USING: help.markup help.syntax kernel kernel.private
namespaces sequences words arrays effects math
classes.private classes.union classes.mixin
classes.predicate quotations ;
IN: classes

ARTICLE: "class-predicates" "Class predicate words"
"With a handful of exceptions, each class has a membership predicate word, named " { $snippet { $emphasis "class" } "?" } ". A quotation calling this predicate is stored in the " { $snippet "\"predicate\"" } " word property."
$nl
"When it comes to predicates, the exceptional classes are:"
{ $table
    { "Class" "Predicate" "Explanation" }
    { { $link f } { $snippet "[ not ]" } { "The conventional name for a word which outputs true when given false is " { $link not } "; " { $snippet "f?" } " would be confusing." } }
    { { $link object } { $snippet "[ drop t ]" } { "All objects are instances of " { $link object } } }
    { { $link null } { $snippet "[ drop f ]" } { "No object is an instance of " { $link null } } }
}
"The set of class predicate words is a class:"
{ $subsections
    predicate
    predicate?
}
"A predicate word holds a reference to the class it is predicating over in the " { $snippet "\"predicating\"" } " word property." $nl
"Implementation of class reloading:"
{ $subsections reset-class forget-class forget-methods } ;

ARTICLE: "classes" "Classes"
"Conceptually, a " { $snippet "class" } " is a set of objects whose members can be identified with a predicate, and on which generic words can specialize methods. Classes are organized into a general partial order, and an object may be an instance of more than one class."
$nl
"At the implementation level, a class is a word with certain word properties set."
$nl
"Words for working with classes are found in the " { $vocab-link "classes" } " vocabulary."
$nl
"Classes themselves form a class:"
{ $subsections class? }
"You can ask an object for its class:"
{ $subsections class-of }
"Testing if an object is an instance of a class:"
{ $subsections instance? }
"You can ask a class for its superclass:"
{ $subsections
    superclass
    superclasses
    subclass-of?
}
"Class predicates can be used to test instances directly:"
{ $subsections "class-predicates" }
"There is a universal class which all objects are an instance of, and an empty class with no instances:"
{ $subsections
    object
    null
}
"Obtaining a list of all defined classes:"
{ $subsections classes }
"There are several sorts of classes:"
{ $subsections
    "builtin-classes"
    "unions"
    "intersections"
    "mixins"
    "predicates"
    "singletons"
}
{ $link "tuples" } " are documented in their own section."
$nl
"Classes can be inspected and operated upon:"
{ $subsections
    "class-operations"
    "class-linearization"
}
{ $see-also "class-index" } ;

ABOUT: "classes"

HELP: class-of
{ $values { "object" object } { "class" class } }
{ $description "Outputs an object's canonical class. While an object may be an instance of more than one class, the canonical class is either its built-in class, or if the object is a tuple, its tuple class." }
{ $class-description "The class of all class words." }
{ $examples { $example "USING: classes prettyprint ;" "1.0 class-of ." "float" } { $example "USING: classes prettyprint ;" "IN: scratchpad" "TUPLE: point x y z ;\nT{ point f 1 2 3 } class-of ." "point" } } ;

HELP: classes
{ $values { "seq" "a sequence of class words" } }
{ $description "Finds all class words in the dictionary." } ;

HELP: update-map
{ $var-description "Assoc mapping each class to a set of classes defined in terms of this class. The " { $link define-class } " word uses this information to update generic words when classes are redefined." } ;

HELP: predicate-word
{ $values { "word" "a word" } { "predicate" "a predicate word" } }
{ $description "Suffixes the word's name with \"?\" and creates a word with that name in the same vocabulary as the word itself." } ;

HELP: define-predicate
{ $values { "class" class } { "quot" quotation } }
{ $description "Defines a predicate word for a class." }
$low-level-note ;

HELP: superclass
{ $values { "class" class } { "super" class } }
{ $description "Outputs the superclass of a class. All instances of this class are also instances of the superclass." }
{ $examples
    { $example "USING: classes prettyprint ;"
               "t superclass ."
               "word"
    }
} ;

HELP: superclasses
{ $values
     { "class" class }
     { "supers" sequence } }
{ $description "Outputs a sequence of superclasses of a class along with the class itself." }
{ $examples
    { $example "USING: classes prettyprint ;"
               "t superclasses ."
               "{ word t }"
    }
} ;

HELP: subclass-of?
{ $values
    { "class" class }
    { "superclass" class }
    { "?" boolean }
}
{ $description "Outputs a boolean value indicating whether " { $snippet "class" } " is at any level a subclass of " { $snippet "superclass" } "." }
{ $examples
    { $example "USING: classes classes.tuple prettyprint words ;"
               "tuple-class \\ class subclass-of? ."
               "t"
    }
} ;

{ superclass superclasses subclass-of? } related-words

HELP: members
{ $values { "class" class } { "seq" "a sequence of union members, or " { $link f } } }
{ $description "If " { $snippet "class" } " is a union class, outputs a sequence of its member classes, otherwise outputs " { $link f } "." } ;

HELP: participants
{ $values { "class" class } { "seq" "a sequence of intersection participants, or " { $link f } } }
{ $description "If " { $snippet "class" } " is an intersection class, outputs a sequence of its participant classes, otherwise outputs " { $link f } "." } ;

HELP: define-class
{ $values { "word" word } { "superclass" class } { "members" "a sequence of class words" } { "participants" "a sequence of class words" } { "metaclass" class } }
{ $description "Sets a property indicating this word is a class word, thus making it an instance of " { $link class } ", and registers it with " { $link update-map } "." }
$low-level-note ;

HELP: implementors
{ $values { "class/classes" "a class or a sequence of classes" } { "seq" "a sequence of generic words" } }
{ $description "Finds all generic words in the dictionary implementing methods for the given set of classes." } ;

HELP: instance?
{ $values
     { "object" object } { "class" class }
     { "?" "a boolean" } }
{ $description "Tests whether the input object is a member of the class." } ;

HELP: reset-class
{ $values { "class" class } }
{ $description "Forgets all of words that the class defines, but not words that are defined on the class. For instance, on a tuple class, this word should reset all of the tuple accessors but not things like " { $link nth } " that may be defined on the class elsewhere." } ;

HELP: forget-class
{ $values { "class" class } }
{ $description "Removes a class by forgetting all of the methods defined on that class and all of the methods generated when that class was defined. Also resets any caches that may contain that class." } ;

HELP: forget-methods
{ $values { "class" class } }
{ $description "Forgets all methods defined on a class. In contrast to " { $link reset-class } ", this not only forgets accessors but also any methods at all on the class." } ;