/ajax/libs/lodash.js/1.1.1/lodash.underscore.js

/**
 * @license
 * Lo-Dash 1.1.1 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
 * Build: `lodash underscore exports="amd,commonjs,global,node" -o ./dist/lodash.underscore.js`
 * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
 * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.4 <http://underscorejs.org/>
 * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
 * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
 */
;(function(window) {

  /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
  var undefined;

  /** Detect free variable `exports` */
  var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;

  /** Detect free variable `module` */
  var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module && module.exports == freeExports && module;

  /** Detect free variable `global` and use it as `window` */
  var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
  if (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal) {
    window = freeGlobal;
  }

  /** Used to generate unique IDs */
  var idCounter = 0;

  /** Used internally to indicate various things */
  var indicatorObject = {};

  /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
  var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
      reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
      reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;

  /** Used to match HTML entities */
  var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39);/g;

  /**
   * Used to match ES6 template delimiters
   * http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-7.8.6
   */
  var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;

  /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
  var reFlags = /\w*$/;

  /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
  var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;

  /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
  var reNoMatch = /($^)/;

  /** Used to match HTML characters */
  var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;

  /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
  var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;

  /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
  var templateCounter = 0;

  /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
  var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
      arrayClass = '[object Array]',
      boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
      dateClass = '[object Date]',
      funcClass = '[object Function]',
      numberClass = '[object Number]',
      objectClass = '[object Object]',
      regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
      stringClass = '[object String]';

  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
  var objectTypes = {
    'boolean': false,
    'function': true,
    'object': true,
    'number': false,
    'string': false,
    'undefined': false
  };

  /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
  var stringEscapes = {
    '\\': '\\',
    "'": "'",
    '\n': 'n',
    '\r': 'r',
    '\t': 't',
    '\u2028': 'u2028',
    '\u2029': 'u2029'
  };

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /** Used for `Array` and `Object` method references */
  var arrayRef = Array(),
      objectRef = Object();

  /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
  var oldDash = window._;

  /** Used to detect if a method is native */
  var reNative = RegExp('^' +
    String(objectRef.valueOf)
      .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
      .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
  );

  /** Native method shortcuts */
  var ceil = Math.ceil,
      clearTimeout = window.clearTimeout,
      concat = arrayRef.concat,
      floor = Math.floor,
      hasOwnProperty = objectRef.hasOwnProperty,
      push = arrayRef.push,
      setTimeout = window.setTimeout,
      slice = arrayRef.slice,
      toString = objectRef.toString;

  /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
  var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = slice.bind) && nativeBind,
      nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
      nativeIsFinite = window.isFinite,
      nativeIsNaN = window.isNaN,
      nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
      nativeMax = Math.max,
      nativeMin = Math.min,
      nativeRandom = Math.random;

  /** Detect various environments */
  var isIeOpera = reNative.test(window.attachEvent),
      isV8 = nativeBind && !/\n|true/.test(nativeBind + isIeOpera);

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Creates a `lodash` object, that wraps the given `value`, to enable method
   * chaining.
   *
   * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
   * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
   * and `unshift`
   *
   * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
   * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
   *
   * The chainable wrapper functions are:
   * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
   * `compose`, `concat`, `countBy`, `createCallback`, `debounce`, `defaults`,
   * `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`, `flatten`, `forEach`, `forIn`,
   * `forOwn`, `functions`, `groupBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`,
   * `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `max`, `memoize`, `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`,
   * `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `push`, `range`,
   * `reject`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`,
   * `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `values`,
   * `where`, `without`, `wrap`, and `zip`
   *
   * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
   * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `has`,
   * `identity`, `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`,
   * `isElement`, `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`,
   * `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`,
   * `isUndefined`, `join`, `lastIndexOf`, `mixin`, `noConflict`, `parseInt`,
   * `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`,
   * `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`, `template`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
   *
   * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
   * passed, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
   *
   * @name _
   * @constructor
   * @category Chaining
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
   */
  function lodash(value) {
    return (value instanceof lodash)
      ? value
      : new lodashWrapper(value);
  }

  /**
   * An object used to flag environments features.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Object
   */
  var support = {};

  (function() {
    var object = { '0': 1, 'length': 1 };

    /**
     * Detect if `arguments` objects are `Object` objects (all but Opera < 10.5).
     *
     * @memberOf _.support
     * @type Boolean
     */
    support.argsObject = arguments.constructor == Object;

    /**
     * Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8).
     *
     * @memberOf _.support
     * @type Boolean
     */
    support.fastBind = nativeBind && !isV8;

    /**
     * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects correctly.
     *
     * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
     * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
     * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
     * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
     * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
     *
     * @memberOf _.support
     * @type Boolean
     */
    support.spliceObjects = (arrayRef.splice.call(object, 0, 1), !object[0]);
  }(1));

  /**
   * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
   * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
   * delimiters.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Object
   */
  lodash.templateSettings = {

    /**
     * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type RegExp
     */
    'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

    /**
     * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type RegExp
     */
    'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,

    /**
     * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type RegExp
     */
    'interpolate': reInterpolate,

    /**
     * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
     *
     * @memberOf _.templateSettings
     * @type String
     */
    'variable': ''
  };

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default `callback` when a given
   * `collection` is a string value.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {String} value The character to inspect.
   * @returns {Number} Returns the code unit of given character.
   */
  function charAtCallback(value) {
    return value.charCodeAt(0);
  }

  /**
   * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
   * them in ascending order.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
   * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
   * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
   */
  function compareAscending(a, b) {
    var ai = a.index,
        bi = b.index;

    a = a.criteria;
    b = b.criteria;

    // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
    if (a !== b) {
      if (a > b || typeof a == 'undefined') {
        return 1;
      }
      if (a < b || typeof b == 'undefined') {
        return -1;
      }
    }
    return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this` binding
   * of `thisArg` and prepends any `partialArgs` to the arguments passed to the
   * bound function.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
   * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
   * @param {Object} [idicator] Used to indicate binding by key or partially
   *  applying arguments from the right.
   * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
   */
  function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs, indicator) {
    var isFunc = isFunction(func),
        isPartial = !partialArgs,
        key = thisArg;

    // juggle arguments
    if (isPartial) {
      var rightIndicator = indicator;
      partialArgs = thisArg;
    }
    else if (!isFunc) {
      if (!indicator) {
        throw new TypeError;
      }
      thisArg = func;
    }

    function bound() {
      // `Function#bind` spec
      // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
      var args = arguments,
          thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;

      if (!isFunc) {
        func = thisArg[key];
      }
      if (partialArgs.length) {
        args = args.length
          ? (args = slice.call(args), rightIndicator ? args.concat(partialArgs) : partialArgs.concat(args))
          : partialArgs;
      }
      if (this instanceof bound) {
        // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
        noop.prototype = func.prototype;
        thisBinding = new noop;
        noop.prototype = null;

        // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
        // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
        var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
        return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
      }
      return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
    }
    return bound;
  }

  /**
   * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
   * string literals.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
   */
  function escapeStringChar(match) {
    return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
  }

  /**
   * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
   * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
   */
  function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
    return htmlEscapes[match];
  }

  /**
   * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
   * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
   */
  function lodashWrapper(value) {
    this.__wrapped__ = value;
  }
  // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
  lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;

  /**
   * A no-operation function.
   *
   * @private
   */
  function noop() {
    // no operation performed
  }

  /**
   * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
   *
   * @private
   * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
   * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
   */
  function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
    return htmlUnescapes[match];
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => false
   */
  function isArguments(value) {
    return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
  }
  // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
  if (!isArguments(arguments)) {
    isArguments = function(value) {
      return value ? hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') : false;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is an array.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => true
   */
  var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
    // `instanceof` may cause a memory leak in IE 7 if `value` is a host object
    // http://ajaxian.com/archives/working-aroung-the-instanceof-memory-leak
    return (support.argsObject && value instanceof Array) || toString.call(value) == arrayClass;
  };

  /**
   * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` that produces an array of the
   * given object's own enumerable property names.
   *
   * @private
   * @type Function
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
   */
  var shimKeys = function (object) {
    var index, iterable = object, result = [];
    if (!iterable) return result;
    if (!(objectTypes[typeof object])) return result;

      for (index in iterable) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
        result.push(index);    
        }
      }  
    return result
  };

  /**
   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
   * @example
   *
   * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
   * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
   */
  var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
    if (!isObject(object)) {
      return [];
    }
    return nativeKeys(object);
  };

  /**
   * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
   *
   * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
   * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
   * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
   * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
   */
  var htmlEscapes = {
    '&': '&amp;',
    '<': '&lt;',
    '>': '&gt;',
    '"': '&quot;',
    "'": '&#39;'
  };

  /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
  var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
   * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
   * sources. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed to produce
   * the assigned values. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
   * two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @alias extend
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
   * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
   * @example
   *
   * _.assign({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
   *
   * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
   *   return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
   * });
   *
   * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
   * defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
   */
  function assign(object) {
    if (!object) {
      return object;
    }
    for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
      var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
      if (iterable) {
        for (var key in iterable) {
          object[key] = iterable[key];
        }
      }
    }
    return object;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, nested objects will also
   * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a `callback`
   * function is passed, it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If
   * `callback` returns `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead.
   * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
   * @param {Boolean} [deep=false] A flag to indicate a deep clone.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
   * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates clones with source counterparts.
   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
   * @example
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
   * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
   * // => true
   *
   * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
   * deep[0] === stooges[0];
   * // => false
   *
   * _.mixin({
   *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
   *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
   *   })
   * });
   *
   * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
   * clone.childNodes.length;
   * // => 0
   */
  function clone(value) {
    return isObject(value)
      ? (isArray(value) ? slice.call(value) : assign({}, value))
      : value;
  }

  /**
   * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
   * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
   * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The destination object.
   * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
   * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with `_.reduce` without using its
   *  callback's `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
   * @example
   *
   * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
   * _.defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
   */
  function defaults(object) {
    if (!object) {
      return object;
    }
    for (var argsIndex = 1, argsLength = arguments.length; argsIndex < argsLength; argsIndex++) {
      var iterable = arguments[argsIndex];
      if (iterable) {
        for (var key in iterable) {
          if (object[key] == null) {
            object[key] = iterable[key];
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return object;
  }

  /**
   * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
   * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
   * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
   * early by explicitly returning `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
   * @example
   *
   * function Dog(name) {
   *   this.name = name;
   * }
   *
   * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
   *   alert('Woof, woof!');
   * };
   *
   * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
   *   alert(key);
   * });
   * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
   */
  var forIn = function (collection, callback) {
    var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
    if (!iterable) return result;
    if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;

      for (index in iterable) {
        if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;    
      }  
    return result
  };

  /**
   * Iterates over an object's own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
   * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
   * returning `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @type Function
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
   * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
   *   alert(key);
   * });
   * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
   */
  var forOwn = function (collection, callback) {
    var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
    if (!iterable) return result;
    if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;

      for (index in iterable) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
        if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === indicatorObject) return result;    
        }
      }  
    return result
  };

  /**
   * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
   * of `object` that have function values.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias methods
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.functions(_);
   * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
   */
  function functions(object) {
    var result = [];
    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
      if (isFunction(value)) {
        result.push(key);
      }
    });
    return result.sort();
  }

  /**
   * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
   * instead of an inherited property.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to check.
   * @param {String} property The property to check for.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
   * // => true
   */
  function has(object, property) {
    return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
   * @example
   *
   *  _.invert({ 'first': 'moe', 'second': 'larry' });
   * // => { 'moe': 'first', 'larry': 'second' }
   */
  function invert(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = keys(object),
        length = props.length,
        result = {};

    while (++index < length) {
      var key = props[index];
      result[object[key]] = key;
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isBoolean(null);
   * // => false
   */
  function isBoolean(value) {
    return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a date.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isDate(new Date);
   * // => true
   */
  function isDate(value) {
    return value instanceof Date || toString.call(value) == dateClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isElement(document.body);
   * // => true
   */
  function isElement(value) {
    return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
   * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
   * "empty".
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isEmpty({});
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isEmpty('');
   * // => true
   */
  function isEmpty(value) {
    if (!value) {
      return true;
    }
    if (isArray(value) || isString(value)) {
      return !value.length;
    }
    for (var key in value) {
      if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, key)) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  /**
   * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
   * equivalent to each other. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed to
   * compare values. If `callback` returns `undefined`, comparisons will be handled
   * by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
   * two arguments; (a, b).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
   * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
   * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `a` objects.
   * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `b` objects.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
   * var copy = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
   *
   * moe == copy;
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isEqual(moe, copy);
   * // => true
   *
   * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
   * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
   *
   * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
   *   var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
   *       aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
   *       bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
   *
   *   return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
   * });
   * // => true
   */
  function isEqual(a, b, stackA, stackB) {
    if (a === b) {
      return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
    }
    var type = typeof a,
        otherType = typeof b;

    if (a === a &&
        (!a || (type != 'function' && type != 'object')) &&
        (!b || (otherType != 'function' && otherType != 'object'))) {
      return false;
    }
    if (a == null || b == null) {
      return a === b;
    }
    var className = toString.call(a),
        otherClass = toString.call(b);

    if (className != otherClass) {
      return false;
    }
    switch (className) {
      case boolClass:
      case dateClass:
        return +a == +b;

      case numberClass:
        return a != +a
          ? b != +b
          : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);

      case regexpClass:
      case stringClass:
        return a == String(b);
    }
    var isArr = className == arrayClass;
    if (!isArr) {
      if (a instanceof lodash || b instanceof lodash) {
        return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b, stackA, stackB);
      }
      if (className != objectClass) {
        return false;
      }
      var ctorA = a.constructor,
          ctorB = b.constructor;

      if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
            isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
            isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
          )) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    stackA || (stackA = []);
    stackB || (stackB = []);

    var length = stackA.length;
    while (length--) {
      if (stackA[length] == a) {
        return stackB[length] == b;
      }
    }
    var result = true,
        size = 0;

    stackA.push(a);
    stackB.push(b);

    if (isArr) {
      size = b.length;
      result = size == a.length;

      if (result) {
        while (size--) {
          if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], b[size], stackA, stackB))) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      return result;
    }
    forIn(b, function(value, key, b) {
      if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
        size++;
        return !(result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && isEqual(a[key], value, stackA, stackB)) && indicatorObject;
      }
    });

    if (result) {
      forIn(a, function(value, key, a) {
        if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
          return !(result = --size > -1) && indicatorObject;
        }
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
   *
   * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
   * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isFinite(-101);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isFinite('10');
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isFinite(true);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isFinite('');
   * // => false
   *
   * _.isFinite(Infinity);
   * // => false
   */
  function isFinite(value) {
    return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a function.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isFunction(_);
   * // => true
   */
  function isFunction(value) {
    return typeof value == 'function';
  }
  // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
  if (isFunction(/x/)) {
    isFunction = function(value) {
      return value instanceof Function || toString.call(value) == funcClass;
    };
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
   * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isObject({});
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isObject(1);
   * // => false
   */
  function isObject(value) {
    // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
    // http://es5.github.com/#x8
    // and avoid a V8 bug
    // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
    return value ? objectTypes[typeof value] : false;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
   *
   * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return `true` for
   * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isNaN(NaN);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
   * // => true
   *
   * isNaN(undefined);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isNaN(undefined);
   * // => false
   */
  function isNaN(value) {
    // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
    // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
    return isNumber(value) && value != +value
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is `null`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isNull(null);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.isNull(undefined);
   * // => false
   */
  function isNull(value) {
    return value === null;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a number.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
   * // => true
   */
  function isNumber(value) {
    return typeof value == 'number' || toString.call(value) == numberClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
   * // => true
   */
  function isRegExp(value) {
    return value instanceof RegExp || toString.call(value) == regexpClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is a string.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isString('moe');
   * // => true
   */
  function isString(value) {
    return typeof value == 'string' || toString.call(value) == stringClass;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.isUndefined(void 0);
   * // => true
   */
  function isUndefined(value) {
    return typeof value == 'undefined';
  }

  /**
   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
   * property names. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed
   * for each property in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback`
   * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
   * with three arguments; (value, key, object).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The source object.
   * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
   *  or the function called per iteration.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
   * @example
   *
   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   *
   * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
   *   return typeof value == 'number';
   * });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   */
  function omit(object) {
    var props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
        result = {};

    forIn(object, function(value, key) {
      if (indexOf(props, key, 1) < 0) {
        result[key] = value;
      }
    });
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
   * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
   * @example
   *
   * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 });
   * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40]] (order is not guaranteed)
   */
  function pairs(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = keys(object),
        length = props.length,
        result = Array(length);

    while (++index < length) {
      var key = props[index];
      result[index] = [key, object[key]];
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
   * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property
   * names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property in the
   * `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback`
   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The source object.
   * @param {Array|Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The function called
   *  per iteration or properties to pick, either as individual arguments or arrays.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
   * @example
   *
   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, 'name');
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   *
   * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, function(value, key) {
   *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
   * });
   * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
   */
  function pick(object) {
    var index = 0,
        props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
        length = props.length,
        result = {};

    while (++index < length) {
      var prop = props[index];
      if (prop in object) {
        result[prop] = object[prop];
      }
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Objects
   * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
   * @example
   *
   * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
   * // => [1, 2, 3] (order is not guaranteed)
   */
  function values(object) {
    var index = -1,
        props = keys(object),
        length = props.length,
        result = Array(length);

    while (++index < length) {
      result[index] = object[props[index]];
    }
    return result;
  }

  /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/

  /**
   * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
   * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
   * as the offset from the end of the collection.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias include
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
   * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
   * // => true
   *
   * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
   * // => false
   *
   * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
   * // => true
   *
   * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
   * // => true
   */
  function contains(collection, target) {
    var length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
        result = false;
    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      result = indexOf(collection, target) > -1;
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value) {
        return (result = value === target) && indicatorObject;
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
   * `collection` through the given `callback`. The corresponding value of each key
   * is the number of times the key was returned by the `callback`. The `callback`
   * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
   * @example
   *
   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
   *
   * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
   * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
   *
   * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
   * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
   */
  function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var result = {};
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);

    forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
      key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
      (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
    });
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
   * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias all
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
   *  else `false`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
   * // => false
   *
   * var stooges = [
   *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
   *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.every(stooges, 'age');
   * // => true
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.every(stooges, { 'age': 50 });
   * // => false
   */
  function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var result = true;
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
          break;
        }
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        return !(result = !!callback(value, index, collection)) && indicatorObject;
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
   * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
   * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias select
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
   * @example
   *
   * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
   * // => [2, 4, 6]
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.filter(food, 'organic');
   * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.filter(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
   * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
   */
  function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    var result = [];
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = collection[index];
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          result.push(value);
        }
      }
    } else {
      forOwn(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          result.push(value);
        }
      });
    }
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that the `callback`
   * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
   * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
   *
   * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
   * callback will return the property value of the given element.
   *
   * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
   * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
   * else `false`.
   *
   * @static
   * @memberOf _
   * @alias detect
   * @category Collections
   * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
   * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
   *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
   *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
   * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
   * @returns {Mixed} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
   * @example
   *
   * _.find([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
   * // => 2
   *
   * var food = [
   *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
   *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
   * ];
   *
   * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
   * _.find(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
   * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
   *
   * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
   * _.find(food, 'organic');
   * // => { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' }
   */
  function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
    callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);

    var index = -1,
        length = collection ? collection.length : 0;

    if (typeof length == 'number') {
      while (++index < length) {
        var value = collection[index];
        if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
          return value;
        }
      }
    } else {
      var result;
      forOwn(collection,