/ajax/libs/backbone.marionette/0.8.2-bundled/backbone.marionette.js

// Backbone.Marionette v0.8.2
//
// Copyright (C)2012 Derick Bailey, Muted Solutions, LLC
// Distributed Under MIT License
//
// Documentation and Full License Available at:
// http://github.com/derickbailey/backbone.marionette

Backbone.Marionette = (function(Backbone, _, $){
  var Marionette = {};

  Marionette.version = "0.8.2";

  // Marionette.View
  // ---------------

  // The core view type that other Marionette views extend from.
  Marionette.View = Backbone.View.extend({
    // Get the template or template id/selector for this view
    // instance. You can set a `template` attribute in the view
    // definition or pass a `template: "whatever"` parameter in
    // to the constructor options. The `template` can also be
    // a function that returns a selector string.
    getTemplateSelector: function(){
      var template;

      // Get the template from `this.options.template` or
      // `this.template`. The `options` takes precedence.
      if (this.options && this.options.template){
        template = this.options.template;
      } else {
        template = this.template;
      }

      // check if it's a function and execute it, if it is
      if (_.isFunction(template)){
        template  = template.call(this);
      }

      return template;
    },

    // Serialize the model or collection for the view. If a model is
    // found, `.toJSON()` is called. If a collection is found, `.toJSON()`
    // is also called, but is used to populate an `items` array in the
    // resulting data. If both are found, defaults to the model. 
    // You can override the `serializeData` method in your own view 
    // definition, to provide custom serialization for your view's data.
    serializeData: function(){
      var data;

      if (this.model) { 
        data = this.model.toJSON(); 
      }
      else if (this.collection) {
        data = { items: this.collection.toJSON() };
      }

      data = this.mixinTemplateHelpers(data);

      return data;
    },

    // Mix in template helper methods. Looks for a
    // `templateHelpers` attribute, which can either be an
    // object literal, or a function that returns an object
    // literal. All methods and attributes from this object
    // are copies to the object passed in.
    mixinTemplateHelpers: function(target){
      target = target || {};
      var templateHelpers = this.templateHelpers;
      if (_.isFunction(templateHelpers)){
        templateHelpers = templateHelpers.call(this);
      }
      return _.extend(target, templateHelpers);
    },

    // Configure `triggers` to forward DOM events to view
    // events. `triggers: {"click .foo": "do:foo"}`
    configureTriggers: function(){
      if (!this.triggers) { return; }

      var triggers = this.triggers;
      var that = this;
      var triggerEvents = {};

      // Allow `triggers` to be configured as a function
      if (_.isFunction(triggers)){ triggers = triggers.call(this); }

      // Configure the triggers, prevent default
      // action and stop propagation of DOM events
      _.each(triggers, function(value, key){

        triggerEvents[key] = function(e){
          if (e && e.preventDefault){ e.preventDefault(); }
          if (e && e.stopPropagation){ e.stopPropagation(); }
          that.trigger(value);
        }

      });

      return triggerEvents;
    },

    delegateEvents: function(events){
      events = events || this.events;
      if (_.isFunction(events)){ events = events.call(this)}

      var combinedEvents = {};
      var triggers = this.configureTriggers();
      _.extend(combinedEvents, events, triggers);

      Backbone.View.prototype.delegateEvents.call(this, combinedEvents);
    },

    // Default `close` implementation, for removing a view from the
    // DOM and unbinding it. Regions will call this method
    // for you. You can specify an `onClose` method in your view to
    // add custom code that is called after the view is closed.
    close: function(){
      if (this.beforeClose) { this.beforeClose(); }

      this.unbindAll();
      this.remove();

      if (this.onClose) { this.onClose(); }
      this.trigger('close');
      this.unbind();
    }
  });

  // Item View
  // ---------
  
  // A single item view implementation that contains code for rendering
  // with underscore.js templates, serializing the view's model or collection,
  // and calling several methods on extended views, such as `onRender`.
  Marionette.ItemView = Marionette.View.extend({
    constructor: function(){
      var args = slice.call(arguments);
      Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, args);

      _.bindAll(this, "render");

      this.initialEvents();
    },

    // Configured the initial events that the item view 
    // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
    // events, or to add your own initial events.
    initialEvents: function(){
      if (this.collection){
        this.bindTo(this.collection, "reset", this.render, this);
      }
    },

    // Render the view, defaulting to underscore.js templates.
    // You can override this in your view definition.
    render: function(){
      var that = this;

      var deferredRender = $.Deferred();

      var beforeRenderDone = function() {
        that.trigger("before:render", that);
        that.trigger("item:before:render", that);

        var deferredData = that.serializeData();
        $.when(deferredData).then(dataSerialized);
      } 

      var dataSerialized = function(data){
        var asyncRender = that.renderHtml(data);
        $.when(asyncRender).then(templateRendered);
      }

      var templateRendered = function(html){
        that.$el.html(html);
        callDeferredMethod(that.onRender, onRenderDone, that);
      }

      var onRenderDone = function(){
        that.trigger("render", that);
        that.trigger("item:rendered", that);

        deferredRender.resolve();
      }

      callDeferredMethod(this.beforeRender, beforeRenderDone, this);

      return deferredRender.promise();
    },

    // Render the data for this item view in to some HTML.
    // Override this method to replace the specific way in
    // which an item view has it's data rendered in to html.
    renderHtml: function(data) {
      var template = this.getTemplateSelector();
      return Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
    },

    // Override the default close event to add a few
    // more events that are triggered.
    close: function(){
      this.trigger('item:before:close');
      Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, arguments);
      this.trigger('item:closed');
    }
  });

  // Collection View
  // ---------------

  // A view that iterates over a Backbone.Collection
  // and renders an individual ItemView for each model.
  Marionette.CollectionView = Marionette.View.extend({
    constructor: function(){
      Marionette.View.prototype.constructor.apply(this, arguments);

      _.bindAll(this, "addItemView", "render");
      this.initialEvents();
    },

    // Configured the initial events that the collection view 
    // binds to. Override this method to prevent the initial
    // events, or to add your own initial events.
    initialEvents: function(){
      if (this.collection){
        this.bindTo(this.collection, "add", this.addChildView, this);
        this.bindTo(this.collection, "remove", this.removeItemView, this);
        this.bindTo(this.collection, "reset", this.render, this);
      }
    },

    // Handle a child item added to the collection
    addChildView: function(item){
      var ItemView = this.getItemView();
      return this.addItemView(item, ItemView);
    },

    // Loop through all of the items and render 
    // each of them with the specified `itemView`.
    render: function(){
      var that = this;
      var deferredRender = $.Deferred();
      var promises = [];
      var ItemView = this.getItemView();

      if (this.beforeRender) { this.beforeRender(); }
      this.trigger("collection:before:render", this);

      this.closeChildren();

      if (this.collection) {
        this.collection.each(function(item){
          var promise = that.addItemView(item, ItemView);
          promises.push(promise);
        });
      }

      deferredRender.done(function(){
        if (this.onRender) { this.onRender(); }
        this.trigger("collection:rendered", this);
      });

      $.when.apply(this, promises).then(function(){
        deferredRender.resolveWith(that);
      });

      return deferredRender.promise();
    },

    // Retrieve the itemView type, either from `this.options.itemView`
    // or from the `itemView` in the object definition. The "options"
    // takes precedence.
    getItemView: function(){
      var itemView = this.options.itemView || this.itemView;

      if (!itemView){
        var err = new Error("An `itemView` must be specified");
        err.name = "NoItemViewError";
        throw err;
      }

      return itemView;
    },

    // Render the child item's view and add it to the
    // HTML for the collection view.
    addItemView: function(item, ItemView){
      var that = this;

      var view = this.buildItemView(item, ItemView);
      this.bindTo(view, "all", function(){

        // get the args, prepend the event name
        // with "itemview:" and insert the child view
        // as the first event arg (after the event name)
        var args = slice.call(arguments);
        args[0] = "itemview:" + args[0];
        args.splice(1, 0, view);

        that.trigger.apply(that, args);
      });

      this.storeChild(view);
      this.trigger("item:added", view);

      var viewRendered = view.render();
      $.when(viewRendered).then(function(){
        that.appendHtml(that, view);
      });
      
      return viewRendered;
    },

    // Build an `itemView` for every model in the collection. 
    buildItemView: function(item, ItemView){
      var view = new ItemView({
        model: item
      });
      return view;
    },

    // Remove the child view and close it
    removeItemView: function(item){
      var view = this.children[item.cid];
      if (view){
        view.close();
        delete this.children[item.cid];
      }
      this.trigger("item:removed", view);
    },

    // Append the HTML to the collection's `el`.
    // Override this method to do something other
    // then `.append`.
    appendHtml: function(collectionView, itemView){
      collectionView.$el.append(itemView.el);
    },

    // Store references to all of the child `itemView`
    // instances so they can be managed and cleaned up, later.
    storeChild: function(view){
      if (!this.children){
        this.children = {};
      }
      this.children[view.model.cid] = view;
    },
    
    // Handle cleanup and other closing needs for
    // the collection of views.
    close: function(){
      this.trigger("collection:before:close");
      this.closeChildren();
      Marionette.View.prototype.close.apply(this, arguments);
      this.trigger("collection:closed");
    },

    closeChildren: function(){
      if (this.children){
        _.each(this.children, function(childView){
          childView.close();
        });
      }
    }
  });

  // Composite View
  // --------------

  // Used for rendering a branch-leaf, hierarchical structure.
  // Extends directly from CollectionView and also renders an
  // an item view as `modelView`, for the top leaf
  Marionette.CompositeView = Marionette.CollectionView.extend({
    constructor: function(options){
      Marionette.CollectionView.apply(this, arguments);
      this.itemView = this.getItemView();
    },

    // Retrieve the `itemView` to be used when rendering each of
    // the items in the collection. The default is to return
    // `this.itemView` or Marionette.CompositeView if no `itemView`
    // has been defined
    getItemView: function(){
      return this.itemView || this.constructor;
    },

    // Renders the model once, and the collection once. Calling
    // this again will tell the model's view to re-render itself
    // but the collection will not re-render.
    render: function(){
      var that = this;
      var compositeRendered = $.Deferred();

      var modelIsRendered = this.renderModel();
      $.when(modelIsRendered).then(function(html){
        that.$el.html(html);
        that.trigger("composite:model:rendered");
        that.trigger("render");

        var collectionIsRendered = that.renderCollection();
        $.when(collectionIsRendered).then(function(){
          compositeRendered.resolve();
        });
      });

      compositeRendered.done(function(){
        that.trigger("composite:rendered");
      });

      return compositeRendered.promise();
    },

    // Render the collection for the composite view
    renderCollection: function(){
      var collectionDeferred = Marionette.CollectionView.prototype.render.apply(this, arguments);
      collectionDeferred.done(function(){
        this.trigger("composite:collection:rendered");
      });
      return collectionDeferred.promise();
    },

    // Render an individual model, if we have one, as
    // part of a composite view (branch / leaf). For example:
    // a treeview.
    renderModel: function(){
      var data = {};
      data = this.serializeData();

      var template = this.getTemplateSelector();
      return Marionette.Renderer.render(template, data);
    }
  });

  // Region 
  // ------

  // Manage the visual regions of your composite application. See
  // http://lostechies.com/derickbailey/2011/12/12/composite-js-apps-regions-and-region-managers/
  Marionette.Region = function(options){
    this.options = options || {};

    _.extend(this, options);

    if (!this.el){
      var err = new Error("An 'el' must be specified");
      err.name = "NoElError";
      throw err;
    }

    if (this.initialize){
      this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
    }
  };

  _.extend(Marionette.Region.prototype, Backbone.Events, {

    // Displays a backbone view instance inside of the region.
    // Handles calling the `render` method for you. Reads content
    // directly from the `el` attribute. Also calls an optional
    // `onShow` and `close` method on your view, just after showing
    // or just before closing the view, respectively.
    show: function(view, appendMethod){
      this.ensureEl();

      this.close();
      this.open(view, appendMethod);

      this.currentView = view;
    },

    ensureEl: function(){
      if (!this.$el || this.$el.length === 0){
        this.$el = this.getEl(this.el);
      }
    },

    // Override this method to change how the region finds the
    // DOM element that it manages. Return a jQuery selector object.
    getEl: function(selector){
        return $(selector);
    },

    // Internal method to render and display a view. Not meant 
    // to be called from any external code.
    open: function(view, appendMethod){
      var that = this;
      appendMethod = appendMethod || "html";

      $.when(view.render()).then(function () {
        that.$el[appendMethod](view.el);
        if (view.onShow) { view.onShow(); }
        if (that.onShow) { that.onShow(view); }
        view.trigger("show");
        that.trigger("view:show", view);
      });
    },

    // Close the current view, if there is one. If there is no
    // current view, it does nothing and returns immediately.
    close: function(){
      var view = this.currentView;
      if (!view){ return; }

      if (view.close) { view.close(); }
      this.trigger("view:closed", view);

      delete this.currentView;
    },

    // Attach an existing view to the region. This 
    // will not call `render` or `onShow` for the new view, 
    // and will not replace the current HTML for the `el`
    // of the region.
    attachView: function(view){
      this.currentView = view;
    }
  });

  // Layout
  // ------

  // Formerly known as Composite Region.
  //
  // Used for managing application layouts, nested layouts and
  // multiple regions within an application or sub-application.
  //
  // A specialized view type that renders an area of HTML and then
  // attaches `Region` instances to the specified `regions`.
  // Used for composite view management and sub-application areas.
  Marionette.Layout = Marionette.ItemView.extend({
    constructor: function () {
      this.vent = new Backbone.Marionette.EventAggregator();
      Backbone.Marionette.ItemView.apply(this, arguments);
      this.regionManagers = {};
    },

    render: function () {
      this.initializeRegions();
      return Backbone.Marionette.ItemView.prototype.render.call(this, arguments);
    },

    close: function () {
      this.closeRegions();
      Backbone.Marionette.ItemView.prototype.close.call(this, arguments);
    },

    // Initialize the regions that have been defined in a
    // `regions` attribute on this layout. The key of the
    // hash becomes an attribute on the layout object directly.
    // For example: `regions: { menu: ".menu-container" }`
    // will product a `layout.menu` object which is a region
    // that controls the `.menu-container` DOM element.
    initializeRegions: function () {
      var that = this;
      _.each(this.regions, function (selector, name) {
        var regionManager = new Backbone.Marionette.Region({
            el: selector,

            getEl: function(selector){
              return that.$(selector);
            }
        });
        that.regionManagers[name] = regionManager;
        that[name] = regionManager;
      });
    },

    // Close all of the regions that have been opened by
    // this layout. This method is called when the layout
    // itself is closed.
    closeRegions: function () {
      var that = this;
      _.each(this.regionManagers, function (manager, name) {
        manager.close();
        delete that[name];
      });
      this.regionManagers = {};
    }
  });

  // AppRouter
  // ---------

  // Reduce the boilerplate code of handling route events
  // and then calling a single method on another object.
  // Have your routers configured to call the method on
  // your object, directly.
  //
  // Configure an AppRouter with `appRoutes`.
  //
  // App routers can only take one `controller` object. 
  // It is recommended that you divide your controller
  // objects in to smaller peices of related functionality
  // and have multiple routers / controllers, instead of
  // just one giant router and controller.
  //
  // You can also add standard routes to an AppRouter.
  
  Marionette.AppRouter = Backbone.Router.extend({

    constructor: function(options){
      Backbone.Router.prototype.constructor.call(this, options);

      if (this.appRoutes){
        var controller = this.controller;
        if (options && options.controller) {
          controller = options.controller;
        }
        this.processAppRoutes(controller, this.appRoutes);
      }
    },

    processAppRoutes: function(controller, appRoutes){
      var method, methodName;
      var route, routesLength, i;
      var routes = [];
      var router = this;

      for(route in appRoutes){
        if (appRoutes.hasOwnProperty(route)){
          routes.unshift([route, appRoutes[route]]);
        }
      }

      routesLength = routes.length;
      for (i = 0; i < routesLength; i++){
        route = routes[i][0];
        methodName = routes[i][1];
        method = controller[methodName];

        if (!method){
          var msg = "Method '" + methodName + "' was not found on the controller";
          var err = new Error(msg);
          err.name = "NoMethodError";
          throw err;
        }

        method = _.bind(method, controller);
        router.route(route, methodName, method);
      }
    }
  });
  
  // Composite Application
  // ---------------------

  // Contain and manage the composite application as a whole.
  // Stores and starts up `Region` objects, includes an
  // event aggregator as `app.vent`
  Marionette.Application = function(options){
    this.initCallbacks = new Marionette.Callbacks();
    this.vent = new Marionette.EventAggregator();
    _.extend(this, options);
  };

  _.extend(Marionette.Application.prototype, Backbone.Events, {
    // Add an initializer that is either run at when the `start`
    // method is called, or run immediately if added after `start`
    // has already been called.
    addInitializer: function(initializer){
      this.initCallbacks.add(initializer);
    },

    // kick off all of the application's processes.
    // initializes all of the regions that have been added
    // to the app, and runs all of the initializer functions
    start: function(options){
      this.trigger("initialize:before", options);
      this.initCallbacks.run(this, options);
      this.trigger("initialize:after", options);

      this.trigger("start", options);
    },

    // Add regions to your app. 
    // Accepts a hash of named strings or Region objects
    // addRegions({something: "#someRegion"})
    // addRegions{{something: Region.extend({el: "#someRegion"}) });
    addRegions: function(regions){
      var regionValue, regionObj, region;

      for(region in regions){
        if (regions.hasOwnProperty(region)){
          regionValue = regions[region];
    
          if (typeof regionValue === "string"){
            regionObj = new Marionette.Region({
              el: regionValue
            });
          } else {
            regionObj = new regionValue();
          }

          this[region] = regionObj;
        }
      }
    },

    // Add modules to the application, providing direct
    // access to your applicaiton object, Backbone, 
    // Marionette, jQuery and Underscore as parameters 
    // to a callback function.
    module: function(moduleNames, moduleDefinition){
      var moduleName, module, moduleOverride;
      var parentModule = this;
      var moduleNames = moduleNames.split(".");

      // Loop through all the parts of the module definition
      var length = moduleNames.length;
      for(var i = 0; i < length; i++){

        // only run the module definition if this is the
        // last module in the chaing: "Foo.Bar.Baz" only 
        // runs the module definition for the "Baz" module
        var defineModule = (i === length-1);

        // Get the module name, and check if it exists on
        // the current parent already
        moduleName = moduleNames[i];
        module = parentModule[moduleName];

        if (!module){ 
          // Create the module
          module = new Marionette.Application();

          // Build the module definition if this is the last
          // module specified in the . chain
          if (defineModule && moduleDefinition){
            moduleOverride = moduleDefinition(module, this, Backbone, Marionette, jQuery, _);
            // Override it if necessary
            if (moduleOverride){
              module = moduleOverride;
            }
          }
          
          // And attach it to the parent module
          parentModule[moduleName] = module;
        }

        // Reset the parent module so that the next child
        // in the list will be added to the correct parent
        parentModule = module;
      }

      return module;
    }
  });

  // BindTo: Event Binding
  // ---------------------
  
  // BindTo facilitates the binding and unbinding of events
  // from objects that extend `Backbone.Events`. It makes
  // unbinding events, even with anonymous callback functions,
  // easy. 
  //
  // Thanks to Johnny Oshika for this code.
  // http://stackoverflow.com/questions/7567404/backbone-js-repopulate-or-recreate-the-view/7607853#7607853
  Marionette.BindTo = {
    // Store the event binding in array so it can be unbound
    // easily, at a later point in time.
    bindTo: function (obj, eventName, callback, context) {
      context = context || this;
      obj.on(eventName, callback, context);

      if (!this.bindings) { this.bindings = []; }

      var binding = { 
        obj: obj, 
        eventName: eventName, 
        callback: callback, 
        context: context 
      }

      this.bindings.push(binding);

      return binding;
    },

    // Unbind from a single binding object. Binding objects are
    // returned from the `bindTo` method call. 
    unbindFrom: function(binding){
      binding.obj.off(binding.eventName, binding.callback);
      this.bindings = _.reject(this.bindings, function(bind){return bind === binding});
    },

    // Unbind all of the events that we have stored.
    unbindAll: function () {
      var that = this;

      // The `unbindFrom` call removes elements from the array
      // while it is being iterated, so clone it first.
      var bindings = _.map(this.bindings, _.identity);
      _.each(bindings, function (binding, index) {
        that.unbindFrom(binding);
      });
    }
  };

  // Callbacks
  // ---------

  // A simple way of managing a collection of callbacks
  // and executing them at a later point in time, using jQuery's
  // `Deferred` object.
  Marionette.Callbacks = function(){
    this.deferred = $.Deferred();
    this.promise = this.deferred.promise();
  };

  _.extend(Marionette.Callbacks.prototype, {
    
    // Add a callback to be executed. Callbacks added here are
    // guaranteed to execute, even if they are added after the 
    // `run` method is called.
    add: function(callback){
      this.promise.done(function(context, options){
        callback.call(context, options);
      });
    },

    // Run all registered callbacks with the context specified. 
    // Additional callbacks can be added after this has been run 
    // and they will still be executed.
    run: function(context, options){
      this.deferred.resolve(context, options);
    }
  });

  // Event Aggregator
  // ----------------

  // A pub-sub object that can be used to decouple various parts
  // of an application through event-driven architecture.
  Marionette.EventAggregator = function(options){
    _.extend(this, options);
  };

  _.extend(Marionette.EventAggregator.prototype, Backbone.Events, Marionette.BindTo, {
    // Assumes the event aggregator itself is the 
    // object being bound to.
    bindTo: function(eventName, callback, context){
      return Marionette.BindTo.bindTo.call(this, this, eventName, callback, context);
    }
  });

  // Template Cache
  // --------------
  
  // Manage templates stored in `<script>` blocks,
  // caching them for faster access.
  Marionette.TemplateCache = {
    templates: {},
    loaders: {},

    // Get the specified template by id. Either
    // retrieves the cached version, or loads it
    // from the DOM.
    get: function(templateId){
      var that = this;
      var templateRetrieval = $.Deferred();
      var cachedTemplate = this.templates[templateId];

      if (cachedTemplate){
        templateRetrieval.resolve(cachedTemplate);
      } else {
        var loader = this.loaders[templateId];
        if(loader) {
          templateRetrieval = loader;
        } else {
          this.loaders[templateId] = templateRetrieval;

          this.loadTemplate(templateId, function(template){
            delete that.loaders[templateId];
            that.templates[templateId] = template;
            templateRetrieval.resolve(template);
          });
        }

      }

      return templateRetrieval.promise();
    },

    // Load a template from the DOM, by default. Override
    // this method to provide your own template retrieval,
    // such as asynchronous loading from a server.
    loadTemplate: function(templateId, callback){
      var template = $(templateId).html();

      // Make sure we have a template before trying to compile it
      if (!template || template.length === 0){
        var msg = "Could not find template: '" + templateId + "'";
        var err = new Error(msg);
        err.name = "NoTemplateError";
        throw err;
      }

      template = this.compileTemplate(template);

      callback.call(this, template);
    },

    // Pre-compile the template before caching it. Override
    // this method if you do not need to pre-compile a template
    // (JST / RequireJS for example) or if you want to change
    // the template engine used (Handebars, etc).
    compileTemplate: function(rawTemplate){
      return _.template(rawTemplate);
    },

    // Clear templates from the cache. If no arguments
    // are specified, clears all templates:
    // `clear()`
    //
    // If arguments are specified, clears each of the 
    // specified templates from the cache:
    // `clear("#t1", "#t2", "...")`
    clear: function(){
      var i;
      var length = arguments.length;

      if (length > 0){
        for(i=0; i<length; i++){
          delete this.templates[arguments[i]];
        }
      } else {
        this.templates = {};
      }
    }
  };

  // Renderer
  // --------
  
  // Render a template with data by passing in the template
  // selector and the data to render.
  Marionette.Renderer = {

    // Render a template with data. The `template` parameter is
    // passed to the `TemplateCache` object to retrieve the
    // actual template. Override this method to provide your own
    // custom rendering and template handling for all of Marionette.
    render: function(template, data){
      var that = this;
      var asyncRender = $.Deferred();

      var templateRetrieval = Marionette.TemplateCache.get(template);

      $.when(templateRetrieval).then(function(template){
        var html = that.renderTemplate(template, data);
        asyncRender.resolve(html);
      });

      return asyncRender.promise();
    },

    // Default implementation uses underscore.js templates. Override
    // this method to use your own templating engine.
    renderTemplate: function(template, data){
      var html = template(data);
      return html;
    }

  };

  // Helpers
  // -------

  // For slicing `arguments` in functions
  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
  
  // Copy the `extend` function used by Backbone's classes
  var extend = Marionette.View.extend;
  Marionette.Region.extend = extend;
  Marionette.Application.extend = extend;

  // Copy the features of `BindTo` on to these objects
  _.extend(Marionette.View.prototype, Marionette.BindTo);
  _.extend(Marionette.Application.prototype, Marionette.BindTo);
  _.extend(Marionette.Region.prototype, Marionette.BindTo);

  // A simple wrapper method for deferring a callback until 
  // after another method has been called, passing the
  // results of the first method to the second. Uses jQuery's
  // deferred / promise objects, and $.when/then to make it
  // work.
  var callDeferredMethod = function(fn, callback, context){
    var promise;
    if (fn) { promise = fn.call(context); }
    $.when(promise).then(callback);
  }


  return Marionette;
})(Backbone, _, window.jQuery || window.Zepto || window.ender);