INTEGER_32 range: 227 228 integer_32 := -2147483648 229 integer_32 := 2147483647 230 -- INTEGER is, at time being, equivalent to INTEGER_32: 231 232 integer := integer_32 233 integer := 0 234 integer_32 := integer 235 -- INTEGER_64 range: 236 237 integer_64 := -9223372036854775808 238 integer_64 := 9223372036854775807 239 -- Now using the hexadecimal notation to denote INTEGER. 240 -- A 2 hexadecimal digit denote an INTEGER_8. 241 -- Setting all bits of an INTEGER_8 is achieved with: 242 243 integer_8 := 0xFF 244 check 245 integer_8 = -1 246 end 247 -- A 4 hexadecimal digit denote an INTEGER_16. 248 -- As an example, the greater positive value for an INTEGER_16 is: 249 250 integer_16 := 0x7FFF 251 check 252 integer_16 = 32767 253 end 254 -- A 8 hexadecimal digit denote an INTEGER_32. 255 -- As an example, the smallest negative value for an INTEGER_32 is: 256 257 integer_32 := 0x80000000 258 check 259 integer_32 = -2147483648 260 end 261 -- A 16 hexadecimal digit denote an INTEGER_64. 262 -- The `Maximum_integer_64': 263 264 integer_64 := 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF 265 check 266 integer_64 = 9223372036854775807 267 end 268 -- The `Minimum_integer_64': 269 integer_64 := 0x8000000000000000 270 check 271 integer_64 = -9223372036854775808 272 end 273 -- When you need to do so, the complete type notation can also be used for all kinds 274 -- of INTEGERs: 275 276 integer_32 := {INTEGER_32 1} 277 check 278 integer_32 = 1 279 end 280 integer_16 := {INTEGER_16 0xFFFF} 281 check 282 integer_16 = -1 283 end 284 end 285 286 real_examples 287 local 288 real_32: REAL_32; real_64: REAL_64; real: REAL; real_extended: REAL_EXTENDED 289 do 290 -- At time being, REAL is equivalent of REAL_64. The classic notation always 291 -- denote a REAL (i.e. a REAL_64): 292 real := 0.0 293 real_64 := 0.0 294 check 295 real = real_64 296 end 297 real_64 := 35.5 298 -- The scientific notation is possible too: 299 300 real_64 := 3.55e+1 301 check 302 real_64 = 35.5 303 end 304 -- You can omit the fractional part when using scientific notation: 305 check 306 3E2 = 300.0 307 end 308 -- In order to denote a REAL_32, you must always rely on the explicit following notation: 309 real_32 := {REAL_32 1.5} 310 real_32 := {REAL_32 156.5E-2} 311 -- You can as well denote REAL_80, REAL_128 or REAL_EXTENDED: 312 313 real_extended := {REAL_EXTENDED 156.5E-287} 314 end 315 316 array_examples 317 local 318 array_of_character: ARRAY[CHARACTER]; array_of_integer: ARRAY[INTEGER] 319 do 320 -- A four elements ARRAY[CHARACTER] with the lower bound set to 1: 321 array_of_character := {ARRAY[CHARACTER] 1, << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' >> } 322 -- A three elements ARRAY[INTEGER] with the lower bound set to -1: 323 324 array_of_integer := {ARRAY[INTEGER] -1, << 1, 2, 3 >> } 325 end 326 327 fast_array_examples 328 local 329 fast_array_of_character: FAST_ARRAY[CHARACTER]; fast_array_of_integer: FAST_ARRAY[INTEGER] 330 do 331 -- A four elements FAST_ARRAY[CHARACTER]: 332 fast_array_of_character := {FAST_ARRAY[CHARACTER] << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' >> } 333 -- A three elements FAST_ARRAY[INTEGER]: 334 335 fast_array_of_integer := {FAST_ARRAY[INTEGER] << 1, 2, 3 >> } 336 end 337 338 linked_list_examples 339 local 340 linked_list_of_character: LINKED_LIST[CHARACTER]; linked_list_of_integer: LINKED_LIST[INTEGER] 341 do 342 -- A four elements LINKED_LIST[CHARACTER]: 343 linked_list_of_character := {LINKED_LIST[CHARACTER] << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' >> } 344 -- A three elements LINKED_LIST[INTEGER]: 345 346 linked_list_of_integer := {LINKED_LIST[INTEGER] << 1, 2, 3 >> } 347 end 348 349 two_way_linked_list_examples 350 local 351 two_way_linked_list_of_character: TWO_WAY_LINKED_LIST[CHARACTER] 352 two_way_linked_list_of_integer: TWO_WAY_LINKED_LIST[INTEGER] 353 do 354 -- A four elements TWO_WAY_LINKED_LIST[CHARACTER]: 355 two_way_linked_list_of_character := {TWO_WAY_LINKED_LIST[CHARACTER] << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' >> } 356 -- A three elements TWO_WAY_LINKED_LIST[INTEGER]: 357 358 two_way_linked_list_of_integer := {TWO_WAY_LINKED_LIST[INTEGER] << 1, 2, 3 >> } 359 end 360 361 ring_array_examples 362 local 363 ring_array_of_character: RING_ARRAY[CHARACTER]; ring_array_of_integer: RING_ARRAY[INTEGER] 364 do 365 -- A four elements RING_ARRAY[CHARACTER]: 366 ring_array_of_character := {RING_ARRAY[CHARACTER] 1, << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e' >> } 367 -- A three elements RING_ARRAY[INTEGER]: 368 369 ring_array_of_integer := {RING_ARRAY[INTEGER] 1, << 1, 2, 3 >> } 370 end 371 372 set_examples 373 local 374 set_of_character: SET[CHARACTER]; set_of_integer: SET[INTEGER] 375 do 376 -- A four elements HASHED_SET[CHARACTER]: 377 set_of_character := {HASHED_SET[CHARACTER] << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' >> } 378 -- A three elements HASHED_SET[INTEGER]: 379 380 set_of_integer := {AVL_SET[INTEGER] << 1, 2, 3 >> } 381 end 382 383 dictionary_examples 384 local 385 dictionary: DICTIONARY[CHARACTER, STRING] 386 do 387 -- You can as well denote a DICTIONARY creation like this: 388 dictionary := {HASHED_DICTIONARY[CHARACTER, STRING] << 'a', "key #1"; 389 'z', "key #2"; 390 'z', "key #3"; 391 'a', "key #4" >> } 392 -- Note that the ; (semicolon) is here to separate pairs. 393 end 394 395 bijective_dictionary_examples 396 local 397 bijective_dictionary: BIJECTIVE_DICTIONARY[STRING, STRING] 398 do 399 -- You can as well denote a DICTIONARY creation like this: 400 bijective_dictionary := {HASHED_BIJECTIVE_DICTIONARY[STRING, STRING] << "value #1", "key #1"; 401 "value #2", "key #2"; 402 "value #3", "key #3" >> } 403 -- Note that the ; (semicolon) is here to separate pairs. 404 end 405 406 array2_examples 407 local 408 collection2: COLLECTION2[CHARACTER] 409 do 410 collection2 := {ARRAY2[CHARACTER] 1, 4, 1, 6, << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'; 411 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'; 412 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'; 413 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' >> } 414 end 415 416 fast_array2_examples 417 local 418 collection2: COLLECTION2[CHARACTER] 419 do 420 collection2 := {FAST_ARRAY2[CHARACTER] 4, 6, << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'; 421 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'; 422 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f'; 423 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' >> } 424 end 425 426 native_array_examples 427 local 428 native_array_character: NATIVE_ARRAY[CHARACTER]; native_array_integer_8: NATIVE_ARRAY[INTEGER_8] 429 do 430 native_array_character := {NATIVE_ARRAY[CHARACTER] << 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f' >> } 431 check 432 native_array_character.item(0) = 'a' 433 native_array_character.item(5) = 'f' 434 end 435 native_array_integer_8 := {NATIVE_ARRAY[INTEGER_8] << 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 >> } 436 end 437 438 make 439 do 440 boolean_examples 441 character_examples 442 string_examples 443 unicode_string_examples 444 integer_examples 445 real_examples 446 array_examples 447 fast_array_examples 448 linked_list_examples 449 two_way_linked_list_examples 450 ring_array_examples 451 set_examples 452 dictionary_examples 453 bijective_dictionary_examples 454 array2_examples 455 fast_array2_examples 456 native_array_examples 457 end 458 459end -- class MANIFEST_NOTATION