// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
// All rights reserved.
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
// met:
//
//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
// distribution.
//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
// this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
//
// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)

// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
//
// This file tests some commonly used argument matchers.

#include "gmock/gmock-matchers.h"
#include "gmock/gmock-more-matchers.h"

#include <string.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <deque>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <limits>
#include <list>
#include <map>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
#include "gmock/gmock.h"
#include "gtest/gtest.h"
#include "gtest/gtest-spi.h"

namespace testing {

namespace internal {
GTEST_API_ string JoinAsTuple(const Strings& fields);
}  // namespace internal

namespace gmock_matchers_test {

using std::greater;
using std::less;
using std::list;
using std::make_pair;
using std::map;
using std::multimap;
using std::multiset;
using std::ostream;
using std::pair;
using std::set;
using std::stringstream;
using std::tr1::get;
using std::tr1::make_tuple;
using std::tr1::tuple;
using std::vector;
using testing::A;
using testing::AllArgs;
using testing::AllOf;
using testing::An;
using testing::AnyOf;
using testing::ByRef;
using testing::ContainsRegex;
using testing::DoubleEq;
using testing::DoubleNear;
using testing::EndsWith;
using testing::Eq;
using testing::ExplainMatchResult;
using testing::Field;
using testing::FloatEq;
using testing::FloatNear;
using testing::Ge;
using testing::Gt;
using testing::HasSubstr;
using testing::IsEmpty;
using testing::IsNull;
using testing::Key;
using testing::Le;
using testing::Lt;
using testing::MakeMatcher;
using testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
using testing::MatchResultListener;
using testing::Matcher;
using testing::MatcherCast;
using testing::MatcherInterface;
using testing::Matches;
using testing::MatchesRegex;
using testing::NanSensitiveDoubleEq;
using testing::NanSensitiveDoubleNear;
using testing::NanSensitiveFloatEq;
using testing::NanSensitiveFloatNear;
using testing::Ne;
using testing::Not;
using testing::NotNull;
using testing::Pair;
using testing::Pointee;
using testing::Pointwise;
using testing::PolymorphicMatcher;
using testing::Property;
using testing::Ref;
using testing::ResultOf;
using testing::SizeIs;
using testing::StartsWith;
using testing::StringMatchResultListener;
using testing::StrCaseEq;
using testing::StrCaseNe;
using testing::StrEq;
using testing::StrNe;
using testing::Truly;
using testing::TypedEq;
using testing::Value;
using testing::WhenSorted;
using testing::WhenSortedBy;
using testing::_;
using testing::internal::DummyMatchResultListener;
using testing::internal::ElementMatcherPair;
using testing::internal::ElementMatcherPairs;
using testing::internal::ExplainMatchFailureTupleTo;
using testing::internal::FloatingEqMatcher;
using testing::internal::FormatMatcherDescription;
using testing::internal::IsReadableTypeName;
using testing::internal::JoinAsTuple;
using testing::internal::MatchMatrix;
using testing::internal::RE;
using testing::internal::StreamMatchResultListener;
using testing::internal::Strings;
using testing::internal::linked_ptr;
using testing::internal::scoped_ptr;
using testing::internal::string;

// Evaluates to the number of elements in 'array'.
#define GMOCK_ARRAY_SIZE_(array) (sizeof(array) / sizeof(array[0]))

// For testing ExplainMatchResultTo().
class GreaterThanMatcher : public MatcherInterface<int> {
 public:
  explicit GreaterThanMatcher(int rhs) : rhs_(rhs) {}

  virtual void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
    *os << "is > " << rhs_;
  }

  virtual bool MatchAndExplain(int lhs,
                               MatchResultListener* listener) const {
    const int diff = lhs - rhs_;
    if (diff > 0) {
      *listener << "which is " << diff << " more than " << rhs_;
    } else if (diff == 0) {
      *listener << "which is the same as " << rhs_;
    } else {
      *listener << "which is " << -diff << " less than " << rhs_;
    }

    return lhs > rhs_;
  }

 private:
  int rhs_;
};

Matcher<int> GreaterThan(int n) {
  return MakeMatcher(new GreaterThanMatcher(n));
}

string OfType(const string& type_name) {
#if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
  return " (of type " + type_name + ")";
#else
  return "";
#endif
}

// Returns the description of the given matcher.
template <typename T>
string Describe(const Matcher<T>& m) {
  stringstream ss;
  m.DescribeTo(&ss);
  return ss.str();
}

// Returns the description of the negation of the given matcher.
template <typename T>
string DescribeNegation(const Matcher<T>& m) {
  stringstream ss;
  m.DescribeNegationTo(&ss);
  return ss.str();
}

// Returns the reason why x matches, or doesn't match, m.
template <typename MatcherType, typename Value>
string Explain(const MatcherType& m, const Value& x) {
  StringMatchResultListener listener;
  ExplainMatchResult(m, x, &listener);
  return listener.str();
}

TEST(MatchResultListenerTest, StreamingWorks) {
  StringMatchResultListener listener;
  listener << "hi" << 5;
  EXPECT_EQ("hi5", listener.str());

  listener.Clear();
  EXPECT_EQ("", listener.str());

  listener << 42;
  EXPECT_EQ("42", listener.str());

  // Streaming shouldn't crash when the underlying ostream is NULL.
  DummyMatchResultListener dummy;
  dummy << "hi" << 5;
}

TEST(MatchResultListenerTest, CanAccessUnderlyingStream) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(DummyMatchResultListener().stream() == NULL);
  EXPECT_TRUE(StreamMatchResultListener(NULL).stream() == NULL);

  EXPECT_EQ(&std::cout, StreamMatchResultListener(&std::cout).stream());
}

TEST(MatchResultListenerTest, IsInterestedWorks) {
  EXPECT_TRUE(StringMatchResultListener().IsInterested());
  EXPECT_TRUE(StreamMatchResultListener(&std::cout).IsInterested());

  EXPECT_FALSE(DummyMatchResultListener().IsInterested());
  EXPECT_FALSE(StreamMatchResultListener(NULL).IsInterested());
}

// Makes sure that the MatcherInterface<T> interface doesn't
// change.
class EvenMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<int> {
 public:
  virtual bool MatchAndExplain(int x,
                               MatchResultListener* /* listener */) const {
    return x % 2 == 0;
  }

  virtual void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
    *os << "is an even number";
  }

  // We deliberately don't define DescribeNegationTo() and
  // ExplainMatchResultTo() here, to make sure the definition of these
  // two methods is optional.
};

// Makes sure that the MatcherInterface API doesn't change.
TEST(MatcherInterfaceTest, CanBeImplementedUsingPublishedAPI) {
  EvenMatcherImpl m;
}

// Tests implementing a monomorphic matcher using MatchAndExplain().

class NewEvenMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<int> {
 public:
  virtual bool MatchAndExplain(int x, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
    const bool match = x % 2 == 0;
    // Verifies that we can stream to a listener directly.
    *listener << "value % " << 2;
    if (listener->stream() != NULL) {
      // Verifies that we can stream to a listener's underlying stream
      // too.
      *listener->stream() << " == " << (x % 2);
    }
    return match;
  }

  virtual void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
    *os << "is an even number";
  }
};

TEST(MatcherInterfaceTest, CanBeImplementedUsingNewAPI) {
  Matcher<int> m = MakeMatcher(new NewEvenMatcherImpl);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(2));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(3));
  EXPECT_EQ("value % 2 == 0", Explain(m, 2));
  EXPECT_EQ("value % 2 == 1", Explain(m, 3));
}

// Tests default-constructing a matcher.
TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeDefaultConstructed) {
  Matcher<double> m;
}

// Tests that Matcher<T> can be constructed from a MatcherInterface<T>*.
TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeConstructedFromMatcherInterface) {
  const MatcherInterface<int>* impl = new EvenMatcherImpl;
  Matcher<int> m(impl);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(4));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(5));
}

// Tests that value can be used in place of Eq(value).
TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromValue) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = 5;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(5));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(6));
}

// Tests that NULL can be used in place of Eq(NULL).
TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromNULL) {
  Matcher<int*> m1 = NULL;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(&n));
}

// Tests that matchers are copyable.
TEST(MatcherTest, IsCopyable) {
  // Tests the copy constructor.
  Matcher<bool> m1 = Eq(false);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(false));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(true));

  // Tests the assignment operator.
  m1 = Eq(true);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(true));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(false));
}

// Tests that Matcher<T>::DescribeTo() calls
// MatcherInterface<T>::DescribeTo().
TEST(MatcherTest, CanDescribeItself) {
  EXPECT_EQ("is an even number",
            Describe(Matcher<int>(new EvenMatcherImpl)));
}

// Tests Matcher<T>::MatchAndExplain().
TEST(MatcherTest, MatchAndExplain) {
  Matcher<int> m = GreaterThan(0);
  StringMatchResultListener listener1;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.MatchAndExplain(42, &listener1));
  EXPECT_EQ("which is 42 more than 0", listener1.str());

  StringMatchResultListener listener2;
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.MatchAndExplain(-9, &listener2));
  EXPECT_EQ("which is 9 less than 0", listener2.str());
}

// Tests that a C-string literal can be implicitly converted to a
// Matcher<string> or Matcher<const string&>.
TEST(StringMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromCStringLiteral) {
  Matcher<string> m1 = "hi";
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("hello"));

  Matcher<const string&> m2 = "hi";
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("hello"));
}

// Tests that a string object can be implicitly converted to a
// Matcher<string> or Matcher<const string&>.
TEST(StringMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromString) {
  Matcher<string> m1 = string("hi");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("hello"));

  Matcher<const string&> m2 = string("hi");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("hello"));
}

#if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
// Tests that a C-string literal can be implicitly converted to a
// Matcher<StringPiece> or Matcher<const StringPiece&>.
TEST(StringPieceMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromCStringLiteral) {
  Matcher<StringPiece> m1 = "cats";
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("cats"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("dogs"));

  Matcher<const StringPiece&> m2 = "cats";
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("cats"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("dogs"));
}

// Tests that a string object can be implicitly converted to a
// Matcher<StringPiece> or Matcher<const StringPiece&>.
TEST(StringPieceMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromString) {
  Matcher<StringPiece> m1 = string("cats");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("cats"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("dogs"));

  Matcher<const StringPiece&> m2 = string("cats");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("cats"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("dogs"));
}

// Tests that a StringPiece object can be implicitly converted to a
// Matcher<StringPiece> or Matcher<const StringPiece&>.
TEST(StringPieceMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromStringPiece) {
  Matcher<StringPiece> m1 = StringPiece("cats");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("cats"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("dogs"));

  Matcher<const StringPiece&> m2 = StringPiece("cats");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("cats"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("dogs"));
}
#endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_

// Tests that MakeMatcher() constructs a Matcher<T> from a
// MatcherInterface* without requiring the user to explicitly
// write the type.
TEST(MakeMatcherTest, ConstructsMatcherFromMatcherInterface) {
  const MatcherInterface<int>* dummy_impl = NULL;
  Matcher<int> m = MakeMatcher(dummy_impl);
}

// Tests that MakePolymorphicMatcher() can construct a polymorphic
// matcher from its implementation using the old API.
const int g_bar = 1;
class ReferencesBarOrIsZeroImpl {
 public:
  template <typename T>
  bool MatchAndExplain(const T& x,
                       MatchResultListener* /* listener */) const {
    const void* p = &x;
    return p == &g_bar || x == 0;
  }

  void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const { *os << "g_bar or zero"; }

  void DescribeNegationTo(ostream* os) const {
    *os << "doesn't reference g_bar and is not zero";
  }
};

// This function verifies that MakePolymorphicMatcher() returns a
// PolymorphicMatcher<T> where T is the argument's type.
PolymorphicMatcher<ReferencesBarOrIsZeroImpl> ReferencesBarOrIsZero() {
  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(ReferencesBarOrIsZeroImpl());
}

TEST(MakePolymorphicMatcherTest, ConstructsMatcherUsingOldAPI) {
  // Using a polymorphic matcher to match a reference type.
  Matcher<const int&> m1 = ReferencesBarOrIsZero();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(0));
  // Verifies that the identity of a by-reference argument is preserved.
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(g_bar));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(1));
  EXPECT_EQ("g_bar or zero", Describe(m1));

  // Using a polymorphic matcher to match a value type.
  Matcher<double> m2 = ReferencesBarOrIsZero();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0.0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(0.1));
  EXPECT_EQ("g_bar or zero", Describe(m2));
}

// Tests implementing a polymorphic matcher using MatchAndExplain().

class PolymorphicIsEvenImpl {
 public:
  void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const { *os << "is even"; }

  void DescribeNegationTo(ostream* os) const {
    *os << "is odd";
  }

  template <typename T>
  bool MatchAndExplain(const T& x, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
    // Verifies that we can stream to the listener directly.
    *listener << "% " << 2;
    if (listener->stream() != NULL) {
      // Verifies that we can stream to the listener's underlying stream
      // too.
      *listener->stream() << " == " << (x % 2);
    }
    return (x % 2) == 0;
  }
};

PolymorphicMatcher<PolymorphicIsEvenImpl> PolymorphicIsEven() {
  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(PolymorphicIsEvenImpl());
}

TEST(MakePolymorphicMatcherTest, ConstructsMatcherUsingNewAPI) {
  // Using PolymorphicIsEven() as a Matcher<int>.
  const Matcher<int> m1 = PolymorphicIsEven();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(42));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(43));
  EXPECT_EQ("is even", Describe(m1));

  const Matcher<int> not_m1 = Not(m1);
  EXPECT_EQ("is odd", Describe(not_m1));

  EXPECT_EQ("% 2 == 0", Explain(m1, 42));

  // Using PolymorphicIsEven() as a Matcher<char>.
  const Matcher<char> m2 = PolymorphicIsEven();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches('\x42'));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches('\x43'));
  EXPECT_EQ("is even", Describe(m2));

  const Matcher<char> not_m2 = Not(m2);
  EXPECT_EQ("is odd", Describe(not_m2));

  EXPECT_EQ("% 2 == 0", Explain(m2, '\x42'));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a polymorphic matcher.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromPolymorphicMatcher) {
  Matcher<int> m = MatcherCast<int>(Eq(5));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(5));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(6));
}

// For testing casting matchers between compatible types.
class IntValue {
 public:
  // An int can be statically (although not implicitly) cast to a
  // IntValue.
  explicit IntValue(int a_value) : value_(a_value) {}

  int value() const { return value_; }
 private:
  int value_;
};

// For testing casting matchers between compatible types.
bool IsPositiveIntValue(const IntValue& foo) {
  return foo.value() > 0;
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<U> where T
// can be statically converted to U.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromCompatibleType) {
  Matcher<double> m1 = Eq(2.0);
  Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(2));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(3));

  Matcher<IntValue> m3 = Truly(IsPositiveIntValue);
  Matcher<int> m4 = MatcherCast<int>(m3);
  // In the following, the arguments 1 and 0 are statically converted
  // to IntValue objects, and then tested by the IsPositiveIntValue()
  // predicate.
  EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(1));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m4.Matches(0));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<const T&>.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromConstReferenceToNonReference) {
  Matcher<const int&> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T&>.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromReferenceToNonReference) {
  Matcher<int&> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<const T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToConstReference) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<const int&> m2 = MatcherCast<const int&>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToReference) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<int&> m2 = MatcherCast<int&>(m1);
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(n));
  n = 1;
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(n));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromSameType) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
}

// Implicitly convertible form any type.
struct ConvertibleFromAny {
  ConvertibleFromAny(int a_value) : value(a_value) {}
  template <typename T>
  ConvertibleFromAny(const T& a_value) : value(-1) {
    ADD_FAILURE() << "Conversion constructor called";
  }
  int value;
};

bool operator==(const ConvertibleFromAny& a, const ConvertibleFromAny& b) {
  return a.value == b.value;
}

ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const ConvertibleFromAny& a) {
  return os << a.value;
}

TEST(MatcherCastTest, ConversionConstructorIsUsed) {
  Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m = MatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
}

TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromConvertibleFromAny) {
  Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m =
      MatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(Eq(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
}

class Base {};
class Derived : public Base {};

// Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a polymorphic matcher.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromPolymorphicMatcher) {
  Matcher<char> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<char>(Eq(32));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(' '));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches('\n'));
}

// Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<U> where
// T and U are arithmetic types and T can be losslessly converted to
// U.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromLosslesslyConvertibleArithmeticType) {
  Matcher<double> m1 = DoubleEq(1.0);
  Matcher<float> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<float>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(1.0f));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(2.0f));

  Matcher<char> m3 = SafeMatcherCast<char>(TypedEq<int>('a'));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches('a'));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches('b'));
}

// Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<U> where T and U
// are pointers or references to a derived and a base class, correspondingly.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromBaseClass) {
  Derived d, d2;
  Matcher<Base*> m1 = Eq(&d);
  Matcher<Derived*> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<Derived*>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(&d));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(&d2));

  Matcher<Base&> m3 = Ref(d);
  Matcher<Derived&> m4 = SafeMatcherCast<Derived&>(m3);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(d));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m4.Matches(d2));
}

// Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<const T&>.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromConstReferenceToReference) {
  int n = 0;
  Matcher<const int&> m1 = Ref(n);
  Matcher<int&> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<int&>(m1);
  int n1 = 0;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(n));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(n1));
}

// Tests that MatcherCast<const T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToConstReference) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<const int&> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<const int&>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
}

// Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToReference) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<int&> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<int&>(m1);
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(n));
  n = 1;
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(n));
}

// Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromSameType) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
  Matcher<int> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<int>(m1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
}

TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, ConversionConstructorIsUsed) {
  Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m = SafeMatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
}

TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromConvertibleFromAny) {
  Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m =
      SafeMatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(Eq(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
}

// Tests that A<T>() matches any value of type T.
TEST(ATest, MatchesAnyValue) {
  // Tests a matcher for a value type.
  Matcher<double> m1 = A<double>();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(91.43));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-15.32));

  // Tests a matcher for a reference type.
  int a = 2;
  int b = -6;
  Matcher<int&> m2 = A<int&>();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(a));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(b));
}

TEST(ATest, WorksForDerivedClass) {
  Base base;
  Derived derived;
  EXPECT_THAT(&base, A<Base*>());
  // This shouldn't compile: EXPECT_THAT(&base, A<Derived*>());
  EXPECT_THAT(&derived, A<Base*>());
  EXPECT_THAT(&derived, A<Derived*>());
}

// Tests that A<T>() describes itself properly.
TEST(ATest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  EXPECT_EQ("is anything", Describe(A<bool>()));
}

// Tests that An<T>() matches any value of type T.
TEST(AnTest, MatchesAnyValue) {
  // Tests a matcher for a value type.
  Matcher<int> m1 = An<int>();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(9143));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-1532));

  // Tests a matcher for a reference type.
  int a = 2;
  int b = -6;
  Matcher<int&> m2 = An<int&>();
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(a));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(b));
}

// Tests that An<T>() describes itself properly.
TEST(AnTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  EXPECT_EQ("is anything", Describe(An<int>()));
}

// Tests that _ can be used as a matcher for any type and matches any
// value of that type.
TEST(UnderscoreTest, MatchesAnyValue) {
  // Uses _ as a matcher for a value type.
  Matcher<int> m1 = _;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(123));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-242));

  // Uses _ as a matcher for a reference type.
  bool a = false;
  const bool b = true;
  Matcher<const bool&> m2 = _;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(a));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(b));
}

// Tests that _ describes itself properly.
TEST(UnderscoreTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int> m = _;
  EXPECT_EQ("is anything", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Eq(x) matches any value equal to x.
TEST(EqTest, MatchesEqualValue) {
  // 2 C-strings with same content but different addresses.
  const char a1[] = "hi";
  const char a2[] = "hi";

  Matcher<const char*> m1 = Eq(a1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(a1));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(a2));
}

// Tests that Eq(v) describes itself properly.

class Unprintable {
 public:
  Unprintable() : c_('a') {}

  bool operator==(const Unprintable& /* rhs */) { return true; }
 private:
  char c_;
};

TEST(EqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<Unprintable> m = Eq(Unprintable());
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to 1-byte object <61>", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Eq(v) can be used to match any type that supports
// comparing with type T, where T is v's type.
TEST(EqTest, IsPolymorphic) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(2));

  Matcher<char> m2 = Eq(1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches('\1'));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches('a'));
}

// Tests that TypedEq<T>(v) matches values of type T that's equal to v.
TEST(TypedEqTest, ChecksEqualityForGivenType) {
  Matcher<char> m1 = TypedEq<char>('a');
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches('a'));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches('b'));

  Matcher<int> m2 = TypedEq<int>(6);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(6));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(7));
}

// Tests that TypedEq(v) describes itself properly.
TEST(TypedEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to 2", Describe(TypedEq<int>(2)));
}

// Tests that TypedEq<T>(v) has type Matcher<T>.

// Type<T>::IsTypeOf(v) compiles iff the type of value v is T, where T
// is a "bare" type (i.e. not in the form of const U or U&).  If v's
// type is not T, the compiler will generate a message about
// "undefined referece".
template <typename T>
struct Type {
  static bool IsTypeOf(const T& /* v */) { return true; }

  template <typename T2>
  static void IsTypeOf(T2 v);
};

TEST(TypedEqTest, HasSpecifiedType) {
  // Verfies that the type of TypedEq<T>(v) is Matcher<T>.
  Type<Matcher<int> >::IsTypeOf(TypedEq<int>(5));
  Type<Matcher<double> >::IsTypeOf(TypedEq<double>(5));
}

// Tests that Ge(v) matches anything >= v.
TEST(GeTest, ImplementsGreaterThanOrEqual) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Ge(0);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(-1));
}

// Tests that Ge(v) describes itself properly.
TEST(GeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int> m = Ge(5);
  EXPECT_EQ("is >= 5", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Gt(v) matches anything > v.
TEST(GtTest, ImplementsGreaterThan) {
  Matcher<double> m1 = Gt(0);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1.0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(0.0));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(-1.0));
}

// Tests that Gt(v) describes itself properly.
TEST(GtTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int> m = Gt(5);
  EXPECT_EQ("is > 5", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Le(v) matches anything <= v.
TEST(LeTest, ImplementsLessThanOrEqual) {
  Matcher<char> m1 = Le('b');
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches('a'));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches('b'));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches('c'));
}

// Tests that Le(v) describes itself properly.
TEST(LeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int> m = Le(5);
  EXPECT_EQ("is <= 5", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Lt(v) matches anything < v.
TEST(LtTest, ImplementsLessThan) {
  Matcher<const string&> m1 = Lt("Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("Abc"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("Hello, world!"));
}

// Tests that Lt(v) describes itself properly.
TEST(LtTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int> m = Lt(5);
  EXPECT_EQ("is < 5", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Ne(v) matches anything != v.
TEST(NeTest, ImplementsNotEqual) {
  Matcher<int> m1 = Ne(0);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-1));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(0));
}

// Tests that Ne(v) describes itself properly.
TEST(NeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int> m = Ne(5);
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to 5", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that IsNull() matches any NULL pointer of any type.
TEST(IsNullTest, MatchesNullPointer) {
  Matcher<int*> m1 = IsNull();
  int* p1 = NULL;
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(p1));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(&n));

  Matcher<const char*> m2 = IsNull();
  const char* p2 = NULL;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(p2));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("hi"));

#if !GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
  // Nokia's Symbian compiler generates:
  // gmock-matchers.h: ambiguous access to overloaded function
  // gmock-matchers.h: 'testing::Matcher<void *>::Matcher(void *)'
  // gmock-matchers.h: 'testing::Matcher<void *>::Matcher(const testing::
  //     MatcherInterface<void *> *)'
  // gmock-matchers.h:  (point of instantiation: 'testing::
  //     gmock_matchers_test::IsNullTest_MatchesNullPointer_Test::TestBody()')
  // gmock-matchers.h:   (instantiating: 'testing::PolymorphicMatc
  Matcher<void*> m3 = IsNull();
  void* p3 = NULL;
  EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(p3));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xbeef)));
#endif
}

TEST(IsNullTest, LinkedPtr) {
  const Matcher<linked_ptr<int> > m = IsNull();
  const linked_ptr<int> null_p;
  const linked_ptr<int> non_null_p(new int);

  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(null_p));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
}

TEST(IsNullTest, ReferenceToConstLinkedPtr) {
  const Matcher<const linked_ptr<double>&> m = IsNull();
  const linked_ptr<double> null_p;
  const linked_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);

  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(null_p));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
}

TEST(IsNullTest, ReferenceToConstScopedPtr) {
  const Matcher<const scoped_ptr<double>&> m = IsNull();
  const scoped_ptr<double> null_p;
  const scoped_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);

  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(null_p));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
}

// Tests that IsNull() describes itself properly.
TEST(IsNullTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int*> m = IsNull();
  EXPECT_EQ("is NULL", Describe(m));
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't NULL", DescribeNegation(m));
}

// Tests that NotNull() matches any non-NULL pointer of any type.
TEST(NotNullTest, MatchesNonNullPointer) {
  Matcher<int*> m1 = NotNull();
  int* p1 = NULL;
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(p1));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(&n));

  Matcher<const char*> m2 = NotNull();
  const char* p2 = NULL;
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(p2));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hi"));
}

TEST(NotNullTest, LinkedPtr) {
  const Matcher<linked_ptr<int> > m = NotNull();
  const linked_ptr<int> null_p;
  const linked_ptr<int> non_null_p(new int);

  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(null_p));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
}

TEST(NotNullTest, ReferenceToConstLinkedPtr) {
  const Matcher<const linked_ptr<double>&> m = NotNull();
  const linked_ptr<double> null_p;
  const linked_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);

  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(null_p));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
}

TEST(NotNullTest, ReferenceToConstScopedPtr) {
  const Matcher<const scoped_ptr<double>&> m = NotNull();
  const scoped_ptr<double> null_p;
  const scoped_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);

  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(null_p));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
}

// Tests that NotNull() describes itself properly.
TEST(NotNullTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<int*> m = NotNull();
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't NULL", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that Ref(variable) matches an argument that references
// 'variable'.
TEST(RefTest, MatchesSameVariable) {
  int a = 0;
  int b = 0;
  Matcher<int&> m = Ref(a);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(b));
}

// Tests that Ref(variable) describes itself properly.
TEST(RefTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  int n = 5;
  Matcher<int&> m = Ref(n);
  stringstream ss;
  ss << "references the variable @" << &n << " 5";
  EXPECT_EQ(string(ss.str()), Describe(m));
}

// Test that Ref(non_const_varialbe) can be used as a matcher for a
// const reference.
TEST(RefTest, CanBeUsedAsMatcherForConstReference) {
  int a = 0;
  int b = 0;
  Matcher<const int&> m = Ref(a);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(b));
}

// Tests that Ref(variable) is covariant, i.e. Ref(derived) can be
// used wherever Ref(base) can be used (Ref(derived) is a sub-type
// of Ref(base), but not vice versa.

TEST(RefTest, IsCovariant) {
  Base base, base2;
  Derived derived;
  Matcher<const Base&> m1 = Ref(base);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(base));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(base2));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(derived));

  m1 = Ref(derived);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(derived));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(base));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(base2));
}

TEST(RefTest, ExplainsResult) {
  int n = 0;
  EXPECT_THAT(Explain(Matcher<const int&>(Ref(n)), n),
              StartsWith("which is located @"));

  int m = 0;
  EXPECT_THAT(Explain(Matcher<const int&>(Ref(n)), m),
              StartsWith("which is located @"));
}

// Tests string comparison matchers.

TEST(StrEqTest, MatchesEqualString) {
  Matcher<const char*> m = StrEq(string("Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));

  Matcher<const string&> m2 = StrEq("Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
}

TEST(StrEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<string> m = StrEq("Hi-\'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\xD3");
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to \"Hi-\'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\"",
      Describe(m));

  string str("01204500800");
  str[3] = '\0';
  Matcher<string> m2 = StrEq(str);
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to \"012\\04500800\"", Describe(m2));
  str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = '\0';
  Matcher<string> m3 = StrEq(str);
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to \"\\012\\045\\0\\08\\0\\0\"", Describe(m3));
}

TEST(StrNeTest, MatchesUnequalString) {
  Matcher<const char*> m = StrNe("Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(""));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("Hello"));

  Matcher<string> m2 = StrNe(string("Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hello"));
}

TEST(StrNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const char*> m = StrNe("Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

TEST(StrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringIgnoringCase) {
  Matcher<const char*> m = StrCaseEq(string("Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("Hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));

  Matcher<const string&> m2 = StrCaseEq("Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
}

TEST(StrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringWith0IgnoringCase) {
  string str1("oabocdooeoo");
  string str2("OABOCDOOEOO");
  Matcher<const string&> m0 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  EXPECT_FALSE(m0.Matches(str2 + string(1, '\0')));

  str1[3] = str2[3] = '\0';
  Matcher<const string&> m1 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(str2));

  str1[0] = str1[6] = str1[7] = str1[10] = '\0';
  str2[0] = str2[6] = str2[7] = str2[10] = '\0';
  Matcher<const string&> m2 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  str1[9] = str2[9] = '\0';
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(str2));

  Matcher<const string&> m3 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(str2));

  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2 + "x"));
  str2.append(1, '\0');
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(string(str2, 0, 9)));
}

TEST(StrCaseEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<string> m = StrCaseEq("Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to (ignoring case) \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

TEST(StrCaseNeTest, MatchesUnequalStringIgnoringCase) {
  Matcher<const char*> m = StrCaseNe("Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("hello"));

  Matcher<string> m2 = StrCaseNe(string("Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(""));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hello"));
}

TEST(StrCaseNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const char*> m = StrCaseNe("Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to (ignoring case) \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching string-typed values.
TEST(HasSubstrTest, WorksForStringClasses) {
  const Matcher<string> m1 = HasSubstr("foo");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(string("I love food.")));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(string("tofo")));

  const Matcher<const std::string&> m2 = HasSubstr("foo");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(std::string("I love food.")));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(std::string("tofo")));
}

// Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching C-string-typed values.
TEST(HasSubstrTest, WorksForCStrings) {
  const Matcher<char*> m1 = HasSubstr("foo");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(const_cast<char*>("I love food.")));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(const_cast<char*>("tofo")));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));

  const Matcher<const char*> m2 = HasSubstr("foo");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("I love food."));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("tofo"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(NULL));
}

// Tests that HasSubstr(s) describes itself properly.
TEST(HasSubstrTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<string> m = HasSubstr("foo\n\"");
  EXPECT_EQ("has substring \"foo\\n\\\"\"", Describe(m));
}

TEST(KeyTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const pair<std::string, int>&> m = Key("foo");
  EXPECT_EQ("has a key that is equal to \"foo\"", Describe(m));
  EXPECT_EQ("doesn't have a key that is equal to \"foo\"", DescribeNegation(m));
}

TEST(KeyTest, ExplainsResult) {
  Matcher<pair<int, bool> > m = Key(GreaterThan(10));
  EXPECT_EQ("whose first field is a value which is 5 less than 10",
            Explain(m, make_pair(5, true)));
  EXPECT_EQ("whose first field is a value which is 5 more than 10",
            Explain(m, make_pair(15, true)));
}

TEST(KeyTest, MatchesCorrectly) {
  pair<int, std::string> p(25, "foo");
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Key(25));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Key(42)));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Key(Ge(20)));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Key(Lt(25))));
}

TEST(KeyTest, SafelyCastsInnerMatcher) {
  Matcher<int> is_positive = Gt(0);
  Matcher<int> is_negative = Lt(0);
  pair<char, bool> p('a', true);
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Key(is_positive));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Key(is_negative)));
}

TEST(KeyTest, InsideContainsUsingMap) {
  map<int, char> container;
  container.insert(make_pair(1, 'a'));
  container.insert(make_pair(2, 'b'));
  container.insert(make_pair(4, 'c'));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(1)));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Key(3))));
}

TEST(KeyTest, InsideContainsUsingMultimap) {
  multimap<int, char> container;
  container.insert(make_pair(1, 'a'));
  container.insert(make_pair(2, 'b'));
  container.insert(make_pair(4, 'c'));

  EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Key(25))));
  container.insert(make_pair(25, 'd'));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(25)));
  container.insert(make_pair(25, 'e'));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(25)));

  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(1)));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Key(3))));
}

TEST(PairTest, Typing) {
  // Test verifies the following type conversions can be compiled.
  Matcher<const pair<const char*, int>&> m1 = Pair("foo", 42);
  Matcher<const pair<const char*, int> > m2 = Pair("foo", 42);
  Matcher<pair<const char*, int> > m3 = Pair("foo", 42);

  Matcher<pair<int, const std::string> > m4 = Pair(25, "42");
  Matcher<pair<const std::string, int> > m5 = Pair("25", 42);
}

TEST(PairTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const pair<std::string, int>&> m1 = Pair("foo", 42);
  EXPECT_EQ("has a first field that is equal to \"foo\""
            ", and has a second field that is equal to 42",
            Describe(m1));
  EXPECT_EQ("has a first field that isn't equal to \"foo\""
            ", or has a second field that isn't equal to 42",
            DescribeNegation(m1));
  // Double and triple negation (1 or 2 times not and description of negation).
  Matcher<const pair<int, int>&> m2 = Not(Pair(Not(13), 42));
  EXPECT_EQ("has a first field that isn't equal to 13"
            ", and has a second field that is equal to 42",
            DescribeNegation(m2));
}

TEST(PairTest, CanExplainMatchResultTo) {
  // If neither field matches, Pair() should explain about the first
  // field.
  const Matcher<pair<int, int> > m = Pair(GreaterThan(0), GreaterThan(0));
  EXPECT_EQ("whose first field does not match, which is 1 less than 0",
            Explain(m, make_pair(-1, -2)));

  // If the first field matches but the second doesn't, Pair() should
  // explain about the second field.
  EXPECT_EQ("whose second field does not match, which is 2 less than 0",
            Explain(m, make_pair(1, -2)));

  // If the first field doesn't match but the second does, Pair()
  // should explain about the first field.
  EXPECT_EQ("whose first field does not match, which is 1 less than 0",
            Explain(m, make_pair(-1, 2)));

  // If both fields match, Pair() should explain about them both.
  EXPECT_EQ("whose both fields match, where the first field is a value "
            "which is 1 more than 0, and the second field is a value "
            "which is 2 more than 0",
            Explain(m, make_pair(1, 2)));

  // If only the first match has an explanation, only this explanation should
  // be printed.
  const Matcher<pair<int, int> > explain_first = Pair(GreaterThan(0), 0);
  EXPECT_EQ("whose both fields match, where the first field is a value "
            "which is 1 more than 0",
            Explain(explain_first, make_pair(1, 0)));

  // If only the second match has an explanation, only this explanation should
  // be printed.
  const Matcher<pair<int, int> > explain_second = Pair(0, GreaterThan(0));
  EXPECT_EQ("whose both fields match, where the second field is a value "
            "which is 1 more than 0",
            Explain(explain_second, make_pair(0, 1)));
}

TEST(PairTest, MatchesCorrectly) {
  pair<int, std::string> p(25, "foo");

  // Both fields match.
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(25, "foo"));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(Ge(20), HasSubstr("o")));

  // 'first' doesnt' match, but 'second' matches.
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(42, "foo")));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(Lt(25), "foo")));

  // 'first' matches, but 'second' doesn't match.
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(25, "bar")));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(25, Not("foo"))));

  // Neither field matches.
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(13, "bar")));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(Lt(13), HasSubstr("a"))));
}

TEST(PairTest, SafelyCastsInnerMatchers) {
  Matcher<int> is_positive = Gt(0);
  Matcher<int> is_negative = Lt(0);
  pair<char, bool> p('a', true);
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(is_positive, _));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(is_negative, _)));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(_, is_positive));
  EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(_, is_negative)));
}

TEST(PairTest, InsideContainsUsingMap) {
  map<int, char> container;
  container.insert(make_pair(1, 'a'));
  container.insert(make_pair(2, 'b'));
  container.insert(make_pair(4, 'c'));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Pair(1, 'a')));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Pair(1, _)));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Pair(_, 'a')));
  EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Pair(3, _))));
}

// Tests StartsWith(s).

TEST(StartsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenPrefix) {
  const Matcher<const char*> m1 = StartsWith(string(""));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(""));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));

  const Matcher<const string&> m2 = StartsWith("Hi");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hi Hi!"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("High"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("H"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(" Hi"));
}

TEST(StartsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const std::string> m = StartsWith("Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("starts with \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

// Tests EndsWith(s).

TEST(EndsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenSuffix) {
  const Matcher<const char*> m1 = EndsWith("");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(""));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));

  const Matcher<const string&> m2 = EndsWith(string("Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Wow Hi Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Super Hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("i"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hi "));
}

TEST(EndsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const std::string> m = EndsWith("Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("ends with \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

// Tests MatchesRegex().

TEST(MatchesRegexTest, MatchesStringMatchingGivenRegex) {
  const Matcher<const char*> m1 = MatchesRegex("a.*z");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("az"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("abcz"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));

  const Matcher<const string&> m2 = MatchesRegex(new RE("a.*z"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("azbz"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("az1"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("1az"));
}

TEST(MatchesRegexTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const std::string> m1 = MatchesRegex(string("Hi.*"));
  EXPECT_EQ("matches regular expression \"Hi.*\"", Describe(m1));

  Matcher<const char*> m2 = MatchesRegex(new RE("a.*"));
  EXPECT_EQ("matches regular expression \"a.*\"", Describe(m2));
}

// Tests ContainsRegex().

TEST(ContainsRegexTest, MatchesStringContainingGivenRegex) {
  const Matcher<const char*> m1 = ContainsRegex(string("a.*z"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("az"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("0abcz1"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));

  const Matcher<const string&> m2 = ContainsRegex(new RE("a.*z"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("azbz"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("az1"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("1a"));
}

TEST(ContainsRegexTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const std::string> m1 = ContainsRegex("Hi.*");
  EXPECT_EQ("contains regular expression \"Hi.*\"", Describe(m1));

  Matcher<const char*> m2 = ContainsRegex(new RE("a.*"));
  EXPECT_EQ("contains regular expression \"a.*\"", Describe(m2));
}

// Tests for wide strings.
#if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
TEST(StdWideStrEqTest, MatchesEqual) {
  Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrEq(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));

  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StrEq(L"Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));

  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m3 = StrEq(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74E"));

  ::std::wstring str(L"01204500800");
  str[3] = L'\0';
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m4 = StrEq(str);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(str));
  str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = L'\0';
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m5 = StrEq(str);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m5.Matches(str));
}

TEST(StdWideStrEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher< ::std::wstring> m = StrEq(L"Hi-\'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v");
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"Hi-\'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t\\v\"",
    Describe(m));

  Matcher< ::std::wstring> m2 = StrEq(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D");
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D\"",
    Describe(m2));

  ::std::wstring str(L"01204500800");
  str[3] = L'\0';
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m4 = StrEq(str);
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"012\\04500800\"", Describe(m4));
  str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = L'\0';
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m5 = StrEq(str);
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"\\012\\045\\0\\08\\0\\0\"", Describe(m5));
}

TEST(StdWideStrNeTest, MatchesUnequalString) {
  Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrNe(L"Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L""));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));

  Matcher< ::std::wstring> m2 = StrNe(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
}

TEST(StdWideStrNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrNe(L"Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

TEST(StdWideStrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringIgnoringCase) {
  Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseEq(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hi"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));

  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StrCaseEq(L"Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
}

TEST(StdWideStrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringWith0IgnoringCase) {
  ::std::wstring str1(L"oabocdooeoo");
  ::std::wstring str2(L"OABOCDOOEOO");
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m0 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  EXPECT_FALSE(m0.Matches(str2 + ::std::wstring(1, L'\0')));

  str1[3] = str2[3] = L'\0';
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m1 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(str2));

  str1[0] = str1[6] = str1[7] = str1[10] = L'\0';
  str2[0] = str2[6] = str2[7] = str2[10] = L'\0';
  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  str1[9] = str2[9] = L'\0';
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(str2));

  Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m3 = StrCaseEq(str1);
  EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(str2));

  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2 + L"x"));
  str2.append(1, L'\0');
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(::std::wstring(str2, 0, 9)));
}

TEST(StdWideStrCaseEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher< ::std::wstring> m = StrCaseEq(L"Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("is equal to (ignoring case) L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

TEST(StdWideStrCaseNeTest, MatchesUnequalStringIgnoringCase) {
  Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseNe(L"Hello");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hi"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"hello"));

  Matcher< ::std::wstring> m2 = StrCaseNe(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
  EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L""));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
}

TEST(StdWideStrCaseNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
  Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseNe(L"Hi");
  EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to (ignoring case) L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
}

// Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching wstring-typed values.
TEST(StdWideHasSubstrTest, WorksForStringClasses) {
  const Matcher< ::std::wstring> m1 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
  EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(::std::wstring(L"I love food.")));
  EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(::std::wstring(L"tofo")));

  const…