service.py - This Python code is a set of classes and funct…

/gdata/photos/service.py

http://radioappz.googlecode.com/ · Python · 680 lines · 497 code · 53 blank · 130 comment · 42 complexity · 6ac8258b43b46a835fd77db4efdbc619 MD5 · raw file

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*-*- encoding: utf-8 -*-*-
#
# This is the service file for the Google Photo python client.
# It is used for higher level operations.
#
# $Id: service.py 144 2007-10-25 21:03:34Z havard.gulldahl $
#
# Copyright 2007 H?vard Gulldahl 
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

"""Google PhotoService provides a human-friendly interface to
Google Photo (a.k.a Picasa Web) services[1].

It extends gdata.service.GDataService and as such hides all the
nasty details about authenticating, parsing and communicating with
Google Photos. 

[1]: http://code.google.com/apis/picasaweb/gdata.html

Example:
  import gdata.photos, gdata.photos.service
  pws = gdata.photos.service.PhotosService()
  pws.ClientLogin(username, password)
  #Get all albums
  albums = pws.GetUserFeed().entry
  # Get all photos in second album
  photos = pws.GetFeed(albums[1].GetPhotosUri()).entry
  # Get all tags for photos in second album and print them
  tags = pws.GetFeed(albums[1].GetTagsUri()).entry
  print [ tag.summary.text for tag in tags ]
  # Get all comments for the first photos in list and print them
  comments = pws.GetCommentFeed(photos[0].GetCommentsUri()).entry
  print [ c.summary.text for c in comments ]

  # Get a photo to work with
  photo = photos[0]
  # Update metadata

  # Attributes from the <gphoto:*> namespace
  photo.summary.text = u'A nice view from my veranda'
  photo.title.text = u'Verandaview.jpg'

  # Attributes from the <media:*> namespace
  photo.media.keywords.text = u'Home, Long-exposure, Sunset' # Comma-separated

  # Adding attributes to media object

  # Rotate 90 degrees clockwise
  photo.rotation = gdata.photos.Rotation(text='90') 

  # Submit modified photo object
  photo = pws.UpdatePhotoMetadata(photo)
  
  # Make sure you only modify the newly returned object, else you'll get
  # versioning errors. See Optimistic-concurrency

  # Add comment to a picture
  comment = pws.InsertComment(photo, u'I wish the water always was this warm')

  # Remove comment because it was silly
  print "*blush*"
  pws.Delete(comment.GetEditLink().href)

"""

__author__ = u'havard@gulldahl.no'# (H?vard Gulldahl)' #BUG: pydoc chokes on non-ascii chars in __author__
__license__ = 'Apache License v2'
__version__ = '$Revision: 176 $'[11:-2] 


import sys, os.path, StringIO
import time
import gdata.service
import gdata
import atom.service
import atom
import gdata.photos

SUPPORTED_UPLOAD_TYPES = ('bmp', 'jpeg', 'jpg', 'gif', 'png')

UNKOWN_ERROR=1000
GPHOTOS_BAD_REQUEST=400
GPHOTOS_CONFLICT=409
GPHOTOS_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR=500
GPHOTOS_INVALID_ARGUMENT=601
GPHOTOS_INVALID_CONTENT_TYPE=602
GPHOTOS_NOT_AN_IMAGE=603
GPHOTOS_INVALID_KIND=604

class GooglePhotosException(Exception):
  def __init__(self, response):

    self.error_code = response['status']
    self.reason = response['reason'].strip()
    if '<html>' in str(response['body']): #general html message, discard it
      response['body'] = ""
    self.body = response['body'].strip()
    self.message = "(%(status)s) %(body)s -- %(reason)s" % response

    #return explicit error codes
    error_map = { '(12) Not an image':GPHOTOS_NOT_AN_IMAGE,
                  'kind: That is not one of the acceptable values':
                      GPHOTOS_INVALID_KIND,
                  
                }
    for msg, code in error_map.iteritems():
      if self.body == msg:
        self.error_code = code
        break
    self.args = [self.error_code, self.reason, self.body]

class PhotosService(gdata.service.GDataService):
  userUri = '/data/feed/api/user/%s'
  
  def __init__(self, email=None, password=None, source=None,
               server='picasaweb.google.com', additional_headers=None,
               **kwargs):
    """Creates a client for the Google Photos service.

    Args:
      email: string (optional) The user's email address, used for
          authentication.
      password: string (optional) The user's password.
      source: string (optional) The name of the user's application.
      server: string (optional) The name of the server to which a connection
          will be opened. Default value: 'picasaweb.google.com'.
      **kwargs: The other parameters to pass to gdata.service.GDataService
          constructor.
    """
    self.email = email
    self.client = source
    gdata.service.GDataService.__init__(
        self, email=email, password=password, service='lh2', source=source,
        server=server, additional_headers=additional_headers, **kwargs)

  def GetFeed(self, uri, limit=None, start_index=None):
    """Get a feed.

     The results are ordered by the values of their `updated' elements,
     with the most recently updated entry appearing first in the feed.
    
    Arguments:
    uri: the uri to fetch
    limit (optional): the maximum number of entries to return. Defaults to what
      the server returns.
     
    Returns:
    one of gdata.photos.AlbumFeed,
           gdata.photos.UserFeed,
           gdata.photos.PhotoFeed,
           gdata.photos.CommentFeed,
           gdata.photos.TagFeed,
      depending on the results of the query.
    Raises:
    GooglePhotosException

    See:
    http://code.google.com/apis/picasaweb/gdata.html#Get_Album_Feed_Manual
    """
    if limit is not None:
      uri += '&max-results=%s' % limit
    if start_index is not None:
      uri += '&start-index=%s' % start_index
    try:
      return self.Get(uri, converter=gdata.photos.AnyFeedFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

  def GetEntry(self, uri, limit=None, start_index=None):
    """Get an Entry.

    Arguments:
    uri: the uri to the entry
    limit (optional): the maximum number of entries to return. Defaults to what
      the server returns.
     
    Returns:
    one of gdata.photos.AlbumEntry,
           gdata.photos.UserEntry,
           gdata.photos.PhotoEntry,
           gdata.photos.CommentEntry,
           gdata.photos.TagEntry,
      depending on the results of the query.
    Raises:
    GooglePhotosException
    """
    if limit is not None:
      uri += '&max-results=%s' % limit
    if start_index is not None:
      uri += '&start-index=%s' % start_index
    try:
      return self.Get(uri, converter=gdata.photos.AnyEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])
      
  def GetUserFeed(self, kind='album', user='default', limit=None):
    """Get user-based feed, containing albums, photos, comments or tags;
      defaults to albums.

    The entries are ordered by the values of their `updated' elements,
    with the most recently updated entry appearing first in the feed.
    
    Arguments:
    kind: the kind of entries to get, either `album', `photo',
      `comment' or `tag', or a python list of these. Defaults to `album'.
    user (optional): whose albums we're querying. Defaults to current user.
    limit (optional): the maximum number of entries to return.
      Defaults to everything the server returns.

     
    Returns:
    gdata.photos.UserFeed, containing appropriate Entry elements

    See:
    http://code.google.com/apis/picasaweb/gdata.html#Get_Album_Feed_Manual
    http://googledataapis.blogspot.com/2007/07/picasa-web-albums-adds-new-api-features.html
    """
    if isinstance(kind, (list, tuple) ):
      kind = ",".join(kind)
    
    uri = '/data/feed/api/user/%s?kind=%s' % (user, kind)
    return self.GetFeed(uri, limit=limit)
  
  def GetTaggedPhotos(self, tag, user='default', limit=None):
    """Get all photos belonging to a specific user, tagged by the given keyword

    Arguments:
    tag: The tag you're looking for, e.g. `dog'
    user (optional): Whose images/videos you want to search, defaults
      to current user
    limit (optional): the maximum number of entries to return.
      Defaults to everything the server returns.

    Returns:
    gdata.photos.UserFeed containing PhotoEntry elements
    """
    # Lower-casing because of
    #   http://code.google.com/p/gdata-issues/issues/detail?id=194
    uri = '/data/feed/api/user/%s?kind=photo&tag=%s' % (user, tag.lower())
    return self.GetFeed(uri, limit)

  def SearchUserPhotos(self, query, user='default', limit=100):
    """Search through all photos for a specific user and return a feed.
    This will look for matches in file names and image tags (a.k.a. keywords)

    Arguments:
    query: The string you're looking for, e.g. `vacation'
    user (optional): The username of whose photos you want to search, defaults
      to current user.
    limit (optional): Don't return more than `limit' hits, defaults to 100

    Only public photos are searched, unless you are authenticated and
    searching through your own photos.

    Returns:
    gdata.photos.UserFeed with PhotoEntry elements
    """
    uri = '/data/feed/api/user/%s?kind=photo&q=%s' % (user, query)
    return self.GetFeed(uri, limit=limit)

  def SearchCommunityPhotos(self, query, limit=100):
    """Search through all public photos and return a feed.
    This will look for matches in file names and image tags (a.k.a. keywords)

    Arguments:
    query: The string you're looking for, e.g. `vacation'
    limit (optional): Don't return more than `limit' hits, defaults to 100

    Returns:
    gdata.GDataFeed with PhotoEntry elements
    """
    uri='/data/feed/api/all?q=%s' % query
    return self.GetFeed(uri, limit=limit)

  def GetContacts(self, user='default', limit=None):
    """Retrieve a feed that contains a list of your contacts

    Arguments:
    user: Username of the user whose contacts you want

    Returns
    gdata.photos.UserFeed, with UserEntry entries

    See:
    http://groups.google.com/group/Google-Picasa-Data-API/msg/819b0025b5ff5e38
    """
    uri = '/data/feed/api/user/%s/contacts?kind=user' % user
    return self.GetFeed(uri, limit=limit)

  def SearchContactsPhotos(self, user='default', search=None, limit=None):
    """Search over your contacts' photos and return a feed

    Arguments:
    user: Username of the user whose contacts you want
    search (optional): What to search for (photo title, description and keywords)

    Returns
    gdata.photos.UserFeed, with PhotoEntry elements

    See:
    http://groups.google.com/group/Google-Picasa-Data-API/msg/819b0025b5ff5e38
    """

    uri = '/data/feed/api/user/%s/contacts?kind=photo&q=%s' % (user, search)
    return self.GetFeed(uri, limit=limit)

  def InsertAlbum(self, title, summary, location=None, access='public',
    commenting_enabled='true', timestamp=None):
    """Add an album.

    Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

    Arguments:
    title: Album title 
    summary: Album summary / description
    access (optional): `private' or `public'. Public albums are searchable
      by everyone on the internet. Defaults to `public'
    commenting_enabled (optional): `true' or `false'. Defaults to `true'.
    timestamp (optional): A date and time for the album, in milliseconds since
      Unix epoch[1] UTC. Defaults to now.

    Returns:
    The newly created gdata.photos.AlbumEntry

    See:
    http://code.google.com/apis/picasaweb/gdata.html#Add_Album_Manual_Installed

    [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_epoch
    """
    album = gdata.photos.AlbumEntry()
    album.title = atom.Title(text=title, title_type='text')
    album.summary = atom.Summary(text=summary, summary_type='text')
    if location is not None:
      album.location = gdata.photos.Location(text=location)
    album.access = gdata.photos.Access(text=access)
    if commenting_enabled in ('true', 'false'):
      album.commentingEnabled = gdata.photos.CommentingEnabled(text=commenting_enabled)
    if timestamp is None:
      timestamp = '%i' % int(time.time() * 1000)
    album.timestamp = gdata.photos.Timestamp(text=timestamp)
    try:
      return self.Post(album, uri=self.userUri % self.email,
      converter=gdata.photos.AlbumEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

  def InsertPhoto(self, album_or_uri, photo, filename_or_handle,
    content_type='image/jpeg'):
    """Add a PhotoEntry

    Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

    Arguments:
    album_or_uri: AlbumFeed or uri of the album where the photo should go
    photo: PhotoEntry to add
    filename_or_handle: A file-like object or file name where the image/video
      will be read from
    content_type (optional): Internet media type (a.k.a. mime type) of
      media object. Currently Google Photos supports these types:
       o image/bmp
       o image/gif
       o image/jpeg
       o image/png
       
      Images will be converted to jpeg on upload. Defaults to `image/jpeg'

    """

    try:
      assert(isinstance(photo, gdata.photos.PhotoEntry))
    except AssertionError:
      raise GooglePhotosException({'status':GPHOTOS_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
        'body':'`photo` must be a gdata.photos.PhotoEntry instance',
        'reason':'Found %s, not PhotoEntry' % type(photo)
        })
    try:
      majtype, mintype = content_type.split('/')
      assert(mintype in SUPPORTED_UPLOAD_TYPES)
    except (ValueError, AssertionError):
      raise GooglePhotosException({'status':GPHOTOS_INVALID_CONTENT_TYPE,
        'body':'This is not a valid content type: %s' % content_type,
        'reason':'Accepted content types: %s' % \
          ['image/'+t for t in SUPPORTED_UPLOAD_TYPES]
        })
    if isinstance(filename_or_handle, (str, unicode)) and \
      os.path.exists(filename_or_handle): # it's a file name
      mediasource = gdata.MediaSource()
      mediasource.setFile(filename_or_handle, content_type)
    elif hasattr(filename_or_handle, 'read'):# it's a file-like resource
      if hasattr(filename_or_handle, 'seek'):
        filename_or_handle.seek(0) # rewind pointer to the start of the file
      # gdata.MediaSource needs the content length, so read the whole image 
      file_handle = StringIO.StringIO(filename_or_handle.read()) 
      name = 'image'
      if hasattr(filename_or_handle, 'name'):
        name = filename_or_handle.name
      mediasource = gdata.MediaSource(file_handle, content_type,
        content_length=file_handle.len, file_name=name)
    else: #filename_or_handle is not valid
      raise GooglePhotosException({'status':GPHOTOS_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
        'body':'`filename_or_handle` must be a path name or a file-like object',
        'reason':'Found %s, not path name or object with a .read() method' % \
          type(filename_or_handle)
        })
    
    if isinstance(album_or_uri, (str, unicode)): # it's a uri
      feed_uri = album_or_uri
    elif hasattr(album_or_uri, 'GetFeedLink'): # it's a AlbumFeed object
      feed_uri = album_or_uri.GetFeedLink().href
  
    try:
      return self.Post(photo, uri=feed_uri, media_source=mediasource,
        converter=gdata.photos.PhotoEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])
  
  def InsertPhotoSimple(self, album_or_uri, title, summary, filename_or_handle,
      content_type='image/jpeg', keywords=None):
    """Add a photo without constructing a PhotoEntry.

    Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

    Arguments:
    album_or_uri: AlbumFeed or uri of the album where the photo should go
    title: Photo title
    summary: Photo summary / description
    filename_or_handle: A file-like object or file name where the image/video
      will be read from
    content_type (optional): Internet media type (a.k.a. mime type) of
      media object. Currently Google Photos supports these types:
       o image/bmp
       o image/gif
       o image/jpeg
       o image/png
       
      Images will be converted to jpeg on upload. Defaults to `image/jpeg'
    keywords (optional): a 1) comma separated string or 2) a python list() of
      keywords (a.k.a. tags) to add to the image.
      E.g. 1) `dog, vacation, happy' 2) ['dog', 'happy', 'vacation']
    
    Returns:
    The newly created gdata.photos.PhotoEntry or GooglePhotosException on errors

    See:
    http://code.google.com/apis/picasaweb/gdata.html#Add_Album_Manual_Installed
    [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_epoch
    """
    
    metadata = gdata.photos.PhotoEntry()
    metadata.title=atom.Title(text=title)
    metadata.summary = atom.Summary(text=summary, summary_type='text')
    if keywords is not None:
      if isinstance(keywords, list):
        keywords = ','.join(keywords)
      metadata.media.keywords = gdata.media.Keywords(text=keywords)
    return self.InsertPhoto(album_or_uri, metadata, filename_or_handle,
      content_type)

  def UpdatePhotoMetadata(self, photo):
    """Update a photo's metadata. 

     Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

     You can update any or all of the following metadata properties:
      * <title>
      * <media:description>
      * <gphoto:checksum>
      * <gphoto:client>
      * <gphoto:rotation>
      * <gphoto:timestamp>
      * <gphoto:commentingEnabled>

      Arguments:
      photo: a gdata.photos.PhotoEntry object with updated elements

      Returns:
      The modified gdata.photos.PhotoEntry

      Example:
      p = GetFeed(uri).entry[0]
      p.title.text = u'My new text'
      p.commentingEnabled.text = 'false'
      p = UpdatePhotoMetadata(p)

      It is important that you don't keep the old object around, once
      it has been updated. See
      http://code.google.com/apis/gdata/reference.html#Optimistic-concurrency
      """
    try:
      return self.Put(data=photo, uri=photo.GetEditLink().href,
      converter=gdata.photos.PhotoEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

  
  def UpdatePhotoBlob(self, photo_or_uri, filename_or_handle,
                      content_type = 'image/jpeg'):
    """Update a photo's binary data.

    Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

    Arguments:
    photo_or_uri: a gdata.photos.PhotoEntry that will be updated, or a
      `edit-media' uri pointing to it
    filename_or_handle:  A file-like object or file name where the image/video
      will be read from
    content_type (optional): Internet media type (a.k.a. mime type) of
      media object. Currently Google Photos supports these types:
       o image/bmp
       o image/gif
       o image/jpeg
       o image/png
    Images will be converted to jpeg on upload. Defaults to `image/jpeg'

    Returns:
    The modified gdata.photos.PhotoEntry

    Example:
    p = GetFeed(PhotoUri)
    p = UpdatePhotoBlob(p, '/tmp/newPic.jpg')

    It is important that you don't keep the old object around, once
    it has been updated. See
    http://code.google.com/apis/gdata/reference.html#Optimistic-concurrency
    """

    try:  
      majtype, mintype = content_type.split('/')
      assert(mintype in SUPPORTED_UPLOAD_TYPES)
    except (ValueError, AssertionError):
      raise GooglePhotosException({'status':GPHOTOS_INVALID_CONTENT_TYPE,
        'body':'This is not a valid content type: %s' % content_type,
        'reason':'Accepted content types: %s' % \
          ['image/'+t for t in SUPPORTED_UPLOAD_TYPES]
        })
    
    if isinstance(filename_or_handle, (str, unicode)) and \
      os.path.exists(filename_or_handle): # it's a file name
      photoblob = gdata.MediaSource()
      photoblob.setFile(filename_or_handle, content_type)
    elif hasattr(filename_or_handle, 'read'):# it's a file-like resource
      if hasattr(filename_or_handle, 'seek'):
        filename_or_handle.seek(0) # rewind pointer to the start of the file
      # gdata.MediaSource needs the content length, so read the whole image 
      file_handle = StringIO.StringIO(filename_or_handle.read()) 
      name = 'image'
      if hasattr(filename_or_handle, 'name'):
        name = filename_or_handle.name
      mediasource = gdata.MediaSource(file_handle, content_type,
        content_length=file_handle.len, file_name=name)
    else: #filename_or_handle is not valid
      raise GooglePhotosException({'status':GPHOTOS_INVALID_ARGUMENT,
        'body':'`filename_or_handle` must be a path name or a file-like object',
        'reason':'Found %s, not path name or an object with .read() method' % \
          type(filename_or_handle)
        })
    
    if isinstance(photo_or_uri, (str, unicode)):
      entry_uri = photo_or_uri # it's a uri
    elif hasattr(photo_or_uri, 'GetEditMediaLink'):
      entry_uri = photo_or_uri.GetEditMediaLink().href
    try:
      return self.Put(photoblob, entry_uri,
          converter=gdata.photos.PhotoEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

  def InsertTag(self, photo_or_uri, tag):
    """Add a tag (a.k.a. keyword) to a photo.

    Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

    Arguments:
    photo_or_uri: a gdata.photos.PhotoEntry that will be tagged, or a
      `post' uri pointing to it
    (string) tag: The tag/keyword

    Returns:
    The new gdata.photos.TagEntry

    Example:
    p = GetFeed(PhotoUri)
    tag = InsertTag(p, 'Beautiful sunsets')

    """
    tag = gdata.photos.TagEntry(title=atom.Title(text=tag))
    if isinstance(photo_or_uri, (str, unicode)):
      post_uri = photo_or_uri # it's a uri
    elif hasattr(photo_or_uri, 'GetEditMediaLink'):
      post_uri = photo_or_uri.GetPostLink().href
    try:
      return self.Post(data=tag, uri=post_uri,
      converter=gdata.photos.TagEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

                  
  def InsertComment(self, photo_or_uri, comment):
    """Add a comment to a photo.

    Needs authentication, see self.ClientLogin()

    Arguments:
    photo_or_uri: a gdata.photos.PhotoEntry that is about to be commented
      , or a `post' uri pointing to it
    (string) comment: The actual comment

    Returns:
    The new gdata.photos.CommentEntry

    Example:
    p = GetFeed(PhotoUri)
    tag = InsertComment(p, 'OOOH! I would have loved to be there.
      Who's that in the back?')

    """
    comment = gdata.photos.CommentEntry(content=atom.Content(text=comment))
    if isinstance(photo_or_uri, (str, unicode)):
      post_uri = photo_or_uri # it's a uri
    elif hasattr(photo_or_uri, 'GetEditMediaLink'):
      post_uri = photo_or_uri.GetPostLink().href
    try:
      return self.Post(data=comment, uri=post_uri,
        converter=gdata.photos.CommentEntryFromString)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

  def Delete(self, object_or_uri, *args, **kwargs):
    """Delete an object.

    Re-implementing the GDataService.Delete method, to add some
    convenience.

    Arguments:
    object_or_uri: Any object that has a GetEditLink() method that
      returns a link, or a uri to that object.

    Returns:
    ? or GooglePhotosException on errors
    """
    try:
      uri = object_or_uri.GetEditLink().href
    except AttributeError:
      uri = object_or_uri
    try:
      return gdata.service.GDataService.Delete(self, uri, *args, **kwargs)
    except gdata.service.RequestError, e:
      raise GooglePhotosException(e.args[0])

def GetSmallestThumbnail(media_thumbnail_list):
  """Helper function to get the smallest thumbnail of a list of
    gdata.media.Thumbnail.
  Returns gdata.media.Thumbnail """
  r = {}
  for thumb in media_thumbnail_list:
      r[int(thumb.width)*int(thumb.height)] = thumb
  keys = r.keys()
  keys.sort()
  return r[keys[0]]

def ConvertAtomTimestampToEpoch(timestamp):
  """Helper function to convert a timestamp string, for instance
    from atom:updated or atom:published, to milliseconds since Unix epoch
    (a.k.a. POSIX time).

    `2007-07-22T00:45:10.000Z' -> """
  return time.mktime(time.strptime(timestamp, '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z'))
  ## TODO: Timezone aware
Summary ✨

This Python code is a set of classes and functions for interacting with Google Photos using the Google Data Services API. It provides methods for inserting, deleting, commenting on, and tagging photos, as well as retrieving thumbnails and timestamps in a standardized format. The code appears to be designed for automating tasks or scraping data from Google Photos.
Tech Fingerprint

Alerts (15)

'isinstance(' Overuse may indicate design issues; consider polymorphism
230 397 418 465 549 570 599 630
'def' Ensure functions have docstrings for documentation
319 359 429 508
'type(' Use isinstance() for type checking instead of type()
386 415 567