/application/libraries/datamapper.php

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<?php

/**
 * Data Mapper ORM Class
 *
 * Transforms database tables into objects.
 *
 * @license 	MIT License
 * @package		DataMapper ORM
 * @category	DataMapper ORM
 * @author  	Harro Verton, James Wardlaw
 * @author  	Phil DeJarnett (up to v1.7.1)
 * @author  	Simon Stenhouse (up to v1.6.0)
 * @link		http://datamapper.wanwizard.eu/
 * @version 	1.8.1-dev
 */

/**
 * Key for storing pre-converted classnames
 */
define('DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY', '_dmz_classnames');

/**
 * DMZ version
 */
define('DMZ_VERSION', '1.8.1-dev');

/**
 * Data Mapper Class
 *
 * Transforms database tables into objects.
 *
 * @package		DataMapper ORM
 *
 * Properties (for code completion)
 * @property CI_DB_driver $db The CodeIgniter Database Library
 * @property CI_Loader $load The CodeIgnter Loader Library
 * @property CI_Language $lang The CodeIgniter Language Library
 * @property CI_Config $config The CodeIgniter Config Library
 * @property CI_Form_validation $form_validation The CodeIgniter Form Validation Library
 *
 *
 * Define some of the magic methods:
 *
 * Get By:
 * @method DataMapper get_by_id() get_by_id(int $value) Looks up an item by its ID.
 * @method DataMapper get_by_FIELD() get_by_FIELD(mixed $value) Looks up an item by a specific FIELD. Ex: get_by_name($user_name);
 * @method DataMapper get_by_related() get_by_related(mixed $related, string $field = NULL, string $value = NULL) Get results based on a related item.
 * @method DataMapper get_by_related_RELATEDFIELD() get_by_related_RELATEDFIELD(string $field = NULL, string $value = NULL) Get results based on a RELATEDFIELD. Ex: get_by_related_user('id', $userid);
 *
 * Save and Delete
 * @method DataMapper save_RELATEDFIELD() save_RELATEDFIELD(mixed $object) Saves relationship(s) using the specified RELATEDFIELD. Ex: save_user($user);
 * @method DataMapper delete_RELATEDFIELD() delete_RELATEDFIELD(mixed $object) Deletes relationship(s) using the specified RELATEDFIELD. Ex: delete_user($user);
 *
 * Related:
 * @method DataMapper where_related() where_related(mixed $related, string $field = NULL, string $value = NULL) Limits results based on a related field.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_related() or_where_related(mixed $related, string $field = NULL, string $value = NULL) Limits results based on a related field, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper where_in_related() where_in_related(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a related field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_in_related() or_where_in_related(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a related field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper where_not_in_related() where_not_in_related(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a related field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_not_in_related() or_where_not_in_related(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a related field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper like_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_like_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper not_like_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_not_like_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper ilike_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_ilike_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper not_ilike_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_not_ilike_related() like_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a related field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper group_by_related() group_by_related(mixed $related, string $field) Groups the query by a related field.
 * @method DataMapper having_related() having_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause.
 * @method DataMapper or_having_related() having_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $value) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper order_by_related() order_by_related(mixed $related, string $field, string $direction) Orders the query based on a related field.
 *
 *
 * Join Fields:
 * @method DataMapper where_join_field() where_join_field(mixed $related, string $field = NULL, string $value = NULL) Limits results based on a join field.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_join_field() or_where_join_field(mixed $related, string $field = NULL, string $value = NULL) Limits results based on a join field, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper where_in_join_field() where_in_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a join field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_in_join_field() or_where_in_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a join field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper where_not_in_join_field() where_not_in_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a join field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_not_in_join_field() or_where_not_in_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a join field to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper like_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_like_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper not_like_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_not_like_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value.
 * @method DataMapper ilike_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_ilike_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper not_ilike_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_not_ilike_join_field() like_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a join field to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper group_by_join_field() group_by_join_field(mixed $related, string $field) Groups the query by a join field.
 * @method DataMapper having_join_field() having_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause.
 * @method DataMapper or_having_join_field() having_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $value) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper order_by_join_field() order_by_join_field(mixed $related, string $field, string $direction) Orders the query based on a join field.
 *
 * SQL Functions:
 * @method DataMapper select_func() select_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $alias) Selects the result of a SQL function. Alias is required.
 * @method DataMapper where_func() where_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results based on a SQL function.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_func() or_where_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results based on a SQL function, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper where_in_func() where_in_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., array $values) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_in_func() or_where_in_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., array $values) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper where_not_in_func() where_not_in_func(string $function_name, string $field, array $values) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_not_in_func() or_where_not_in_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., array $values) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper like_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_like_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper not_like_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_not_like_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper ilike_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_ilike_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper not_ilike_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_not_ilike_func() like_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper group_by_func() group_by_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Groups the query by a SQL function.
 * @method DataMapper having_func() having_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause.
 * @method DataMapper or_having_func() having_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $value) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper order_by_func() order_by_func(string $function_name, mixed $args,..., string $direction) Orders the query based on a SQL function.
 *
 * Field -> SQL functions:
 * @method DataMapper where_field_field_func() where_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results based on a SQL function.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_field_field_func() or_where_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results based on a SQL function, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper where_in_field_field_func() where_in_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_in_field_field_func() or_where_in_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper where_not_in_field_field_func() where_not_in_field_func($field, string $function_name, string $field) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_not_in_field_field_func() or_where_not_in_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by comparing a SQL function to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper like_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_like_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper not_like_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_not_like_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value.
 * @method DataMapper ilike_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_ilike_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper not_ilike_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_not_ilike_field_field_func() like_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Limits results by matching a SQL function to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper group_by_field_field_func() group_by_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Groups the query by a SQL function.
 * @method DataMapper having_field_field_func() having_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause.
 * @method DataMapper or_having_field_field_func() having_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper order_by_field_field_func() order_by_field_func($field, string $function_name, mixed $args,...) Orders the query based on a SQL function.
 *
 * Subqueries:
 * @method DataMapper select_subquery() select_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $alias) Selects the result of a function. Alias is required.
 * @method DataMapper where_subquery() where_subquery(mixed $subquery_or_field, mixed $value_or_subquery) Limits results based on a subquery.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_subquery() or_where_subquery(mixed $subquery_or_field, mixed $value_or_subquery) Limits results based on a subquery, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper where_in_subquery() where_in_subquery(mixed $subquery_or_field, mixed $values_or_subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_in_subquery() or_where_in_subquery(mixed $subquery_or_field, mixed $values_or_subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper where_not_in_subquery() where_not_in_subquery(mixed $subquery_or_field, string $field, mixed $values_or_subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_not_in_subquery() or_where_not_in_subquery(mixed $subquery_or_field, mixed $values_or_subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper like_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_like_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value.
 * @method DataMapper not_like_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value.
 * @method DataMapper or_not_like_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value.
 * @method DataMapper ilike_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_ilike_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper not_ilike_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper or_not_ilike_subquery() like_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $value, string $match = 'both') Limits results by matching a subquery to a value (case insensitive).
 * @method DataMapper having_subquery() having_subquery(string $field, DataMapper $subquery) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause.
 * @method DataMapper or_having_subquery() having_subquery(string $field, DataMapper $subquery) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper order_by_subquery() order_by_subquery(DataMapper $subquery, string $direction) Orders the query based on a subquery.
 *
 * Related Subqueries:
 * @method DataMapper where_related_subquery() where_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Limits results based on a subquery.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_related_subquery() or_where_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Limits results based on a subquery, via OR.
 * @method DataMapper where_in_related_subquery() where_in_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_in_related_subquery() or_where_in_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper where_not_in_related_subquery() where_not_in_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper or_where_not_in_related_subquery() or_where_not_in_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Limits results by comparing a subquery to a range of values.
 * @method DataMapper having_related_subquery() having_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause.
 * @method DataMapper or_having_related_subquery() having_related_subquery(mixed $related_model, string $related_field, DataMapper $subquery) Groups the querying using a HAVING clause, via OR.
 *
 * Array Extension:
 * @method array to_array() to_array($fields = '') NEEDS ARRAY EXTENSION.  Converts this object into an associative array.  @link DMZ_Array::to_array
 * @method array all_to_array() all_to_array($fields = '') NEEDS ARRAY EXTENSION.  Converts the all array into an associative array.  @link DMZ_Array::all_to_array
 * @method array|bool from_array() from_array($data, $fields = '', $save = FALSE) NEEDS ARRAY EXTENSION.  Converts $this->all into an associative array.  @link DMZ_Array::all_to_array
 *
 * CSV Extension
 * @method bool csv_export() csv_export($filename, $fields = '', $include_header = TRUE) NEEDS CSV EXTENSION.  Exports this object as a CSV file.
 * @method array csv_import() csv_import($filename, $fields = '', $header_row = TRUE, $callback = NULL) NEEDS CSV EXTENSION.  Imports a CSV file into this object.
 *
 * JSON Extension:
 * @method string to_json() to_json($fields = '', $pretty_print = FALSE) NEEDS JSON EXTENSION.  Converts this object into a JSON string.
 * @method string all_to_json() all_to_json($fields = '', $pretty_print = FALSE) NEEDS JSON EXTENSION.  Converts the all array into a JSON string.
 * @method bool from_json() from_json($json, $fields = '') NEEDS JSON EXTENSION.  Imports the values from a JSON string into this object.
 * @method void set_json_content_type() set_json_content_type() NEEDS JSON EXTENSION.  Sets the content type header to Content-Type: application/json.
 *
 * SimpleCache Extension:
 * @method DataMapper get_cached() get_cached($limit = '', $offset = '') NEEDS SIMPLECACHE EXTENSION.  Enables cacheable queries.
 * @method DataMapper clear_cache() get_cached($segment,...) NEEDS SIMPLECACHE EXTENSION.  Clears a cache for the specfied segment.
 *
 * Translate Extension:
 *
 * Nestedsets Extension:
 *
 */
class DataMapper implements IteratorAggregate {

	/**
	 * Stores the shared configuration
	 * @var array
	 */
	static $config = array();
	/**
	 * Stores settings that are common across a specific Model
	 * @var array
	 */
	static $common = array(DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY => array());
	/**
	 * Stores global extensions
	 * @var array
	 */
	static $global_extensions = array();
	/**
	 * Used to override unset default properties.
	 * @var array
	 */
	static $_dmz_config_defaults = array(
		'timestamp_format' => 'Y-m-d H:i:s O',
		'created_field' => 'created',
		'updated_field' => 'updated',
		'extensions_path' => 'datamapper',
		'field_label_lang_format' => '${model}_${field}',
		'cascade_delete' => TRUE,
	);

	/**
	 * Contains any errors that occur during validation, saving, or other
	 * database access.
	 * @var DM_Error_Object
	 */
	public $error;
	/**
	 * Used to keep track of the original values from the database, to
	 * prevent unecessarily changing fields.
	 * @var object
	 */
	public $stored;
	/**
	 * DB Table Prefix
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $prefix = '';
	/**
	 * DB Join Table Prefix
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $join_prefix = '';
	/**
	 * The name of the table for this model (may be automatically generated
	 * from the classname).
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $table = '';
	/**
	 * The singular name for this model (may be automatically generated from
	 * the classname).
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $model = '';
	/**
	 * Can be used to override the default database behavior.
	 * @var mixed
	 */
	public $db_params = '';
	/**
	 * Prefix string used when reporting errors.
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $error_prefix = '';
	/**
	 * Suffic string used when reporting errors.
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $error_suffix = '';
	/**
	 * Custom name for the automatic timestamp saved with new objects.
	 * Defaults to 'created'.
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $created_field = '';
	/**
	 * Custom name for the automatic timestamp saved when an object changes.
	 * Defaults to 'updated'.
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $updated_field = '';
	/**
	 * If TRUE, automatically wrap every save and delete in a transaction.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $auto_transaction = FALSE;
	/**
	 * If TRUE, has_many relationships are automatically loaded when accessed.
	 * Not recommended in most situations.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $auto_populate_has_many = FALSE;
	/**
	 * If TRUE, has_one relationships are automatically loaded when accessed.
	 * Not recommended in some situations.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $auto_populate_has_one = FALSE;
	/**
	 * Enables the old method of storing the all array using an object's ID.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $all_array_uses_ids = FALSE;
	/**
	 * The result of validate is stored here.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $valid = FALSE;
	/**
	 * If TRUE, the created/updated fields are stored using local time.
	 * If FALSE (the default), they are stored using UTC
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $local_time = FALSE;
	/**
	 * If TRUE, the created/updated fields are stored as a unix timestamp,
	 * as opposed to a formatted string.
	 * Defaults to FALSE.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $unix_timestamp = FALSE;
	/**
	 * Set to a date format to override the default format of
	 *	'Y-m-d H:i:s O'
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $timestamp_format = '';
	/**
	 * delete relations on delete of an object. Defaults to TRUE.
	 * set to FALSE if you RDBMS takes care of this using constraints
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $cascade_delete = true;
	/**
	 * Contains the database fields for this object.
	 * ** Automatically configured **
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $fields = array();
	/**
	 * Set to a string to use when autoloading lang files.
	 * Can contain two magic values: ${model} and ${table}.
	 * These are automatically
	 * replaced when looking up the language file.
	 * Defaults to model_${model}
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $lang_file_format = '';
	/**
	 * Set to a string to use when looking up field labels.  Can contain three
	 * magic values: ${model}, ${table}, and ${field}.  These are automatically
	 * replaced when looking up the language file.
	 * Defaults to ${model}_${field}
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $field_label_lang_format = '';
	/**
	 * Contains the result of the last query.
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $all = array();
	/**
	 * Semi-private field used to track the parent model/id if there is one.
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $parent = array();
	/**
	 * Contains the validation rules, label, and get_rules for each field.
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $validation = array();
	/**
	 * Contains any related objects of which this model is related one or more times.
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $has_many = array();
	/**
	 * Contains any related objects of which this model is singularly related.
	 * @var array
	 */
	public $has_one = array();
	/**
	 * Used to enable or disable the production cache.
	 * This should really only be set in the global configuration.
	 * @var bool
	 */
	public $production_cache = FALSE;
	/**
	 * Used to determine where to look for extensions.
	 * This should really only be set in the global configuration.
	 * @var string
	 */
	public $extensions_path = '';
	/**
	 * If set to an array of names, this will automatically load the
	 * specified extensions for this model.
	 * @var mixed
	 */
	public $extensions = NULL;
	/**
	 * If a query returns more than the number of rows specified here,
	 * then it will be automatically freed after a get.
	 * @var int
	 */
	public $free_result_threshold = 100;
	/**
	 * This can be specified as an array of fields to sort by if no other
	 * sorting or selection has occurred.
	 * @var mixed
	 */
	public $default_order_by = NULL;

	// tracks whether or not the object has already been validated
	protected $_validated = FALSE;
	// tracks whether validation needs to be forced before save
	protected $_force_validation = FALSE;
	// Tracks the columns that need to be instantiated after a GET
	protected $_instantiations = NULL;
	// Tracks get_rules, matches, and intval rules, to spped up _to_object
	protected $_field_tracking = NULL;
	// used to track related queries in deep relationships.
	protected $_query_related = array();
	// If true before a related get(), any extra fields on the join table will be added.
	protected $_include_join_fields = FALSE;
	// If true before a save, this will force the next save to be new.
	protected $_force_save_as_new = FALSE;
	// If true, the next where statement will not be prefixed with an AND or OR.
	protected $_where_group_started = FALSE;

	// storage for additional model paths for the autoloader
	protected static $model_paths = array();

	/**
	 * Constructors (both PHP4 and PHP5 style, to stay compatible)
	 *
	 * Initialize DataMapper.
	 * @param	int $id if provided, load in the object specified by that ID.
	 */
	public function __construct($id = NULL)
	{
		return $this->DataMapper($id);
	}

	public function DataMapper($id = NULL)
	{
		$this->_dmz_assign_libraries();

		$this_class = strtolower(get_class($this));
		$is_dmz = $this_class == 'datamapper';

		if($is_dmz)
		{
			$this->_load_languages();

			$this->_load_helpers();
		}

		// this is to ensure that singular is only called once per model
		if(isset(DataMapper::$common[DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY][$this_class])) {
			$common_key = DataMapper::$common[DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY][$this_class];
		} else {
			DataMapper::$common[DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY][$this_class] = $common_key = singular($this_class);
		}

		// Determine model name
		if (empty($this->model))
		{
			$this->model = $common_key;
		}

		// Load stored config settings by reference
		foreach (DataMapper::$config as $config_key => &$config_value)
		{
			// Only if they're not already set
			if (empty($this->{$config_key}))
			{
				$this->{$config_key} =& $config_value;
			}
		}

		// Load model settings if not in common storage
		if ( ! isset(DataMapper::$common[$common_key]))
		{
			// If model is 'datamapper' then this is the initial autoload by CodeIgniter
			if ($is_dmz)
			{
				// Load config settings
				$this->config->load('datamapper', TRUE, TRUE);

				// Get and store config settings
				DataMapper::$config = $this->config->item('datamapper');

				// now double check that all required config values were set
				foreach(DataMapper::$_dmz_config_defaults as $config_key => $config_value)
				{
					if(empty(DataMapper::$config[$config_key]))
					{
						DataMapper::$config[$config_key] = $config_value;
					}
				}

				DataMapper::_load_extensions(DataMapper::$global_extensions, DataMapper::$config['extensions']);
				unset(DataMapper::$config['extensions']);

				return;
			}

			// load language file, if requested and it exists
			if(!empty($this->lang_file_format))
			{
				$lang_file = str_replace(array('${model}', '${table}'), array($this->model, $this->table), $this->lang_file_format);
				$deft_lang = $this->config->item('language');
				$idiom = ($deft_lang == '') ? 'english' : $deft_lang;
				if(file_exists(APPPATH.'language/'.$idiom.'/'.$lang_file.'_lang'.EXT))
				{
					$this->lang->load($lang_file, $idiom);
				}
			}

			$loaded_from_cache = FALSE;

			// Load in the production cache for this model, if it exists
			if( ! empty(DataMapper::$config['production_cache']))
			{
				// check if it's a fully qualified path first
				if (!is_dir($cache_folder = DataMapper::$config['production_cache']))
				{
					// if not, it's relative to the application path
					$cache_folder = APPPATH . DataMapper::$config['production_cache'];
				}
				if(file_exists($cache_folder) && is_dir($cache_folder) && is_writeable($cache_folder))
				{
					$cache_file = $cache_folder . '/' . $common_key . EXT;
					if(file_exists($cache_file))
					{
						include($cache_file);
						if(isset($cache))
						{
							DataMapper::$common[$common_key] =& $cache;
							unset($cache);

							// allow subclasses to add initializations
							if(method_exists($this, 'post_model_init'))
							{
								$this->post_model_init(TRUE);
							}

							// Load extensions (they are not cacheable)
							$this->_initiate_local_extensions($common_key);

							$loaded_from_cache = TRUE;
						}
					}
				}
			}

			if(! $loaded_from_cache)
			{

				// Determine table name
				if (empty($this->table))
				{
					$this->table = plural(get_class($this));
				}

				// Add prefix to table
				$this->table = $this->prefix . $this->table;

				$this->_field_tracking = array(
					'get_rules' => array(),
					'matches' => array(),
					'intval' => array('id')
				);

				// Convert validation into associative array by field name
				$associative_validation = array();

				foreach ($this->validation as $name => $validation)
				{
					if(is_string($name)) {
						$validation['field'] = $name;
					} else {
						$name = $validation['field'];
					}

					// clean up possibly missing fields
					if( ! isset($validation['rules']))
					{
						$validation['rules'] = array();
					}

					// Populate associative validation array
					$associative_validation[$name] = $validation;

					if (!empty($validation['get_rules']))
					{
						$this->_field_tracking['get_rules'][] = $name;
					}

					// Check if there is a "matches" validation rule
					if (isset($validation['rules']['matches']))
					{
						$this->_field_tracking['matches'][$name] = $validation['rules']['matches'];
					}
				}

				// set up id column, if not set
				if(!isset($associative_validation['id']))
				{
					// label is set below, to prevent caching language-based labels
					$associative_validation['id'] = array(
						'field' => 'id',
						'rules' => array('integer')
					);
				}

				$this->validation = $associative_validation;

				// Force all other has_one ITFKs to integers on get
				foreach($this->has_one as $related => $rel_props)
				{
					$field = $related . '_id';
					if(	in_array($field, $this->fields) &&
						( ! isset($this->validation[$field]) || // does not have a validation key or...
							! isset($this->validation[$field]['get_rules'])) &&  // a get_rules key...
						( ! isset($this->validation[$related]) || // nor does the related have a validation key or...
							! isset($this->validation[$related]['get_rules'])) ) // a get_rules key
					{
						// assume an int
						$this->_field_tracking['intval'][] = $field;
					}
				}

				// Get and store the table's field names and meta data
				$fields = $this->db->field_data($this->table);

				// Store only the field names and ensure validation list includes all fields
				foreach ($fields as $field)
				{
					// Populate fields array
					$this->fields[] = $field->name;

					// Add validation if current field has none
					if ( ! isset($this->validation[$field->name]))
					{
						// label is set below, to prevent caching language-based labels
						$this->validation[$field->name] = array('field' => $field->name, 'rules' => array());
					}
				}

				// convert simple has_one and has_many arrays into more advanced ones
				foreach(array('has_one', 'has_many') as $arr)
				{
					foreach ($this->{$arr} as $related_field => $rel_props)
					{
						// process the relationship
						$this->_relationship($arr, $rel_props, $related_field);
					}
				}

				// allow subclasses to add initializations
				if(method_exists($this, 'post_model_init'))
				{
					$this->post_model_init(FALSE);
				}

				// Store common model settings
				foreach (array('table', 'fields', 'validation',
							'has_one', 'has_many', '_field_tracking') as $item)
				{
					DataMapper::$common[$common_key][$item] = $this->{$item};
				}

				// store the item to the production cache
				$this->production_cache();

				// Load extensions last, so they aren't cached.
				$this->_initiate_local_extensions($common_key);
			}

			// Finally, localize the labels here (because they shouldn't be cached
			// This also sets any missing labels.
			$validation =& DataMapper::$common[$common_key]['validation'];
			foreach($validation as $field => &$val)
			{
				// Localize label if necessary
				$val['label'] = $this->localize_label($field,
						isset($val['label']) ?
							$val['label'] :
							FALSE);
			}
			unset($validation);
		}

		// Load stored common model settings by reference
		foreach(DataMapper::$common[$common_key] as $key => &$value)
		{
			$this->{$key} =& $value;
		}

		// Clear object properties to set at default values
		$this->clear();

		if( ! empty($id) && is_numeric($id))
		{
			$this->get_by_id(intval($id));
		}
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Reloads in the configuration data for a model.  This is mainly
	 * used to handle language changes.  Only this instance and new instances
	 * will see the changes.
	 */
	public function reinitialize_model()
	{
		// this is to ensure that singular is only called once per model
		if(isset(DataMapper::$common[DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY][$this_class])) {
			$common_key = DataMapper::$common[DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY][$this_class];
		} else {
			DataMapper::$common[DMZ_CLASSNAMES_KEY][$this_class] = $common_key = singular($this_class);
		}
		unset(DataMapper::$common[$common_key]);
		$model = get_class($this);
		new $model(); // re-initialze

		// Load stored common model settings by reference
		foreach(DataMapper::$common[$common_key] as $key => &$value)
		{
			$this->{$key} =& $value;
		}
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Autoload
	 *
	 * Autoloads object classes that are used with DataMapper.
	 * This method will look in any model directories available to CI.
	 *
	 * Note:
	 * It is important that they are autoloaded as loading them manually with
	 * CodeIgniter's loader class will cause DataMapper's __get and __set functions
	 * to not function.
	 *
	 * @param	string $class Name of class to load.
	 */
	public static function autoload($class)
	{
		$CI =& get_instance();

		// Don't attempt to autoload CI_ , EE_, or custom prefixed classes
		if (in_array(substr($class, 0, 3), array('CI_', 'EE_')) OR strpos($class, $CI->config->item('subclass_prefix')) === 0)
		{
			return;
		}

		// Prepare class
		$class = strtolower($class);

		// Prepare path
		if (isset($CI->load->_ci_model_paths) && is_array($CI->load->_ci_model_paths))
		{
			// use CI 2.0 loader's model paths
			$paths = $CI->load->_ci_model_paths;
		}
		else
		{
			// search only the applications models folder
			$paths[] = APPPATH;
		}

		foreach (array_merge($paths, self::$model_paths) as $path)
		{
			// Prepare file
			$file = $path . 'models/' . $class . EXT;

			// Check if file exists, require_once if it does
			if (file_exists($file))
			{
				require_once($file);
				break;
			}
		}

		// if class not loaded, do a recursive search of model paths for the class
		if (! class_exists($class))
		{
			foreach($paths as $path)
			{
				$found = DataMapper::recursive_require_once($class, $path . 'models');
				if($found)
				{
					break;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Add Model Path
	 *
	 * Manually add paths for the model autoloader
	 *
	 * @param	mixed $paths path or array of paths to search
	 */
	public static function add_model_path($paths)
	{
		if ( ! is_array($paths) )
		{
			$paths = array($paths);
		}

		foreach($paths as $path)
		{
			$path = rtrim($path, '/') . '/';
			if ( is_dir($path.'models') && ! in_array($path, self::$model_paths))
			{
				self::$model_paths[] = $path;
			}
		}
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Recursive Require Once
	 *
	 * Recursively searches the path for the class, require_once if found.
	 *
	 * @param	string $class Name of class to look for
	 * @param	string $path Current path to search
	 */
	protected static function recursive_require_once($class, $path)
	{
		$found = FALSE;
		if(is_dir($path))
		{
			$handle = opendir($path);
			if ($handle)
			{
				while (FALSE !== ($dir = readdir($handle)))
				{
					// If dir does not contain a dot
					if (strpos($dir, '.') === FALSE)
					{
						// Prepare recursive path
						$recursive_path = $path . '/' . $dir;

						// Prepare file
						$file = $recursive_path . '/' . $class . EXT;

						// Check if file exists, require_once if it does
						if (file_exists($file))
						{
							require_once($file);
							$found = TRUE;

							break;
						}
						else if (is_dir($recursive_path))
						{
							// Do a recursive search of the path for the class
							DataMapper::recursive_require_once($class, $recursive_path);
						}
					}
				}

				closedir($handle);
			}
		}
		return $found;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Loads in any extensions used by this class or globally.
	 *
	 * @param	array $extensions List of extensions to add to.
	 * @param	array $name List of new extensions to load.
	 */
	protected static function _load_extensions(&$extensions, $names)
	{
		$CI =& get_instance();
		$class_prefixes = array(
			0 => 'DMZ_',
			1 => 'DataMapper_',
			2 => $CI->config->item('subclass_prefix'),
			3 => 'CI_'
		);
		foreach($names as $name => $options)
		{
			if( ! is_string($name))
			{
				$name = $options;
				$options = NULL;
			}
			// only load an extension if it wasn't already loaded in this context
			if(isset($extensions[$name]))
			{
				return;
			}

			if( ! isset($extensions['_methods']))
			{
				$extensions['_methods'] = array();
			}

			// determine the file name and class name
			if(strpos($name, '/') === FALSE)
			{
				$file = APPPATH . DataMapper::$config['extensions_path'] . '/' . $name . EXT;
				$ext = $name;
			}
			else
			{
				$file = APPPATH . $name . EXT;
				$ext = array_pop(explode('/', $name));
			}

			if(!file_exists($file))
			{
				show_error('DataMapper Error: loading extension ' . $name . ': File not found.');
			}

			// load class
			include_once($file);

			// Allow for DMZ_Extension, DataMapper_Extension, etc.
			foreach($class_prefixes as $index => $prefix)
			{
				if(class_exists($prefix.$ext))
				{
					if($index == 2) // "MY_"
					{
						// Load in the library this class is based on
						$CI->load->library($ext);
					}
					$ext = $prefix.$ext;
					break;
				}
			}
			if(!class_exists($ext))
			{
				show_error("DataMapper Error: Unable to find a class for extension $name.");
			}
			// create class
			if(is_null($options))
			{
				$o = new $ext(NULL, isset($this) ? $this : NULL);
			}
			else
			{
				$o = new $ext($options, isset($this) ? $this : NULL);
			}
			$extensions[$name] = $o;

			// figure out which methods can be called on this class.
			$methods = get_class_methods($ext);
			foreach($methods as $m)
			{
				// do not load private methods or methods already loaded.
				if($m[0] !== '_' &&
						is_callable(array($o, $m)) &&
						! isset($extensions['_methods'][$m])
						) {
					// store this method.
					$extensions['_methods'][$m] = $name;
				}
			}
		}
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Loads the extensions that are local to this model.
	 * @param	string $common_key Shared key to save extenions to.
	 */
	private function _initiate_local_extensions($common_key)
	{
		if(!empty($this->extensions))
		{
			$extensions = $this->extensions;
			$this->extensions = array();
			DataMapper::_load_extensions($this->extensions, $extensions);
		}
		else
		{
			// ensure an empty array
			$this->extensions = array('_methods' => array());
		}
		// bind to the shared key, for dynamic loading
		DataMapper::$common[$common_key]['extensions'] =& $this->extensions;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Dynamically load an extension when needed.
	 * @param	object $name Name of the extension (or array of extensions).
	 * @param	array $options Options for the extension
	 * @param	boolean $local If TRUE, only loads the extension into this object
	 */
	public function load_extension($name, $options = NULL, $local = FALSE)
	{
		if( ! is_array($name))
		{
			if( ! is_null($options))
			{
				$name = array($name => $options);
			}
			else
			{
				$name = array($name);
			}
		}
		// called individually to ensure that the array is modified directly
		// (and not copied instead)
		if($local)
		{
			DataMapper::_load_extensions($this->extensions, $name);
		}
		else
		{
			DataMapper::_load_extensions(DataMapper::$global_extensions, $name);
		}

	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------


	/* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
	 *																   *
	 * Magic methods													 *
	 *																   *
	 * The following are methods to override the default PHP behaviour.  *
	 *																   *
	 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * */

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Magic Get
	 *
	 * Returns the value of the named property.
	 * If named property is a related item, instantiate it first.
	 *
	 * This method also instantiates the DB object and the form_validation
	 * objects as necessary
	 *
	 * @ignore
	 * @param	string $name Name of property to look for
	 * @return	mixed
	 */
	public function __get($name)
	{
		// We dynamically get DB when needed, and create a copy.
		// This allows multiple queries to be generated at the same time.
		if($name == 'db')
		{
			$CI =& get_instance();
			if($this->db_params === FALSE)
			{
				if ( ! isset($CI->db) || ! is_object($CI->db) || ! isset($CI->db->dbdriver) )
				{
					show_error('DataMapper Error: CodeIgniter database library not loaded.');
				}
				$this->db =& $CI->db;
			}
			else
			{
				if($this->db_params == '' || $this->db_params === TRUE)
				{
					if ( ! isset($CI->db) || ! is_object($CI->db) || ! isset($CI->db->dbdriver) )
					{
						show_error('DataMapper Error: CodeIgniter database library not loaded.');
					}
					// ensure the shared DB is disconnected, even if the app exits uncleanly
					if(!isset($CI->db->_has_shutdown_hook))
					{
						register_shutdown_function(array($CI->db, 'close'));
						$CI->db->_has_shutdown_hook = TRUE;
					}
					// clone, so we don't create additional connections to the DB
					$this->db = clone($CI->db);
					$this->db->_reset_select();
				}
				else
				{
					// connecting to a different database, so we *must* create additional copies.
					// It is up to the developer to close the connection!
					$this->db = $CI->load->database($this->db_params, TRUE, TRUE);
				}
				// these items are shared (for debugging)
				if(is_object($CI->db) && isset($CI->db->dbdriver))
				{
					$this->db->queries =& $CI->db->queries;
					$this->db->query_times =& $CI->db->query_times;
				}
			}
			// ensure the created DB is disconnected, even if the app exits uncleanly
			if(!isset($this->db->_has_shutdown_hook))
			{
				register_shutdown_function(array($this->db, 'close'));
				$this->db->_has_shutdown_hook = TRUE;
			}
			return $this->db;
		}

		// Special case to get form_validation when first accessed
		if($name == 'form_validation')
		{
			if ( ! isset($this->form_validation) )
			{
				$CI =& get_instance();
				if( ! isset($CI->form_validation))
				{
					$CI->load->library('form_validation');
					$this->lang->load('form_validation');
					unset($CI->load->_ci_classes['form_validation']);
				}
				$this->form_validation = $CI->form_validation;
			}
			return $this->form_validation;
		}

		$has_many = isset($this->has_many[$name]);
		$has_one = isset($this->has_one[$name]);

		// If named property is a "has many" or "has one" related item
		if ($has_many || $has_one)
		{
			$related_properties = $has_many ? $this->has_many[$name] : $this->has_one[$name];
			// Instantiate it before accessing
			$class = $related_properties['class'];
			$this->{$name} = new $class();

			// Store parent data
			$this->{$name}->parent = array('model' => $related_properties['other_field'], 'id' => $this->id);

			// Check if Auto Populate for "has many" or "has one" is on
			// (but only if this object exists in the DB, and we aren't instantiating)
			if ($this->exists() &&
					($has_many && ($this->auto_populate_has_many || $this->has_many[$name]['auto_populate'])) || ($has_one && ($this->auto_populate_has_one || $this->has_one[$name]['auto_populate'])))
			{
				$this->{$name}->get();
			}

			return $this->{$name};
		}

		$name_single = singular($name);
		if($name_single !== $name) {
			// possibly return single form of name
			$test = $this->{$name_single};
			if(is_object($test)) {
				return $test;
			}
		}

		return NULL;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Used several places to temporarily override the auto_populate setting
	 * @ignore
	 * @param string $related Related Name
	 * @return DataMapper|NULL
	 */
	private function &_get_without_auto_populating($related)
	{
		$b_many = $this->auto_populate_has_many;
		$b_one = $this->auto_populate_has_one;
		$this->auto_populate_has_many = FALSE;
		$this->auto_populate_has_one = FALSE;
		$ret =& $this->{$related};
		$this->auto_populate_has_many = $b_many;
		$this->auto_populate_has_one = $b_one;
		return $ret;
	}

	// --------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * Magic Call
	 *
	 * Calls special methods, or extension methods.
	 *
	 * @ignore
	 * @param	string $method Method name
	 * @param	array $arguments Arguments to method
	 * @return	mixed
	 */
	public function __call($method, $arguments)
	{

		// List of watched method names
		// NOTE: order matters: make sure more specific items are listed before
		// less specific items
		$watched_methods = array(
			'save_', 'delete_',
			'get_by_related_', 'get_by_related', 'get_by_',
			'_related_subquery', '_subquery',
			'_related_', '_related',
			'_join_field',
			'_field_func', '_func'
		);

		foreach ($watched_methods as $watched_method)
		{
			// See if called method is a watched method
			if (strpos($method, $watched_method) !== FALSE)
			{
				$pieces = explode($watched_method, $method);
				if ( ! empty($pieces[0]) && ! empty($pieces[1]))
				{
					// Watched method is in the middle
					return $this->{'_' . trim($watched_method, '_')}($pieces[0], array_merge(array($pieces[1]), $arguments));
				}
				else
				{
					// Watched method is a prefix or suffix
					return $this->{'_' . trim($watched_method, '_')}(str_replace($watched_method, '', $method), $arguments);
				}
			}
		}

		// attempt to call an extension
		$ext = NULL;
		if($this->_extension_method_exists($method, 'local'))
		{
			$name = $this->extensions['_methods'][$method];
			$ext = $this->extensions[$name];
		}
		else if($this->_extension_method_exists($method, 'global'))
		{
			$name = DataMapper::$global_extensions['_methods'][$method];
			$ext = DataMapper::$global_extensions[$name];
		}
		if( ! is_null($ext))
		{
			array_unshift($arguments, $this);
			return call_user_func_array(array($ext, $method), $arguments)…

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