/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Validation/Validator.php

<?php

namespace Illuminate\Validation;

use Closure;
use DateTime;
use Countable;
use Exception;
use DateTimeZone;
use Carbon\Carbon;
use RuntimeException;
use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
use Illuminate\Support\Str;
use BadMethodCallException;
use InvalidArgumentException;
use Illuminate\Support\Fluent;
use Illuminate\Support\MessageBag;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Container\Container;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\File;
use Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorInterface;
use Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\File\UploadedFile;
use Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Validator as ValidatorContract;

class Validator implements ValidatorContract
{
    /**
     * The Translator implementation.
     *
     * @var \Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorInterface
     */
    protected $translator;

    /**
     * The Presence Verifier implementation.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Validation\PresenceVerifierInterface
     */
    protected $presenceVerifier;

    /**
     * The container instance.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Contracts\Container\Container
     */
    protected $container;

    /**
     * The failed validation rules.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $failedRules = [];

    /**
     * The message bag instance.
     *
     * @var \Illuminate\Support\MessageBag
     */
    protected $messages;

    /**
     * The data under validation.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $data;

    /**
     * The files under validation.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $files = [];

    /**
     * The initial rules provided.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $initialRules;

    /**
     * The rules to be applied to the data.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $rules;

    /**
     * The array of wildcard attributes with their asterisks expanded.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $implicitAttributes = [];

    /**
     * All of the registered "after" callbacks.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $after = [];

    /**
     * The array of custom error messages.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $customMessages = [];

    /**
     * The array of fallback error messages.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $fallbackMessages = [];

    /**
     * The array of custom attribute names.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $customAttributes = [];

    /**
     * The array of custom displayable values.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $customValues = [];

    /**
     * All of the custom validator extensions.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $extensions = [];

    /**
     * All of the custom replacer extensions.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $replacers = [];

    /**
     * The size related validation rules.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $sizeRules = ['Size', 'Between', 'Min', 'Max'];

    /**
     * The numeric related validation rules.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $numericRules = ['Numeric', 'Integer'];

    /**
     * The validation rules that imply the field is required.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $implicitRules = [
        'Required', 'Filled', 'RequiredWith', 'RequiredWithAll', 'RequiredWithout', 'RequiredWithoutAll',
        'RequiredIf', 'RequiredUnless', 'Accepted', 'Present',
        // 'Array', 'Boolean', 'Integer', 'Numeric', 'String',
    ];

    /**
     * The validation rules which depend on other fields as parameters.
     *
     * @var array
     */
    protected $dependentRules = [
        'RequiredWith', 'RequiredWithAll', 'RequiredWithout', 'RequiredWithoutAll',
        'RequiredIf', 'RequiredUnless', 'Confirmed', 'Same', 'Different', 'Unique',
        'Before', 'After',
    ];

    /**
     * Create a new Validator instance.
     *
     * @param  \Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorInterface  $translator
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  array  $rules
     * @param  array  $messages
     * @param  array  $customAttributes
     * @return void
     */
    public function __construct(TranslatorInterface $translator, array $data, array $rules, array $messages = [], array $customAttributes = [])
    {
        $this->translator = $translator;
        $this->customMessages = $messages;
        $this->data = $this->parseData($data);
        $this->customAttributes = $customAttributes;
        $this->initialRules = $rules;

        $this->setRules($rules);
    }

    /**
     * Parse the data and hydrate the files array.
     *
     * @param  array   $data
     * @param  string  $arrayKey
     * @return array
     */
    protected function parseData(array $data, $arrayKey = null)
    {
        if (is_null($arrayKey)) {
            $this->files = [];
        }

        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
            $key = ($arrayKey) ? "$arrayKey.$key" : $key;

            // If this value is an instance of the HttpFoundation File class we will
            // remove it from the data array and add it to the files array, which
            // we use to conveniently separate out these files from other data.
            if ($value instanceof File) {
                $this->files[$key] = $value;

                unset($data[$key]);
            } elseif (is_array($value)) {
                $this->parseData($value, $key);
            }
        }

        return $data;
    }

    /**
     * Explode the rules into an array of rules.
     *
     * @param  string|array  $rules
     * @return array
     */
    protected function explodeRules($rules)
    {
        foreach ($rules as $key => $rule) {
            if (Str::contains($key, '*')) {
                $this->each($key, [$rule]);

                unset($rules[$key]);
            } else {
                $rules[$key] = (is_string($rule)) ? explode('|', $rule) : $rule;
            }
        }

        return $rules;
    }

    /**
     * After an after validation callback.
     *
     * @param  callable|string  $callback
     * @return $this
     */
    public function after($callback)
    {
        $this->after[] = function () use ($callback) {
            return call_user_func_array($callback, [$this]);
        };

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Add conditions to a given field based on a Closure.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string|array  $rules
     * @param  callable  $callback
     * @return void
     */
    public function sometimes($attribute, $rules, callable $callback)
    {
        $payload = new Fluent($this->attributes());

        if (call_user_func($callback, $payload)) {
            foreach ((array) $attribute as $key) {
                if (Str::contains($key, '*')) {
                    $this->explodeRules([$key => $rules]);
                } else {
                    $this->mergeRules($key, $rules);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Define a set of rules that apply to each element in an array attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string|array  $rules
     * @return void
     *
     * @throws \InvalidArgumentException
     */
    public function each($attribute, $rules)
    {
        $data = Arr::dot($this->initializeAttributeOnData($attribute));

        $pattern = str_replace('\*', '[^\.]+', preg_quote($attribute));

        $data = array_merge($data, $this->extractValuesForWildcards(
            $data, $attribute
        ));

        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
            if (Str::startsWith($key, $attribute) || (bool) preg_match('/^'.$pattern.'\z/', $key)) {
                foreach ((array) $rules as $ruleKey => $ruleValue) {
                    if (! is_string($ruleKey) || Str::endsWith($key, $ruleKey)) {
                        $this->implicitAttributes[$attribute][] = $key;

                        $this->mergeRules($key, $ruleValue);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * Gather a copy of the attribute data filled with any missing attributes.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return array
     */
    protected function initializeAttributeOnData($attribute)
    {
        $explicitPath = $this->getLeadingExplicitAttributePath($attribute);

        $data = $this->extractDataFromPath($explicitPath);

        if (! Str::contains($attribute, '*') || Str::endsWith($attribute, '*')) {
            return $data;
        }

        return data_set($data, $attribute, null, true);
    }

    /**
     * Get all of the exact attribute values for a given wildcard attribute.
     *
     * @param  array  $data
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return array
     */
    public function extractValuesForWildcards($data, $attribute)
    {
        $keys = [];

        $pattern = str_replace('\*', '[^\.]+', preg_quote($attribute));

        foreach ($data as $key => $value) {
            if ((bool) preg_match('/^'.$pattern.'/', $key, $matches)) {
                $keys[] = $matches[0];
            }
        }

        $keys = array_unique($keys);

        $data = [];

        foreach ($keys as $key) {
            $data[$key] = array_get($this->data, $key);
        }

        return $data;
    }

    /**
     * Merge additional rules into a given attribute(s).
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string|array  $rules
     * @return $this
     */
    public function mergeRules($attribute, $rules = [])
    {
        if (is_array($attribute)) {
            foreach ($attribute as $innerAttribute => $innerRules) {
                $this->mergeRulesForAttribute($innerAttribute, $innerRules);
            }

            return $this;
        }

        return $this->mergeRulesForAttribute($attribute, $rules);
    }

    /**
     * Merge additional rules into a given attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string|array  $rules
     * @return $this
     */
    protected function mergeRulesForAttribute($attribute, $rules)
    {
        $current = isset($this->rules[$attribute]) ? $this->rules[$attribute] : [];

        $merge = head($this->explodeRules([$rules]));

        $this->rules[$attribute] = array_merge($current, $merge);

        return $this;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the data passes the validation rules.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function passes()
    {
        $this->messages = new MessageBag;

        // We'll spin through each rule, validating the attributes attached to that
        // rule. Any error messages will be added to the containers with each of
        // the other error messages, returning true if we don't have messages.
        foreach ($this->rules as $attribute => $rules) {
            foreach ($rules as $rule) {
                $this->validate($attribute, $rule);

                if ($this->shouldStopValidating($attribute)) {
                    break;
                }
            }
        }

        // Here we will spin through all of the "after" hooks on this validator and
        // fire them off. This gives the callbacks a chance to perform all kinds
        // of other validation that needs to get wrapped up in this operation.
        foreach ($this->after as $after) {
            call_user_func($after);
        }

        return $this->messages->isEmpty();
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the data fails the validation rules.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function fails()
    {
        return ! $this->passes();
    }

    /**
     * Validate a given attribute against a rule.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @return void
     */
    protected function validate($attribute, $rule)
    {
        list($rule, $parameters) = $this->parseRule($rule);

        if ($rule == '') {
            return;
        }

        // First we will get the correct keys for the given attribute in case the field is nested in
        // an array. Then we determine if the given rule accepts other field names as parameters.
        // If so, we will replace any asterisks found in the parameters with the correct keys.
        if (($keys = $this->getExplicitKeys($attribute)) &&
            $this->dependsOnOtherFields($rule)) {
            $parameters = $this->replaceAsterisksInParameters($parameters, $keys);
        }

        // We will get the value for the given attribute from the array of data and then
        // verify that the attribute is indeed validatable. Unless the rule implies
        // that the attribute is required, rules are not run for missing values.
        $value = $this->getValue($attribute);

        $validatable = $this->isValidatable($rule, $attribute, $value);

        $method = "validate{$rule}";

        if ($validatable && ! $this->$method($attribute, $value, $parameters, $this)) {
            $this->addFailure($attribute, $rule, $parameters);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Returns the data which was valid.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function valid()
    {
        if (! $this->messages) {
            $this->passes();
        }

        return array_diff_key($this->data, $this->messages()->toArray());
    }

    /**
     * Returns the data which was invalid.
     *
     * @return array
     */
    public function invalid()
    {
        if (! $this->messages) {
            $this->passes();
        }

        return array_intersect_key($this->data, $this->messages()->toArray());
    }

    /**
     * Get the value of a given attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function getValue($attribute)
    {
        if (! is_null($value = Arr::get($this->data, $attribute))) {
            return $value;
        } elseif (! is_null($value = Arr::get($this->files, $attribute))) {
            return $value;
        }
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the attribute is validatable.
     *
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function isValidatable($rule, $attribute, $value)
    {
        return $this->presentOrRuleIsImplicit($rule, $attribute, $value) &&
               $this->passesOptionalCheck($attribute) &&
               $this->hasNotFailedPreviousRuleIfPresenceRule($rule, $attribute);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the field is present, or the rule implies required.
     *
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function presentOrRuleIsImplicit($rule, $attribute, $value)
    {
        return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value) || $this->isImplicit($rule);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if the attribute passes any optional check.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function passesOptionalCheck($attribute)
    {
        if ($this->hasRule($attribute, ['Sometimes'])) {
            return array_key_exists($attribute, Arr::dot($this->data))
                || in_array($attribute, array_keys($this->data))
                || array_key_exists($attribute, $this->files);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if a given rule implies the attribute is required.
     *
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function isImplicit($rule)
    {
        return in_array($rule, $this->implicitRules);
    }

    /**
     * Determine if it's a necessary presence validation.
     *
     * This is to avoid possible database type comparison errors.
     *
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function hasNotFailedPreviousRuleIfPresenceRule($rule, $attribute)
    {
        return in_array($rule, ['Unique', 'Exists'])
                        ? ! $this->messages->has($attribute) : true;
    }

    /**
     * Add a failed rule and error message to the collection.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return void
     */
    protected function addFailure($attribute, $rule, $parameters)
    {
        $this->addError($attribute, $rule, $parameters);

        $this->failedRules[$attribute][$rule] = $parameters;
    }

    /**
     * Add an error message to the validator's collection of messages.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  string  $rule
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return void
     */
    protected function addError($attribute, $rule, $parameters)
    {
        $message = $this->getMessage($attribute, $rule);

        $message = $this->doReplacements($message, $attribute, $rule, $parameters);

        $this->messages->add($attribute, $message);
    }

    /**
     * "Validate" optional attributes.
     *
     * Always returns true, just lets us put sometimes in rules.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateSometimes()
    {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * "Break" on first validation fail.
     *
     * Always returns true, just lets us put "bail" in rules.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateBail()
    {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Stop on error if "bail" rule is assigned and attribute has a message.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function shouldStopValidating($attribute)
    {
        if (! $this->hasRule($attribute, ['Bail'])) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this->messages->has($attribute);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that a required attribute exists.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequired($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (is_null($value)) {
            return false;
        } elseif (is_string($value) && trim($value) === '') {
            return false;
        } elseif ((is_array($value) || $value instanceof Countable) && count($value) < 1) {
            return false;
        } elseif ($value instanceof File) {
            return (string) $value->getPath() != '';
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists even if not filled.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validatePresent($attribute, $value)
    {
        return Arr::has($this->data, $attribute);
    }

    /**
     * Validate the given attribute is filled if it is present.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateFilled($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (Arr::has(array_merge($this->data, $this->files), $attribute)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if any of the given attributes fail the required test.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function anyFailingRequired(array $attributes)
    {
        foreach ($attributes as $key) {
            if (! $this->validateRequired($key, $this->getValue($key))) {
                return true;
            }
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Determine if all of the given attributes fail the required test.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function allFailingRequired(array $attributes)
    {
        foreach ($attributes as $key) {
            if ($this->validateRequired($key, $this->getValue($key))) {
                return false;
            }
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists when any other attribute exists.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  mixed   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequiredWith($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (! $this->allFailingRequired($parameters)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists when all other attributes exists.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  mixed   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequiredWithAll($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (! $this->anyFailingRequired($parameters)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists when another attribute does not.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  mixed   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequiredWithout($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if ($this->anyFailingRequired($parameters)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists when all other attributes do not.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  mixed   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequiredWithoutAll($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if ($this->allFailingRequired($parameters)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists when another attribute has a given value.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  mixed   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequiredIf($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(2, $parameters, 'required_if');

        $data = Arr::get($this->data, $parameters[0]);

        $values = array_slice($parameters, 1);

        if (is_bool($data)) {
            array_walk($values, function (&$value) {
                if ($value === 'true') {
                    $value = true;
                } elseif ($value === 'false') {
                    $value = false;
                }
            });
        }

        if (in_array($data, $values)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute exists when another attribute does not have a given value.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  mixed  $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRequiredUnless($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(2, $parameters, 'required_unless');

        $data = Arr::get($this->data, $parameters[0]);

        $values = array_slice($parameters, 1);

        if (! in_array($data, $values)) {
            return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value);
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of attributes in a list that are present.
     *
     * @param  array  $attributes
     * @return int
     */
    protected function getPresentCount($attributes)
    {
        $count = 0;

        foreach ($attributes as $key) {
            if (Arr::get($this->data, $key) || Arr::get($this->files, $key)) {
                $count++;
            }
        }

        return $count;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that the values of an attribute is in another attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateInArray($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'in_array');

        $explicitPath = $this->getLeadingExplicitAttributePath($parameters[0]);

        $attributeData = $this->extractDataFromPath($explicitPath);

        $otherValues = Arr::where(Arr::dot($attributeData), function ($key) use ($parameters) {
            return Str::is($parameters[0], $key);
        });

        return in_array($value, $otherValues);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute has a matching confirmation.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateConfirmed($attribute, $value)
    {
        return $this->validateSame($attribute, $value, [$attribute.'_confirmation']);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that two attributes match.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateSame($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'same');

        $other = Arr::get($this->data, $parameters[0]);

        return isset($other) && $value === $other;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is different from another attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateDifferent($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'different');

        $other = Arr::get($this->data, $parameters[0]);

        return isset($other) && $value !== $other;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute was "accepted".
     *
     * This validation rule implies the attribute is "required".
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateAccepted($attribute, $value)
    {
        $acceptable = ['yes', 'on', '1', 1, true, 'true'];

        return $this->validateRequired($attribute, $value) && in_array($value, $acceptable, true);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is an array.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateArray($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! $this->hasAttribute($attribute)) {
            return true;
        }

        return is_null($value) || is_array($value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is a boolean.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateBoolean($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! $this->hasAttribute($attribute)) {
            return true;
        }

        $acceptable = [true, false, 0, 1, '0', '1'];

        return is_null($value) || in_array($value, $acceptable, true);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is an integer.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateInteger($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! $this->hasAttribute($attribute)) {
            return true;
        }

        return is_null($value) || filter_var($value, FILTER_VALIDATE_INT) !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is numeric.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateNumeric($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! $this->hasAttribute($attribute)) {
            return true;
        }

        return is_null($value) || is_numeric($value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is a string.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateString($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! $this->hasAttribute($attribute)) {
            return true;
        }

        return is_null($value) || is_string($value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate the attribute is a valid JSON string.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateJson($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! is_scalar($value) && ! method_exists($value, '__toString')) {
            return false;
        }

        json_decode($value);

        return json_last_error() === JSON_ERROR_NONE;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute has a given number of digits.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateDigits($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'digits');

        return $this->validateNumeric($attribute, $value)
            && strlen((string) $value) == $parameters[0];
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is between a given number of digits.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateDigitsBetween($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(2, $parameters, 'digits_between');

        $length = strlen((string) $value);

        return $this->validateNumeric($attribute, $value)
          && $length >= $parameters[0] && $length <= $parameters[1];
    }

    /**
     * Validate the size of an attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateSize($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'size');

        return $this->getSize($attribute, $value) == $parameters[0];
    }

    /**
     * Validate the size of an attribute is between a set of values.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateBetween($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(2, $parameters, 'between');

        $size = $this->getSize($attribute, $value);

        return $size >= $parameters[0] && $size <= $parameters[1];
    }

    /**
     * Validate the size of an attribute is greater than a minimum value.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateMin($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'min');

        return $this->getSize($attribute, $value) >= $parameters[0];
    }

    /**
     * Validate the size of an attribute is less than a maximum value.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateMax($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'max');

        if ($value instanceof UploadedFile && ! $value->isValid()) {
            return false;
        }

        return $this->getSize($attribute, $value) <= $parameters[0];
    }

    /**
     * Get the size of an attribute.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return mixed
     */
    protected function getSize($attribute, $value)
    {
        $hasNumeric = $this->hasRule($attribute, $this->numericRules);

        // This method will determine if the attribute is a number, string, or file and
        // return the proper size accordingly. If it is a number, then number itself
        // is the size. If it is a file, we take kilobytes, and for a string the
        // entire length of the string will be considered the attribute size.
        if (is_numeric($value) && $hasNumeric) {
            return $value;
        } elseif (is_array($value)) {
            return count($value);
        } elseif ($value instanceof File) {
            return $value->getSize() / 1024;
        }

        return mb_strlen($value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate an attribute is contained within a list of values.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateIn($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (is_array($value) && $this->hasRule($attribute, 'Array')) {
            return count(array_diff($value, $parameters)) == 0;
        }

        return ! is_array($value) && in_array((string) $value, $parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Validate an attribute is not contained within a list of values.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateNotIn($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        return ! $this->validateIn($attribute, $value, $parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Validate an attribute is unique among other values.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateDistinct($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $attributeName = $this->getPrimaryAttribute($attribute);

        $explicitPath = $this->getLeadingExplicitAttributePath($attributeName);

        $attributeData = $this->extractDataFromPath($explicitPath);

        $data = Arr::where(Arr::dot($attributeData), function ($key) use ($attribute, $attributeName) {
            return $key != $attribute && Str::is($attributeName, $key);
        });

        return ! in_array($value, array_values($data));
    }

    /**
     * Validate the uniqueness of an attribute value on a given database table.
     *
     * If a database column is not specified, the attribute will be used.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateUnique($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'unique');

        list($connection, $table) = $this->parseTable($parameters[0]);
        // The second parameter position holds the name of the column that needs to
        // be verified as unique. If this parameter isn't specified we will just
        // assume that this column to be verified shares the attribute's name.
        $column = isset($parameters[1])
                    ? $parameters[1] : $this->guessColumnForQuery($attribute);

        list($idColumn, $id) = [null, null];

        if (isset($parameters[2])) {
            list($idColumn, $id) = $this->getUniqueIds($parameters);

            if (preg_match('/\[(.*)\]/', $id, $matches)) {
                $id = $this->getValue($matches[1]);
            }

            if (strtolower($id) == 'null') {
                $id = null;
            }
        }

        // The presence verifier is responsible for counting rows within this store
        // mechanism which might be a relational database or any other permanent
        // data store like Redis, etc. We will use it to determine uniqueness.
        $verifier = $this->getPresenceVerifier();

        $verifier->setConnection($connection);

        $extra = $this->getUniqueExtra($parameters);

        return $verifier->getCount(

            $table, $column, $value, $id, $idColumn, $extra

        ) == 0;
    }

    /**
     * Parse the connection / table for the unique / exists rules.
     *
     * @param  string  $table
     * @return array
     */
    protected function parseTable($table)
    {
        return Str::contains($table, '.') ? explode('.', $table, 2) : [null, $table];
    }

    /**
     * Get the excluded ID column and value for the unique rule.
     *
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getUniqueIds($parameters)
    {
        $idColumn = isset($parameters[3]) ? $parameters[3] : 'id';

        return [$idColumn, $parameters[2]];
    }

    /**
     * Get the extra conditions for a unique rule.
     *
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getUniqueExtra($parameters)
    {
        if (isset($parameters[4])) {
            return $this->getExtraConditions(array_slice($parameters, 4));
        }

        return [];
    }

    /**
     * Validate the existence of an attribute value in a database table.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateExists($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'exists');

        list($connection, $table) = $this->parseTable($parameters[0]);

        // The second parameter position holds the name of the column that should be
        // verified as existing. If this parameter is not specified we will guess
        // that the columns being "verified" shares the given attribute's name.
        $column = isset($parameters[1])
                    ? $parameters[1] : $this->guessColumnForQuery($attribute);

        $expected = (is_array($value)) ? count($value) : 1;

        return $this->getExistCount(
            $connection, $table, $column, $value, $parameters
        ) >= $expected;
    }

    /**
     * Get the number of records that exist in storage.
     *
     * @param  mixed   $connection
     * @param  string  $table
     * @param  string  $column
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return int
     */
    protected function getExistCount($connection, $table, $column, $value, $parameters)
    {
        $verifier = $this->getPresenceVerifier();

        $verifier->setConnection($connection);

        $extra = $this->getExtraExistConditions($parameters);

        if (is_array($value)) {
            return $verifier->getMultiCount($table, $column, $value, $extra);
        }

        return $verifier->getCount($table, $column, $value, null, null, $extra);
    }

    /**
     * Get the extra exist conditions.
     *
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getExtraExistConditions(array $parameters)
    {
        return $this->getExtraConditions(array_values(array_slice($parameters, 2)));
    }

    /**
     * Get the extra conditions for a unique / exists rule.
     *
     * @param  array  $segments
     * @return array
     */
    protected function getExtraConditions(array $segments)
    {
        $extra = [];

        $count = count($segments);

        for ($i = 0; $i < $count; $i = $i + 2) {
            $extra[$segments[$i]] = $segments[$i + 1];
        }

        return $extra;
    }

    /**
     * Guess the database column from the given attribute name.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @return string
     */
    public function guessColumnForQuery($attribute)
    {
        if (in_array($attribute, array_collapse($this->implicitAttributes))
                && ! is_numeric($last = last(explode('.', $attribute)))) {
            return $last;
        }

        return $attribute;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is a valid IP.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateIp($attribute, $value)
    {
        return filter_var($value, FILTER_VALIDATE_IP) !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is a valid e-mail address.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateEmail($attribute, $value)
    {
        return filter_var($value, FILTER_VALIDATE_EMAIL) !== false;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is a valid URL.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateUrl($attribute, $value)
    {
        /*
         * This pattern is derived from Symfony\Component\Validator\Constraints\UrlValidator (2.7.4).
         *
         * (c) Fabien Potencier <fabien@symfony.com> http://symfony.com
         */
        $pattern = '~^
            ((aaa|aaas|about|acap|acct|acr|adiumxtra|afp|afs|aim|apt|attachment|aw|barion|beshare|bitcoin|blob|bolo|callto|cap|chrome|chrome-extension|cid|coap|coaps|com-eventbrite-attendee|content|crid|cvs|data|dav|dict|dlna-playcontainer|dlna-playsingle|dns|dntp|dtn|dvb|ed2k|example|facetime|fax|feed|feedready|file|filesystem|finger|fish|ftp|geo|gg|git|gizmoproject|go|gopher|gtalk|h323|ham|hcp|http|https|iax|icap|icon|im|imap|info|iotdisco|ipn|ipp|ipps|irc|irc6|ircs|iris|iris.beep|iris.lwz|iris.xpc|iris.xpcs|itms|jabber|jar|jms|keyparc|lastfm|ldap|ldaps|magnet|mailserver|mailto|maps|market|message|mid|mms|modem|ms-help|ms-settings|ms-settings-airplanemode|ms-settings-bluetooth|ms-settings-camera|ms-settings-cellular|ms-settings-cloudstorage|ms-settings-emailandaccounts|ms-settings-language|ms-settings-location|ms-settings-lock|ms-settings-nfctransactions|ms-settings-notifications|ms-settings-power|ms-settings-privacy|ms-settings-proximity|ms-settings-screenrotation|ms-settings-wifi|ms-settings-workplace|msnim|msrp|msrps|mtqp|mumble|mupdate|mvn|news|nfs|ni|nih|nntp|notes|oid|opaquelocktoken|pack|palm|paparazzi|pkcs11|platform|pop|pres|prospero|proxy|psyc|query|redis|rediss|reload|res|resource|rmi|rsync|rtmfp|rtmp|rtsp|rtsps|rtspu|secondlife|service|session|sftp|sgn|shttp|sieve|sip|sips|skype|smb|sms|smtp|snews|snmp|soap.beep|soap.beeps|soldat|spotify|ssh|steam|stun|stuns|submit|svn|tag|teamspeak|tel|teliaeid|telnet|tftp|things|thismessage|tip|tn3270|turn|turns|tv|udp|unreal|urn|ut2004|vemmi|ventrilo|videotex|view-source|wais|webcal|ws|wss|wtai|wyciwyg|xcon|xcon-userid|xfire|xmlrpc\.beep|xmlrpc.beeps|xmpp|xri|ymsgr|z39\.50|z39\.50r|z39\.50s))://                                 # protocol
            (([\pL\pN-]+:)?([\pL\pN-]+)@)?          # basic auth
            (
                ([\pL\pN\pS-\.])+(\.?([\pL]|xn\-\-[\pL\pN-]+)+\.?) # a domain name
                    |                                              # or
                \d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}\.\d{1,3}                 # a IP address
                    |                                              # or
                \[
                    (?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){6})(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:::(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){5})(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){4})(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){0,1}(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){3})(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){0,2}(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){2})(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){0,3}(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):)(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){0,4}(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::)(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9]))\.){3}(?:(?:25[0-5]|(?:[1-9]|1[0-9]|2[0-4])?[0-9])))))))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){0,5}(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::)(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))|(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})):){0,6}(?:(?:[0-9a-f]{1,4})))?::))))
                \]  # a IPv6 address
            )
            (:[0-9]+)?                              # a port (optional)
            (/?|/\S+)                               # a /, nothing or a / with something
        $~ixu';

        return preg_match($pattern, $value) === 1;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute is an active URL.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateActiveUrl($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! is_string($value)) {
            return false;
        }

        if ($url = parse_url($value, PHP_URL_HOST)) {
            return count(dns_get_record($url, DNS_A | DNS_AAAA)) > 0;
        }

        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Validate the given value is a valid file.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateFile($attribute, $value)
    {
        return $this->isAValidFileInstance($value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate the MIME type of a file is an image MIME type.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateImage($attribute, $value)
    {
        return $this->validateMimes($attribute, $value, ['jpeg', 'png', 'gif', 'bmp', 'svg']);
    }

    /**
     * Validate the dimensions of an image matches the given values.
     *
     * @param  string $attribute
     * @param  mixed $value
     * @param  array $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateDimensions($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (! $sizeDetails = getimagesize($value->getRealPath())) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'dimensions');

        list($width, $height) = $sizeDetails;

        $parameters = $this->parseNamedParameters($parameters);

        if (
            isset($parameters['width']) && $parameters['width'] != $width ||
            isset($parameters['min_width']) && $parameters['min_width'] > $width ||
            isset($parameters['max_width']) && $parameters['max_width'] < $width ||
            isset($parameters['height']) && $parameters['height'] != $height ||
            isset($parameters['min_height']) && $parameters['min_height'] > $height ||
            isset($parameters['max_height']) && $parameters['max_height'] < $height
        ) {
            return false;
        }

        if (isset($parameters['ratio'])) {
            list($numerator, $denominator) = array_pad(sscanf($parameters['ratio'], '%d/%d'), 2, 1);

            return $numerator / $denominator == $width / $height;
        }

        return true;
    }

    /**
     * Validate the guessed extension of a file upload is in a set of file extensions.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateMimes($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (! $this->isAValidFileInstance($value)) {
            return false;
        }

        return $value->getPath() != '' && in_array($value->guessExtension(), $parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Validate the MIME type of a file upload attribute is in a set of MIME types.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @param  array  $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateMimetypes($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (! $this->isAValidFileInstance($value)) {
            return false;
        }

        return $value->getPath() != '' && in_array($value->getMimeType(), $parameters);
    }

    /**
     * Check that the given value is a valid file instance.
     *
     * @param  mixed  $value
     * @return bool
     */
    public function isAValidFileInstance($value)
    {
        if ($value instanceof UploadedFile && ! $value->isValid()) {
            return false;
        }

        return $value instanceof File;
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute contains only alphabetic characters.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateAlpha($attribute, $value)
    {
        return is_string($value) && preg_match('/^[\pL\pM]+$/u', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute contains only alpha-numeric characters.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateAlphaNum($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! is_string($value) && ! is_numeric($value)) {
            return false;
        }

        return preg_match('/^[\pL\pM\pN]+$/u', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute contains only alpha-numeric characters, dashes, and underscores.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateAlphaDash($attribute, $value)
    {
        if (! is_string($value) && ! is_numeric($value)) {
            return false;
        }

        return preg_match('/^[\pL\pM\pN_-]+$/u', $value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate that an attribute passes a regular expression check.
     *
     * @param  string  $attribute
     * @param  mixed   $value
     * @param  array   $parameters
     * @return bool
     */
    protected function validateRegex($attribute, $value, $parameters)
    {
        if (! is_string($value) && ! is_numeric($value)) {
            return false;
        }

        $this->requireParameterCount(1, $parameters, 'regex');

        return preg_match($parameters[0], $value);
    }

    /**
     * Validate th