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</head>
<body>

  <div id="sidebar" class="interface">

    <a class="toc_title" href="#">
      Backbone.js <span class="version">(1.1.2)</span>
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>&raquo; <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone">GitHub Repository</a></li>
      <li>&raquo; <a href="docs/backbone.html">Annotated Source</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#introduction">
      Introduction
    </a>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#upgrading">
      Upgrading
    </a>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#Events">
      Events
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#Events-on">on</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Events-off">off</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Events-trigger">trigger</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Events-once">once</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Events-listenToOnce">listenToOnce</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#Events-catalog"><b>Catalog of Built-in Events</b></a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#Model">
      Model
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#Model-extend">extend</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-get">get</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-set">set</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-escape">escape</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-has">has</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-unset">unset</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-clear">clear</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-id">id</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-idAttribute">idAttribute</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-cid">cid</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-attributes">attributes</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-changed">changed</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-defaults">defaults</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-sync">sync</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-fetch">fetch</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-save">save</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-destroy">destroy</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (6)</b></a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-validationError">validationError</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-isValid">isValid</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-url">url</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-urlRoot">urlRoot</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-clone">clone</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-hasChanged">hasChanged</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-changedAttributes">changedAttributes</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-previous">previous</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Model-previousAttributes">previousAttributes</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#Collection">
      Collection
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-extend">extend</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-model">model</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-models">models</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-sync">sync</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (28)</b></a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-add">add</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-remove">remove</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-set">set</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-get">get</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-at">at</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-push">push</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-pop">pop</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-unshift">unshift</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-shift">shift</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-slice">slice</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-length">length</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-comparator">comparator</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-sort">sort</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-pluck">pluck</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-where">where</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-findWhere">findWhere</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-url">url</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-parse">parse</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-clone">clone</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Collection-create">create</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#Router">
      Router
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#Router-extend">extend</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Router-routes">routes</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Router-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Router-route">route</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Router-navigate">navigate</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Router-execute">execute</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#History">
      History
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#History-start">start</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#Sync">
      Sync
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Sync-ajax">Backbone.ajax</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Sync-emulateHTTP">Backbone.emulateHTTP</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Sync-emulateJSON">Backbone.emulateJSON</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#View">
      View
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#View-extend">extend</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-el">el</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-$el">$el</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-setElement">setElement</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-attributes">attributes</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-dollar">$ (jQuery)</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-template">template</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-render">render</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-remove">remove</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-delegateEvents">delegateEvents</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#View-undelegateEvents">undelegateEvents</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#Utility">
      Utility
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-noConflict">Backbone.noConflict</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-$">Backbone.$</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#faq">
      F.A.Q.
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-why-backbone">Why Backbone?</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-tim-toady">More Than One Way To Do It</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-nested">Nested Models &amp; Collections</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-bootstrap">Loading Bootstrapped Models</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-extending">Extending Backbone</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-mvc">Traditional MVC</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-this">Binding "this"</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#FAQ-rails">Working with Rails</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#examples">
      Examples
    </a>
    <ul class="toc_section">
      <li>– <a href="#examples-todos">Todos</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-documentcloud">DocumentCloud</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-usa-today">USA Today</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-rdio">Rdio</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-hulu">Hulu</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-quartz">Quartz</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-earth">Earth</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-gawker">Gawker Media</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-flow">Flow</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-gilt">Gilt Groupe</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-newsblur">NewsBlur</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-wordpress">WordPress.com</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-foursquare">Foursquare</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-bitbucket">Bitbucket</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-disqus">Disqus</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-delicious">Delicious</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-khan-academy">Khan Academy</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-elife-lens">eLife Lens</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-irccloud">IRCCloud</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-pitchfork">Pitchfork</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-spin">Spin</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-zocdoc">ZocDoc</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-walmart">Walmart Mobile</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-groupon">Groupon Now!</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-basecamp">Basecamp</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-slavery-footprint">Slavery Footprint</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-stripe">Stripe</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-airbnb">Airbnb</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-diaspora">Diaspora</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-soundcloud">SoundCloud Mobile</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#examples-artsy">Art.sy</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-pandora">Pandora</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-inkling">Inkling</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-code-school">Code School</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-cloudapp">CloudApp</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-seatgeek">SeatGeek</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-easel">Easel</a></li>
      <li>- <a href="#examples-jolicloud">Jolicloud</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-syllabus">Syllabus</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-salon">Salon.io</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-tilemill">TileMill</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-blossom">Blossom</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-trello">Trello</a></li>
      <li>– <a href="#examples-tzigla">Tzigla</a></li>
    </ul>

    <a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
      Change Log
    </a>

  </div>

  <div class="container">

    <p>
      <img id="logo" src="docs/images/backbone.png" alt="Backbone.js" />
    </p>

    <p>
      Backbone.js gives structure to web applications
      by providing <b>models</b> with key-value binding and custom events,
      <b>collections</b> with a rich API of enumerable functions,
      <b>views</b> with declarative event handling, and connects it all to your
      existing API over a RESTful JSON interface.
    </p>

    <p>
      The project is <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/">hosted on GitHub</a>,
      and the <a href="docs/backbone.html">annotated source code</a> is available,
      as well as an online <a href="test/">test suite</a>,
      an <a href="examples/todos/index.html">example application</a>,
      a <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Tutorials%2C-blog-posts-and-example-sites">list of tutorials</a>
      and a <a href="#examples">long list of real-world projects</a> that use Backbone.
      Backbone is available for use under the <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT software license</a>.
    </p>

    <p>
      You can report bugs and discuss features on the
      <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/issues">GitHub issues page</a>,
      on Freenode IRC in the <tt>#documentcloud</tt> channel, post questions to the
      <a href="https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/backbonejs">Google Group</a>,
      add pages to the <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki">wiki</a>
      or send tweets to <a href="http://twitter.com/documentcloud">@documentcloud</a>.
    </p>

    <p>
      <i>
        Backbone is an open-source component of
        <a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.
      </i>
    </p>

    <h2 id="downloads">
      Downloads &amp; Dependencies
      <span style="padding-left: 7px; font-size:11px; font-weight: normal;" class="interface">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</span>
    </h2>

    <table>
      <tr>
        <td><a class="punch" href="backbone.js">Development Version (1.1.2)</a></td>
        <td class="text"><i>60kb, Full source, tons of comments</i></td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><a class="punch" href="backbone-min.js">Production Version (1.1.2)</a></td>
        <td class="text" style="line-height: 16px;">
          <i>6.5kb, Packed and gzipped</i><br />
          <small>(<a href="backbone-min.map">Source Map</a>)</small>
        </td>
      </tr>
      <tr>
        <td><a class="punch" href="https://raw.github.com/jashkenas/backbone/master/backbone.js">Edge Version (master)</a></td>
        <td>
          <i>Unreleased, use at your own risk</i>
          <a class="travis-badge" href="https://travis-ci.org/jashkenas/backbone">
            <img src="https://travis-ci.org/jashkenas/backbone.png" />
          </a>
        </td>
      </tr>
    </table>

    <p>
      Backbone's only hard dependency is
      <a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a> <small>( >= 1.5.0)</small>.
      For RESTful persistence, history support via <a href="#Router">Backbone.Router</a>
      and DOM manipulation with <a href="#View">Backbone.View</a>, include
      <b><a href="http://jquery.com">jQuery</a></b>, and
      <b><a href="https://github.com/douglascrockford/JSON-js">json2.js</a></b> for older
      Internet Explorer support.
      <i>(Mimics of the Underscore and jQuery APIs, such as
      <a href="http://lodash.com">Lo-Dash</a> and
      <a href="http://zeptojs.com">Zepto</a>, will
      also tend to work, with varying degrees of compatibility.)</i>
    </p>

    <h2 id="introduction">Introduction</h2>

    <p>
      When working on a web application that involves a lot of JavaScript, one
      of the first things you learn is to stop tying your data to the DOM. It's all
      too easy to create JavaScript applications that end up as tangled piles of
      jQuery selectors and callbacks, all trying frantically to keep data in
      sync between the HTML UI, your JavaScript logic, and the database on your
      server. For rich client-side applications, a more structured approach
      is often helpful.
    </p>

    <p>
      With Backbone, you represent your data as
      <a href="#Model">Models</a>, which can be created, validated, destroyed,
      and saved to the server. Whenever a UI action causes an attribute of
      a model to change, the model triggers a <i>"change"</i> event; all
      the <a href="#View">Views</a> that display the model's state can be notified of the
      change, so that they are able to respond accordingly, re-rendering themselves with
      the new information. In a finished Backbone app, you don't have to write the glue
      code that looks into the DOM to find an element with a specific <i>id</i>,
      and update the HTML manually
      &mdash; when the model changes, the views simply update themselves.
    </p>

    <p>
      Philosophically, Backbone is an attempt to discover the minimal set
      of data-structuring (models and collections) and user interface (views
      and URLs) primitives that are generally useful when building web applications with
      JavaScript. In an ecosystem where overarching, decides-everything-for-you
      frameworks are commonplace, and many libraries require your site to be
      reorganized to suit their look, feel, and default behavior — Backbone should
      continue to be a tool that gives you the <i>freedom</i> to design the full
      experience of your web application.
    </p>

    <p>
      If you're new here, and aren't yet quite sure what Backbone is for, start by
      browsing the <a href="#examples">list of Backbone-based projects</a>.
    </p>

    <p>
      Many of the examples that follow are runnable. Click the <i>play</i> button
      to execute them.
    </p>

    <h2 id="upgrading">Upgrading to 1.1</h2>

    <p>
      Backbone <b>1.1</b> should be a fairly painless upgrade from the <b>0.9.X</b>
      series. If you're upgrading from an older version, be sure to check out the
      <a href="#changelog">change log</a>. In brief, a few of the larger breaking
      changes are:
    </p>

    <ul>
      <li>
        If you want to smartly update the contents of a Collection,
        adding new models, removing missing ones, and merging those already present,
        you now call <a href="#Collection-set">set</a> (previously named "update"),
        a similar operation to calling <tt>set</tt> on a Model. This is now the
        default when you call <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a> on a collection.
        To get the old behavior, pass <tt>{reset: true}</tt>.
      </li>
      <li>
        If you have characters in your URL segments that require URL encoding,
        Backbone will now decode them for you (normalizing the behavior
        cross-browser) before your route handlers receive them as arguments.
      </li>
      <li>
        In <b>0.9.x</b>, Backbone events gained two new methods:
        <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a> and
        <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a>, which make it easier
        to create Views that have all of their observers unbound when you
        want to <a href="#View-remove">remove</a> the view.
      </li>
      <li>
        Model validation is now only enforced by default in
        <a href="#Model-save">save</a> &mdash; not in
        <a href="#Model-set">set</a> unless the <tt>{validate:true}</tt>
        option is passed. Model validation now fires an <tt>"invalid"</tt> event instead of
        <tt>"error"</tt>.
      </li>
      <li>
        In 1.1, Backbone Views no longer have the <tt>options</tt> argument
        attached as <tt>this.options</tt> automatically. Feel free to continue
        attaching it if you like.
      </li>
      <li>
        In 1.1, The <b>Collection</b> methods <tt>add</tt>, <tt>remove</tt>,
        <tt>set</tt>, <tt>push</tt>, and <tt>shift</tt> now return the model
        (or models) added or removed from the collection.
      </li>
    </ul>

    <h2 id="Events">Backbone.Events</h2>

    <p>
      <b>Events</b> is a module that can be mixed in to any object, giving the
      object the ability to bind and trigger custom named events. Events do not
      have to be declared before they are bound, and may take passed arguments.
      For example:
    </p>

<pre class="runnable">
var object = {};

_.extend(object, Backbone.Events);

object.on("alert", function(msg) {
  alert("Triggered " + msg);
});

object.trigger("alert", "an event");
</pre>

    <p>
      For example, to make a handy event dispatcher that can coordinate events
      among different areas of your application: <tt>var dispatcher = _.clone(Backbone.Events)</tt>
    </p>

    <p id="Events-on">
      <b class="header">on</b><code>object.on(event, callback, [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: bind</span>
      <br />
      Bind a <b>callback</b> function to an object. The callback will be invoked
      whenever the <b>event</b> is fired.
      If you have a large number of different events on a page, the convention is to use colons to
      namespace them: <tt>"poll:start"</tt>, or <tt>"change:selection"</tt>.
      The event string may also be a space-delimited list of several events...
    </p>

<pre>
book.on("change:title change:author", ...);
</pre>

    <p>
      To supply a <b>context</b> value for <tt>this</tt> when the callback is invoked,
      pass the optional third argument: <tt>model.on('change', this.render, this)</tt>
    </p>

    <p>
      Callbacks bound to the special
      <tt>"all"</tt> event will be triggered when any event occurs, and are passed
      the name of the event as the first argument. For example, to proxy all events
      from one object to another:
    </p>

<pre>
proxy.on("all", function(eventName) {
  object.trigger(eventName);
});
</pre>

    <p>
      All Backbone event methods also support an event map syntax, as an alternative
      to positional arguments:
    </p>

<pre>
book.on({
  "change:title": titleView.update,
  "change:author": authorPane.update,
  "destroy": bookView.remove
});
</pre>

    <p id="Events-off">
      <b class="header">off</b><code>object.off([event], [callback], [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: unbind</span>
      <br />
      Remove a previously-bound <b>callback</b> function from an object. If no
      <b>context</b> is specified, all of the versions of the callback with
      different contexts will be removed. If no
      callback is specified, all callbacks for the <b>event</b> will be
      removed. If no event is specified, callbacks for <i>all</i> events
      will be removed.
    </p>

<pre>
// Removes just the `onChange` callback.
object.off("change", onChange);

// Removes all "change" callbacks.
object.off("change");

// Removes the `onChange` callback for all events.
object.off(null, onChange);

// Removes all callbacks for `context` for all events.
object.off(null, null, context);

// Removes all callbacks on `object`.
object.off();
</pre>

    <p>
      Note that calling <tt>model.off()</tt>, for example, will indeed remove <i>all</i> events
      on the model &mdash; including events that Backbone uses for internal bookkeeping.
    </p>

    <p id="Events-trigger">
      <b class="header">trigger</b><code>object.trigger(event, [*args])</code>
      <br />
      Trigger callbacks for the given <b>event</b>, or space-delimited list of events.
      Subsequent arguments to <b>trigger</b> will be passed along to the
      event callbacks.
    </p>

    <p id="Events-once">
      <b class="header">once</b><code>object.once(event, callback, [context])</code>
      <br />
      Just like <a href="#Events-on">on</a>, but causes the bound callback to only
      fire once before being removed. Handy for saying "the next time that X happens, do this".
    </p>

    <p id="Events-listenTo">
      <b class="header">listenTo</b><code>object.listenTo(other, event, callback)</code>
      <br />
      Tell an <b>object</b> to listen to a particular event on an <b>other</b>
      object.  The advantage of using this form, instead of <tt>other.on(event,
      callback, object)</tt>, is that <b>listenTo</b> allows the <b>object</b>
      to keep track of the events, and they can be removed all at once later
      on.  The <b>callback</b> will always be called with <b>object</b> as
      context.
    </p>

<pre>
view.listenTo(model, 'change', view.render);
</pre>

    <p id="Events-stopListening">
      <b class="header">stopListening</b><code>object.stopListening([other], [event], [callback])</code>
      <br />
      Tell an <b>object</b> to stop listening to events. Either call
      <b>stopListening</b> with no arguments to have the <b>object</b> remove
      all of its <a href="#Events-listenTo">registered</a> callbacks ... or be more
      precise by telling it to remove just the events it's listening to on a
      specific object, or a specific event, or just a specific callback.
    </p>

<pre>
view.stopListening();

view.stopListening(model);
</pre>

    <p id="Events-listenToOnce">
      <b class="header">listenToOnce</b><code>object.listenToOnce(other, event, callback)</code>
      <br />
      Just like <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>, but causes the bound
      callback to only fire once before being removed.
    </p>

    <p id="Events-catalog">
      <b class="header">Catalog of Events</b>
      <br />
      Here's the complete list of built-in Backbone events, with arguments.
      You're also free to trigger your own events on Models, Collections and
      Views as you see fit. The <tt>Backbone</tt> object itself mixes in <tt>Events</tt>,
      and can be used to emit any global events that your application needs.
    </p>

    <ul class="small">
      <li><b>"add"</b> (model, collection, options) &mdash; when a model is added to a collection. </li>
      <li><b>"remove"</b> (model, collection, options) &mdash; when a model is removed from a collection. </li>
      <li><b>"reset"</b> (collection, options) &mdash; when the collection's entire contents have been replaced. </li>
      <li><b>"sort"</b> (collection, options) &mdash; when the collection has been re-sorted. </li>
      <li><b>"change"</b> (model, options) &mdash; when a model's attributes have changed. </li>
      <li><b>"change:[attribute]"</b> (model, value, options) &mdash; when a specific attribute has been updated. </li>
      <li><b>"destroy"</b> (model, collection, options) &mdash; when a model is <a href="#Model-destroy">destroyed</a>. </li>
      <li><b>"request"</b> (model_or_collection, xhr, options) &mdash; when a model or collection has started a request to the server. </li>
      <li><b>"sync"</b> (model_or_collection, resp, options) &mdash; when a model or collection has been successfully synced with the server.</li>
      <li><b>"error"</b> (model_or_collection, resp, options) &mdash; when model's or collection's request to remote server has failed. </li>
      <li><b>"invalid"</b> (model, error, options) &mdash; when a model's <a href="#Model-validate">validation</a> fails on the client. </li>
      <li><b>"route:[name]"</b> (params) &mdash; Fired by the router when a specific route is matched.</li>
      <li><b>"route"</b> (route, params) &mdash; Fired by the router when <i>any</i> route has been matched.</li>
      <li><b>"route"</b> (router, route, params) &mdash; Fired by history when <i>any</i> route has been matched.</li>
      <li><b>"all"</b> &mdash; this special event fires for <i>any</i> triggered event, passing the event name as the first argument. </li>
    </ul>

    <p>
      Generally speaking, when calling a function that emits an event
      (<tt>model.set</tt>, <tt>collection.add</tt>, and so on...),
      if you'd like to prevent the event from being triggered, you may pass
      <tt>{silent: true}</tt> as an option. Note that this is <i>rarely</i>,
      perhaps even never, a good idea. Passing through a specific flag
      in the options for your event callback to look at, and choose to ignore,
      will usually work out better.
    </p>

    <h2 id="Model">Backbone.Model</h2>

    <p>
      <b>Models</b> are the heart of any JavaScript application, containing
      the interactive data as well as a large part of the logic surrounding it:
      conversions, validations, computed properties, and access control. You
      extend <b>Backbone.Model</b> with your domain-specific methods, and
      <b>Model</b> provides a basic set of functionality for managing changes.
    </p>

    <p>
      The following is a contrived example, but it demonstrates defining a model
      with a custom method, setting an attribute, and firing an event keyed
      to changes in that specific attribute.
      After running this code once, <tt>sidebar</tt> will be
      available in your browser's console, so you can play around with it.
    </p>

<pre class="runnable">
var Sidebar = Backbone.Model.extend({
  promptColor: function() {
    var cssColor = prompt("Please enter a CSS color:");
    this.set({color: cssColor});
  }
});

window.sidebar = new Sidebar;

sidebar.on('change:color', function(model, color) {
  $('#sidebar').css({background: color});
});

sidebar.set({color: 'white'});

sidebar.promptColor();
</pre>

    <p id="Model-extend">
      <b class="header">extend</b><code>Backbone.Model.extend(properties, [classProperties])</code>
      <br />
      To create a <b>Model</b> class of your own, you extend <b>Backbone.Model</b>
      and provide instance <b>properties</b>, as well as optional
      <b>classProperties</b> to be attached directly to the constructor function.
    </p>

    <p>
      <b>extend</b> correctly sets up the prototype chain, so subclasses created
      with <b>extend</b> can be further extended and subclassed as far as you like.
    </p>

<pre>
var Note = Backbone.Model.extend({

  initialize: function() { ... },

  author: function() { ... },

  coordinates: function() { ... },

  allowedToEdit: function(account) {
    return true;
  }

});

var PrivateNote = Note.extend({

  allowedToEdit: function(account) {
    return account.owns(this);
  }

});
</pre>

    <p class="warning">
        Brief aside on <tt>super</tt>: JavaScript does not provide
        a simple way to call super &mdash; the function of the same name defined
        higher on the prototype chain. If you override a core function like
        <tt>set</tt>, or <tt>save</tt>, and you want to invoke the
        parent object's implementation, you'll have to explicitly call it, along these lines:
    </p>

<pre>
var Note = Backbone.Model.extend({
  set: function(attributes, options) {
    Backbone.Model.prototype.set.apply(this, arguments);
    ...
  }
});
</pre>

    <p id="Model-constructor">
      <b class="header">constructor / initialize</b><code>new Model([attributes], [options])</code>
      <br />
      When creating an instance of a model, you can pass in the initial values
      of the <b>attributes</b>, which will be <a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the
      model. If you define an <b>initialize</b> function, it will be invoked when
      the model is created.
    </p>

<pre>
new Book({
  title: "One Thousand and One Nights",
  author: "Scheherazade"
});
</pre>

    <p>
      In rare cases, if you're looking to get fancy,
      you may want to override <b>constructor</b>, which allows
      you to replace the actual constructor function for your model.
    </p>

<pre>
var Library = Backbone.Model.extend({
  constructor: function() {
    this.books = new Books();
    Backbone.Model.apply(this, arguments);
  },
  parse: function(data, options) {
    this.books.reset(data.books);
    return data.library;
  }
});
</pre>

    <p>
      If you pass a <tt>{collection: ...}</tt> as the <b>options</b>, the model
      gains a <tt>collection</tt> property that will be used to indicate which
      collection the model belongs to, and is used to help compute the model's
      <a href="#Model-url">url</a>. The <tt>model.collection</tt> property is
      normally created automatically when you first add a model to a collection.
      Note that the reverse is not true, as passing this option to the constructor
      will not automatically add the model to the collection. Useful, sometimes.
    </p>

    <p>
      If <tt>{parse: true}</tt> is passed as an <b>option</b>, the <b>attributes</b>
      will first be converted by <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a> before being
      <a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the model.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-get">
      <b class="header">get</b><code>model.get(attribute)</code>
      <br />
      Get the current value of an attribute from the model. For example:
      <tt>note.get("title")</tt>
    </p>

    <p id="Model-set">
      <b class="header">set</b><code>model.set(attributes, [options])</code>
      <br />
      Set a hash of attributes (one or many) on the model. If any of the attributes
      change the model's state, a <tt>"change"</tt> event will be triggered on the model.
      Change events for specific attributes are also triggered, and you can bind
      to those as well, for example: <tt>change:title</tt>, and <tt>change:content</tt>.
      You may also pass individual keys and values.
    </p>

<pre>
note.set({title: "March 20", content: "In his eyes she eclipses..."});

book.set("title", "A Scandal in Bohemia");
</pre>

    <p id="Model-escape">
      <b class="header">escape</b><code>model.escape(attribute)</code>
      <br />
      Similar to <a href="#Model-get">get</a>, but returns the HTML-escaped version
      of a model's attribute. If you're interpolating data from the model into
      HTML, using <b>escape</b> to retrieve attributes will prevent
      <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting">XSS</a> attacks.
    </p>

<pre class="runnable">
var hacker = new Backbone.Model({
  name: "&lt;script&gt;alert('xss')&lt;/script&gt;"
});

alert(hacker.escape('name'));
</pre>

    <p id="Model-has">
      <b class="header">has</b><code>model.has(attribute)</code>
      <br />
      Returns <tt>true</tt> if the attribute is set to a non-null or non-undefined
      value.
    </p>

<pre>
if (note.has("title")) {
  ...
}
</pre>

    <p id="Model-unset">
      <b class="header">unset</b><code>model.unset(attribute, [options])</code>
      <br />
      Remove an attribute by deleting it from the internal attributes hash.
      Fires a <tt>"change"</tt> event unless <tt>silent</tt> is passed as an option.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-clear">
      <b class="header">clear</b><code>model.clear([options])</code>
      <br />
      Removes all attributes from the model, including the <tt>id</tt> attribute. Fires a <tt>"change"</tt> event unless
      <tt>silent</tt> is passed as an option.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-id">
      <b class="header">id</b><code>model.id</code>
      <br />
      A special property of models, the <b>id</b> is an arbitrary string
      (integer id or UUID). If you set the <b>id</b> in the
      attributes hash, it will be copied onto the model as a direct property.
      Models can be retrieved by id from collections, and the id is used to generate
      model URLs by default.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-idAttribute">
      <b class="header">idAttribute</b><code>model.idAttribute</code>
      <br />
      A model's unique identifier is stored under the <tt>id</tt> attribute.
      If you're directly communicating with a backend (CouchDB, MongoDB) that uses
      a different unique key, you may set a Model's <tt>idAttribute</tt> to
      transparently map from that key to <tt>id</tt>.

<pre class="runnable">
var Meal = Backbone.Model.extend({
  idAttribute: "_id"
});

var cake = new Meal({ _id: 1, name: "Cake" });
alert("Cake id: " + cake.id);
</pre>
    </p>

    <p id="Model-cid">
      <b class="header">cid</b><code>model.cid</code>
      <br />
      A special property of models, the <b>cid</b> or client id is a unique identifier
      automatically assigned to all models when they're first created. Client ids
      are handy when the model has not yet been saved to the server, and does not
      yet have its eventual true <b>id</b>, but already needs to be visible in the UI.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-attributes">
      <b class="header">attributes</b><code>model.attributes</code>
      <br />
      The <b>attributes</b> property is the internal hash containing the model's
      state &mdash; usually (but not necessarily) a form of the JSON object
      representing the model data on the server. It's often a straightforward
      serialization of a row from the database, but it could also be client-side
      computed state.
    </p>

    <p>
      Please use <a href="#Model-set">set</a> to update the <b>attributes</b>
      instead of modifying them directly. If you'd like to retrieve and munge a
      copy of the model's attributes, use <tt>_.clone(model.attributes)</tt>
      instead.
    </p>

    <p class="warning">
      Due to the fact that <a href="#Events">Events</a> accepts space separated
      lists of events, attribute names should not include spaces.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-changed">
      <b class="header">changed</b><code>model.changed</code>
      <br />
      The <b>changed</b> property is the internal hash containing all the attributes
      that have changed since the last <a href="#Model-set">set</a>.
      Please do not update <b>changed</b> directly since its state is internally maintained
      by <a href="#Model-set">set</a>.  A copy of <b>changed</b> can be acquired from
      <a href="#Model-changedAttributes">changedAttributes</a>.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-defaults">
      <b class="header">defaults</b><code>model.defaults or model.defaults()</code>
      <br />
      The <b>defaults</b> hash (or function) can be used to specify the default
      attributes for your model. When creating an instance of the model,
      any unspecified attributes will be set to their default value.
    </p>

<pre class="runnable">
var Meal = Backbone.Model.extend({
  defaults: {
    "appetizer":  "caesar salad",
    "entree":     "ravioli",
    "dessert":    "cheesecake"
  }
});

alert("Dessert will be " + (new Meal).get('dessert'));
</pre>

    <p class="warning">
      Remember that in JavaScript, objects are passed by reference, so if you
      include an object as a default value, it will be shared among all instances.
      Instead, define <b>defaults</b> as a function.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-toJSON">
      <b class="header">toJSON</b><code>model.toJSON([options])</code>
      <br />
      Return a shallow copy of the model's <a href="#Model-attributes">attributes</a>
      for JSON stringification.  This can be used for persistence,
      serialization, or for augmentation before being sent to the server. The
      name of this method is a bit confusing, as it doesn't actually return a
      JSON string &mdash; but I'm afraid that it's the way that the
      <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en/JSON#toJSON()_method">JavaScript API for <b>JSON.stringify</b></a>
      works.
    </p>

<pre class="runnable">
var artist = new Backbone.Model({
  firstName: "Wassily",
  lastName: "Kandinsky"
});

artist.set({birthday: "December 16, 1866"});

alert(JSON.stringify(artist));
</pre>

    <p id="Model-sync">
      <b class="header">sync</b><code>model.sync(method, model, [options])</code>
      <br />
      Uses <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a> to persist the state of a model to
      the server.  Can be overridden for custom behavior.
    </p>

    <p id="Model-fetch">
      <b class="header">fetch</b><code>model.fetch([options])</code>
      <br />
      Resets the model's state from the server by delegating to
      <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>. Returns a
      <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a>.
      Useful if the model has never
      been populated with data, or if you'd like to ensure that you have the
      latest server state. A <tt>"change"</tt> event will be triggered if the
      server's state differs from the current attributes. Accepts
      <tt>success</tt> and <tt>error</tt> callbacks in the options hash, which
      are both passed <tt>(model, response, options)</tt> as arguments.
    </p>

<pre>
// Poll every 10 seconds to keep the channel model up-to-date.
setInterval(function() {
  channel.fetch();
}, 10000);
</pre>

    <p id="Model-save">
      <b class="header">save</b><code>model.save([attributes], [options])</code>
      <br />
      Save a model to your database (or alternative persistence layer),
      by delegating to <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>.  Returns a
      <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a> if
      validation is successful and <tt>false</tt> otherwise. The <b>attributes</b>
      hash (as in <a href="#Model-set">set</a>) should contain the attributes
      you'd like to change &mdash; keys that aren't mentioned won't be altered &mdash; but,
      a <i>complete representation</i> of the resource will be sent to the server.
      As with <tt>set</tt>, you may pass individual keys and values instead of a hash.
      If the model has a <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a>
      method, and validation fails, the model will not be saved. If the model
      <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a>, the save will be a <tt>"create"</tt>
      (HTTP <tt>POST</tt>), if the model already
      exists on the server, the save will be an <tt>"update"</tt> (HTTP <tt>PUT</tt>).
    </p>

    <p>
      If instead, you'd only like the <i>changed</i> attributes to be sent to the
      server, call <tt>model.save(attrs, {patch: true})</tt>. You'll get an HTTP
      <tt>PATCH</tt> request to the server with just the passed-in attributes.
    </p>

    <p>
      Calling <tt>save</tt> with new attributes will cause a <tt>"change"</tt>
      event immediately, a <tt>"request"</tt> event as the Ajax request begins to
      go to the server, and a <tt>"sync"</tt> event after the server has acknowledged
      the successful change. Pass <tt>{wait: true}</tt> if you'd like to wait
      for the server before setting the new attributes on the model.
    </p>

    <p>
      In the following example, notice how our overridden version
      of <tt>Backbone.sync</tt> receives a <tt>"create"</tt> request
      the first time the model is saved and an <tt>"update"</tt>
      request the second time.
    </p>

<pre class="runnable">
Backbone.sync = function(method, model) {
  alert(method + ": " + JSON.stringify(model));
  model.id = 1;
};

var book = new Backbone.Model({
  title: "The Rough Riders",
  author: "Theodore Roosevelt"
});

book.save();

book.save({author: "Teddy"});
</pre>

    <p>
      <b>save</b> accepts <tt>success</tt> and <tt>error</tt> callbacks in the
      options hash, which will be passed the arguments <tt>(model, response, options)</tt>.
      If a server-side validation fails, return a non-<tt>200</tt>
      HTTP response code, along with an error response in text or JSON.
    </p>

<pre>
book.save("author", "F.D.R.", {error: function(){ ... }});
</pre>

    <p id="Model-destroy">
      <b class="header">destroy</b><code>model.destroy([options])</code>
   …
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