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- <title>3.8. Standard Library — Python Scientific Lecture Notes</title>
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- <div class="section" id="standard-library">
- <h1>3.8. Standard Library<a class="headerlink" href="#standard-library" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
- <div class="admonition note">
- <p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
- <p>Reference document for this section:</p>
- <ul class="last simple">
- <li>The Python Standard Library documentation:
- <a class="reference external" href="http://docs.python.org/library/index.html">http://docs.python.org/library/index.html</a></li>
- <li>Python Essential Reference, David Beazley, Addison-Wesley Professional</li>
- </ul>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="os-module-operating-system-functionality">
- <h2>3.8.1. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os</span></tt> module: operating system functionality<a class="headerlink" href="#os-module-operating-system-functionality" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p><em>“A portable way of using operating system dependent functionality.”</em></p>
- <div class="section" id="directory-and-file-manipulation">
- <h3>3.8.1.1. Directory and file manipulation<a class="headerlink" href="#directory-and-file-manipulation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p>Current directory:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [17]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getcwd</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="go">Out[17]: </span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source'</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>List a directory:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [31]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[31]:</span>
- <span class="go">['.index.rst.swo',</span>
- <span class="go"> '.python_language.rst.swp',</span>
- <span class="go"> '.view_array.py.swp',</span>
- <span class="go"> '_static',</span>
- <span class="go"> '_templates',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'basic_types.rst',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'conf.py',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'control_flow.rst',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'debugging.rst',</span>
- <span class="go"> ...</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Make a directory:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [32]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">mkdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junkdir'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [33]: </span><span class="s">'junkdir'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[33]: </span><span class="bp">True</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Rename the directory:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [36]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junkdir'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'foodir'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [37]: </span><span class="s">'junkdir'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[37]: </span><span class="bp">False</span>
- <span class="gp">In [38]: </span><span class="s">'foodir'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[38]: </span><span class="bp">True</span>
- <span class="gp">In [41]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">rmdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'foodir'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [42]: </span><span class="s">'foodir'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[42]: </span><span class="bp">False</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <p>Delete a file:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [44]: </span><span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [45]: </span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="gp">In [46]: </span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[46]: </span><span class="bp">True</span>
- <span class="gp">In [47]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">remove</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [48]: </span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[48]: </span><span class="bp">False</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="os-path-path-manipulations">
- <h3>3.8.1.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path</span></tt>: path manipulations<a class="headerlink" href="#os-path-path-manipulations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path</span></tt> provides common operations on pathnames.</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [70]: </span><span class="n">fp</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">open</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'w'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [71]: </span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="gp">In [72]: </span><span class="n">a</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abspath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [73]: </span><span class="n">a</span>
- <span class="go">Out[73]: </span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source/junk.txt'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [74]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">split</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[74]: </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source'</span><span class="p">,</span>
- <span class="go"> 'junk.txt')</span>
- <span class="gp">In [78]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dirname</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[78]: </span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [79]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[79]: </span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [80]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">splitext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">basename</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">a</span><span class="p">))</span>
- <span class="go">Out[80]: </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp">In [84]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">exists</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[84]: </span><span class="bp">True</span>
- <span class="gp">In [86]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isfile</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[86]: </span><span class="bp">True</span>
- <span class="gp">In [87]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">isdir</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[87]: </span><span class="bp">False</span>
- <span class="gp">In [88]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'~/local'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[88]: </span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/local'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [92]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">join</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">expanduser</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'~'</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'local'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'bin'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[92]: </span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/local/bin'</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="running-an-external-command">
- <h3>3.8.1.3. Running an external command<a class="headerlink" href="#running-an-external-command" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [8]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">system</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'ls *'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">conf.py debug_file.py demo2.py~ demo.py demo.pyc my_file.py~</span>
- <span class="go">conf.py~ demo2.py demo2.pyc demo.py~ my_file.py pi_wallis_image.py</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="walking-a-directory">
- <h3>3.8.1.4. Walking a directory<a class="headerlink" href="#walking-a-directory" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">os.path.walk</span></tt> generates a list of filenames in a directory tree.</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [10]: </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">dirpath</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">dirnames</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">filenames</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">walk</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">curdir</span><span class="p">):</span>
- <span class="gp"> ....:</span> <span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">fp</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">filenames</span><span class="p">:</span>
- <span class="gp"> ....:</span> <span class="k">print</span> <span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">abspath</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">fp</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="gp"> ....:</span>
- <span class="gp"> ....:</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source/.index.rst.swo</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source/.view_array.py.swp</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source/basic_types.rst</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source/conf.py</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/src/scipy2009/scipy_2009_tutorial/source/control_flow.rst</span>
- <span class="go">...</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="environment-variables">
- <h3>3.8.1.5. Environment variables:<a class="headerlink" href="#environment-variables" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [9]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">os</span>
- <span class="gp">In [11]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">keys</span><span class="p">()</span>
- <span class="go">Out[11]:</span>
- <span class="go">['_',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'FSLDIR',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'TERM_PROGRAM_VERSION',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'FSLREMOTECALL',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'USER',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'HOME',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'PATH',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'PS1',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'SHELL',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'EDITOR',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'WORKON_HOME',</span>
- <span class="go"> 'PYTHONPATH',</span>
- <span class="go"> ...</span>
- <span class="gp">In [12]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">environ</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'PYTHONPATH'</span><span class="p">]</span>
- <span class="go">Out[12]: </span><span class="s">'.:/Users/cburns/src/utils:/Users/cburns/src/nitools:</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/:</span>
- <span class="go">/usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/:</span>
- <span class="go">/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [16]: </span><span class="n">os</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">getenv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'PYTHONPATH'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[16]: </span><span class="s">'.:/Users/cburns/src/utils:/Users/cburns/src/nitools:</span>
- <span class="go">/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/:</span>
- <span class="go">/usr/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/:</span>
- <span class="go">/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5/lib/python2.5'</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="shutil-high-level-file-operations">
- <h2>3.8.2. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt>: high-level file operations<a class="headerlink" href="#shutil-high-level-file-operations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil</span></tt> provides useful file operations:</p>
- <blockquote>
- <ul class="simple">
- <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.rmtree</span></tt>: Recursively delete a directory tree.</li>
- <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.move</span></tt>: Recursively move a file or directory to another location.</li>
- <li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shutil.copy</span></tt>: Copy files or directories.</li>
- </ul>
- </blockquote>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="glob-pattern-matching-on-files">
- <h2>3.8.3. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></tt>: Pattern matching on files<a class="headerlink" href="#glob-pattern-matching-on-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">glob</span></tt> module provides convenient file pattern matching.</p>
- <p>Find all files ending in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">.txt</span></tt>:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [18]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">glob</span>
- <span class="gp">In [19]: </span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">glob</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'*.txt'</span><span class="p">)</span>
- <span class="go">Out[19]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'holy_grail.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'junk.txt'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'newfile.txt'</span><span class="p">]</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="sys-module-system-specific-information">
- <h2>3.8.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys</span></tt> module: system-specific information<a class="headerlink" href="#sys-module-system-specific-information" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>System-specific information related to the Python interpreter.</p>
- <ul>
- <li><p class="first">Which version of python are you running and where is it installed:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [117]: </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">platform</span>
- <span class="go">Out[117]: </span><span class="s">'darwin'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [118]: </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">version</span>
- <span class="go">Out[118]: </span><span class="s">'2.5.2 (r252:60911, Feb 22 2008, 07:57:53) </span><span class="se">\n</span>
- <span class="go"> [GCC 4.0.1 (Apple Computer, Inc. build 5363)]'</span>
- <span class="gp">In [119]: </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">prefix</span>
- <span class="go">Out[119]: </span><span class="s">'/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.5'</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </li>
- <li><p class="first">List of command line arguments passed to a Python script:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [100]: </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">argv</span>
- <span class="go">Out[100]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s">'/Users/cburns/local/bin/ipython'</span><span class="p">]</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </li>
- </ul>
- <p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.path</span></tt> is a list of strings that specifies the search path for
- modules. Initialized from PYTHONPATH:</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [121]: </span><span class="n">sys</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">path</span>
- <span class="go">Out[121]:</span>
- <span class="go">['',</span>
- <span class="go"> '/Users/cburns/local/bin',</span>
- <span class="go"> '/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/grin-1.1-py2.5.egg',</span>
- <span class="go"> '/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/argparse-0.8.0-py2.5.egg',</span>
- <span class="go"> '/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/urwid-0.9.7.1-py2.5.egg',</span>
- <span class="go"> '/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/yolk-0.4.1-py2.5.egg',</span>
- <span class="go"> '/Users/cburns/local/lib/python2.5/site-packages/virtualenv-1.2-py2.5.egg',</span>
- <span class="go"> ...</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- </div>
- <div class="section" id="pickle-easy-persistence">
- <h2>3.8.5. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickle</span></tt>: easy persistence<a class="headerlink" href="#pickle-easy-persistence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
- <p>Useful to store arbritrary objects to a file. Not safe or fast!</p>
- <div class="highlight-ipython"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">In [1]: </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">pickle</span>
- <span class="gp">In [2]: </span><span class="n">l</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Stan'</span><span class="p">]</span>
- <span class="gp">In [3]: </span><span class="n">pickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dump</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">l</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test.pkl'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'w'</span><span class="p">))</span>
- <span class="gp">In [4]: </span><span class="n">pickle</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nb">file</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'test.pkl'</span><span class="p">))</span>
- <span class="go">Out[4]: </span><span class="p">[</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">None</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'Stan'</span><span class="p">]</span>
- </pre></div>
- </div>
- <div class="topic">
- <p class="topic-title first">Exercise</p>
- <p>Write a program to search your PYTHONPATH for the module <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">site.py</span></tt>.</p>
- </div>
- <p><a class="reference internal" href="../solutions.html#path-site"><em>The PYTHONPATH Search Solution</em></a></p>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
- </div>
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