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  3. <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation Notes for GNU CLISP</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="impnotes.css" type="text/css" /><link rev="made" href="mailto:clisp-list@lists.sourceforge.net" /><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets Vsnapshot_7566" /><meta name="description" content="This document describes the GNU CLISP - an implementation of the ANSI CL standard. See for instructions on how to report bugs (both in these notes and in CLISP itself). See for information on CLISP support." /><meta name="keywords" content="Lisp, Common Lisp, CLISP" /><meta name="date" content="'generated: 2008-02-02&#xA0;20:37:32-05:00'" /><link rel="author" title="Authors" href="#authors" /><link rel="contents" title="Table of Contents" href="index.html" /><link rel="glossary" href="#glossary" /><link rel="help" href="#faq-help" title="How do I ask for help?" /><link rel="home" title="Home" href="http://clisp.cons.org" /><link rel="index" href="idx.html" /></head><body><div class="book" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="impnotes-top"></a>Implementation Notes for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></h1></div><div><h2 class="subtitle">These notes document <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> version 2.44</h2></div><div><h3 class="corpauthor"><span class="inlinemediaobject"><img src="clisp.png" /></span></h3></div><div><div class="authorgroup"><a id="authors"></a><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruno</span> <span class="surname">Haible</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Michael</span> <span class="surname">Stoll</span></h3></div><div class="author"><h3 class="author"><span class="firstname">Sam</span> <span class="surname">Steingold</span></h3></div><div class="othercredit"><h3 class="othercredit"><span class="othername">See
    4. 

  4.    <span class="emphasis"><em><a class="clisp-cvs" href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/*checkout*/clisp/clisp/COPYRIGHT"><code class="filename">COPYRIGHT</code></a></em></span>
    5. 

  5.    for the list of other contributors and the license.
    6. 

  6.  </span></h3></div></div></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 1992-2008 Bruno Haible</p></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright © 1998-2008 Sam Steingold</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="legalese"></a><p class="legalnotice-title"><b>Legal Status of the <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>
    7. 

  7.    Implementation Notes</b></p><p>These notes are dually licensed under <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" target="_top">GFDL</a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>.
    8. 

  8.    This means that you can redistribute this document under
    9. 

  9.    either of these two licenses, at your choice.</p><p><b>These notes are covered by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" target="_top">GFDL</a>. </b>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
    10. 

  10.     document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License
    11. 

  11.     (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html" target="_top">GFDL</a>), either version 1.2 of the License, or (at your option) any
    12. 

  12.     later version published by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org" target="_top">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>;
    13. 

  13.     with no Invariant Sections,
    14. 

  14.     with no Front-Cover Text, and
    15. 

  15.     with no Back-Cover Texts.
    16. 

  16.     A copy of the license is included in <a class="xref" href="#gfdl" title="Appendix&#xA0;B.&#xA0;GNU Free Documentation License">Appendix B, <i>GNU Free Documentation License</i></a>.
    17. 

  17.   </p><p><b>These notes are covered by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>. </b>This document documents free software; you can redistribute it
    18. 

  18.     and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
    19. 

  19.     (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>), either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any
    20. 

  20.     later version published by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org" target="_top">Free Software Foundation (FSF)</a>.
    21. 

  21.     A copy of the license is included in <a class="xref" href="#gpl" title="Appendix&#xA0;C.&#xA0;GNU General Public License">Appendix C, <i>GNU General Public License</i></a>.
    22. 

  22.   </p></div></div><div><div class="revhistory"><table border="1" width="100%" summary="Revision history"><tr><th align="left" valign="top" colspan="3"><b>CLISP Release History</b></th></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">April 1987 - July 1992</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>The project was
    23. 

  23.      started when both original authors, <span class="authorinitials">bruno</span> and <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Michael</span> <span class="surname">Stoll</span></span>, were
    24. 

  24.      students in Germany.</li><li>The original version was for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.atari.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Atari</span></a> ST only,
    25. 

  25.      written in 68000 assembly language and Common Lisp.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.0</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1992-10-09</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>comp.os.linux announcement
    26. 

  26.    (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.linux.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Linux</span></a> binaries only)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-01-01</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>The first portable
    27. 

  27.      release, with source, released under <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>.</li><li>Supported platforms: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.atari.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Atari</span></a> ST, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.amiga.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Amiga</span></a> 500-2000, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.freedos.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">DOS</span></a>
    28. 

  28.      (emx, djgpp), <a class="ulink" href="http://www.os2.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">OS/2</span></a> (emx), Unix (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.linux.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Linux</span></a>, Sun4, Sun386, HP9000/800).
    29. 

  29. </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.1.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-01-11</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.1.2</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-02-01</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.1.3</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-02-03</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.2</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-02-21</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Add test suite.
    30. 

  30. </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.2.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-03-04</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.2.2</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-03-19</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#ed" title="25.2.9.&#xA0;Function ED"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*EDITOR*</code></a>
    31. 

  31. </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.3</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-03-30</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_load-time-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOAD-TIME-VALUE</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#default-dir" title="Function EXT:DEFAULT-DIRECTORY"><code class="function">EXT:DEFAULT-DIRECTORY</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.3.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-04-05</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.4</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-05-24</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_function-_a-expression.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCTION-LAMBDA-EXPRESSION</code></a></li><li><a class="xref" href="#screen" title="32.1.&#xA0;Random Screen Access">Section 32.1, “Random Screen Access”</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.5</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-06-29</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> function names.</li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_print-unr_dable-object.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT-UNREADABLE-OBJECT</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_symbol-macrolet.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-MACROLET</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.5.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-07-17</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>immutable objects</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.6</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-08-22</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#classes" title="4.2.&#xA0;Classes [CLHS-4.3]"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CLOS</span>”</strong></a> package:
    32. 

  32.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defclass.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCLASS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defmethod.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFMETHOD</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defgeneric.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFGENERIC</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_generic-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">GENERIC-FUNCTION</code></a>,
    33. 

  33.      <a class="link" href="#gen-flet"><code class="function">CLOS:GENERIC-FLET</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#gen-labels"><code class="function">CLOS:GENERIC-LABELS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-slots.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-SLOTS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-accessors.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-ACCESSORS</code></a>,
    34. 

  34.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_find-class.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-CLASS</code></a>, (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_find-class.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-CLASS</code></a>), <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_class-of.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CLASS-OF</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_class-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CLASS-NAME</code></a>,
    35. 

  35.      (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_class-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CLASS-NAME</code></a>), <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_slot-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SLOT-VALUE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_slot-boundp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SLOT-BOUNDP</code></a>,
    36. 

  36.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_slot-makunbound.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SLOT-MAKUNBOUND</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_slot-exists-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SLOT-EXISTS-P</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/locfun_call-next-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CALL-NEXT-METHOD</code></a>,
    37. 

  37.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/locfun_next-method-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NEXT-METHOD-P</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_no-_cable-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NO-APPLICABLE-METHOD</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#no-prim"><code class="function">CLOS:NO-PRIMARY-METHOD</code></a>,
    38. 

  38.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_no-next-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NO-NEXT-METHOD</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_find-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-METHOD</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_add-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ADD-METHOD</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_remove-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">REMOVE-METHOD</code></a>,
    39. 

  39.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_com_able-methods.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPUTE-APPLICABLE-METHODS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_met_d-qualifiers.html" target="_top"><code class="function">METHOD-QUALIFIERS</code></a>,
    40. 

  40.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_fun_ion-keywords.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCTION-KEYWORDS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_slot-missing.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SLOT-MISSING</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_slot-unbound.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SLOT-UNBOUND</code></a>,
    41. 

  41.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_print-object.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT-OBJECT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_describe-object.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DESCRIBE-OBJECT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_make-instance.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-INSTANCE</code></a>,
    42. 

  42.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_ini_ize-instance.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INITIALIZE-INSTANCE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_rei_ize-instance.html" target="_top"><code class="function">REINITIALIZE-INSTANCE</code></a>,
    43. 

  43.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_sha_d-initialize.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SHARED-INITIALIZE</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.6.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-09-01</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.7</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-09-27</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>top-level forms</li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_declaim.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DECLAIM</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.8</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1993-11-08</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a></li><li>New module: STDWIN</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.9</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1994-01-08</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-condition.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-CONDITION</code></a>,
    44. 

  44.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_ignore-errors.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IGNORE-ERRORS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_handler-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">HANDLER-CASE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_handler-bind.html" target="_top"><code class="function">HANDLER-BIND</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-CASE</code></a>,
    45. 

  45.      <a class="link" href="#with-restarts" title="Macro EXT:WITH-RESTARTS"><code class="function">EXT:WITH-RESTARTS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-simple-restart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-SIMPLE-RESTART</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-bind.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-BIND</code></a>,
    46. 

  46.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-cond_ion-restarts.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-CONDITION-RESTARTS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONDITION</code></a>,
    47. 

  47.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_serious-condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SERIOUS-CONDITION</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_program-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PROGRAM-ERROR</code></a>,
    48. 

  48.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_control-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONTROL-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_arithmetic-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ARITHMETIC-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_division-by-zero.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DIVISION-BY-ZERO</code></a>,
    49. 

  49.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_int-overflow.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-OVERFLOW</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_nt-underflow.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW</code></a>,
    50. 

  50.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_cell-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CELL-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_unbound-variable.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">UNBOUND-VARIABLE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_undefined-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">UNDEFINED-FUNCTION</code></a>,
    51. 

  51.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_type-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">TYPE-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_package-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PACKAGE-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_stream-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM-ERROR</code></a>,
    52. 

  52.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_end-of-file.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">END-OF-FILE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_file-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FILE-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_storage-condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STORAGE-CONDITION</code></a>,
    53. 

  53.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_simple-condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-CONDITION</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_simple-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-ERROR</code></a>,
    54. 

  54.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_simple-type-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-TYPE-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_simple-warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-WARNING</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-condition.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-CONDITION</code></a>,
    55. 

  55.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compute-restarts.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPUTE-RESTARTS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_find-restart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-RESTART</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_invoke-restart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INVOKE-RESTART</code></a>,
    56. 

  56.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_invoke-re_nteractively.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INVOKE-RESTART-INTERACTIVELY</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ABORT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONTINUE</code></a>,
    57. 

  57.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MUFFLE-WARNING</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STORE-VALUE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">USE-VALUE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_invoke-debugger.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INVOKE-DEBUGGER</code></a>,
    58. 

  58.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_restart-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-NAME</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_arithmeti_or-operation.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ARITHMETIC-ERROR-OPERATION</code></a>,
    59. 

  59.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_arithmeti_or-operation.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ARITHMETIC-ERROR-OPERANDS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_cell-error-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CELL-ERROR-NAME</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_type-erro_xpected-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TYPE-ERROR-DATUM</code></a>,
    60. 

  60.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_type-erro_xpected-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TYPE-ERROR-EXPECTED-TYPE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_package-error-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PACKAGE-ERROR-PACKAGE</code></a>,
    61. 

  61.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_stream-error-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STREAM-ERROR-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_file-error-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FILE-ERROR-PATHNAME</code></a>,
    62. 

  62.      <code class="function">EXT:SIMPLE-CONDITION-FORMAT-STRING</code>,
    63. 

  63.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_simple-co_at-arguments.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIMPLE-CONDITION-FORMAT-ARGUMENTS</code></a>,
    64. 

  64.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stbreak-on-signalsst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*BREAK-ON-SIGNALS*</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stdebugger-hookst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*DEBUGGER-HOOK*</code></a>,
    65. 

  65.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-readablyst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-READABLY*</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.10</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1994-06-22</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#rd-ch-seq"><code class="function">EXT:READ-CHAR-SEQUENCE</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#wr-ch-seq"><code class="function">EXT:WRITE-CHAR-SEQUENCE</code></a>,
    66. 

  66.      <a class="link" href="#rd-by-seq"><code class="function">EXT:READ-BYTE-SEQUENCE</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#wr-by-seq"><code class="function">EXT:WRITE-BYTE-SEQUENCE</code></a></li><li><a class="xref" href="#gstream" title="31.6.&#xA0;Generic streams">Section 31.6, “Generic streams”</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.11</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1994-07-04</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_loop.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOOP</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/locmac_loop-finish.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOOP-FINISH</code></a>,
    67. 

  67.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_map-into.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAP-INTO</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>,
    68. 

  68.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>,
    69. 

  69.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>,
    70. 

  70.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>,
    71. 

  71.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a>,
    72. 

  72.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a>,
    73. 

  73.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-LONG-FLOAT</code></a>,
    74. 

  74.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.12</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1994-08-23</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>generational <a href="impnotes.html#gc" class="olink">garbage-collect</a>ion</li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_destructuring-bind.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DESTRUCTURING-BIND</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#uncompile" title="25.2.2.&#xA0;Function EXT:UNCOMPILE"><code class="function">EXT:UNCOMPILE</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.12.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1994-09-01</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.13</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1994-10-26</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_wild-pathname-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WILD-PATHNAME-P</code></a>,
    75. 

  75.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_pathname-match-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PATHNAME-MATCH-P</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_translate-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TRANSLATE-PATHNAME</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_logical-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOGICAL-PATHNAME</code></a>,
    76. 

  76.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_logical-p_translations.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOGICAL-PATHNAME-TRANSLATIONS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_translate_cal-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TRANSLATE-LOGICAL-PATHNAME</code></a>,
    77. 

  77.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_load-logi_translations.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOAD-LOGICAL-PATHNAME-TRANSLATIONS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compile-file-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME</code></a>
    78. 

  78. </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.13.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1995-01-01</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.14</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1995-04-04</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">FFI</span>”</strong></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_row-major-aref.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ROW-MAJOR-AREF</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_delete-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DELETE-PACKAGE</code></a>,
    79. 

  79.      <a class="link" href="#muffle-cerrors" title="Macro EXT:MUFFLE-CERRORS"><code class="function">EXT:MUFFLE-CERRORS</code></a>, <a href="impnotes.html#appease-cerrors" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:APPEASE-CERRORS</code></a>, <a href="impnotes.html#exit-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:EXIT-ON-ERROR</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.15</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1995-04-25</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>New modules: <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#wildcard" title="33.15.&#xA0;The Wildcard Module"><code class="filename">wildcard</code></a></span>,
    80. 

  80.      <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#regexp-mod" title="33.3.&#xA0;POSIX Regular Expressions"><code class="filename">regexp</code></a></span></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_formatter.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FORMATTER</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#final" title="31.8.&#xA0;Finalization"><code class="function">EXT:FINALIZE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_file-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FILE-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_synonym-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYNONYM-STREAM</code></a>,
    81. 

  81.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_broadcast-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BROADCAST-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_concatenated-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONCATENATED-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_two-way-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">TWO-WAY-STREAM</code></a>,
    82. 

  82.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_echo-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ECHO-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_open-stream-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">OPEN-STREAM-P</code></a>,
    83. 

  83.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_synonym-stream-symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYNONYM-STREAM-SYMBOL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_broadcast_ream-streams.html" target="_top"><code class="function">BROADCAST-STREAM-STREAMS</code></a>,
    84. 

  84.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_concatena_ream-streams.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONCATENATED-STREAM-STREAMS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_two-way-s_utput-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TWO-WAY-STREAM-INPUT-STREAM</code></a>,
    85. 

  85.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_two-way-s_utput-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TWO-WAY-STREAM-OUTPUT-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_echo-stre_utput-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ECHO-STREAM-INPUT-STREAM</code></a>,
    86. 

  86.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_echo-stre_utput-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ECHO-STREAM-OUTPUT-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_print-not-readable.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PRINT-NOT-READABLE</code></a>,
    87. 

  87.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_print-not_dable-object.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT-NOT-READABLE-OBJECT</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.16</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1995-06-23</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_complement.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPLEMENT</code></a>,
    88. 

  88.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-stan_rd-io-syntax.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-STANDARD-IO-SYNTAX</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_dynamic-extent.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">DYNAMIC-EXTENT</code></a>, λ,
    89. 

  89.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_ignorecm_ignorable.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">IGNORABLE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_constantly.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONSTANTLY</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-hash_ble-iterator.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-HASH-TABLE-ITERATOR</code></a>,
    90. 

  90.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_hash-table-rehash-size.html" target="_top"><code class="function">HASH-TABLE-REHASH-SIZE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_hash-tabl_sh-threshold.html" target="_top"><code class="function">HASH-TABLE-REHASH-THRESHOLD</code></a>,
    91. 

  91.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_hash-table-size.html" target="_top"><code class="function">HASH-TABLE-SIZE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_hash-table-test.html" target="_top"><code class="function">HASH-TABLE-TEST</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.17</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1996-07-21</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#sose"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-SERVER</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#sose-close"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-SERVER-CLOSE</code></a>,
    92. 

  92.      <a class="link" href="#sose-hopo"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-SERVER-PORT</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#so-wait"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-WAIT</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#so-accept"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-ACCEPT</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#so-connect"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-CONNECT</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#sost-hopo"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-STREAM-HOST</code></a>,
    93. 

  93.      <a class="link" href="#sost-hopo"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-STREAM-PORT</code></a>, <code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-SERVICE-PORT</code>,
    94. 

  94.      <a class="link" href="#sost-peer"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-STREAM-PEER</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.17</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1996-07-22</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.18</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1997-05-03</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#deflang"><code class="function">I18N:DEFLANGUAGE</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#def-i-l"><code class="function">I18N:DEFINTERNATIONAL</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#defloc"><code class="function">I18N:DEFLOCALIZED</code></a></li><li><a href="impnotes.html#loadfile" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*LOAD-COMPILING*</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.19</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1997-08-07</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.cliki.net/CLX" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLX</strong></span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.20</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1997-09-25</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stread-evalst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*READ-EVAL*</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#time" title="25.2.8.&#xA0;Macro TIME"><code class="function">EXT:TIMES</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.20.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1997-12-06</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.21</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1998-09-09</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Removed module STDWIN.</li><li><a class="link" href="#warn-fpc" title="Variable CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#flocont" title="12.2.3.1.&#xA0;Rule of Float Precision Contagion [CLHS-12.1.4.4]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION-ANSI*</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_oint-inexact.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-INEXACT</code></a>,
    95. 

  95.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_id-operation.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-INVALID-OPERATION</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#probe-dir" title="Function EXT:PROBE-DIRECTORY"><code class="function">EXT:PROBE-DIRECTORY</code></a>,
    96. 

  96.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_ensure-di_tories-exist.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ENSURE-DIRECTORIES-EXIST</code></a></li><li> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-right-marginst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-RIGHT-MARGIN*</code></a>,
    97. 

  97.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_array-displacement.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ARRAY-DISPLACEMENT</code></a>,</li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_boolean.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BOOLEAN</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_copy-structure.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COPY-STRUCTURE</code></a>,
    98. 

  98.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_generic-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">GENERIC-FUNCTION</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/cla_structure-object.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRUCTURE-OBJECT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_class.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CLASS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_method.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">METHOD</code></a>,
    99. 

  99.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_special-operator-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SPECIAL-OPERATOR-P</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.22</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1999-01-08</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_base-char.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_extended-char.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">EXTENDED-CHAR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_base-string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BASE-STRING</code></a>,
    100. 

  100.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_simple-base-string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-BASE-STRING</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_get-setf-expansion.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GET-SETF-EXPANSION</code></a>,
    101. 

  101.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-setf-expander.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-SETF-EXPANDER</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_parse-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PARSE-ERROR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_reader-error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">READER-ERROR</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_unbound-slot-instance.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UNBOUND-SLOT-INSTANCE</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#sost-local"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-STREAM-LOCAL</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#sose-hopo"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-SERVER-HOST</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.23</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">1999-07-22</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>New module:
    102. 

  102.      <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#postgresql" title="33.8.&#xA0;PostgreSQL Database Access"><code class="filename">postgresql</code></a></span></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a>, <a class="link" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CHARSET</span>”</strong></a>, <a href="impnotes.html#def-file-enc" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*DEFAULT-FILE-ENCODING*</code></a>, <a href="impnotes.html#path-enc" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PATHNAME-ENCODING*</code></a>,
    103. 

  103.      <a href="impnotes.html#term-enc" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*TERMINAL-ENCODING*</code></a>, <a href="impnotes.html#misc-enc" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*MISC-ENCODING*</code></a> <a href="impnotes.html#foreign-enc" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FOREIGN-ENCODING*</code></a>,
    104. 

  104.      <code class="varname">AFFI:*FOREIGN-ENCODING*</code></li><li><a class="xref" href="#gray" title="Chapter&#xA0;30.&#xA0;Gray streams">Chapter 30, <i>Gray streams</i></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_stream-external-format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STREAM-EXTERNAL-FORMAT</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-package-iterator.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-PACKAGE-ITERATOR</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_all_ate-instance.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ALLOCATE-INSTANCE</code></a></li><li><a class="xref" href="#weak-pointer" title="31.7.1.&#xA0;Weak Pointers">Section 31.7.1, “Weak Pointers”</a></li><li><a class="link" href="#bin-input" title="21.3.3.&#xA0;Binary input, READ-BYTE, EXT:READ-INTEGER &amp; EXT:READ-FLOAT"><code class="function">EXT:READ-INTEGER</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#bin-output" title="21.3.4.&#xA0;Binary output, WRITE-BYTE, EXT:WRITE-INTEGER &amp; EXT:WRITE-FLOAT"><code class="function">EXT:WRITE-INTEGER</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_simple-co_at-arguments.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIMPLE-CONDITION-FORMAT-CONTROL</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.24</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2000-03-06</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#bin-input" title="21.3.3.&#xA0;Binary input, READ-BYTE, EXT:READ-INTEGER &amp; EXT:READ-FLOAT"><code class="function">EXT:READ-FLOAT</code></a>,
    105. 

  105.      <a class="link" href="#bin-output" title="21.3.4.&#xA0;Binary output, WRITE-BYTE, EXT:WRITE-INTEGER &amp; EXT:WRITE-FLOAT"><code class="function">EXT:WRITE-FLOAT</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#char-width" title="13.11.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:CHAR-WIDTH"><code class="function">EXT:CHAR-WIDTH</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#string-width" title="16.1.2.&#xA0;Function EXT:STRING-WIDTH"><code class="function">EXT:STRING-WIDTH</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_with-compilation-unit.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WITH-COMPILATION-UNIT</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.25</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2001-03-15</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_inspect.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INSPECT</code></a>,
    106. 

  106.     <code class="function">EXT:CLHS</code></li><li><a class="link" href="#string-byte" title="31.5.7.&#xA0;Converting between strings and byte vectors"><code class="function">EXT:CONVERT-STRING-FROM-BYTES</code></a>,
    107. 

  107.      <a class="link" href="#string-byte" title="31.5.7.&#xA0;Converting between strings and byte vectors"><code class="function">EXT:CONVERT-STRING-TO-BYTES</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#rbla"><code class="function">EXT:READ-BYTE-LOOKAHEAD</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#st-rbla"><code class="function">GRAY:STREAM-READ-BYTE-LOOKAHEAD</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#rbwhp"><code class="function">EXT:READ-BYTE-WILL-HANG-P</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#rbwhp"><code class="function">GRAY:STREAM-READ-BYTE-WILL-HANG-P</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#rbnh"><code class="function">EXT:READ-BYTE-NO-HANG</code></a>,
    108. 

  108.      <a class="link" href="#rbnh"><code class="function">GRAY:STREAM-READ-BYTE-NO-HANG</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> improvements (UNC pathnames, registry,
    109. 

  109.      screen)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.25.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2001-04-06</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.26</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2001-05-23</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>dropped CLtL1,
    110. 

  110.      added <code class="constant">:LISP=CL</code> to <a href="impnotes.html#features" class="olink"><code class="varname">*FEATURES*</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-compiler-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-COMPILER-MACRO</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_upgraded-_ex-part-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UPGRADED-COMPLEX-PART-TYPE</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#run-prog"><code class="function">EXT:RUN-SHELL-COMMAND</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#run-prog"><code class="function">EXT:RUN-PROGRAM</code></a> accept <code class="constant">:WAIT</code></li><li>compiler checks function call signatures
    111. 

  111. </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.27</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2001-07-17</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <a class="link" href="#getenv" title="32.7.&#xA0;Operating System Environment"><code class="function">EXT:GETENV</code></a>)</code></li><li><a class="clisp-cvs" href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/*checkout*/clisp/clisp/src/install.bat"><code class="filename">src/install.bat</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.28</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2002-03-03</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>[<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]
    112. 

  112.      Pretty-Printer</li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_make-load-form.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-LOAD-FORM</code></a>,
    113. 

  113.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-load_saving-slots.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-LOAD-FORM-SAVING-SLOTS</code></a></li><li><a class="xref" href="#weak-ht" title="31.7.9.&#xA0;Weak Hash Tables">Section 31.7.9, “Weak Hash Tables”</a></li><li><a class="link" href="#fcase" title="5.1.2.&#xA0;Macro EXT:FCASE"><code class="function">EXT:FCASE</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#gettext"><code class="function">I18N:GETTEXT</code></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.29</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2002-07-25</span></td><td align="left">bruno</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Bug-fix/portability:
    114. 

  114.    <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span></a> 3.1 etc</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.30</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2002-09-15</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Do not bundle
    115. 

  115.     <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libiconv/" target="_top">libiconv</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/gettext.html" target="_top">gettext</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://cnswww.cns.cwru.edu/~chet/readline/rltop.html" target="_top">readline</a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://libsigsegv.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">libsigsegv</a>.</li><li><a class="link" href="#charset-UCS-4"><code class="constant">CHARSET:UCS-4</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#name-type-split" title="Name/type namestring split"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PARSE-NAMESTRING-DOT-FILE*</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#sost-shut"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-STREAM-SHUTDOWN</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#stream-lock"><code class="function">POSIX:STREAM-LOCK</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#copy-file"><code class="function">POSIX:COPY-FILE</code></a>,
    116. 

  116.      <a class="link" href="#dup-handle"><code class="function">POSIX:DUPLICATE-HANDLE</code></a></li><li>New module: <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#oracle" title="33.9.&#xA0;Oracle Interface"><code class="filename">oracle</code></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.31</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2003-09-01</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>New modules:
    117. 

  117.      <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#fastcgi" title="33.18.&#xA0;The FastCGI Interface"><code class="filename">fastcgi</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#dir-key" title="33.7.&#xA0;Directory Access"><code class="filename">dirkey</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/clisp/clisp/modules/bindings/win32/"><code class="filename">bindings/win32</code></a></span>,
    118. 

  118.      <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#syscalls" title="33.1.&#xA0;System Calls"><code class="filename">syscalls</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#netica" title="33.13.&#xA0;Netica Interface"><code class="filename">netica</code></a></span></li><li>Support modules on <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a>.</li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> 3.2</li><li>New backquote implementation.</li><li>Many [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] compliance fixes.</li><li>More <a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">FFI</span>”</strong></a> functionality.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.32</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2003-12-29</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>support
    119. 

  119.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unix.org/version2/whatsnew/lfs.html" target="_top"><span class="platform">LFS</span></a></li><li>New modules: <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#berkeley-db" title="33.6.&#xA0;Berkeley DB access"><code class="filename">berkeley-db</code></a></span>,
    120. 

  120.      <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#pcre" title="33.14.&#xA0;Perl Compatible Regular Expressions"><code class="filename">pcre</code></a></span></li></ul></div>
    121. 

  121. </td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.33</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2004-03-17</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#apropos" title="25.2.12.&#xA0;Functions APROPOS &amp; APROPOS-LIST"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*APROPOS-MATCHER*</code></a>,
    122. 

  122.      <a class="link" href="#mod-expt" title="Function EXT:MOD-EXPT"><code class="function">EXT:MOD-EXPT</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#argv" title="25.2.15.&#xA0;Function EXT:ARGV"><code class="function">EXT:ARGV</code></a> <a class="link" href="#st-position"><code class="function">GRAY:STREAM-POSITION</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-me_-combination.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-METHOD-COMBINATION</code></a>,</li><li>Portability: removed <a class="ulink" href="http://www.acorn.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Acorn</span></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.amiga.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Amiga</span></a> support,
    123. 

  123.      fixed UNIXes.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.33.1</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2004-05-22</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Bug-fixes, portability:
    124. 

  124.      <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>gcc</strong></span></a> 3.4</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.33.2</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2004-06-02</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Portability: RedHat Fedora
    125. 

  125.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.linux.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Linux</span></a>/x86</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.34</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2005-07-20</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="xref" href="#mop-chap" title="Chapter&#xA0;29.&#xA0;Meta-Object Protocol">Chapter 29, <i>Meta-Object Protocol</i></a></li><li><a class="xref" href="#weak" title="31.7.&#xA0;Weak Objects">Section 31.7, “Weak Objects”</a></li><li><a class="xref" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity">Section 11.4, “Package Case-Sensitivity”</a></li><li><a href="impnotes.html#global-handler" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SET-GLOBAL-HANDLER</code></a>,
    126. 

  126.      <a href="impnotes.html#without-global-handlers" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-GLOBAL-HANDLERS</code></a></li><li>Portability: removed <a class="ulink" href="http://www.freedos.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">DOS</span></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.os2.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">OS/2</span></a>
    127. 

  127.      support.</li><li>New modules: <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#matlab" title="33.12.&#xA0;Matlab Interface"><code class="filename">matlab</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#rawsock" title="33.17.&#xA0;Raw Socket Access"><code class="filename">rawsock</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#zlib" title="33.16.&#xA0;ZLIB Interface"><code class="filename">zlib</code></a></span>,
    128. 

  128.      <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#i18n-mod" title="33.2.&#xA0;Internationalization of User Programs"><code class="filename">i18n</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#pari" title="33.11.&#xA0;Computer Algebra System PARI"><code class="filename">pari</code></a></span>.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.35</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2005-08-29</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#compiled-file-p" title="24.1.7.&#xA0;Function EXT:COMPILED-FILE-P [CLRFI-2]"><code class="function">EXT:COMPILED-FILE-P</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#char-invertcase" title="13.5.1.&#xA0;Function EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#string-invertcase" title="16.1.3.&#xA0;Functions EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE and EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE</code></a>,
    129. 

  129.      <a class="link" href="#string-invertcase" title="16.1.3.&#xA0;Functions EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE and EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#fcntl"><code class="function">POSIX:STREAM-OPTIONS</code></a></li><li>Close all <a class="unix" href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/basedefs/xbd_chap03.html#tag_03_165">file descriptor</a>s before
    130. 

  130.      <a class="unix" href="http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/007904975/functions/exec.html"><code class="function">exec</code></a>.</li></ul></div>
    131. 

  131. </td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.36</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2005-12-04</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#open-http" title="31.11.8.&#xA0;Function EXT:OPEN-HTTP and macro EXT:WITH-HTTP-INPUT"><code class="function">EXT:OPEN-HTTP</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#notspec-decl" title="Declaration EXT:NOTSPECIAL"><code class="literal">EXT:NOTSPECIAL</code></a>,
    132. 

  132.      <a class="link" href="#def-c-const"><code class="function">FFI:DEF-C-CONST</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#base64"><code class="constant">BASE64</code></a>
    133. 

  133.    </li><li><a class="clisp-cvs" href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/*checkout*/clisp/clisp/modules/new-clx/demos/koch.lisp"><code class="filename">modules/new-clx/demos/koch.lisp</code></a></li><li><a class="clisp-cvs" href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/*checkout*/clisp/clisp/src/spvw_sigterm.d"><code class="filename">src/spvw_sigterm.d</code></a></li></ul></div>
    134. 

  134. </td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.37</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2006-01-02</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#sose"><code class="function">SOCKET:SOCKET-SERVER</code></a> accepts
    135. 

  135.      <code class="constant">:INTERFACE</code> and <code class="constant">:BACKLOG</code>.
    136. 

  136.    </li><li>Fixed <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <a class="link" href="#getenv" title="32.7.&#xA0;Operating System Environment"><code class="function">EXT:GETENV</code></a>)</code>.
    137. 

  137. </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.38</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2006-01-24</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a href="impnotes.html#image" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SAVEINITMEM</code></a> creates standalone
    138. 

  138.    executables.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.39</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2006-07-16</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Reliable stack
    139. 

  139.      overflow detection and recovery.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.40</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2006-09-23</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Keep doc string and
    140. 

  140.      <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a> in the closure object.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.41</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2006-10-13</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="link" href="#dffi-default-lib"><code class="function">FFI:DEFAULT-FOREIGN-LIBRARY</code></a></li><li>New module: <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#libsvm" title="33.10.&#xA0;LibSVM Interface"><code class="filename">libsvm</code></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.42</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2007-10-16</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="xref" href="#defstruct-mop" title="8.2.&#xA0;The structure Meta-Object Protocol.">Section 8.2, “The structure Meta-Object Protocol.”</a></li><li><a class="link" href="#rename-dir" title="Function EXT:RENAME-DIRECTORY"><code class="function">EXT:RENAME-DIRECTORY</code></a></li><li>Many additions to
    141. 

  141.      <a class="clisp-cvs" href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/clisp/clisp/modules/new-clx/demos/"><code class="filename">modules/new-clx/demos/</code></a>
    142. 

  142.    </li><li>New modules: <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#gtk" title="33.19.&#xA0;GTK Interface"><code class="filename">gtk2</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#gdbm" title="33.5.&#xA0;GDBM - The GNU database manager"><code class="filename">gdbm</code></a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.43</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2007-11-18</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>The <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> build process is now in compliance
    143. 

  143.      with the GNU standards.</li><li>Use <span class="command"><strong>gnulib-tool</strong></span> to sync
    144. 

  144.      with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org/software/gnulib/" target="_top">Portability Library</a>.</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td align="left">Release <span class="revnumber">2.44</span></td><td align="left"><span class="revdate">2008-02-02</span></td><td align="left">sds</td></tr><tr><td align="left" colspan="3"><p>Do not bundle <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://libffcall.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">libffcall</a>.</p>
    145. 

  145. </td></tr></table></div></div><div><div class="abstract"><a id="clisp-abstract"></a><p class="title"><b>Abstract</b></p><p>This document describes the
    146. 

  146.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> - an implementation of the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>].</p><p>See <a href="clisp.html#bugs" class="olink">the section called “Bugs”</a> for instructions
    147. 

  147.     on how to report bugs (both in these notes and in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> itself).</p><p>See <a href="impnotes.html#faq-help" class="olink">Q: A.1.1.5</a> for
    148. 

  148.     information on <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> support.</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#overview">Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="preface"><a href="#conventions">Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="part"><a href="#clhs-chapters">I. Chapters or the Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#intro">1. Introduction
    149. 

  149.   [CLHS-1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spec-symb">1.1. Special Symbols
    150. 

  150.   [CLHS-1.4.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#error-terms">1.2. Error Terminology
    151. 

  151.   [CLHS-1.4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cl-symb">1.3. Symbols in the Package <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong>
    152. 

  152.   [CLHS-1.9]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#syntax">2. Syntax
    153. 

  153.    [CLHS-2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#std-char">2.1. Standard Characters
    154. 

  154.   [CLHS-2.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reader-alg">2.2. Reader Algorithm
    155. 

  155.    [CLHS-2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tokens">2.3. Symbols as Tokens
    156. 

  156.   [CLHS-2.3.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#valid-patterns">2.4. Valid Patterns for Tokens
    157. 

  157.   [CLHS-2.3.5]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#backquote">2.5. Backquote
    158. 

  158.   [CLHS-2.4.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign">2.6. Sharpsign
    159. 

  159.   [CLHS-2.4.8]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#eval">3. Evaluation and Compilation
    160. 

  160.    [CLHS-3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#evaluation">3.1. Evaluation
    161. 

  161.   [CLHS-3.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilation">3.2. Compilation
    162. 

  162.   [CLHS-3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#declarations">3.3. Declarations
    163. 

  163.   [CLHS-3.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lalist">3.4. Lambda Lists
    164. 

  164.    [CLHS-3.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-comp">3.5. The Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
    165. 

  165.   [CLHS-3.8]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#types-classes">4. Types and Classes
    166. 

  166.    [CLHS-4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#types">4.1. Types
    167. 

  167.   [CLHS-4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#classes">4.2. Classes
    168. 

  168.   [CLHS-4.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clos-diff">4.3. Deviations from ANSI CL standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#metaclasses">4.4. Standard Metaclasses
    169. 

  169.   [CLHS-4.3.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#def-class">4.5. Defining Classes
    170. 

  170.   [CLHS-4.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#redef-class">4.6. Redefining Classes
    171. 

  171.   [CLHS-4.3.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#type-class-dict">4.7. The Types and Classes Dictionary
    172. 

  172.   [CLHS-4.4]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#data">5. Data and Control Flow
    173. 

  173.    [CLHS-5]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#flow-dict">5.1. The Data and Control Flow Dictionary
    174. 

  174.    [CLHS-5.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#iteration">6. Iteration
    175. 

  175.   [CLHS-6]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop">6.1. The LOOP Facility
    176. 

  176.   [CLHS-6.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#iter-dict">6.2. The Iteration Dictionary
    177. 

  177.   [CLHS-6.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#objects">7. Objects
    178. 

  178.    [CLHS-7]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#std-meth-combo">7.1. Standard Method Combination
    179. 

  179.   [CLHS-7.6.6.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#structures">8. Structures
    180. 

  180.    [CLHS-8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-options">8.1. The options for <code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code>.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-mop">8.2. The structure Meta-Object Protocol.</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#conditions">9. Conditions
    181. 

  181.    [CLHS-9]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cond-nl">9.1. Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
    182. 

  182.    [CLHS-9.1.3.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cond-dict">9.2. The Conditions Dictionary
    183. 

  183.    [CLHS-9.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#symbols">10. Symbols
    184. 

  184.    [CLHS-10]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#packages">11. Packages
    185. 

  185.    [CLHS-11]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-lock">11.1. Constraints on the <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong> Package
    186. 

  186.   for Conforming Programs - package locking
    187. 

  187.  [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clupack">11.2. The
    188. 

  188.   COMMON-LISP-USER Package
    189. 

  189.   [CLHS-11.1.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#imppack">11.3. Implementation-Defined Packages
    190. 

  190.    [CLHS-11.1.2.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#package-case">11.4. Package Case-Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-dict">11.5. The Packages Dictionary
    191. 

  191.    [CLHS-11.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#numbers">12. Numbers
    192. 

  192.    [CLHS-12]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-types">12.1. Numeric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-concepts">12.2. Number Concepts
    193. 

  193.    [CLHS-12.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-dict">12.3. The Numbers Dictionary
    194. 

  194.    [CLHS-12.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#characters">13. Characters
    195. 

  195.    [CLHS-13]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-script">13.1. Character Scripts
    196. 

  196.    [CLHS-13.1.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-attrib">13.2. Character Attributes
    197. 

  197.    [CLHS-13.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#graph-char">13.3. Graphic Characters
    198. 

  198.    [CLHS-13.1.4.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#alpha-char">13.4. Alphabetic Characters
    199. 

  199.    [CLHS-13.1.4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-case">13.5. Characters With Case
    200. 

  200.    [CLHS-13.1.4.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-char">13.6. Numeric Characters
    201. 

  201.    [CLHS-13.1.4.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-ord">13.7. Ordering of Characters
    202. 

  202.    [CLHS-13.1.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clhs-newline">13.8. Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
    203. 

  203.    [CLHS-13.1.8]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-int">13.9. Character Encodings
    204. 

  204.    [CLHS-13.1.9]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#script-ext">13.10. Documentation
    205. 

  205.    of Implementation-Defined Scripts
    206. 

  206.    [CLHS-13.1.10]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-dict">13.11. The Characters Dictionary
    207. 

  207.    [CLHS-13.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-platform-dep">13.12. Platform-Dependent Characters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-bits">13.13. Obsolete Constants</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#conses">14. Conses
    208. 

  208.    [CLHS-14]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cons-dict">14.1. The Conses Dictionary
    209. 

  209.    [CLHS-14.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#arrays">15. Arrays
    210. 

  210.    [CLHS-15]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#array-elts">15.1. Array Elements
    211. 

  211.    [CLHS-15.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#array-dict">15.2. The Arrays Dictionary
    212. 

  212.    [CLHS-15.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#strings">16. Strings
    213. 

  213.    [CLHS-16]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#string-dict">16.1. The Strings Dictionary
    214. 

  214.    [CLHS-16.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sequences">17. Sequences
    215. 

  215.    [CLHS-17]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#seq-dict">17.1. The Sequences Dictionary
    216. 

  216.    [CLHS-17.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hash">18. Hash Tables
    217. 

  217.    [CLHS-18]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#hash-dict">18.1. The Hash Tables Dictionary
    218. 

  218.    [CLHS-18.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#filenames">19. Filenames
    219. 

  219.    [CLHS-19]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#path-components">19.1. Pathname Components
    220. 

  220.    [CLHS-19.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#unspecific">19.2. :UNSPECIFIC as a Component Value
    221. 

  221.  [CLHS-19.2.2.2.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#path-external-notation">19.3. External notation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#log-path">19.4. Logical Pathnames
    222. 

  222.   [CLHS-19.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#filename-dict">19.5. The Filenames Dictionary
    223. 

  223.    [CLHS-19.4]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#files">20. Files
    224. 

  224.    [CLHS-20]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#file-dict">20.1. The Files Dictionary
    225. 

  225.    [CLHS-20.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#streams">21. Streams
    226. 

  226.    [CLHS-21]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#streams-interactive">21.1. Interactive Streams
    227. 

  227.  [CLHS-21.1.1.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#terminal">21.2. Terminal interaction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stream-dict">21.3. The Streams Dictionary
    228. 

  228.    [CLHS-21.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#printer">22. Printer
    229. 

  229.    [CLHS-22]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#multi-rep">22.1. Multiple Possible Textual Representations
    230. 

  230.    [CLHS-22.1.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spacecharprint">22.2. Printing Characters
    231. 

  231.   [CLHS-22.1.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sym-pack-prefix">22.3. Package Prefixes for Symbols
    232. 

  232.   [CLHS-22.1.3.3.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-vector">22.4. Printing Other Vectors
    233. 

  233.    [CLHS-22.1.3.7]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-array">22.5. Printing Other Arrays
    234. 

  234.    [CLHS-22.1.3.8]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clpp">22.6. The Lisp Pretty Printer
    235. 

  235.    [CLHS-22.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-formatted">22.7. Formatted Output
    236. 

  236.   [CLHS-22.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-dict">22.8. The Printer Dictionary
    237. 

  237.    [CLHS-22.4]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#reader">23. Reader
    238. 

  238.    [CLHS-23]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rt-case">23.1. Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
    239. 

  239.   [CLHS-23.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recursive-p">23.2. The recursive-p argument
    240. 

  240.   [CLHS-23.1.3.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#system">24. System Construction
    241. 

  241.    [CLHS-24]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#system-dict">24.1. The System Construction Dictionary
    242. 

  242.    [CLHS-24.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#environment">25. Environment
    243. 

  243.    [CLHS-25]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugger">25.1. Debugging Utilities
    244. 

  244.    [CLHS-25.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#environment-dict">25.2. The Environment Dictionary
    245. 

  245.    [CLHS-25.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">26. Glossary
    246. 

  246.    [CLHS-26]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#appendix">27. Appendix
    247. 

  247.    [CLHS-a]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#issues">28. X3J13 Issue Index
    248. 

  248.    [CLHS-ic]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#ext-standard">II. Common Portable Extensions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#mop-chap">29. Meta-Object Protocol</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-intro">29.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-overview">29.2. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-classes">29.3. Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-sd">29.4. Slot Definitions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-gf">29.5. Generic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-meth">29.6. Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-accessors">29.7. Accessor Methods</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-specializers">29.8. Specializers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-meth-comb">29.9. Method Combinations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-slot-access">29.10. Slot Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-dep-maint">29.11. Dependent Maintenance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#mop-clisp">29.12. Deviations from AMOP</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#gray">30. Gray streams</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#gray-overview">30.1. Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fill-stream">30.2. Class <code class="classname">EXT:FILL-STREAM</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#ext-clisp">III. Extensions Specific to <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ext-p-indep">31. Platform Independent Extensions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#custom-init-fini">31.1. Customizing <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span> Process
    249. 

  249.   Initialization and Termination</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#image">31.2. Saving an Image</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quit">31.3. Quitting <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#i18n">31.4. Internationalization of <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#encoding">31.5. Encodings</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#gstream">31.6. Generic streams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#weak">31.7. Weak Objects</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#final">31.8. Finalization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#prompt">31.9. The Prompt</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ansi">31.10. Maximum ANSI CL compliance</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#macros3">31.11. Additional Fancy Macros and Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#customize">31.12. Customizing <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span> behavior</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#code-walk">31.13. Code Walker</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ext-platform">32. Platform Specific Extensions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#screen">32.1. Random Screen Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#modules">32.2. External Modules</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dffi">32.3. The Foreign Function Call Facility</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#socket">32.4. Socket Streams</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#quickstart">32.5. Quickstarting delivery with <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#shell">32.6. Shell, Pipes and Printing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#getenv">32.7. Operating System Environment</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#ext-modules">33. Extensions Implemented as Modules</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#syscalls">33.1. System Calls</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#i18n-mod">33.2. Internationalization of User Programs</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#regexp-mod">33.3. POSIX Regular Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#readline-mod">33.4. Advanced Readline and History Functionality</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#gdbm">33.5. GDBM - The GNU database manager</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#berkeley-db">33.6. Berkeley DB access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dir-key">33.7. Directory Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#postgresql">33.8. PostgreSQL Database Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#oracle">33.9. Oracle Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#libsvm">33.10. LibSVM Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pari">33.11. Computer Algebra System PARI</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#matlab">33.12. Matlab Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#netica">33.13. Netica Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pcre">33.14. Perl Compatible Regular Expressions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#wildcard">33.15. The Wildcard Module</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#zlib">33.16. ZLIB Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rawsock">33.17. Raw Socket Access</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fastcgi">33.18. The FastCGI Interface</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#gtk">33.19. GTK Interface</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#internals">IV. Internals of the <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span> Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#source-files">34. The source files of <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#src-file-types">34.1. File Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#src-preprocessing">34.2. Source Pre-Processing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#src-files">34.3. Files</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#gc">35. Overview of <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span>'s Garbage Collection</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#internals-intro">35.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lisp-obj-in-c">35.2. Lisp objects in <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#typecodes">35.3. Object Pointer Representations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#memory-models">35.4. Memory Models</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#gc-safety">35.5. The burden of garbage-collection upon the rest of <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#foreign-pointers">35.6. Foreign Pointers</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#extend">36. Extending <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#add-fun">36.1. Adding a built-in function</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#add-var">36.2. Adding a built-in variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recompile">36.3. Recompilation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#bytecode">37. The <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span> bytecode specification</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#byte-intro">37.1. Introduction</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#vm">37.2. The virtual machine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#comp-fun">37.3. The structure of compiled functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#instr-struct">37.4. The general structure of the instructions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#instr-set">37.5. The instruction set</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-introspection">37.6. Examining compiled closures</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bytecode-design">37.7. Bytecode Design</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="part"><a href="#appendices">V. Appendices</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#faq">A. Frequently Asked Questions (With Answers)
    250. 

  250.   about <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#gfdl">B. GNU Free Documentation License</a></span></dt><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="#gpl">C. GNU General Public License</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#gpl-1">C.1. Preamble</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#gpl-2">C.2. TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="#gpl-3">C.3. How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
    251. 

  251.     </a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="index"><a href="#idx">Index</a></span></dt><dt><span class="bibliography"><a href="#references">References</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-figures"><p><b>List of Figures</b></p><dl><dt>29.1. <a href="#mop-mo-cl-inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of metaobject classes</a></dt><dt>29.2. <a href="#mop-cl-Inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of class metaobject classes</a></dt><dt>29.3. <a href="#mop-sd-inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of slot definition metaobject classes</a></dt><dt>29.4. <a href="#mop-gf-inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of generic function metaobject classes</a></dt><dt>29.5. <a href="#mop-meth-inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of method metaobject classes</a></dt><dt>29.6. <a href="#mop-specializers-inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of specializer metaobject classes</a></dt><dt>29.7. <a href="#mop-meth-comb-inheritance-fig">Inheritance structure of method combination metaobject classes</a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-tables"><p><b>List of Tables</b></p><dl><dt>1. <a href="#conventions-tab">Mark-up conventions</a></dt><dt>5.1. <a href="#values-limits-table">Function call limits</a></dt><dt>12.1. <a href="#bool-op-table">Boolean operations</a></dt><dt>12.2. <a href="#fixnum-lim-table">Fixnum limits</a></dt><dt>13.1. <a href="#standard-char-table">Standard characters</a></dt><dt>13.2. <a href="#semi-standard-char-table">Semi-standard characters</a></dt><dt>13.3. <a href="#extra-named-chars-table">Additional Named Characters</a></dt><dt>13.4. <a href="#ctrl-char-table">Additional syntax for characters with code from
    252. 

  252.    #x00 to #x1F:</a></dt><dt>13.5. <a href="#char-code-limit-table">Number of characters</a></dt><dt>13.6. <a href="#dos-win32-chars-table">Additional characters (<span class="platform">Win32</span> platform only.)</a></dt><dt>13.7. <a href="#unix-chars-table">Additional characters (<span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span> platform only.)</a></dt><dt>13.8. <a href="#char-bits-table">Character bit constants (obsolete)</a></dt><dt>15.1. <a href="#array-limit-table">Array limits</a></dt><dt>19.1. <a href="#min-filename-syntax-table">The minimum filename syntax that may be used portably</a></dt><dt>25.1. <a href="#debugger-main-deb-step">Commands common to the main loop, the debugger and the stepper</a></dt><dt>25.2. <a href="#debugger-deb-step">Commands common to the debugger and the stepper</a></dt><dt>25.3. <a href="#debugger-deb-step-1">Commands common to the debugger and the stepper</a></dt><dt>25.4. <a href="#debugger-eval-apply">Commands specific to <code class="function">EVAL</code>/<code class="function">APPLY</code></a></dt><dt>25.5. <a href="#debugger-deb">Commands specific to the debugger</a></dt><dt>25.6. <a href="#debugger-step">Commands specific to the stepper</a></dt><dt>25.7. <a href="#internal-time-units-table">Time granularity</a></dt><dt>29.1. <a href="#mop-inherit-struct">Direct Superclass Relationships
    253. 

  253.   Among The Specified Metaobject Classes</a></dt><dt>29.2. <a href="#class-mo-initargs">Initialization arguments and
    254. 

  254.    accessors for class metaobjects</a></dt><dt>29.3. <a href="#slotd-mo-initargs">Initialization arguments and
    255. 

  255.   accessors for slot definition metaobjects</a></dt><dt>29.4. <a href="#gf-mo-initargs">Initialization arguments and accessors
    256. 

  256.   for generic function metaobjects</a></dt><dt>29.5. <a href="#mop-meth-initargs">Initialization arguments and
    257. 

  257.   accessors for method metaobjects</a></dt><dt>29.6. <a href="#mop-sa-instance-struct-table">The correspondence between slot access function and
    258. 

  258.   underlying slot access generic function</a></dt><dt>35.1. <a href="#mem-models-comb-typecodes">Memory models with <span class="strong"><strong><code class="option">TYPECODES</code></strong></span></a></dt><dt>35.2. <a href="#mem-models-comb-heapcodes">Memory models with <span class="strong"><strong><code class="option">HEAPCODES</code></strong></span></a></dt></dl></div><div class="list-of-examples"><p><b>List of Examples</b></p><dl><dt>30.1. <a href="#ex-fill-stream">Example of <code class="classname">EXT:FILL-STREAM</code> usage</a></dt><dt>32.1. <a href="#dffi-simple">Simple declarations and access</a></dt><dt>32.2. <a href="#dffi-extern-var">external <span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span> variable and some accesses</a></dt><dt>32.3. <a href="#dffi-extern-func1">Calling an external function</a></dt><dt>32.4. <a href="#dffi-extern-func2">Another example for calling an external function</a></dt><dt>32.5. <a href="#dffi-ex-macro">Accessing <span class="command"><strong>cpp</strong></span> macros</a></dt><dt>32.6. <a href="#ex-call-in">Calling Lisp from <span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span></a></dt><dt>32.7. <a href="#ex-call-in-dll">Calling Lisp from <span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span> dynamically</a></dt><dt>32.8. <a href="#dffi-gethostname">Variable size arguments:
    259. 

  259.   calling gethostname from <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></dt><dt>32.9. <a href="#dffi-dll-var">Accessing variables in shared libraries</a></dt><dt>32.10. <a href="#ex-dffi-validity">Controlling validity of resources</a></dt><dt>32.11. <a href="#ex-dffi-float">Float point array computations</a></dt><dt>32.12. <a href="#socket-ex-server">Lisp read-eval-print loop server</a></dt><dt>32.13. <a href="#socket-ex-client">Lisp <span class="command"><strong>HTTP</strong></span> client</a></dt><dt>33.1. <a href="#ex-re-match"><code class="function">REGEXP:MATCH</code></a></dt><dt>33.2. <a href="#ex-re-quote"><code class="function">REGEXP:REGEXP-QUOTE</code></a></dt></dl></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="overview"></a>Overview</h2></div></div></div><p>These notes discuss the <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> implementation of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a> by <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruno</span> <span class="surname">Haible</span></span>
    260. 

  260.  and <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Michael</span> <span class="surname">Stoll</span></span>. The current maintainers are <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bruno</span> <span class="surname">Haible</span></span> and <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Sam</span> <span class="surname">Steingold</span></span>.</p><p>This implementation is mostly conforming to the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]
    261. 

  261.  available on-line as the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#CLHS" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></span>] (but the printed <a class="ulink" href="http://www.ansi.org/" target="_top"><acronym class="acronym" title="The American National Standards Institute">ANSI</acronym></a> document
    262. 

  262.  remains the authoritative source of information).  [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] supersedes
    263. 

  263.  the earlier specifications <a class="xref" href="#CLtL1" title="Common Lisp: the Language (1st Edition)">[<abbr class="abbrev">CLtL1</abbr>]</a> and <a class="xref" href="#CLtL2" title="Common Lisp: the Language (2nd Edition)">[<abbr class="abbrev">CLtL2</abbr>]</a>.</p><p>The first part of these notes, <a class="xref" href="#clhs-chapters" title="Part&#xA0;I.&#xA0;Chapters or the Common Lisp HyperSpec">Part I, “Chapters or the Common Lisp HyperSpec”</a>,
    264. 

  264.  is indexed in parallel to the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#CLHS" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></span>] and documents how <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>
    265. 

  265.  implements the standard [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>].</p><p>The second part, <a class="xref" href="#ext-standard" title="Part&#xA0;II.&#xA0;Common Portable Extensions">Part II, “Common Portable Extensions”</a>, documents the
    266. 

  266.  common extensions to the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>], specifically <a class="link" href="#mop-chap" title="Chapter&#xA0;29.&#xA0;Meta-Object Protocol">Meta-Object Protocol</a> and <a class="link" href="#gray" title="Chapter&#xA0;30.&#xA0;Gray streams"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">GRAY</span>”</strong></a>
    267. 

  267.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a>s.</p><p>The third part, <a class="xref" href="#ext-clisp" title="Part&#xA0;III.&#xA0;Extensions Specific to CLISP">Part III, “Extensions Specific to <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span>”</a>, documents the
    268. 

  268.  <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>-specific extensions, e.g., <a class="xref" href="#socket" title="32.4.&#xA0;Socket Streams">Section 32.4, “Socket Streams”</a>.</p><p>The fourth part, <a class="xref" href="#internals" title="Part&#xA0;IV.&#xA0;Internals of the CLISP Implementation">Part IV, “Internals of the <span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span> Implementation”</a>, is intended mostly
    269. 

  269.  for developers as it documents the <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> internals, e.g., <a href="impnotes.html#gc" class="olink">garbage-collect</a>ion,
    270. 

  270.  adding new built-ins, and the <a href="impnotes.html#bytecode" class="olink">bytecode</a>s generated by the compiler
    271. 

  271.  (i.e., what is printed by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_disassemble.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DISASSEMBLE</code></a>).</p></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="conventions"></a>Conventions</h2></div></div></div><p>The following is the mark-up notations used in this document:
    272. 

  272.  </p><div class="table"><a id="conventions-tab"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 1. Mark-up conventions</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Mark-up conventions" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">Object Kind</th><th align="center">Example</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">Function</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_carcm_cdr_darcm_cddddr.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CAR</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Variable</td><td align="center"><a class="link" href="#load-paths" title="Variable CUSTOM:*LOAD-PATHS*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*LOAD-PATHS*</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Formal Argument</td><td align="center"><em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Keyword</td><td align="center"><code class="constant">:EOF</code></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Number</td><td align="center"><code class="literal">0</code></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Character</td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Newline</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Class, type</td><td align="center"><code class="classname">REGEXP:MATCH</code></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Format instruction</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~A</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Standard <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a> keyword</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;KEY</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Declaration</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_ftype.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">FTYPE</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Package</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Real file</td><td align="center"><a class="link" href="#config-lisp"><code class="filename">config.lisp</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Abstract file</td><td align="center"><code class="filename">#P".c"</code></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Code (you are likely to type it)</td><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_cons.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONS</code></a> 1 2)</code></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Data (<a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> is likely to print it)</td><td align="center"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#(1 2 3)</code></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Program listing</td><td align="center"><pre class="programlisting">
    273. 

  273. (defun cycle-length (n <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a> (len 1) (top 0))
    274. 

  274.   (cond ((= n 1) (values len top))
    275. 

  275.         ((evenp n) (cycle-length (ash n -1) (1+ len) (max top n)))
    276. 

  276.         (t (let ((next (1+ (* 3 n))))
    277. 

  277.              (cycle-length next (1+ len) (max top next))))))
    278. 

  278.     </pre></td></tr><tr><td align="center">Bytecode instruction</td><td align="center"><span class="byte"><code class="literal">(STOREV <em class="replaceable"><code>k</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>m</code></em>)</code></span></td></tr><tr><td align="center">First mention of an entity</td><td align="center"><strong class="first"><em class="firstterm">firstterm</em></strong></td></tr><tr><td align="center">External <a class="link" href="#modules" title="32.2.&#xA0;External Modules">module</a></td><td align="center"><span class="module"><a class="filename" href="#libsvm" title="33.10.&#xA0;LibSVM Interface"><code class="filename">libsvm</code></a></span>, <span class="module"><a href="http://clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net/clisp/clisp/modules/bindings/glibc/"><code class="filename">bindings/glibc</code></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p><br class="table-break" /></p></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="clhs-chapters"></a>Part I. Chapters or the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#CLHS" title="Common Lisp HyperSpec">Common Lisp HyperSpec</a></span>]</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#intro">1. Introduction
    279. 

  279.   [CLHS-1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spec-symb">1.1. Special Symbols
    280. 

  280.   [CLHS-1.4.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#error-terms">1.2. Error Terminology
    281. 

  281.   [CLHS-1.4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cl-symb">1.3. Symbols in the Package <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong>
    282. 

  282.   [CLHS-1.9]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#syntax">2. Syntax
    283. 

  283.    [CLHS-2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#std-char">2.1. Standard Characters
    284. 

  284.   [CLHS-2.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reader-alg">2.2. Reader Algorithm
    285. 

  285.    [CLHS-2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tokens">2.3. Symbols as Tokens
    286. 

  286.   [CLHS-2.3.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#valid-patterns">2.4. Valid Patterns for Tokens
    287. 

  287.   [CLHS-2.3.5]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#backquote">2.5. Backquote
    288. 

  288.   [CLHS-2.4.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign">2.6. Sharpsign
    289. 

  289.   [CLHS-2.4.8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign-backslash">2.6.1. Sharpsign Backslash
    290. 

  290.   [CLHS-2.4.8.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign-less-than">2.6.2. Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
    291. 

  291.   [CLHS-2.4.8.20]</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#eval">3. Evaluation and Compilation
    292. 

  292.    [CLHS-3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#evaluation">3.1. Evaluation
    293. 

  293.   [CLHS-3.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-environ">3.1.1. Introduction to Environments
    294. 

  294.   [CLHS-3.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dyn-var">3.1.2. Dynamic Variables
    295. 

  295.   [CLHS-3.1.2.1.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#function-form">3.1.3. Conses as Forms
    296. 

  296.   [CLHS-3.1.2.1.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilation">3.2. Compilation
    297. 

  297.   [CLHS-3.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-terms">3.2.1. Compiler Terminology
    298. 

  298.   [CLHS-3.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilation-semantics">3.2.2. Compilation Semantics
    299. 

  299.   [CLHS-3.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#similarity">3.2.3. Definition of Similarity
    300. 

  300.   [CLHS-3.2.4.2.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#declarations">3.3. Declarations
    301. 

  301.   [CLHS-3.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spec-decl">3.3.1. Declaration <code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#safety-decl">3.3.2. Declaration <code class="literal">SAFETY</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compile-decl">3.3.3. Declaration <code class="code">(COMPILE)</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#space-decl">3.3.4. Declaration <code class="literal">SPACE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lalist">3.4. Lambda Lists
    302. 

  302.    [CLHS-3.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#boa-lalist">3.4.1. Boa Lambda Lists
    303. 

  303.   [CLHS-3.4.6]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-comp">3.5. The Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
    304. 

  304.   [CLHS-3.8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#constantp">3.5.1. Function <code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-when">3.5.2. Macro <code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#speop-the">3.5.3. Special operator <code class="function">THE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#types-classes">4. Types and Classes
    305. 

  305.    [CLHS-4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#types">4.1. Types
    306. 

  306.   [CLHS-4.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#type-spec">4.1.1. Type Specifiers
    307. 

  307.   [CLHS-4.2.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#classes">4.2. Classes
    308. 

  308.   [CLHS-4.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clos-diff">4.3. Deviations from ANSI CL standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#metaclasses">4.4. Standard Metaclasses
    309. 

  309.   [CLHS-4.3.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#def-class">4.5. Defining Classes
    310. 

  310.   [CLHS-4.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#redef-class">4.6. Redefining Classes
    311. 

  311.   [CLHS-4.3.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#type-class-dict">4.7. The Types and Classes Dictionary
    312. 

  312.   [CLHS-4.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixnum-char-ansi">4.7.1. Function <code class="function">COERCE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#data">5. Data and Control Flow
    313. 

  313.    [CLHS-5]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#flow-dict">5.1. The Data and Control Flow Dictionary
    314. 

  314.    [CLHS-5.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defconstant">5.1.1. Macro <code class="function">DEFCONSTANT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fcase">5.1.2. Macro <code class="function">EXT:FCASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#xor">5.1.3. Function EXT:XOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eq">5.1.4. Function <code class="function">EQ</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sym-fun">5.1.5. Function <code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setf">5.1.6. Macro <code class="function">SETF</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#func">5.1.7. Special Operator <code class="function">FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#def-sym-mac">5.1.8. Macro <code class="function">DEFINE-SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lambda">5.1.9. Macro <code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defun">5.1.10. Macros <code class="function">DEFUN</code> &amp; <code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#iteration">6. Iteration
    315. 

  315.   [CLHS-6]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop">6.1. The LOOP Facility
    316. 

  316.   [CLHS-6.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop-inter-var-finally">6.1.1. Iteration variables in the loop epilogue</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop-ansi">6.1.2. Backward Compatibility</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#iter-dict">6.2. The Iteration Dictionary
    317. 

  317.   [CLHS-6.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#objects">7. Objects
    318. 

  318.    [CLHS-7]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#std-meth-combo">7.1. Standard Method Combination
    319. 

  319.   [CLHS-7.6.6.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#structures">8. Structures
    320. 

  320.    [CLHS-8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-options">8.1. The options for <code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code>.</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-print-function">8.1.1. The :PRINT-FUNCTION
    321. 

  321.   option.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-inherit">8.1.2. The :INHERIT option</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-mop">8.2. The structure Meta-Object Protocol.</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#conditions">9. Conditions
    322. 

  322.    [CLHS-9]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cond-nl">9.1. Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
    323. 

  323.    [CLHS-9.1.3.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cond-dict">9.2. The Conditions Dictionary
    324. 

  324.    [CLHS-9.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#symbols">10. Symbols
    325. 

  325.    [CLHS-10]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#packages">11. Packages
    326. 

  326.    [CLHS-11]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-lock">11.1. Constraints on the <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong> Package
    327. 

  327.   for Conforming Programs - package locking
    328. 

  328.  [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clupack">11.2. The
    329. 

  329.   COMMON-LISP-USER Package
    330. 

  330.   [CLHS-11.1.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#imppack">11.3. Implementation-Defined Packages
    331. 

  331.    [CLHS-11.1.2.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#package-case">11.4. Package Case-Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-clu">11.4.1. User Package for the Case-sensitive World</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-pack-name">11.4.2. Package Names</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-gensym-kwd">11.4.3. Gensyms and Keywords</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#case-sensitive-migration">11.4.4. Migration Tips</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#case-sensitive-startup">11.4.5. Using case-sensitive packages by default</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-dict">11.5. The Packages Dictionary
    332. 

  332.    [CLHS-11.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#make-pack">11.5.1. Function <code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defpack">11.5.2. Macro <code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#re-export">11.5.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-inverted">11.5.4. Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-sensitive">11.5.5. Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#numbers">12. Numbers
    333. 

  333.    [CLHS-12]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-types">12.1. Numeric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-concepts">12.2. Number Concepts
    334. 

  334.    [CLHS-12.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#byte-type">12.2.1. Byte Operations on Integers
    335. 

  335.    [CLHS-12.1.1.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-subst">12.2.2. Rule of Float Substitutability
    336. 

  336.    [CLHS-12.1.3.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-comp">12.2.3. Floating-point Computations
    337. 

  337.    [CLHS-12.1.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#complex-comp">12.2.4. Complex Computations
    338. 

  338.    [CLHS-12.1.5]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#complex-rational">12.2.5. Rule of
    339. 

  339.    Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
    340. 

  340.    [CLHS-12.1.5.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-dict">12.3. The Numbers Dictionary
    341. 

  341.    [CLHS-12.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#random-state">12.3.1. Random Numbers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-func-ext">12.3.2. Additional Integer Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-notes">12.3.3. Floating Point Arithmetics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-decode">12.3.4. Float Decoding
    342. 

  342.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bool-ops">12.3.5. Boolean Operations
    343. 

  343.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixnum-lim">12.3.6. Fixnum Limits
    344. 

  344.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bignum-lim">12.3.7. Bignum Limits
    345. 

  345.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-lim">12.3.8. Float Limits
    346. 

  346.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#characters">13. Characters
    347. 

  347.    [CLHS-13]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-script">13.1. Character Scripts
    348. 

  348.    [CLHS-13.1.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-attrib">13.2. Character Attributes
    349. 

  349.    [CLHS-13.1.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#input-char">13.2.1. Input Characters</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#graph-char">13.3. Graphic Characters
    350. 

  350.    [CLHS-13.1.4.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#alpha-char">13.4. Alphabetic Characters
    351. 

  351.    [CLHS-13.1.4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-case">13.5. Characters With Case
    352. 

  352.    [CLHS-13.1.4.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-invertcase">13.5.1. Function <code class="function">EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-ext">13.5.2. Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
    353. 

  353.   [CLHS-13.1.4.3.4]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-char">13.6. Numeric Characters
    354. 

  354.    [CLHS-13.1.4.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-ord">13.7. Ordering of Characters
    355. 

  355.    [CLHS-13.1.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clhs-newline">13.8. Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
    356. 

  356.    [CLHS-13.1.8]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-int">13.9. Character Encodings
    357. 

  357.    [CLHS-13.1.9]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#script-ext">13.10. Documentation
    358. 

  358.    of Implementation-Defined Scripts
    359. 

  359.    [CLHS-13.1.10]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-dict">13.11. The Characters Dictionary
    360. 

  360.    [CLHS-13.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-code">13.11.1. Function <code class="function">CHAR-CODE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#base-char">13.11.2. Type <code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-width">13.11.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:CHAR-WIDTH</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-platform-dep">13.12. Platform-Dependent Characters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-bits">13.13. Obsolete Constants</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#conses">14. Conses
    361. 

  361.    [CLHS-14]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cons-dict">14.1. The Conses Dictionary
    362. 

  362.    [CLHS-14.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#map-func">14.1.1. Mapping Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#arrays">15. Arrays
    363. 

  363.    [CLHS-15]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#array-elts">15.1. Array Elements
    364. 

  364.    [CLHS-15.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#array-dict">15.2. The Arrays Dictionary
    365. 

  365.    [CLHS-15.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#strings">16. Strings
    366. 

  366.    [CLHS-16]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#string-dict">16.1. The Strings Dictionary
    367. 

  367.    [CLHS-16.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#string-comp">16.1.1. String Comparison</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#string-width">16.1.2. Function <code class="function">EXT:STRING-WIDTH</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#string-invertcase">16.1.3. Functions <code class="function">EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE</code>
    368. 

  368.   and <code class="function">EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#sequences">17. Sequences
    369. 

  369.    [CLHS-17]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#seq-dict">17.1. The Sequences Dictionary
    370. 

  370.    [CLHS-17.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#seq-macro-ext">17.1.1. Additional Macros</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#nreverse-nreconc">17.1.2. Functions <code class="function">NREVERSE</code> &amp; <code class="function">NRECONC</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rem-del">17.1.3. Functions <code class="function">REMOVE</code> &amp; <code class="function">DELETE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sorting">17.1.4. Functions <code class="function">SORT</code> &amp; <code class="function">STABLE-SORT</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#hash">18. Hash Tables
    371. 

  371.    [CLHS-18]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#hash-dict">18.1. The Hash Tables Dictionary
    372. 

  372.    [CLHS-18.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#make-hash">18.1.1. Function <code class="function">MAKE-HASH-TABLE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defhash">18.1.2. Macro <code class="function">EXT:DEFINE-HASH-TABLE-TEST</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ht-test">18.1.3. Function <code class="function">HASH-TABLE-TEST</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dohash">18.1.4. Macro <code class="function">EXT:DOHASH</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#filenames">19. Filenames
    373. 

  373.    [CLHS-19]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#path-components">19.1. Pathname Components
    374. 

  374.    [CLHS-19.2.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#path-dir-canon">19.1.1. Directory canonicalization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#path-platform-specific">19.1.2. Platform-specific issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#unspecific">19.2. :UNSPECIFIC as a Component Value
    375. 

  375.  [CLHS-19.2.2.2.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#path-external-notation">19.3. External notation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#log-path">19.4. Logical Pathnames
    376. 

  376.   [CLHS-19.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#filename-dict">19.5. The Filenames Dictionary
    377. 

  377.    [CLHS-19.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#translate-pathname">19.5.1. Function <code class="function">TRANSLATE-PATHNAME</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#translate-logpath">19.5.2. Function <code class="function">TRANSLATE-LOGICAL-PATHNAME</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#parsename">19.5.3. Function <code class="function">PARSE-NAMESTRING</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pathmerge">19.5.4. Function <code class="function">MERGE-PATHNAMES</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#load-lpt">19.5.5. Function <code class="function">LOAD-LOGICAL-PATHNAME-TRANSLATIONS</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#absolute-pathname">19.5.6. Function <code class="function">EXT:ABSOLUTE-PATHNAME</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#files">20. Files
    378. 

  378.    [CLHS-20]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#file-dict">20.1. The Files Dictionary
    379. 

  379.    [CLHS-20.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#streams">21. Streams
    380. 

  380.    [CLHS-21]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#streams-interactive">21.1. Interactive Streams
    381. 

  381.  [CLHS-21.1.1.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#terminal">21.2. Terminal interaction</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#readline">21.2.1. Command line editing with GNU readline</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#with-kbd">21.2.2. Macro <code class="function">EXT:WITH-KEYBOARD</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stream-dict">21.3. The Streams Dictionary
    382. 

  382.    [CLHS-21.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stream-eltype">21.3.1. Function <code class="function">STREAM-ELEMENT-TYPE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#make-stream">21.3.2. Function <code class="function">EXT:MAKE-STREAM</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bin-input">21.3.3. Binary input, <code class="function">READ-BYTE</code>,
    383. 

  383.   <code class="function">EXT:READ-INTEGER</code> &amp; <code class="function">EXT:READ-FLOAT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bin-output">21.3.4. Binary output, <code class="function">WRITE-BYTE</code>,
    384. 

  384.   <code class="function">EXT:WRITE-INTEGER</code> &amp; <code class="function">EXT:WRITE-FLOAT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bulk-io">21.3.5. Bulk Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#non-block-io">21.3.6. Non-Blocking Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#file-pos">21.3.7. Function <code class="function">FILE-POSITION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#elastic-newline">21.3.8. Avoiding blank lines, <code class="function">EXT:ELASTIC-NEWLINE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#open">21.3.9. Function <code class="function">OPEN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#close">21.3.10. Function <code class="function">CLOSE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#open-stream-p">21.3.11. Function <code class="function">OPEN-STREAM-P</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#broadcast-stream">21.3.12. Class <code class="classname">BROADCAST-STREAM</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#stream-buffer">21.3.13. Functions
    385. 

  385.   EXT:MAKE-BUFFERED-INPUT-STREAM
    386. 

  386.     and
    387. 

  387.   EXT:MAKE-BUFFERED-OUTPUT-STREAM
    388. 

  388.    </a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#printer">22. Printer
    389. 

  389.    [CLHS-22]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#multi-rep">22.1. Multiple Possible Textual Representations
    390. 

  390.    [CLHS-22.1.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spacecharprint">22.2. Printing Characters
    391. 

  391.   [CLHS-22.1.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sym-pack-prefix">22.3. Package Prefixes for Symbols
    392. 

  392.   [CLHS-22.1.3.3.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-vector">22.4. Printing Other Vectors
    393. 

  393.    [CLHS-22.1.3.7]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-array">22.5. Printing Other Arrays
    394. 

  394.    [CLHS-22.1.3.8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pathprint">22.5.1. Printing Pathnames
    395. 

  395.   [CLHS-22.1.3.11]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clpp">22.6. The Lisp Pretty Printer
    396. 

  396.    [CLHS-22.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pp-dispatch">22.6.1. Pretty Print Dispatch Table
    397. 

  397.    [CLHS-22.2.1.4]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-formatted">22.7. Formatted Output
    398. 

  398.   [CLHS-22.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-dict">22.8. The Printer Dictionary
    399. 

  399.    [CLHS-22.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#write">22.8.1. Functions <code class="function">WRITE</code> &amp; <code class="function">WRITE-TO-STRING</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-unreadable-object">22.8.2. Macro <code class="function">PRINT-UNREADABLE-OBJECT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#print-misc">22.8.3. Miscellaneous Issues</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#reader">23. Reader
    400. 

  400.    [CLHS-23]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#rt-case">23.1. Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
    401. 

  401.   [CLHS-23.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#recursive-p">23.2. The recursive-p argument
    402. 

  402.   [CLHS-23.1.3.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#system">24. System Construction
    403. 

  403.    [CLHS-24]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#system-dict">24.1. The System Construction Dictionary
    404. 

  404.    [CLHS-24.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilefile">24.1.1. Function <code class="function">COMPILE-FILE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compile-file-path">24.1.2. Function <code class="function">COMPILE-FILE-PATHNAME</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#require">24.1.3. Function <code class="function">REQUIRE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loadfile">24.1.4. Function <code class="function">LOAD</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#features">24.1.5. Variable <code class="varname">*FEATURES*</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#featurep">24.1.6. Function EXT:FEATUREP
    405. 

  405.   [CLRFI-1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiled-file-p">24.1.7. Function <code class="function">EXT:COMPILED-FILE-P</code>
    406. 

  406.   [CLRFI-2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#environment">25. Environment
    407. 

  407.    [CLHS-25]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#debugger">25.1. Debugging Utilities
    408. 

  408.    [CLHS-25.1.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#user-commands">25.1.1. User-customizable Commands</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#environment-dict">25.2. The Environment Dictionary
    409. 

  409.    [CLHS-25.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#disassemble">25.2.1. Function <code class="function">DISASSEMBLE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#uncompile">25.2.2. Function <code class="function">EXT:UNCOMPILE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#documentation">25.2.3. Function <code class="function">DOCUMENTATION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#describe">25.2.4. Function <code class="function">DESCRIBE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#trace">25.2.5. Macro <code class="function">TRACE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#inspect">25.2.6. Function <code class="function">INSPECT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#room">25.2.7. Function <code class="function">ROOM</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#time">25.2.8. Macro <code class="function">TIME</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#ed">25.2.9. Function <code class="function">ED</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clock">25.2.10. Clock Time</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#machine">25.2.11. Machine</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#apropos">25.2.12. Functions <code class="function">APROPOS</code> &amp; <code class="function">APROPOS-LIST</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dribble">25.2.13. Function <code class="function">DRIBBLE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#version">25.2.14. Function <code class="function">LISP-IMPLEMENTATION-VERSION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#argv">25.2.15. Function <code class="function">EXT:ARGV</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#glossary">26. Glossary
    410. 

  410.    [CLHS-26]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#appendix">27. Appendix
    411. 

  411.    [CLHS-a]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="#issues">28. X3J13 Issue Index
    412. 

  412.    [CLHS-ic]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="intro"></a>Chapter 1. Introduction
    413. 

  413.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-1]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spec-symb">1.1. Special Symbols
    414. 

  414.   [CLHS-1.4.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#error-terms">1.2. Error Terminology
    415. 

  415.   [CLHS-1.4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cl-symb">1.3. Symbols in the Package <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong>
    416. 

  416.   [CLHS-1.9]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="spec-symb"></a>1.1. Special Symbols
    417. 

  417.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_1-4-1-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-1.4.1.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm">final delimiter
    418. 

  418.   <a id="fin-delim" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>
    419. 

  419.  of an interactive stream:
    420. 

  420.  </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a></span></dt><dd>type <span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>+<span class="keysym">D</span>
    421. 

  421.      at the beginning of a line</dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a></span></dt><dd>type <span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>+<span class="keysym">Z</span>,
    422. 

  422.      followed by <span class="keycap"><strong>Return</strong></span></dd></dl></div><p>
    423. 

  423.  This final delimiter is never actually seen by programs; no need to
    424. 

  424.  test for <span class="keysym">#\^D</span> or <span class="keysym">#\^Z</span> - use
    425. 

  425.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-char-no-hang.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-CHAR-NO-HANG</code></a> to check for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_e.html#end_of_file" target="_top"><code class="literal">end-of-stream</code></a>.
    426. 

  426.  Calling <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_clear-input.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CLEAR-INPUT</code></a> on the stream removes the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_e.html#end_of_file" target="_top"><code class="literal">end-of-stream</code></a> state,
    427. 

  427.  thus making it available for further input.</p><p>A newline character can be entered by the user by pressing the
    428. 

  428.  <span class="keycap"><strong>Newline</strong></span> key or, on the numeric keypad, the
    429. 

  429.  <span class="keycap"><strong>Enter</strong></span> key.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="error-terms"></a>1.2. Error Terminology
    430. 

  430.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_1-4-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-1.4.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>Safety settings are ignored by the interpreted code;
    431. 

  431.  therefore where the standard uses the phrase “<span class="quote">should signal an
    432. 

  432.  error</span>”, an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed.
    433. 

  433.  See <a class="xref" href="#safety-decl" title="3.3.2.&#xA0;Declaration SAFETY">Section 3.3.2, “Declaration <code class="literal">SAFETY</code>”</a> for the safety of compiled code.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="cl-symb"></a>1.3. Symbols in the Package <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>
    434. 

  434.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_1-9.html" target="_top">[CLHS-1.9]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>All 978 symbols in the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> package specified by the
    435. 

  435.  [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] are implemented.</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="syntax"></a>Chapter 2. Syntax
    436. 

  436.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#std-char">2.1. Standard Characters
    437. 

  437.   [CLHS-2.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#reader-alg">2.2. Reader Algorithm
    438. 

  438.    [CLHS-2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#tokens">2.3. Symbols as Tokens
    439. 

  439.   [CLHS-2.3.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#valid-patterns">2.4. Valid Patterns for Tokens
    440. 

  440.   [CLHS-2.3.5]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#backquote">2.5. Backquote
    441. 

  441.   [CLHS-2.4.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign">2.6. Sharpsign
    442. 

  442.   [CLHS-2.4.8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign-backslash">2.6.1. Sharpsign Backslash
    443. 

  443.   [CLHS-2.4.8.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign-less-than">2.6.2. Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
    444. 

  444.   [CLHS-2.4.8.20]</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std-char"></a>2.1. Standard Characters
    445. 

  445.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-1-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.1.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The standard characters are <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> and the
    446. 

  446.  <a class="link" href="#graph-char" title="13.3.&#xA0;Graphic Characters [CLHS-13.1.4.1]">graphic characters</a>
    447. 

  447.  with a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> between 32 and 126 (inclusive).</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="reader-alg"></a>2.2. Reader Algorithm
    448. 

  448.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The requirement of step 4 that a
    449. 

  449.  “<span class="quote"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_r.html#reader_macro_function" target="_top">reader
    450. 

  450.   macro function</a> may return zero values or one value</span>”
    451. 

  451.   <span class="strong"><strong>is</strong></span> enforced.  You can use the function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_values.html" target="_top"><code class="function">VALUES</code></a> to control the
    452. 

  452.   number of values returned.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="tokens"></a>2.3. Symbols as Tokens
    453. 

  453.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-3-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.3.4]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>A <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm">reserved token
    454. 

  454.   <a id="res-token" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>,
    455. 

  455.  i.e., a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_t.html#token" target="_top">token</a> that has
    456. 

  456.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_p.html#potential_number" target="_top">potential number</a>
    457. 

  457.  syntax but cannot be interpreted as a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_number.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NUMBER</code></a>, is interpreted as
    458. 

  458.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a> when being read.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="valid-patterns"></a>2.4. Valid Patterns for Tokens
    459. 

  459.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-3-5.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.3.5]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>When a token with package markers is read, then no checking is
    460. 

  460.  done whether the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-PACKAGE</code></a> part and the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a> part do
    461. 

  461.  not have number syntax. (What would the purpose of this check be?)
    462. 

  462.  So we consider tokens like <span class="token">USER::</span> or <span class="token">:1</span> or
    463. 

  463.  <span class="token">LISP::4711</span> or <span class="token">21:3</span> as symbols.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="backquote"></a>2.5. Backquote
    464. 

  464.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-6.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.4.6]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The backquote read macro also works when nested. Example:
    465. 

  465. <a id="bq-nested"></a></p><pre class="programlisting">
    466. 

  466.    (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eval.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL</code></a> ``(,#'(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a> () ',a) ,#'(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a> () ',b)))
    467. 

  467.  ≡ (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eval.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL</code></a> `(list #'(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a> () ',a) #'(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a> () ',b)))
    468. 

  468.  ≡ (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eval.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL</code></a> (list 'list (list 'function (list 'lambda nil (list 'quote a)))
    469. 

  469.                      (list 'function (list 'lambda nil (list 'quote b)))))
    470. 

  470. </pre></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="sharpsign"></a>2.6. Sharpsign
    471. 

  471.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.4.8]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign-backslash">2.6.1. Sharpsign Backslash
    472. 

  472.   [CLHS-2.4.8.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sharpsign-less-than">2.6.2. Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
    473. 

  473.   [CLHS-2.4.8.20]</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>Reader macros are also defined for the following:
    474. 

  474. </p><div class="variablelist"><a id="extra-read-macro-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Additional reader macros</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term">#,</span></dt><dd>load-time evaluation, kept despite the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]
    475. 

  475.     issue <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Issues/iss315.html" target="_top">SHARP-COMMA-CONFUSION:REMOVE</a>.</dd><dt><span class="term">#Y</span></dt><dd>compiled <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a> objects and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_i.html#input" target="_top">input</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a>'s <a class="link" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings"><code class="classname">EXT:ENCODING</code></a>s
    476. 

  476.  </dd><dt><span class="term">#""</span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PATHNAME</code></a>: <code class="filename">#"test.lisp"</code>
    477. 

  477.    is the value of <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PATHNAME</code></a> "test.lisp")</code></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sharpsign-backslash"></a>2.6.1. Sharpsign Backslash
    478. 

  478.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.4.8.1]</a></h3></div></div></div><p><span class="keysym">#\Code</span> allows input of characters of arbitrary code:
    479. 

  479.  e.g., <span class="keysym">#\Code231</span> reads as the character
    480. 

  480.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> 231)</code>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sharpsign-less-than"></a>2.6.2. Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
    481. 

  481.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top">[CLHS-2.4.8.20]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>This is the list of objects whose external representation cannot
    482. 

  482.  be meaningfully read in:</p><div class="variablelist"><a id="unreadable-objects"></a><p class="title"><b>Unreadable objects</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a><em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> ...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>all <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/cla_structure-object.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRUCTURE-OBJECT</code></a>s lacking a keyword
    483. 

  483.    constructor</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>ARRAY <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>
    484. 

  484.    <em class="replaceable"><code>dimensions</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>all <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_array.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ARRAY</code></a>s except <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING</code></a>s, if
    485. 

  485.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-arrayst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-ARRAY*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>SYSTEM-FUNCTION
    486. 

  486.    <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>built-in function written in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span></a>
    487. 

  487. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>ADD-ON-SYSTEM-FUNCTION
    488. 

  488.    <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd><a class="link" href="#modules" title="32.2.&#xA0;External Modules">module</a> function written in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span></a>
    489. 

  489. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>SPECIAL-OPERATOR
    490. 

  490.    <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>special operator handler</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>COMPILED-CLOSURE
    491. 

  491.    <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>compiled function, if <a class="link" href="#pr-closure" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PRINT-CLOSURE*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PRINT-CLOSURE*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>
    492. 

  492. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>CLOSURE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> ...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>interpreted function</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>FRAME-POINTER #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>pointer to a stack frame</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>DISABLED POINTER&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>frame pointer which has become invalid on exit from the
    493. 

  493.    corresponding <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_block.html" target="_top"><code class="function">BLOCK</code></a> or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_tagbody.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TAGBODY</code></a></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>...STREAM...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>PACKAGE <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_package.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PACKAGE</code></a></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>HASH-TABLE #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_hash-table.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">HASH-TABLE</code></a>, if <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-arrayst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-ARRAY*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>
    494. 

  494. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>READTABLE #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_readtable.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">READTABLE</code></a></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>SYMBOL-MACRO
    495. 

  495.    <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a> handler</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>MACRO <em class="replaceable"><code>function</code></em>&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>macro expander (defined by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defmacro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a> and friends)
    496. 

  496. </dd>
    497. 

  497. <!--#ifdef FOREIGN-->
    498. 

  498. <dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a><a class="link" href="#fptr"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-POINTER</code></a>
    499. 

  499.    #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>foreign pointer (<span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platforms only.</span></span>)
    500. 

  500. </dd>
    501. 

  501. <!--#endif-->
    502. 

  502. <!--#ifdef DYNAMIC_FFI-->
    503. 

  503. <dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a><a class="link" href="#faddr"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-ADDRESS</code></a>
    504. 

  504.    #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>foreign address
    505. 

  505.    (<span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platforms only.</span></span>)</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a><a class="link" href="#dffi-variables" title="32.3.5.&#xA0;Foreign variables"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-VARIABLE</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
    506. 

  506.    #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>foreign variable (<span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platforms only.</span></span>)
    507. 

  507. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a><a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-FUNCTION</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>
    508. 

  508.    #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>foreign function (<span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platforms only.</span></span>)
    509. 

  509. </dd>
    510. 

  510. <!--#endif-->
    511. 

  511. <dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>UNBOUND&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>“<span class="quote">value</span>” of an unbound symbol, an unsupplied
    512. 

  512.    optional or keyword argument</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>SPECIAL REFERENCE&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>environment marker for variables declared <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a>
    513. 

  513. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>DOT&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>internal <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_readcm_re_g-whitespace.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ</code></a> result for “<span class="quote">.</span>”
    514. 

  514. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>END OF FILE&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>internal <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_readcm_re_g-whitespace.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ</code></a> result, when the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_e.html#end_of_file" target="_top"><code class="literal">end-of-stream</code></a> is reached
    515. 

  515. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>READ-LABEL ...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>intermediate <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_readcm_re_g-whitespace.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ</code></a> result for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-16.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#n#</code></span></a>
    516. 

  516. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>ADDRESS #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>machine address, should not occur
    517. 

  517. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-20.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#&lt;</code></span></a>SYSTEM-POINTER #x...&gt;</code></span></dt><dd>should not occur</dd></dl></div></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="eval"></a>Chapter 3. Evaluation and Compilation
    518. 

  518.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#evaluation">3.1. Evaluation
    519. 

  519.   [CLHS-3.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-environ">3.1.1. Introduction to Environments
    520. 

  520.   [CLHS-3.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dyn-var">3.1.2. Dynamic Variables
    521. 

  521.   [CLHS-3.1.2.1.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#function-form">3.1.3. Conses as Forms
    522. 

  522.   [CLHS-3.1.2.1.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilation">3.2. Compilation
    523. 

  523.   [CLHS-3.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-terms">3.2.1. Compiler Terminology
    524. 

  524.   [CLHS-3.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilation-semantics">3.2.2. Compilation Semantics
    525. 

  525.   [CLHS-3.2.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-macros">3.2.2.1. Compiler Macros
    526. 

  526.   [CLHS-3.2.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#minimal-compilation">3.2.2.2. Minimal Compilation
    527. 

  527.   [CLHS-3.2.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#semantic-constraints">3.2.2.3. Semantic Constraints
    528. 

  528.   [CLHS-3.2.2.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#similarity">3.2.3. Definition of Similarity
    529. 

  529.   [CLHS-3.2.4.2.2]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#declarations">3.3. Declarations
    530. 

  530.   [CLHS-3.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spec-decl">3.3.1. Declaration <code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#safety-decl">3.3.2. Declaration <code class="literal">SAFETY</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compile-decl">3.3.3. Declaration <code class="code">(COMPILE)</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#space-decl">3.3.4. Declaration <code class="literal">SPACE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lalist">3.4. Lambda Lists
    531. 

  531.    [CLHS-3.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#boa-lalist">3.4.1. Boa Lambda Lists
    532. 

  532.   [CLHS-3.4.6]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-comp">3.5. The Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
    533. 

  533.   [CLHS-3.8]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#constantp">3.5.1. Function <code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-when">3.5.2. Macro <code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#speop-the">3.5.3. Special operator <code class="function">THE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>All the functions built by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCTION</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compile.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPILE</code></a> and the like are
    534. 

  534.  atoms.  There are built-in functions written in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span></a>, compiled
    535. 

  535.  functions (both of type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_compiled-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPILED-FUNCTION</code></a>) and interpreted
    536. 

  536.  functions (of type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a>).</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="evaluation"></a>3.1. Evaluation
    537. 

  537.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.1]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-environ">3.1.1. Introduction to Environments
    538. 

  538.   [CLHS-3.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#dyn-var">3.1.2. Dynamic Variables
    539. 

  539.   [CLHS-3.1.2.1.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#function-form">3.1.3. Conses as Forms
    540. 

  540.   [CLHS-3.1.2.1.2]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="eval-environ"></a>3.1.1. Introduction to Environments
    541. 

  541.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.1.1]</a></h3></div></div></div><p><a id="the-env"></a><b>Macro <a class="link" href="#the-env" title="Macro EXT:THE-ENVIRONMENT"><code class="function">EXT:THE-ENVIRONMENT</code></a>. </b>As in Scheme, the macro <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#the-env" title="Macro EXT:THE-ENVIRONMENT"><code class="function">EXT:THE-ENVIRONMENT</code></a>)</code>
    542. 

  542.  returns the current <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-3.html" target="_top">lexical environment</a>.  This works only in interpreted code and
    543. 

  543.  is not compilable!</p><p><a id="eval-env"></a><b>Function <code class="code">(EXT:EVAL-ENV
    544. 

  544.  <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em>)</code>. </b>evaluates a form in a given <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-3.html" target="_top">lexical environment</a>, just as if the
    545. 

  545.  form had been a part of the program that the <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em> came from.
    546. 

  546. </p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="dyn-var"></a>3.1.2. Dynamic Variables
    547. 

  547.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.1.2.1.1.2]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>“<span class="quote">Undefined variables</span>”, i.e. <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1.html" target="_top">variable</a>s which are
    548. 

  548.  referenced outside any lexical binding for a variable of the same name
    549. 

  549.  and which are not declared <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a>, are treated like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1-2.html" target="_top">dynamic variable</a>s
    550. 

  550.  in the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-1.html" target="_top">global environment</a>.  The compiler <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a> when it
    551. 

  551.  encounters an undefined variable.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="function-form"></a>3.1.3. Conses as Forms
    552. 

  552.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.1.2.1.2]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>Lists of the form <code class="code">((<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>) ...)</code> are also
    553. 

  553.  treated as function forms. This makes the syntax
    554. 

  554.  <code class="code">(<em class="replaceable"><code>function-name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em> ...)</code> consistent with the syntax
    555. 

  555.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_funcall.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCALL</code></a> #'<em class="replaceable"><code>function-name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>arguments</code></em> ...)</code>.
    556. 

  556.  It implements the item 7 of the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] issue <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Issues/iss174.html" target="_top">FUNCTION-NAME:LARGE</a> and the definition of
    557. 

  557.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_f.html#function_form" target="_top">function form</a>s,
    558. 

  558.  and is consistent with the use of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_f.html#function_name" target="_top">function name</a>s elsewhere in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a>.
    559. 

  559. </p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="compilation"></a>3.2. Compilation
    560. 

  560.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-terms">3.2.1. Compiler Terminology
    561. 

  561.   [CLHS-3.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compilation-semantics">3.2.2. Compilation Semantics
    562. 

  562.   [CLHS-3.2.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-macros">3.2.2.1. Compiler Macros
    563. 

  563.   [CLHS-3.2.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#minimal-compilation">3.2.2.2. Minimal Compilation
    564. 

  564.   [CLHS-3.2.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#semantic-constraints">3.2.2.3. Semantic Constraints
    565. 

  565.   [CLHS-3.2.2.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#similarity">3.2.3. Definition of Similarity
    566. 

  566.   [CLHS-3.2.4.2.2]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="compiler-terms"></a>3.2.1. Compiler Terminology
    567. 

  567.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2.1]</a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> compiles to platform-independent <a href="impnotes.html#bytecode" class="olink">bytecode</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="compilation-semantics"></a>3.2.2. Compilation Semantics
    568. 

  568.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2.2]</a></h3></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compiler-macros">3.2.2.1. Compiler Macros
    569. 

  569.   [CLHS-3.2.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#minimal-compilation">3.2.2.2. Minimal Compilation
    570. 

  570.   [CLHS-3.2.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#semantic-constraints">3.2.2.3. Semantic Constraints
    571. 

  571.   [CLHS-3.2.2.3]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="compiler-macros"></a>3.2.2.1. Compiler Macros
    572. 

  572.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-2-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2.2.1]</a></h4></div></div></div><p>Compiler macros are expanded in the compiled code only, and
    573. 

  573. ignored by the interpreter.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="minimal-compilation"></a>3.2.2.2. Minimal Compilation
    574. 

  574.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-2-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2.2.2]</a></h4></div></div></div><p>When a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFUN</code></a> form is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eval.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL</code></a>uated, the macros used there are
    575. 

  575.  expanded, so they must be already defined, and their (re)definition
    576. 

  576.  does <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> affect functions which are already defined.</p><p>This means that even the interpreted code is <span class="emphasis"><em>minimally
    577. 

  577.   compiled</em></span> in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="semantic-constraints"></a>3.2.2.3. Semantic Constraints
    578. 

  578.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-2-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2.2.3]</a></h4></div></div></div><p>Non-conforming code that does not follow the rule
    579. 

  579.  </p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>“<span class="quote">Special proclamations for dynamic variables must
    580. 

  580.     be made in the compilation environment.</span>”</p></blockquote></div><p>
    581. 

  581.  can produce quite unexpected results, e.g., observable differences
    582. 

  582.  between <span class="emphasis"><em>compiled</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>interpreted</em></span>
    583. 

  583.  programs:</p><pre class="programlisting">
    584. 

  584. (defun adder-c (value) (declare (<a class="link" href="#compile-decl" title="3.3.3.&#xA0;Declaration (COMPILE)"><code class="code">(COMPILE)</code></a>)) (lambda (x) (+ x value)))
    585. 

  585. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">ADDER-C</code>  ; compiled function; <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is lexical
    586. 

  586. (defun adder-i (value) (lambda (x) (+ x value)))
    587. 

  587. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">ADDER-I</code>  ; interpreted function; <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is lexical
    588. 

  588. (setq add-c-10 (adder-c 10))
    589. 

  589. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">ADD-C-10</code> ; compiled function
    590. 

  590. (setq add-i-10 (adder-i 10))
    591. 

  591. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">ADD-I-10</code> ; interpreted function
    592. 

  592. (funcall add-c-10 32)
    593. 

  593. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">42</code> ; as expected
    594. 

  594. (funcall add-i-10 32)
    595. 

  595. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">42</code> ; as expected
    596. 

  596. (defvar value 12)
    597. 

  597. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">VALUE</code> ; affects <code class="function">ADDER-I</code> and <code class="function">ADD-I-10</code> but not <code class="function">ADDER-C</code> and <code class="function">ADD-C-10</code>
    598. 

  598. (funcall add-c-10 32)
    599. 

  599. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">42</code> ; as before
    600. 

  600. (funcall add-i-10 32)
    601. 

  601. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">44</code> ; <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is now dynamic!
    602. 

  602. </pre><p><a id="semantic-constraints-non-conf"></a><b>Non-conformance. </b>The code shown above has a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> proclamation (by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFVAR</code></a>)
    603. 

  603.  for the variable <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> in the execution environment
    604. 

  604.  (before the last two <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_funcall.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCALL</code></a>s)
    605. 

  605.  but not in the compilation environment: at the moment
    606. 

  606.  the <code class="function">ADDER-I</code> function is defined,
    607. 

  607.  <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is not known to be a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> variable.
    608. 

  608.  Therefore the code is not conforming.</p><div class="simplesect" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="semantic-constraints-rationale"></a>Rationale</h5></div></div></div><p>The function <code class="function">ADD-C-10</code> was compiled <span class="strong"><strong>before</strong></span>
    609. 

  609.  <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> was declared <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a>, so the symbol <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> was
    610. 

  610.  eliminated from its code and the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> declaration did
    611. 

  611.  not affect the return value (i.e., <code class="code">(funcall
    612. 

  612.   add-c-10 32)</code> always returned <span class="returnvalue">42</span>).</p><p>On the opposite, function <code class="function">ADDER-I</code> was <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span>
    613. 

  613.  compiled, so <code class="function">ADD-I-10</code>
    614. 

  614.  was <span class="emphasis"><em>interpreted</em></span>.
    615. 

  615.  Whenever <code class="function">ADD-I-10</code> is executed, its definition is
    616. 

  616.  interpreted all over again.  Before <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFVAR</code></a>, <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> is evaluated as
    617. 

  617.  a lexical (because is is <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> declared <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> yet), but after
    618. 

  618.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFVAR</code></a>, we see a globally <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> symbol <em class="replaceable"><code>value</code></em> which
    619. 

  619.  can have only a global <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_symbol-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-VALUE</code></a> (not a local binding), and thus
    620. 

  620.  we are compelled to evaluate it to <span class="returnvalue">12</span>.</p><p>This behavior was implemented intentionally to ease interactive
    621. 

  621.  development, because <span class="emphasis"><em>usually</em></span>
    622. 

  622.  the <code class="function">ADDER-I</code> above would be followed by a
    623. 

  623.  (forgotten) <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFVAR</code></a>.</p><p>When a user compiles a program, the compiler is allowed to
    624. 

  624.  remember the information whether a variable was <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> or not,
    625. 

  625.  because that allows the compiler to generate more efficient code,
    626. 

  626.  but in interpreted code, when the user changes the state of a variable,
    627. 

  627.  he does <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> want to re-evaluate all <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFUN</code></a>s that use the variable.</p><p>[<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] gives the implementation freedom regarding
    628. 

  628.  interpreted evaluation, how much it wants to remember / cache, and how
    629. 

  629.  much it wants to evaluate according the current environment, if the
    630. 

  630.  environment has changed. <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> implements <span class="emphasis"><em>ad-hoc
    631. 

  631.   look-up</em></span> for variables (but <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> for macros, see
    632. 

  632.  <a class="xref" href="#minimal-compilation" title="3.2.2.2.&#xA0;Minimal Compilation [CLHS-3.2.2.2]">Section 3.2.2.2, “Minimal Compilation
    633. 

  633.   [CLHS-3.2.2.2]”</a>).</p></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="similarity"></a>3.2.3. Definition of Similarity
    634. 

  634.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-4-2-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.2.4.2.2]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>Hash tables are <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-4-1.html" target="_top">externalizable object</a>s.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="declarations"></a>3.3. Declarations
    635. 

  635.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#spec-decl">3.3.1. Declaration <code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#safety-decl">3.3.2. Declaration <code class="literal">SAFETY</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#compile-decl">3.3.3. Declaration <code class="code">(COMPILE)</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#space-decl">3.3.4. Declaration <code class="literal">SPACE</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><p>The declarations <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_type.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">TYPE</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> ...)</code>,
    636. 

  636.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_ftype.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">FTYPE</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>function</code></em> ...)</code>,
    637. 

  637.    are ignored by both the interpreter and the compiler.</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="spec-decl"></a>3.3.1. Declaration <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a id="notspec-decl"></a><b>Declaration <a class="link" href="#notspec-decl" title="Declaration EXT:NOTSPECIAL"><code class="literal">EXT:NOTSPECIAL</code></a>. </b>Declarations <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_proclaim.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROCLAIM</code></a> '(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_special.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPECIAL</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em>))</code>
    638. 

  638.  and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defconstant.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCONSTANT</code></a> are undone by the <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_proclaim.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROCLAIM</code></a> '(<a class="link" href="#notspec-decl" title="Declaration EXT:NOTSPECIAL"><code class="literal">EXT:NOTSPECIAL</code></a>
    639. 

  639.   <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em>))</code> declaration.  This declaration can be used only in
    640. 

  640.  global <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_proclaim.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROCLAIM</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_declaim.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DECLAIM</code></a> forms, not in local <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sym_declare.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DECLARE</code></a> forms.
    641. 

  641.  Of course, you cannot expect miracles: functions compiled before the
    642. 

  642.  <a class="link" href="#notspec-decl" title="Declaration EXT:NOTSPECIAL"><code class="literal">EXT:NOTSPECIAL</code></a> proclamation was issued will still be treating <em class="replaceable"><code>variable</code></em> as
    643. 

  643.  special even after the <a class="link" href="#notspec-decl" title="Declaration EXT:NOTSPECIAL"><code class="literal">EXT:NOTSPECIAL</code></a> proclamation.</p><p><a id="spe-var-p"></a><b>Function <a class="link" href="#spe-var-p" title="Function EXT:SPECIAL-VARIABLE-P"><code class="function">EXT:SPECIAL-VARIABLE-P</code></a>. </b>You can use the function <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#spe-var-p" title="Function EXT:SPECIAL-VARIABLE-P"><code class="function">EXT:SPECIAL-VARIABLE-P</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>
    644. 

  644.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em>)</code> to check whether the symbol is a
    645. 

  645.  special variable.  <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em> of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a> or omitted means use the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-1.html" target="_top">global environment</a>.
    646. 

  646.  You can also obtain the current <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-3.html" target="_top">lexical environment</a> using the macro
    647. 

  647.  <a class="link" href="#the-env" title="Macro EXT:THE-ENVIRONMENT"><code class="function">EXT:THE-ENVIRONMENT</code></a> (interpreted code only).
    648. 

  648.  This function will always return <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> for global special
    649. 

  649.  variables and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1-3.html" target="_top">constant variable</a>s.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="safety-decl"></a>3.3.2. Declaration <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_optimize.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SAFETY</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>Declaration <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_optimize.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">OPTIMIZE</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_optimize.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SAFETY</code></a> 3))</code>
    650. 

  650.  results in “<span class="quote">safe</span>” compiled code: function calls are never
    651. 

  651.  eliminated. This guarantees the semantics described in [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]
    652. 

  652.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-5.html" target="_top">Section 3.5</a>.
    653. 

  653. </p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="compile-decl"></a>3.3.3. Declaration <a class="link" href="#compile-decl" title="3.3.3.&#xA0;Declaration (COMPILE)"><code class="code">(COMPILE)</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The declaration <a class="link" href="#compile-decl" title="3.3.3.&#xA0;Declaration (COMPILE)"><code class="code">(COMPILE)</code></a> has the effect that the current
    654. 

  654.  form is compiled prior to execution.  Examples:
    655. 

  655. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    656. 

  656. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_locally.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOCALLY</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sym_declare.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DECLARE</code></a> (compile)) <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>)
    657. 

  657. </pre><p>
    658. 

  658. executes a compiled version of <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>.</p><pre class="programlisting">
    659. 

  659. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_letcm_letst.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LET</code></a> ((x 0))
    660. 

  660.   (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_fletcm_scm_macrolet.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLET</code></a> ((inc () (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sym_declare.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DECLARE</code></a> (compile)) (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_incfcm_decf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INCF</code></a> x))
    661. 

  661.          (dec () (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_incfcm_decf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DECF</code></a> x)))
    662. 

  662.     (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_values.html" target="_top"><code class="function">VALUES</code></a> #'inc #'dec)))
    663. 

  663. </pre><p>
    664. 

  664.  returns two functions.  The first is compiled and increments <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>, the
    665. 

  665.  second is interpreted (slower) and decrements the same <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="space-decl"></a>3.3.4. Declaration <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_optimize.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPACE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The declaration determines what metadata is recorded in the
    666. 

  666.  function object:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_optimize.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPACE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eqcm_sleq__lteqcm_gteq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">&gt;=</code></a> 2</span></dt><dd>documentation string is discarded
    667. 

  667.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/dec_optimize.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">SPACE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eqcm_sleq__lteqcm_gteq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">&gt;=</code></a> 3</span></dt><dd>the original <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a> is also discarded (most
    668. 

  668.      information is still available, see <a href="impnotes.html#describe" class="olink"><code class="function">DESCRIBE</code></a>, but the names of
    669. 

  669.      the positional arguments are not).</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="lalist"></a>3.4. Lambda Lists
    670. 

  670.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.4]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#boa-lalist">3.4.1. Boa Lambda Lists
    671. 

  671.   [CLHS-3.4.6]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="boa-lalist"></a>3.4.1. Boa Lambda Lists
    672. 

  672.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-6.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.4.6]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>The initial value of an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;AUX</code></a> variable in a boa <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a> is
    673. 

  673.  the value of the corresponding slot's initial form.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="eval-comp"></a>3.5. The Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
    674. 

  674.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_evalu_n_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-3.8]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#constantp">3.5.1. Function <code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eval-when">3.5.2. Macro <code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#speop-the">3.5.3. Special operator <code class="function">THE</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="constantp"></a>3.5.1. Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_constantp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_constantp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a> fully complies with [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>].
    675. 

  675. Additionally, some non-trivial forms are identified as constants, e.g.,
    676. 

  676. <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_constantp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a> '(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_pl.html" target="_top"><code class="function">+</code></a> 1 2 3))</code> returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>.</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>Since <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defconstant.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCONSTANT</code></a> initial value forms are not
    677. 

  677. evaluated at compile time, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_constantp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a> will not report <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> of their
    678. 

  678. name within the same <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#compilation_unit" target="_top">compilation unit</a> for the null <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-3.html" target="_top">lexical environment</a>.  This is
    679. 

  679. consistent and matches questionable code using the pattern
    680. 

  680. <code class="code">(if (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_constantp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONSTANTP</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>) (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eval.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>))</code>.  Use
    681. 

  681. <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_eval-when.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a> if you need recognition and the value during
    682. 

  682. compile-time.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="eval-when"></a>3.5.2. Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_eval-when.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_eval-when.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a> also accepts the situations <code class="code">(NOT EVAL)</code>
    683. 

  683.  and <code class="code">(NOT COMPILE)</code>.</p><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p>The situations <code class="constant">EVAL</code>,
    684. 

  684.  <code class="constant">LOAD</code> and <code class="constant">COMPILE</code> are
    685. 

  685.  deprecated by the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>], and they are <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> equivalent to the new
    686. 

  686.  standard situations <code class="constant">:EXECUTE</code>,
    687. 

  687.  <code class="constant">:LOAD-TOPLEVEL</code>
    688. 

  688.  and <code class="constant">:COMPILE-TOPLEVEL</code> in that they ignore the
    689. 

  689.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-3-1.html" target="_top">top-level form</a> versus non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-2-3-1.html" target="_top">top-level form</a> distinction.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="speop-the"></a>3.5.3. Special operator <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_the.html" target="_top"><code class="function">THE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The special form <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_the.html" target="_top"><code class="function">THE</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>value-type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>)</code> is
    690. 

  690.  similar to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_check-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHECK-TYPE</code></a> but does a type check only in interpreted
    691. 

  691.  code (no type check is done in compiled code - but see the <a class="link" href="#ethe" title="31.11.1.&#xA0;Macro EXT:ETHE"><code class="function">EXT:ETHE</code></a>
    692. 

  692.  macro) and does not allow interactive error correction by the user.
    693. 

  693. </p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="types-classes"></a>Chapter 4. Types and Classes
    694. 

  694.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#types">4.1. Types
    695. 

  695.   [CLHS-4.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#type-spec">4.1.1. Type Specifiers
    696. 

  696.   [CLHS-4.2.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#classes">4.2. Classes
    697. 

  697.   [CLHS-4.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clos-diff">4.3. Deviations from ANSI CL standard</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#metaclasses">4.4. Standard Metaclasses
    698. 

  698.   [CLHS-4.3.1.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#def-class">4.5. Defining Classes
    699. 

  699.   [CLHS-4.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#redef-class">4.6. Redefining Classes
    700. 

  700.   [CLHS-4.3.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#type-class-dict">4.7. The Types and Classes Dictionary
    701. 

  701.   [CLHS-4.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixnum-char-ansi">4.7.1. Function <code class="function">COERCE</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="types"></a>4.1. Types
    702. 

  702.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#type-spec">4.1.1. Type Specifiers
    703. 

  703.   [CLHS-4.2.3]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="type-spec"></a>4.1.1. Type Specifiers
    704. 

  704.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-2-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.2.3]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>The general form of the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> type specifier is <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>type-of-real-part</code></em>
    705. 

  705.  <em class="replaceable"><code>type-of-imaginary-part</code></em>)</code></span>.  The type
    706. 

  706.  specifier <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>)</code></span> is
    707. 

  707.  equivalent to <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>
    708. 

  708.  <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>)</code></span>.</p><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_deftype.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFTYPE</code></a> <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a>s are subject to destructuring (nested <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a>s
    709. 

  709.  are allowed, as in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defmacro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a>) and may contain a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;WHOLE</code></a> marker,
    710. 

  710.  but not an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;ENVIRONMENT</code></a> marker.</p><p><b>Function <code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:TYPE-EXPAND</code>
    711. 

  711.    <em class="replaceable"><code>typespec</code></em> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a>
    712. 

  712.    <em class="replaceable"><code>once-p</code></em>)</code>. </b>If <em class="replaceable"><code>typespec</code></em> is a user-defined type,
    713. 

  713.  this will expand it recursively until it is no longer a user-defined
    714. 

  714.  type (unless <em class="replaceable"><code>once-p</code></em> is supplied and
    715. 

  715.  non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>).  Two values are returned - the expansion and an indicator
    716. 

  716.  (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>) of whether the original
    717. 

  717.  <em class="replaceable"><code>typespec</code></em> was a user-defined type.
    718. 

  718. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><p class="title"><b>The possible results of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_type-of.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TYPE-OF</code></a></b></p><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_cons.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONS</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_null.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NULL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_boolean.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BOOLEAN</code></a>,
    719. 

  719.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_keyword.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">KEYWORD</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_bit.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BIT</code></a>, <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a> 0
    720. 

  720.     <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-6.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#.</code></span></a><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-POSITIVE-FIXNUM</code></a>)</code></span>,
    721. 

  721.    <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a>
    722. 

  722.     <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-6.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#.</code></span></a><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-NEGATIVE-FIXNUM</code></a> (0))</code></span>,
    723. 

  723.    <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a>
    724. 

  724.     (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-6.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#.</code></span></a><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-POSITIVE-FIXNUM</code></a>))</code></span>,
    725. 

  725.    <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a> *
    726. 

  726.     (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-6.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#.</code></span></a><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-NEGATIVE-FIXNUM</code></a>))</code></span></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>,
    727. 

  727.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_base-char.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a>,
    728. 

  728.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_standard-char.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STANDARD-CHAR</code></a></li><li><span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_array.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ARRAY</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>element-type</code></em>
    729. 

  729.     <em class="replaceable"><code>dimensions</code></em>)</code></span>, <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_simple-array.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-ARRAY</code></a>
    730. 

  730.     <em class="replaceable"><code>element-type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>dimensions</code></em>)</code></span></li><li><span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_vector.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">VECTOR</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>
    731. 

  731.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span>, <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_simple-vector.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-VECTOR</code></a>
    732. 

  732.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span></li><li><span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING</code></a>
    733. 

  733.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span>, <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_simple-string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-STRING</code></a>
    734. 

  734.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span></li><li><span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_base-string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BASE-STRING</code></a>
    735. 

  735.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span>, <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_simple-base-string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-BASE-STRING</code></a>
    736. 

  736.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span></li><li><span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_bit-vector.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BIT-VECTOR</code></a>
    737. 

  737.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span>, <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_simple-bit-vector.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SIMPLE-BIT-VECTOR</code></a>
    738. 

  738.     <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>)</code></span></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_compiled-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPILED-FUNCTION</code></a>,
    739. 

  739.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_standa_ric-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STANDARD-GENERIC-FUNCTION</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_file-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FILE-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_synonym-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYNONYM-STREAM</code></a>,
    740. 

  740.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_broadcast-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BROADCAST-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_concatenated-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONCATENATED-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_two-way-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">TWO-WAY-STREAM</code></a>,
    741. 

  741.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_echo-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ECHO-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING-STREAM</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_package.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PACKAGE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_hash-table.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">HASH-TABLE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_readtable.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">READTABLE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PATHNAME</code></a>,
    742. 

  742.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_logical-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LOGICAL-PATHNAME</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_random-state.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RANDOM-STATE</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#byte-type" title="12.2.1.&#xA0;Byte Operations on Integers [CLHS-12.1.1.3.2]"><span class="type">BYTE</span></a></li><li><code class="classname">SPECIAL-OPERATOR</code>,
    743. 

  743.    <code class="classname">LOAD-TIME-EVAL</code>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a>,
    744. 

  744.    <code class="classname">GLOBAL-SYMBOL-MACRO</code>, <a class="link" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings"><code class="classname">EXT:ENCODING</code></a>,
    745. 

  745.    <a class="link" href="#fptr"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-POINTER</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#faddr"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-ADDRESS</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#dffi-variables" title="32.3.5.&#xA0;Foreign variables"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-VARIABLE</code></a>,
    746. 

  746.    <a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-FUNCTION</code></a></li><li><a class="link" href="#weak-pointer" title="31.7.1.&#xA0;Weak Pointers"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-POINTER</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#weak-list" title="31.7.2.&#xA0;Weak Lists"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-LIST</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#weak-and-relation" title="31.7.3.&#xA0;Weak And Relations"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-AND-RELATION</code></a>,
    747. 

  747.    <a class="link" href="#weak-or-relation" title="31.7.4.&#xA0;Weak Or Relations"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-OR-RELATION</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#weak-mapping" title="31.7.5.&#xA0;Weak Associations"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-MAPPING</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#weak-and-mapping" title="31.7.6.&#xA0;Weak And Mappings"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-AND-MAPPING</code></a>,
    748. 

  748.    <a class="link" href="#weak-or-mapping" title="31.7.7.&#xA0;Weak Or Mappings"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-OR-MAPPING</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#weak-alist" title="31.7.8.&#xA0;Weak Association Lists"><code class="classname">EXT:WEAK-ALIST</code></a>,
    749. 

  749.    <a class="link" href="#reader" title="Chapter&#xA0;23.&#xA0;Reader [CLHS-23]"><code class="classname">READ-LABEL</code></a>,
    750. 

  750.    <a class="link" href="#reader" title="Chapter&#xA0;23.&#xA0;Reader [CLHS-23]"><code class="classname">FRAME-POINTER</code></a>,
    751. 

  751.    <code class="classname">SYSTEM-INTERNAL</code></li><li><code class="classname">ADDRESS</code> (should not
    752. 

  752.   occur)</li><li>any other <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a> (structure types or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a>
    753. 

  753.   classes)</li><li>a class object (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a> classes without a
    754. 

  754.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_p.html#proper_name" target="_top">proper name</a>)</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="classes"></a>4.2. Classes
    755. 

  755.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a> symbols are <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a>ed from the package <a class="link" href="#classes" title="4.2.&#xA0;Classes [CLHS-4.3]"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CLOS</span>”</strong></a>.
    756. 

  756.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> uses (as in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_use-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">USE-PACKAGE</code></a>) <a class="link" href="#classes" title="4.2.&#xA0;Classes [CLHS-4.3]"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CLOS</span>”</strong></a> and <a class="link" href="#re-export" title="11.5.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:RE-EXPORT"><code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a>s the
    757. 

  757.  [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] standard exported symbols (the <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> extensions, e.g.,
    758. 

  758.  those described in <a class="xref" href="#mop-chap" title="Chapter&#xA0;29.&#xA0;Meta-Object Protocol">Chapter 29, <i>Meta-Object Protocol</i></a>, are <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> <a class="link" href="#re-export" title="11.5.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:RE-EXPORT"><code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a>ed).
    759. 

  759.  Since <a class="link" href="#make-pack" title="11.5.1.&#xA0;Function MAKE-PACKAGE">the default <code class="constant">:USE</code> argument</a>
    760. 

  760.  to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>, the standard <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a> symbols are normally
    761. 

  761.  visible in all user-defined packages.
    762. 

  762.  If you do not want them (for example, if you want to use the
    763. 

  763.  <a class="ulink" href="ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/clisp/packages/pcl.sept92f.clisp.tar.gz" target="_top">PCL</a>
    764. 

  764.  implementation of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a> instead of the native one), do the following:
    765. 

  765. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    766. 

  766. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> "CL-NO-CLOS" (:use "CL"))
    767. 

  767. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_do-symbol_-all-symbols.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DO-EXTERNAL-SYMBOLS</code></a> (<em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>)
    768. 

  768.   (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_shadow.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SHADOW</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> "CL-NO-CLOS"))
    769. 

  769. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_do-symbol_-all-symbols.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DO-SYMBOLS</code></a> (<em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> "CL-NO-CLOS")
    770. 

  770.   (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> "CL-NO-CLOS"))
    771. 

  771. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_in-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IN-PACKAGE</code></a> "CL-NO-CLOS")
    772. 

  772. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_load.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOAD</code></a> "pcl") ; or whatever
    773. 

  773. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> "MY-USER" (:use "CL-NO-CLOS"))
    774. 

  774. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_in-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IN-PACKAGE</code></a> "MY-USER")
    775. 

  775. ;; your code which uses PCL goes here
    776. 

  776. </pre></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="clos-diff"></a>4.3. Deviations from [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defclass.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCLASS</code></a> supports the option <code class="constant">:METACLASS</code> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_structure-class.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRUCTURE-CLASS</code></a>.
    777. 

  777.  This option is necessary in order to define a subclass of a
    778. 

  778.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a>-defined structure type using <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defclass.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCLASS</code></a> instead of
    779. 

  779.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a>.</p><p>When <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/locfun_call-next-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CALL-NEXT-METHOD</code></a> is called with arguments, the rule that
    780. 

  780.  the ordered set of applicable methods must be the same as for the
    781. 

  781.  original arguments is enforced by the implementation only in
    782. 

  782.  interpreted code.</p><p><strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#gen-flet"><code class="function">CLOS:GENERIC-FLET</code></a><a id="gen-flet" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong> and
    783. 

  783.  <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#gen-labels"><code class="function">CLOS:GENERIC-LABELS</code></a><a id="gen-labels" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>
    784. 

  784.  are implemented as macros, not as special operators (as permitted by
    785. 

  785.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-2-2.html" target="_top">Section 3.1.2.1.2.2</a>).
    786. 

  786.  They are not imported into the packages <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> because
    787. 

  787.  of the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] issue <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Issues/iss181.html" target="_top">GENERIC-FLET-POORLY-DESIGNED:DELETE</a>.</p><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_print-object.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT-OBJECT</code></a> is only called on objects of type
    788. 

  788.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/cla_standard-object.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STANDARD-OBJECT</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/cla_structure-object.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRUCTURE-OBJECT</code></a>.
    789. 

  789.  It is not called on other objects, like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_cons.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONS</code></a>es
    790. 

  790.  and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_number.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NUMBER</code></a>s, due to the performance concerns.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="metaclasses"></a>4.4. Standard Metaclasses
    791. 

  791.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-3-1-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.3.1.1]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>Among those classes listed in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-3-7.html#classtypecorrespondence" target="_top">Figure
    792. 

  792.  4-8</a>, only the following are instances of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_built-in-class.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BUILT-IN-CLASS</code></a>:
    793. 

    794. 

  794. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_t.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">T</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_number.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NUMBER</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_real.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">REAL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOAT</code></a>,
    795. 

  795.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_ratio.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIO</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_sequence.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SEQUENCE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_array.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ARRAY</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_vector.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">VECTOR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_bit-vector.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BIT-VECTOR</code></a>,
    796. 

  796.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_list.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LIST</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_cons.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONS</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_null.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NULL</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_generic-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">GENERIC-FUNCTION</code></a>,
    797. 

  797.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_standa_ric-function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STANDARD-GENERIC-FUNCTION</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_hash-table.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">HASH-TABLE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_package.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PACKAGE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PATHNAME</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_logical-pathname.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LOGICAL-PATHNAME</code></a>
    798. 

  798.  </li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_random-state.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RANDOM-STATE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_readtable.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">READTABLE</code></a></li><li><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_broadcast-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BROADCAST-STREAM</code></a>,
    799. 

  799.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_concatenated-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONCATENATED-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_echo-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ECHO-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING-STREAM</code></a>,
    800. 

  800.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_file-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FILE-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_synonym-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYNONYM-STREAM</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_two-way-stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">TWO-WAY-STREAM</code></a>
    801. 

  801.  </li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="def-class"></a>4.5. Defining Classes
    802. 

  802.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-3-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.3.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defclass.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCLASS</code></a> supports the <code class="constant">:METACLASS</code> option.  Possible values are
    803. 

  803.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_standard-class.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STANDARD-CLASS</code></a> (the default), <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_structure-class.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRUCTURE-CLASS</code></a> (which creates
    804. 

  804.  structure classes, like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a> does), and user-defined
    805. 

  805.  meta-classes (see <a class="xref" href="#validate-superclass" title="29.3.6.7.&#xA0;Generic Function CLOS:VALIDATE-SUPERCLASS">Section 29.3.6.7, “Generic Function <code class="function">CLOS:VALIDATE-SUPERCLASS</code>”</a>).</p><p>It is <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> required that the superclasses of a class are
    806. 

  806.  defined before the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defclass.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCLASS</code></a> form for the class is evaluated.
    807. 

  807.  Use <a class="link" href="#mop-chap" title="Chapter&#xA0;29.&#xA0;Meta-Object Protocol">Meta-Object Protocol</a> generic functions <a class="link" href="#class-finalized-p" title="29.3.3.9.&#xA0;Generic Function CLOS:CLASS-FINALIZED-P"><code class="function">CLOS:CLASS-FINALIZED-P</code></a> to check whether the
    808. 

  808.  class has been finalized and thus its instances can be created,
    809. 

  809.  and <a class="link" href="#finalize-inheritance" title="29.3.6.4.&#xA0;Generic Function CLOS:FINALIZE-INHERITANCE"><code class="function">CLOS:FINALIZE-INHERITANCE</code></a> to force class finalization.</p><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#mop-cl-defclass" title="29.3.1.&#xA0;Macro DEFCLASS">Section 29.3.1, “Macro <code class="function">DEFCLASS</code>”</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="redef-class"></a>4.6. Redefining Classes
    810. 

  810.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_4-3-6.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.3.6]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>Trivial changes, e.g., those that can occur when doubly loading
    811. 

  811.  the same code, do not require updating the instances.
    812. 

  812.  These are the changes that do not modify the set of local slots
    813. 

  813.  accessible in instances, e.g., changes to slot options <code class="constant">:INITFORM</code>,
    814. 

  814.  <code class="constant">:DOCUMENTATION</code>, and changes to class options
    815. 

  815.  <code class="constant">:DEFAULT-INITARGS</code>, <code class="constant">:DOCUMENTATION</code>.</p><p>The instances are updated when they are first accessed, <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> at
    816. 

  816.  the time when the class is redefined or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_mak_ces-obsolete.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-INSTANCES-OBSOLETE</code></a> is
    817. 

  817.  called.  When the class has been redefined several times since the
    818. 

  818.  instance was last accessed, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_upd_efined-class.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UPDATE-INSTANCE-FOR-REDEFINED-CLASS</code></a> is
    819. 

  819.  still called just once.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="type-class-dict"></a>4.7. The Types and Classes Dictionary
    820. 

  820.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_types_s_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-4.4]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixnum-char-ansi">4.7.1. Function <code class="function">COERCE</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="fixnum-char-ansi"></a>4.7.1. Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_coerce.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COERCE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FIXNUM</code></a> is not a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#character_designator" target="_top">character
    821. 

  821.   designator</a> in [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>], although <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> provides an
    822. 

  822.   obvious venue to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_coerce.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COERCE</code></a> a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FIXNUM</code></a> to a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>.
    823. 

  823.   When <a class="link" href="#fixnum-char-ansi" title="4.7.1.&#xA0;Function COERCE"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*COERCE-FIXNUM-CHAR-ANSI*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_coerce.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COERCE</code></a>s <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FIXNUM</code></a>s to
    824. 

  824.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>s via <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a>.
    825. 

  825.   When <a class="link" href="#fixnum-char-ansi" title="4.7.1.&#xA0;Function COERCE"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*COERCE-FIXNUM-CHAR-ANSI*</code></a> is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FIXNUM</code></a>s cannot be
    826. 

  826.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_coerce.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COERCE</code></a>d to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>s.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="data"></a>Chapter 5. Data and Control Flow
    827. 

  827.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-5.html" target="_top">[CLHS-5]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#flow-dict">5.1. The Data and Control Flow Dictionary
    828. 

  828.    [CLHS-5.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defconstant">5.1.1. Macro <code class="function">DEFCONSTANT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fcase">5.1.2. Macro <code class="function">EXT:FCASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#xor">5.1.3. Function EXT:XOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eq">5.1.4. Function <code class="function">EQ</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sym-fun">5.1.5. Function <code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setf">5.1.6. Macro <code class="function">SETF</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#func">5.1.7. Special Operator <code class="function">FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#def-sym-mac">5.1.8. Macro <code class="function">DEFINE-SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lambda">5.1.9. Macro <code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defun">5.1.10. Macros <code class="function">DEFUN</code> &amp; <code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="flow-dict"></a>5.1. The Data and Control Flow Dictionary
    829. 

  829.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_data__w_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-5.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defconstant">5.1.1. Macro <code class="function">DEFCONSTANT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fcase">5.1.2. Macro <code class="function">EXT:FCASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#xor">5.1.3. Function EXT:XOR</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#eq">5.1.4. Function <code class="function">EQ</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#sym-fun">5.1.5. Function <code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#setf">5.1.6. Macro <code class="function">SETF</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#func">5.1.7. Special Operator <code class="function">FUNCTION</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#def-sym-mac">5.1.8. Macro <code class="function">DEFINE-SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#lambda">5.1.9. Macro <code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defun">5.1.10. Macros <code class="function">DEFUN</code> &amp; <code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><p><a id="fle"></a><b>Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_function-_a-expression.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCTION-LAMBDA-EXPRESSION</code></a>. </b>The <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> of a <a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility"><code class="classname">FFI:FOREIGN-FUNCTION</code></a> is a <span class="emphasis"><em>string</em></span>
    830. 

  830. (the name of the underlying <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span></a> function), not a lisp <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_f.html#function_name" target="_top">function name</a>.
    831. 

  831. </p><p><a id="des-bind"></a><b>Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_destructuring-bind.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DESTRUCTURING-BIND</code></a>. </b>This macro does not perform full error checking.</p><p><a id="macro-special"></a><b>Macros <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_prog1cm_prog2.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROG1</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_prog1cm_prog2.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROG2</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_and.html" target="_top"><code class="function">AND</code></a>,
    832. 

  832.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_or.html" target="_top"><code class="function">OR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_psetq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PSETQ</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_whencm_unless.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WHEN</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_whencm_unless.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UNLESS</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_cond.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COND</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_casecm_ccasecm_ecase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CASE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_multiple-value-list.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MULTIPLE-VALUE-LIST</code></a>,
    833. 

  833.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_multiple-value-bind.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_multiple-value-setq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MULTIPLE-VALUE-SETQ</code></a>. </b>These macros are implemented as special operators (as permitted by
    834. 

  834.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-2-2.html" target="_top">Section 3.1.2.1.2.2</a>)
    835. 

  835.  and, as such, are rather efficient.</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="defconstant"></a>5.1.1. Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defconstant.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFCONSTANT</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The initial value is <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> evaluated at compile time,
    836. 

  836.  just like with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFVAR</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defparametercm_defvar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPARAMETER</code></a>.
    837. 

  837.  Use <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_eval-when.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EVAL-WHEN</code></a> if you need the value at compile time.</p><p>If the variable is already bound to a value which is not <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eql.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQL</code></a> to
    838. 

  838.  the new value, a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a> is issued.</p><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1-3.html" target="_top">constant variable</a>s may not be bound dynamically or lexically.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="fcase"></a>5.1.2. Macro <a class="link" href="#fcase" title="5.1.2.&#xA0;Macro EXT:FCASE"><code class="function">EXT:FCASE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>This macro allows specifying the test for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_casecm_ccasecm_ecase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CASE</code></a>, e.g.,
    839. 

  839. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    840. 

  840. (fcase string= (subseq foo 0 (position #\Space foo))
    841. 

  841.   ("first" 1)
    842. 

  842.   (("second" "two") 2)
    843. 

  843.   (("true" "yes") t)
    844. 

  844.   (otherwise nil))
    845. 

  845. </pre><p>
    846. 

  846. is the same as
    847. 

  847. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    848. 

  848. (let ((var (subseq foo 0 (position #\Space foo))))
    849. 

  849.   (cond ((string= var "first") 1)
    850. 

  850.         ((or (string= var "second") (string= var "two")) 2)
    851. 

  851.         ((or (string= var "true") (string= var "yes")) t)
    852. 

  852.         (t nil)))
    853. 

  853. </pre><p>
    854. 

  854. If you use a built-in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_hash-table.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">HASH-TABLE</code></a> test (see <a class="xref" href="#ht-test" title="18.1.3.&#xA0;Function HASH-TABLE-TEST">Section 18.1.3, “Function <code class="function">HASH-TABLE-TEST</code>”</a>)
    855. 

  855. as the test (e.g., <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_equal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQUAL</code></a> instead of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_stringeqc_ng-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING=</code></a> above, but not a test
    856. 

  856. defined using <a class="link" href="#defhash" title="18.1.2.&#xA0;Macro EXT:DEFINE-HASH-TABLE-TEST"><code class="function">EXT:DEFINE-HASH-TABLE-TEST</code></a>), the compiler will be able to optimize the
    857. 

  857. <a class="link" href="#fcase" title="5.1.2.&#xA0;Macro EXT:FCASE"><code class="function">EXT:FCASE</code></a> form better than the corresponding <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_cond.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COND</code></a> form.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="xor"></a>5.1.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:XOR</code></h3></div></div></div><p>This function checks that exactly one of its arguments is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>
    858. 

  858.  and, if this is the case, returns its value and index in the argument
    859. 

  859.  list as <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_m.html#multiple_values" target="_top">multiple values</a>, otherwise returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="eq"></a>5.1.4. Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQ</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQ</code></a> compares <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>s and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FIXNUM</code></a>s as <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eql.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQL</code></a> does.
    860. 

  860.  No unnecessary copies are made of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>s and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_number.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NUMBER</code></a>s.
    861. 

  861.  Nevertheless, one should use <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eql.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQL</code></a> as it is more portable across <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a>
    862. 

  862.  implementations.</p><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_letcm_letst.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LET</code></a> ((<em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em>)) (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQ</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>))</code> always
    863. 

  863.  returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>, regardless of <em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em>.</p><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#dffi-eq" title="Equality of foreign values.">Equality of foreign values.</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="sym-fun"></a>5.1.5. Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_symbol-function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_symbol-function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>) <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code>
    864. 

  864.  requires <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em> to be either a function, a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_symbol-function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a> return
    865. 

  865.  value, or a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-3.html" target="_top">lambda expression</a>.  The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-3.html" target="_top">lambda expression</a> is thereby immediately
    866. 

  866.  converted to a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="setf"></a>5.1.6. Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>Additional <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_p.html#place" target="_top">place</a>s:
    867. 

  867. </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_funcall.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCALL</code></a></span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_funcall.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCALL</code></a> #'<em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> ...)
    868. 

  868.      <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code> and
    869. 

  869.     <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_funcall.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCALL</code></a> '<em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> ...) <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code>
    870. 

  870.     are equivalent to <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> ...) <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code>.
    871. 

  871.  </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_progn.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROGN</code></a></span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_progn.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROGN</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> ... <em class="replaceable"><code>place</code></em>)
    872. 

  872.      <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_locally.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOCALLY</code></a></span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_locally.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOCALLY</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>declaration</code></em> ...
    873. 

  873.      <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> ... <em class="replaceable"><code>place</code></em>) <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code>
    874. 

  874.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_if.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IF</code></a></span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_if.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IF</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em>
    875. 

  875.      <em class="replaceable"><code>place<sub>1</sub></code></em>
    876. 

  876.      <em class="replaceable"><code>place<sub>2</sub></code></em>)
    877. 

  877.      <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_set-dispa_ro-character.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GET-DISPATCH-MACRO-CHARACTER</code></a></span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_set-dispa_ro-character.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GET-DISPATCH-MACRO-CHARACTER</code></a> ...)
    878. 

  878.      ...)</code> calls <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_set-dispa_ro-character.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SET-DISPATCH-MACRO-CHARACTER</code></a>.
    879. 

  879.  </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>:</span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>) <em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em>)</code> sets the
    880. 

  880.     default mantissa length of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>s to <em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em> bits.
    881. 

  881.  </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_values-list.html" target="_top"><code class="function">VALUES-LIST</code></a></span></dt><dd><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_values-list.html" target="_top"><code class="function">VALUES-LIST</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>) <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>)</code>
    882. 

  882.     is equivalent to <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_values-list.html" target="_top"><code class="function">VALUES-LIST</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>list</code></em>
    883. 

  883.      (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_multiple-value-list.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MULTIPLE-VALUE-LIST</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>)))</code>.</p><div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>Note that this <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_p.html#place" target="_top">place</a> is restricted: it can only be
    884. 

  884.      used in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#letf" title="31.11.2.&#xA0;Macros EXT:LETF &amp; EXT:LETF*"><code class="function">EXT:LETF</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#letf" title="31.11.2.&#xA0;Macros EXT:LETF &amp; EXT:LETF*"><code class="function">EXT:LETF*</code></a>, not in other positions.
    885. 

  885.  </p></div></dd></dl></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;KEY</code></a> markers in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defsetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSETF</code></a> <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a>s are supported, but the
    886. 

  886.  corresponding keywords must appear literally in the program text.</p><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_get-setf-expansion.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GET-SETF-EXPANSION</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em>)</code>,
    887. 

  887.  <code class="code">(EXT:GET-SETF-METHOD <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em>)</code>, and
    888. 

  888.  <code class="code">(EXT:GET-SETF-METHOD-MULTIPLE-VALUE <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a>
    889. 

  889.   <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em>)</code> receive as optional argument <em class="replaceable"><code><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/sec_3-1-1-4.html" target="_top">environment</a></code></em> the environment
    890. 

  890.   necessary for macro expansions. In <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-setf-expander.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-SETF-EXPANDER</code></a>
    891. 

  891.   and <code class="function">EXT:DEFINE-SETF-METHOD</code> <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a>s, one can
    892. 

  892.   specify <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;ENVIRONMENT</code></a> and a variable, which will be bound to the
    893. 

  893.   environment.  This environment should be passed to all calls of
    894. 

  894.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_get-setf-expansion.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GET-SETF-EXPANSION</code></a>, <code class="function">EXT:GET-SETF-METHOD</code> and
    895. 

  895.  <code class="function">EXT:GET-SETF-METHOD-MULTIPLE-VALUE</code>.  If this is
    896. 

  896.  done, even local macros will be interpreted as places correctly.</p><p>An attempt to modify read-only data <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>.
    897. 

  897.  Program text and quoted constants loaded from files are considered
    898. 

  898.  read-only data.  This check is only performed for strings, not for
    899. 

  899.  conses, other kinds of arrays, and user-defined data types.</p><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#letf" title="31.11.2.&#xA0;Macros EXT:LETF &amp; EXT:LETF*">Section 31.11.2, “Macros <code class="function">EXT:LETF</code> &amp; <code class="function">EXT:LETF*</code>”</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="func"></a>5.1.7. Special Operator <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCTION</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCTION</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>)</code> returns the local function
    900. 

  900.  definition established by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_fletcm_scm_macrolet.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLET</code></a> or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_fletcm_scm_macrolet.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LABELS</code></a>, if it exists, otherwise
    901. 

  901.  the global function definition.</p><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_special-operator-p.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SPECIAL-OPERATOR-P</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>)</code> returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a> or
    902. 

  902.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>.  If it returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>, then <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_symbol-function.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-FUNCTION</code></a>
    903. 

  903.   <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>)</code> returns the (useless) special operator handler.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="def-sym-mac"></a>5.1.8. Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFINE-SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a> establishes <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a>s with
    904. 

  904.  global scope (as opposed to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a>s defined with
    905. 

  905.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_symbol-macrolet.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-MACROLET</code></a>, which have local scope).</p><p>The function
    906. 

  906.  <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#symbol-mex"><code class="function">EXT:SYMBOL-MACRO-EXPAND</code></a><a id="symbol-mex" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>
    907. 

  907.  tests for a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a>: If <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em> is defined as a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a>
    908. 

  908.  in the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-1.html" target="_top">global environment</a>, <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#symbol-mex"><code class="function">EXT:SYMBOL-MACRO-EXPAND</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>symbol</code></em>)</code> returns two
    909. 

  909.  values, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> and the expansion; otherwise it returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>.</p><p><a class="link" href="#symbol-mex"><code class="function">EXT:SYMBOL-MACRO-EXPAND</code></a> is a special case of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_macroexpa_acroexpand-1.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MACROEXPAND-1</code></a>. <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_macroexpa_acroexpand-1.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MACROEXPAND-1</code></a>
    910. 

  910.  can also test whether a symbol is defined as a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_define-symbol-macro.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL-MACRO</code></a> in <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-3.html" target="_top">lexical environment</a>s
    911. 

  911.  other than the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-1-1.html" target="_top">global environment</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="lambda"></a>5.1.9. Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><b>Constant <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_lambda_ist-keywords.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LAMBDA-LIST-KEYWORDS</code></a>. </b><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;OPTIONAL</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;REST</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;KEY</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;ALLOW-OTHER-KEYS</code></a>
    912. 

  912.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;AUX</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;BODY</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;WHOLE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;ENVIRONMENT</code></a>)</code></p><div class="table"><a id="values-limits-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 5.1. Function call limits</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Function call limits" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_call-a_uments-limit.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">CALL-ARGUMENTS-LIMIT</code></a></td><td align="center">2<sup>12</sup>=4096</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_multip_values-limit.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MULTIPLE-VALUES-LIMIT</code></a></td><td align="center">2<sup>7</sup>=128</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_lambda_meters-limit.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LAMBDA-PARAMETERS-LIMIT</code></a></td><td align="center">2<sup>12</sup>=4096</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="defun"></a>5.1.10. Macros <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFUN</code></a> &amp; <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defmacro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFUN</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defmacro.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFMACRO</code></a> are allowed in non-toplevel positions. As
    913. 

  913.  an example, consider the old (<a class="xref" href="#CLtL1" title="Common Lisp: the Language (1st Edition)">[<abbr class="abbrev">CLtL1</abbr>]</a>) definition of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_gensym.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GENSYM</code></a>:</p><pre class="programlisting">
    914. 

  914. (let ((gensym-prefix "G")
    915. 

  915.       (gensym-count 1))
    916. 

  916.   (defun gensym (&amp;optional (x nil s))
    917. 

  917.     (when s
    918. 

  918.       (cond ((stringp x) (setq gensym-prefix x))
    919. 

  919.             ((integerp x)
    920. 

  920.              (if (minusp x)
    921. 

  921.                (error "~S: index ~S is negative" 'gensym x)
    922. 

  922.                (setq gensym-count x)))
    923. 

  923.             (t (error "~S: argument ~S of wrong type" 'gensym x))))
    924. 

  924.     (prog1
    925. 

  925.       (make-symbol
    926. 

  926.         (concatenate 'string
    927. 

  927.           gensym-prefix
    928. 

  928.           (write-to-string gensym-count :base 10 :radix nil)))
    929. 

  929.       (incf gensym-count))))
    930. 

  930. </pre><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#minimal-compilation" title="3.2.2.2.&#xA0;Minimal Compilation [CLHS-3.2.2.2]">Section 3.2.2.2, “Minimal Compilation
    931. 

  931.   [CLHS-3.2.2.2]”</a>.</p><p><a id="arglist"></a><b>Function <a class="link" href="#arglist" title="Function EXT:ARGLIST"><code class="function">EXT:ARGLIST</code></a>. </b>Function <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#arglist" title="Function EXT:ARGLIST"><code class="function">EXT:ARGLIST</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>)</code> returns the <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a> of
    932. 

  932.  the function or macro that <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> names and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> if <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> is
    933. 

  933.  not <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_fboundp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FBOUNDP</code></a>.  It also <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> when the macro <a class="link" href="#lalist" title="3.4.&#xA0;Lambda Lists [CLHS-3.4]">lambda list</a> is not
    934. 

  934.  available due to the compiler optimization settings
    935. 

  935.  (see <a class="xref" href="#space-decl" title="3.3.4.&#xA0;Declaration SPACE">Section 3.3.4, “Declaration <code class="literal">SPACE</code>”</a>).</p><p><a id="suppress-check-redef"></a><b>Variable <a class="link" href="#suppress-check-redef" title="Variable CUSTOM:*SUPPRESS-CHECK-REDEFINITION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*SUPPRESS-CHECK-REDEFINITION*</code></a>. </b>When <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#suppress-check-redef" title="Variable CUSTOM:*SUPPRESS-CHECK-REDEFINITION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*SUPPRESS-CHECK-REDEFINITION*</code></a></em></strong> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>,
    936. 

  936.  <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> issues a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a> when a function (macro, variable, class,
    937. 

  937.  etc) is redefined in a different file than its original definition.
    938. 

  938.  It is <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> a good idea to set this variable to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>.
    939. 

  939. </p><p><a id="defun-accept-spelalist"></a><b>Variable <a class="link" href="#defun-accept-spelalist" title="Variable CUSTOM:*DEFUN-ACCEPT-SPECIALIZED-LAMBDA-LIST*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*DEFUN-ACCEPT-SPECIALIZED-LAMBDA-LIST*</code></a>. </b>When <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#defun-accept-spelalist" title="Variable CUSTOM:*DEFUN-ACCEPT-SPECIALIZED-LAMBDA-LIST*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*DEFUN-ACCEPT-SPECIALIZED-LAMBDA-LIST*</code></a></em></strong> is
    940. 

  940. non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFUN</code></a> accepts <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-3.html" target="_top">specialized lambda list</a>s, converting type-parameter
    941. 

  941. associations to type declarations:
    942. 

  942. </p><pre class="programlisting">(defun f ((x list) (y integer)) ...)</pre><p>
    943. 

  943. is equivalent to
    944. 

  944. </p><pre class="programlisting">(defun f (x y) (declare (type list x) (type integer y)) ...)</pre><p>
    945. 

  945. This extension is disabled by <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-ansi" class="olink">-ansi</a></code> and by setting <a href="impnotes.html#ansi" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*ANSI*</code></a> to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>,
    946. 

  946. but can be re-enabled by setting <a class="link" href="#defun-accept-spelalist" title="Variable CUSTOM:*DEFUN-ACCEPT-SPECIALIZED-LAMBDA-LIST*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*DEFUN-ACCEPT-SPECIALIZED-LAMBDA-LIST*</code></a> explicitly.
    947. 

  947. </p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="iteration"></a>Chapter 6. Iteration
    948. 

  948.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-6.html" target="_top">[CLHS-6]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop">6.1. The LOOP Facility
    949. 

  949.   [CLHS-6.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop-inter-var-finally">6.1.1. Iteration variables in the loop epilogue</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop-ansi">6.1.2. Backward Compatibility</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#iter-dict">6.2. The Iteration Dictionary
    950. 

  950.   [CLHS-6.2]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="loop"></a>6.1. The LOOP Facility
    951. 

  951.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_6-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-6.1]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop-inter-var-finally">6.1.1. Iteration variables in the loop epilogue</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#loop-ansi">6.1.2. Backward Compatibility</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="loop-inter-var-finally"></a>6.1.1. Iteration variables in the loop epilogue</h3></div></div></div><p>The standard is unambiguous in that the iteration variables do
    952. 

  952.  still exist in the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_6-1-7-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">FINALLY</code></a> clause, but <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> as to what values
    953. 

  953.  these variables might have.
    954. 

  954.  Therefore the code which relies on the values of such variables, e.g.,
    955. 

  955.  </p><pre class="programlisting">(loop for x on y finally (return x))</pre><p>
    956. 

  956.  is inherently non-portable across <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a> implementations,
    957. 

  957.  and should be avoided.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="loop-ansi"></a>6.1.2. Backward Compatibility</h3></div></div></div><p>There have been some tightening in the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_loop.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOOP</code></a> syntax between
    958. 

  958.  <a class="xref" href="#CLtL2" title="Common Lisp: the Language (2nd Edition)">[<abbr class="abbrev">CLtL2</abbr>]</a> and [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>], e.g., the following form is legal in the
    959. 

  959.  former but not the latter:</p><pre class="programlisting">
    960. 

  960. (loop initially for i from 1 to 5 do (print i) finally return i)
    961. 

  961. </pre><p>
    962. 

  962. When <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#loop-ansi" title="6.1.2.&#xA0;Backward Compatibility"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*LOOP-ANSI*</code></a></em></strong> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, such forms are still
    963. 

  963. accepted in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> but elicit a warning at macro-expansion time.
    964. 

  964. When <a class="link" href="#loop-ansi" title="6.1.2.&#xA0;Backward Compatibility"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*LOOP-ANSI*</code></a> is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iter-dict"></a>6.2. The Iteration Dictionary
    965. 

  965.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_6-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-6.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The macros <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_dolist.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DOLIST</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_dotimes.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DOTIMES</code></a> establish a single binding for
    966. 

  966. the iteration variable and assign it on each iteration.</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="objects"></a>Chapter 7. Objects
    967. 

  967.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top">[CLHS-7]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#std-meth-combo">7.1. Standard Method Combination
    968. 

  968.   [CLHS-7.6.6.2]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std-meth-combo"></a>7.1. Standard Method Combination
    969. 

  969.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_7-6-6-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-7.6.6.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>Generic function
    970. 

  970.  <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#no-prim"><code class="function">CLOS:NO-PRIMARY-METHOD</code></a><a id="no-prim" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>
    971. 

  971.  (similar to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_no-_cable-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NO-APPLICABLE-METHOD</code></a>) is called when there is an
    972. 

  972.  applicable method but no applicable <span class="emphasis"><em>primary</em></span>
    973. 

  973.  method.</p><p>The default methods for <a class="link" href="#no-prim"><code class="function">CLOS:NO-PRIMARY-METHOD</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_no-_cable-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NO-APPLICABLE-METHOD</code></a> and
    974. 

  974.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_no-next-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NO-NEXT-METHOD</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a> an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> of type
    975. 

  975.  <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#meth-call-err"><code class="classname">CLOS:METHOD-CALL-ERROR</code></a>
    976. 

  976.   <a id="meth-call-err" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>.
    977. 

  977.  You can find out more information about the error using functions
    978. 

  978.  <code class="function">CLOS:METHOD-CALL-ERROR-GENERIC-FUNCTION</code>,
    979. 

  979.  <code class="function">CLOS:METHOD-CALL-ERROR-ARGUMENT-LIST</code>, and
    980. 

  980.  (only for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_no-next-method.html" target="_top"><code class="function">NO-NEXT-METHOD</code></a>)
    981. 

  981.  <code class="function">CLOS:METHOD-CALL-ERROR-METHOD</code>.
    982. 

  982.  Moreover, when the generic function has only one <span class="emphasis"><em>dispatching
    983. 

  983.  argument</em></span>, (i.e., such an argument that not all the
    984. 

  984.  corresponding parameter specializers are <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_t.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">T</code></a>), an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> of type
    985. 

  985.  <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#meth-call-type-err"><code class="classname">CLOS:METHOD-CALL-TYPE-ERROR</code></a>
    986. 

  986.   <a id="meth-call-type-err" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>
    987. 

  987.   is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed, additionally making <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_type-erro_xpected-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TYPE-ERROR-DATUM</code></a> and
    988. 

  988.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_type-erro_xpected-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">TYPE-ERROR-EXPECTED-TYPE</code></a> available.</p></div>
    989. 

  989. <!--<section id="obj-dict"><title>The Objects Dictionary <ulink url="&clhs;/Body/sec_7-7.html">[CLHS-7.7]</ulink></title> </section>-->
    990. 

  990. </div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="structures"></a>Chapter 8. Structures
    991. 

  991.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-8.html" target="_top">[CLHS-8]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-options">8.1. The options for <code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code>.</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-print-function">8.1.1. The :PRINT-FUNCTION
    992. 

  992.   option.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-inherit">8.1.2. The :INHERIT option</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-mop">8.2. The structure Meta-Object Protocol.</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="defstruct-options"></a>8.1. The options for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a>.</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-print-function">8.1.1. The :PRINT-FUNCTION
    993. 

  993.   option.</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defstruct-inherit">8.1.2. The :INHERIT option</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="defstruct-print-function"></a>8.1.1. The <code class="constant">:PRINT-FUNCTION</code>
    994. 

  994.   option.</h3></div></div></div><p>The <code class="constant">:PRINT-FUNCTION</code> option should contain a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-3.html" target="_top">lambda expression</a>
    995. 

  995.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a> (object stream depth) (declare (ignore depth)) ...)</code>
    996. 

  996.  This <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-3.html" target="_top">lambda expression</a> names a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a> whose task is to output the
    997. 

  997.  external representation of the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/cla_structure-object.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRUCTURE-OBJECT</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em> onto the
    998. 

  998.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>stream</code></em>. This may be done by outputting text onto the
    999. 

  999.  stream using <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_write-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WRITE-CHAR</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_write-str_m_write-line.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WRITE-STRING</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WRITE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRIN1</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINC</code></a>,
    1000. 

  1000.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PPRINT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FORMAT</code></a> and the like.
    1001. 

  1001.  The following rules must be obeyed:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-escapest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-ESCAPE*</code></a> must be
    1002. 

  1002.   respected.</li><li>The treatment of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-prettyst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-PRETTY*</code></a> is up to you.
    1003. 

  1003.  </li><li>The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-circlest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-CIRCLE*</code></a> need not be
    1004. 

  1004.   respected.  This is managed by the system.  (But the print-circle
    1005. 

  1005.   mechanism handles only those objects that are direct or indirect
    1006. 

  1006.   components of the structure.)</li><li>The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-l_int-lengthst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-LEVEL*</code></a> is respected by
    1007. 

  1007.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WRITE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRIN1</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINC</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PPRINT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FORMAT</code></a> instructions
    1008. 

  1008.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~A</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~S</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-3.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~W</code></a>, and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FORMAT</code></a> instructions
    1009. 

  1009.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~R</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~D</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-3.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~B</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~O</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-5.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~X</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~F</code></a>,
    1010. 

  1010.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~E</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-3.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~G</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~$</code></a> with not-numerical arguments.
    1011. 

  1011.   Therefore the print-level mechanism works automatically if only these
    1012. 

  1012.   functions are used for outputting objects and if they are not called
    1013. 

  1013.   on objects with nesting level &gt; 1. (The print-level mechanism does
    1014. 

  1014.   not recognize how many parentheses you have output. It only counts how
    1015. 

  1015.   many times it was called recursively.)</li><li>The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-l_int-lengthst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-LENGTH*</code></a> must be respected,
    1016. 

  1016.   especially if you are outputting an arbitrary number of components.
    1017. 

  1017.  </li><li>The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-readablyst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-READABLY*</code></a> must be
    1018. 

  1018.   respected. Remember that the values of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-escapest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-ESCAPE*</code></a>,
    1019. 

  1019.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-l_int-lengthst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-LEVEL*</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-l_int-lengthst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-LENGTH*</code></a> are ignored if
    1020. 

  1020.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-readablyst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-READABLY*</code></a> is true.  The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-readablyst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-READABLY*</code></a> is
    1021. 

  1021.   respected by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_print-unr_dable-object.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT-UNREADABLE-OBJECT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">WRITE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRIN1</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINC</code></a>,
    1022. 

  1022.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PRINT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_writecm_p_rintcm_princ.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PPRINT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FORMAT</code></a> instructions <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~A</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~S</code></a>,
    1023. 

  1023.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-4-3.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~W</code></a>, and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FORMAT</code></a> instructions <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~R</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~D</code></a>,
    1024. 

  1024.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-3.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~B</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~O</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-2-5.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~X</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-1.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~F</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-2.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~E</code></a>,
    1025. 

  1025.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-3.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~G</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_22-3-3-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">~$</code></a> with not-numerical arguments.  Therefore
    1026. 

  1026.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-readablyst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-READABLY*</code></a> will be respected automatically if only these
    1027. 

  1027.   functions are used for printing objects.</li><li>You need not worry about the values of
    1028. 

  1028.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-b_rint-radixst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-BASE*</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-b_rint-radixst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-RADIX*</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-casest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-CASE*</code></a>,
    1029. 

  1029.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-gensymst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-GENSYM*</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-arrayst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-ARRAY*</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#pr-closure" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PRINT-CLOSURE*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PRINT-CLOSURE*</code></a>,
    1030. 

  1030.   <a class="link" href="#pr-rpars" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PRINT-RPARS*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PRINT-RPARS*</code></a>, <a class="link" href="#pr-indent" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PRINT-INDENT-LISTS*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PRINT-INDENT-LISTS*</code></a>.</li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="defstruct-inherit"></a>8.1.2. The <code class="constant">:INHERIT</code> option</h3></div></div></div><p>The <code class="constant">:INHERIT</code> option is exactly like <code class="constant">:INCLUDE</code> except that it
    1031. 

  1031.  does not create new accessors for the inherited slots (this is a
    1032. 

  1032.  <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> extension).</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="defstruct-mop"></a>8.2. The structure <a class="link" href="#mop-chap" title="Chapter&#xA0;29.&#xA0;Meta-Object Protocol">Meta-Object Protocol</a>.</h2></div></div></div><p>The following functions accept a structure <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> as the only argument.
    1033. 

  1033.  If <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a> was given the <code class="constant">:TYPE</code> option (i.e., <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a> did
    1034. 

  1034.  <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> define a new type), then <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_find-class.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-CLASS</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>)</code>
    1035. 

  1035.  fails (and the regular <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a> <a class="link" href="#mop-chap" title="Chapter&#xA0;29.&#xA0;Meta-Object Protocol">Meta-Object Protocol</a> is not applicable), but these
    1036. 

  1036.  functions still work.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">EXT:STRUCTURE-SLOTS</code></span></dt><dd>Return the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_list.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LIST</code></a> of <a class="link" href="#mop-esd-mo">effective</a> <a class="link" href="#mop-slot-def-mo">slot definition metaobject</a>s.
    1037. 

  1037. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">EXT:STRUCTURE-DIRECT-SLOTS</code></span></dt><dd>Return the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_list.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LIST</code></a> of <a class="link" href="#mop-dsd-mo">direct</a> <a class="link" href="#mop-slot-def-mo">slot definition metaobject</a>s.
    1038. 

  1038. </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">EXT:STRUCTURE-KEYWORD-CONSTRUCTOR</code></span></dt><dd>Return the name (a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>) of the keyword
    1039. 

  1039.    constructor function for the structure, or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a> if the structure has
    1040. 

  1040.    no keyword constructor.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">EXT:STRUCTURE-BOA-CONSTRUCTORS</code></span></dt><dd>Return the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_list.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LIST</code></a> of names (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>s)
    1041. 

  1041.   of BOA constructors for the structure.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">EXT:STRUCTURE-COPIER</code></span></dt><dd>Return the name (a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>) of the copier for the
    1042. 

  1042.    structure.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">EXT:STRUCTURE-PREDICATE</code></span></dt><dd>Return the name (a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>) of the predicate for
    1043. 

  1043.    the structure.</dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="conditions"></a>Chapter 9. Conditions
    1044. 

  1044.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-9.html" target="_top">[CLHS-9]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cond-nl">9.1. Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
    1045. 

  1045.    [CLHS-9.1.3.1.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cond-dict">9.2. The Conditions Dictionary
    1046. 

  1046.    [CLHS-9.2]</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>When an error occurred, you are in a break loop. You can evaluate
    1047. 

  1047.  forms as usual. The <span class="command"><strong>help</strong></span> command (or help key if
    1048. 

  1048.  there is one) lists the available <a class="link" href="#debugger" title="25.1.&#xA0;Debugging Utilities [CLHS-25.1.2]">debugging
    1049. 

  1049.  commands</a>.</p><p><a id="muffle-cerrors"></a><b>Macro <a class="link" href="#muffle-cerrors" title="Macro EXT:MUFFLE-CERRORS"><code class="function">EXT:MUFFLE-CERRORS</code></a>. </b>The macro <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#muffle-cerrors" title="Macro EXT:MUFFLE-CERRORS"><code class="function">EXT:MUFFLE-CERRORS</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code>
    1050. 

  1050.  executes the <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>s; when a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#continuable" target="_top">continuable</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> occurs whose <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONTINUE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a>
    1051. 

  1051.  can be invoked non-interactively (this includes all <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#continuable" target="_top">continuable</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>s signaled
    1052. 

  1052.  by the function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_cerror.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CERROR</code></a>), no message is printed, instead, the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONTINUE</code></a>
    1053. 

  1053.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a> is invoked.</p><p><a id="appease-cerrors"></a><b>Macro <a href="impnotes.html#appease-cerrors" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:APPEASE-CERRORS</code></a>. </b>The macro <code class="code">(<a href="impnotes.html#appease-cerrors" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:APPEASE-CERRORS</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code>
    1054. 

  1054.  executes the <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>s; when a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#continuable" target="_top">continuable</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> occurs whose <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONTINUE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a>
    1055. 

  1055.  can be invoked non-interactively (this includes all <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#continuable" target="_top">continuable</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>s <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed
    1056. 

  1056.  by the function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_cerror.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CERROR</code></a>), it is reported as a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a>, and the
    1057. 

  1057.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONTINUE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a> is invoked.</p><p><a id="abort-on-error"></a><b>Macro <a href="impnotes.html#abort-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:ABORT-ON-ERROR</code></a>. </b>The macro <code class="code">(<a href="impnotes.html#abort-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:ABORT-ON-ERROR</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code>
    1058. 

  1058.  executes the <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>s; when an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> occurs,
    1059. 

  1059.  or when a <span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>+<span class="keysym">C</span> interrupt occurs,
    1060. 

  1060.  the error message is printed and the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/res_abort.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ABORT</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a> is invoked.
    1061. 

  1061. </p><p><a id="exit-on-error"></a><b>Macro <a href="impnotes.html#exit-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:EXIT-ON-ERROR</code></a>. </b>The macro <code class="code">(<a href="impnotes.html#exit-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:EXIT-ON-ERROR</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code>
    1062. 

  1062.  executes the <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>s; when an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> occurs,
    1063. 

  1063.  or when a <span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>+<span class="keysym">C</span> interrupt occurs,
    1064. 

  1064.  the error message is printed and <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> terminates with an error status.
    1065. 

  1065. </p><p><a id="err-pr-bt"></a><b>Variable <a href="impnotes.html#err-pr-bt" class="olink"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*REPORT-ERROR-PRINT-BACKTRACE*</code></a>. </b>When this variable is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a> the error message printed by
    1066. 

  1066.  <a href="impnotes.html#abort-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:ABORT-ON-ERROR</code></a> and <a href="impnotes.html#exit-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:EXIT-ON-ERROR</code></a> includes the backtrace (stack).
    1067. 

  1067. </p><p><a id="global-handler"></a><b>Function <a href="impnotes.html#global-handler" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SET-GLOBAL-HANDLER</code></a>. </b>The function <code class="code">(<a href="impnotes.html#global-handler" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SET-GLOBAL-HANDLER</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> handler)</code>
    1068. 

  1068.  establishes a global handler for the <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em>.
    1069. 

  1069.  The <em class="replaceable"><code>handler</code></em> should be <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_funcall.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FUNCALL</code></a>able (a
    1070. 

  1070.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a> or a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_function.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FUNCTION</code></a>).  If it returns, the next applicable
    1071. 

  1071.  handler is invoked, so if you do not want to land in the debugger, it
    1072. 

  1072.  should <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> return.
    1073. 

  1073.  E.g., the option <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-on-error" class="olink">-on-error</a></code> <code class="option">abort</code> and the macro
    1074. 

  1074.  <a href="impnotes.html#abort-on-error" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:ABORT-ON-ERROR</code></a> are implemented by installing the following handler:
    1075. 

  1075.  </p><pre class="programlisting">(defun sys::abortonerror (condition)
    1076. 

  1076.   (sys::report-error condition)
    1077. 

  1077.   (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_invoke-restart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INVOKE-RESTART</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_find-restart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-RESTART</code></a> '<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_abortcm_c_cm_use-value.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ABORT</code></a> condition)))</pre><p>
    1078. 

  1078.  When <em class="replaceable"><code>handler</code></em> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, the handler
    1079. 

  1079.  for <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> is removed and returned.
    1080. 

  1080.  When <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> is also <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, all global handlers are removed and returned
    1081. 

  1081.  as a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_list.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LIST</code></a>, which can then be passed to <a href="impnotes.html#global-handler" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SET-GLOBAL-HANDLER</code></a> as the
    1082. 

  1082.  first argument and the handlers re-established.</p><p><a id="without-global-handlers"></a><b>Macro <a href="impnotes.html#without-global-handlers" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-GLOBAL-HANDLERS</code></a>. </b>The macro <code class="code">(<a href="impnotes.html#without-global-handlers" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-GLOBAL-HANDLERS</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-4-4.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">&amp;BODY</code></a>
    1083. 

  1083.   <em class="replaceable"><code>body</code></em>)</code> removes all global handlers, executes <em class="replaceable"><code>body</code></em>, and
    1084. 

  1084.  then restores the handlers.</p><p><a id="with-restarts"></a><b>Macro <a class="link" href="#with-restarts" title="Macro EXT:WITH-RESTARTS"><code class="function">EXT:WITH-RESTARTS</code></a>. </b>The macro <a class="link" href="#with-restarts" title="Macro EXT:WITH-RESTARTS"><code class="function">EXT:WITH-RESTARTS</code></a> is like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-CASE</code></a>, except that the
    1085. 

  1085.  forms are specified after the restart clauses instead of before them,
    1086. 

  1086.  and the restarts created are not implicitly associated with any <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONDITION</code></a>.
    1087. 

  1087.  <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#with-restarts" title="Macro EXT:WITH-RESTARTS"><code class="function">EXT:WITH-RESTARTS</code></a> ({<em class="replaceable"><code>restart-clause</code></em>}*) {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code> is
    1088. 

  1088.  therefore equivalent to <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-CASE</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_progn.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PROGN</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)
    1089. 

  1089.  {<em class="replaceable"><code>restart-clause</code></em>}*)</code>.</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="cond-nl"></a>9.1. Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
    1090. 

  1090.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_9-1-3-1-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-9.1.3.1.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The error message prefix for the first line is “<span class="quote">*** - </span>”.
    1091. 

  1091.  All subsequent lines are indented by 6 characters.
    1092. 

  1092.  Long lines are broken on <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-1-4-7.html" target="_top">whitespace</a>
    1093. 

  1093.  (see <a class="xref" href="#fill-stream" title="30.2.&#xA0;Class EXT:FILL-STREAM">Section 30.2, “Class <code class="classname">EXT:FILL-STREAM</code>”</a>).</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="cond-dict"></a>9.2. The Conditions Dictionary
    1094. 

  1094.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_condi_s_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-9.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p><a id="restart-case"></a><b>Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-CASE</code></a>. </b>In <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-CASE</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em> {<em class="replaceable"><code>restart-clause</code></em>}*)</code>,
    1095. 

  1095.   the argument list can also be specified after the keyword/value pairs
    1096. 

  1096.   instead of before them, i.e., each <em class="replaceable"><code>restart-clause</code></em> can be either
    1097. 

  1097.   <code class="code">(<code class="varname">restart-name</code> <a href="impnotes.html#script-exec" class="olink"><code class="varname">EXT:*ARGS*</code></a>
    1098. 

  1098.    {<em class="replaceable"><code>keyword-value-pair</code></em>}* {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code>
    1099. 

  1099.   or <code class="code">(<em class="replaceable"><code>restart-name</code></em>
    1100. 

  1100.    {<em class="replaceable"><code>keyword-value-pair</code></em>}* <a href="impnotes.html#script-exec" class="olink"><code class="varname">EXT:*ARGS*</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code>.
    1101. 

  1101. </p><p><a id="compute-restarts"></a><b>Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compute-restarts.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPUTE-RESTARTS</code></a>. </b><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_compute-restarts.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COMPUTE-RESTARTS</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_find-restart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FIND-RESTART</code></a> behave as specified in
    1102. 

  1102.  [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]: If the optional <em class="replaceable"><code>condition</code></em> argument is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>,
    1103. 

  1103.  only <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a>s associated with that <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONDITION</code></a>
    1104. 

  1104.  and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_restart.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RESTART</code></a>s associated with no <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONDITION</code></a> at all are considered.
    1105. 

  1105.  Therefore the effect of associating a restart to a condition is not to
    1106. 

  1106.  activate it, but to hide it from other conditions.
    1107. 

  1107.  This makes the syntax-dependent implicit association performed by
    1108. 

  1108.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_restart-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RESTART-CASE</code></a> nearly obsolete.</p></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="symbols"></a>Chapter 10. Symbols
    1109. 

  1109.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-10.html" target="_top">[CLHS-10]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>No notes.</p></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="packages"></a>Chapter 11. Packages
    1110. 

  1110.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-11.html" target="_top">[CLHS-11]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-lock">11.1. Constraints on the <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong> Package
    1111. 

  1111.   for Conforming Programs - package locking
    1112. 

  1112.  [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clupack">11.2. The
    1113. 

  1113.   COMMON-LISP-USER Package
    1114. 

  1114.   [CLHS-11.1.2.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#imppack">11.3. Implementation-Defined Packages
    1115. 

  1115.    [CLHS-11.1.2.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#package-case">11.4. Package Case-Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-clu">11.4.1. User Package for the Case-sensitive World</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-pack-name">11.4.2. Package Names</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-gensym-kwd">11.4.3. Gensyms and Keywords</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#case-sensitive-migration">11.4.4. Migration Tips</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#case-sensitive-startup">11.4.5. Using case-sensitive packages by default</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-dict">11.5. The Packages Dictionary
    1116. 

  1116.    [CLHS-11.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#make-pack">11.5.1. Function <code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defpack">11.5.2. Macro <code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#re-export">11.5.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-inverted">11.5.4. Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-sensitive">11.5.5. Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>The [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] packages present in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a></b></p><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>with the nicknames <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CL</span>”</strong>
    1117. 

  1117.     and <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">LISP</span>”</strong></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>with the nicknames <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CL-USER</span>”</strong>
    1118. 

  1118.     and <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">USER</span>”</strong></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-3.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">KEYWORD</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>with no nicknames
    1119. 

  1119.  </dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pack-lock"></a>11.1. Constraints on the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> Package
    1120. 

  1120.   for Conforming Programs - package locking
    1121. 

  1121.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p><b>Function <a class="link" href="#pack-lock" title="11.1.&#xA0;Constraints on the &#x201C;COMMON-LISP&#x201D; Package for Conforming Programs - package locking [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a>. </b><a id="pack-lock-f" class="indexterm"></a>
    1122. 

  1122.  Packages can be “<span class="quote">locked</span>”.
    1123. 

  1123. When a package is locked, attempts to change its symbol table or
    1124. 

  1124. redefine functions which its symbols name result in a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#continuable" target="_top">continuable</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>
    1125. 

  1125. (continuing overrides locking for this operation).
    1126. 

  1126. When <a class="link" href="#suppress-check-redef" title="Variable CUSTOM:*SUPPRESS-CHECK-REDEFINITION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*SUPPRESS-CHECK-REDEFINITION*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> (<span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> a good idea!), the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>
    1127. 

  1127. is not <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed for redefine operations.
    1128. 

  1128. Function <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#pack-lock" title="11.1.&#xA0;Constraints on the &#x201C;COMMON-LISP&#x201D; Package for Conforming Programs - package locking [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>package</code></em>)</code>
    1129. 

  1129. returns the generalized boolean indicating whether the <em class="replaceable"><code>package</code></em> is locked.
    1130. 

  1130. A package (or a list thereof) can be locked using <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a>
    1131. 

  1131.  (<a class="link" href="#pack-lock" title="11.1.&#xA0;Constraints on the &#x201C;COMMON-LISP&#x201D; Package for Conforming Programs - package locking [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>package-or-list</code></em>) <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)</code>.
    1132. 

  1132. <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> locks its system packages (specified in the variable
    1133. 

  1133. <a class="link" href="#pack-lock" title="11.1.&#xA0;Constraints on the &#x201C;COMMON-LISP&#x201D; Package for Conforming Programs - package locking [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*SYSTEM-PACKAGE-LIST*</code></a>).</p><p><b>Macro <a class="link" href="#without-pack-lock"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a>. </b>If you want to evaluate some forms with certain packages unlocked,
    1134. 

  1134.  you can use
    1135. 

  1135.  <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm"><a class="link" href="#without-pack-lock"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a>
    1136. 

  1136.   <a id="without-pack-lock" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>:
    1137. 

  1137. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    1138. 

  1138. (<a class="link" href="#without-pack-lock"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> <a class="link" href="#ext-pac"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">EXT</span>”</strong></a> <a class="link" href="#classes" title="4.2.&#xA0;Classes [CLHS-4.3]"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CLOS</span>”</strong></a>)
    1139. 

  1139.   (defun restart () ...))
    1140. 

  1140. </pre><p>
    1141. 

  1141. or
    1142. 

  1142. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    1143. 

  1143. (<a class="link" href="#without-pack-lock"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>) (trace read-line))
    1144. 

  1144. </pre><p>
    1145. 

  1145. <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#without-pack-lock"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a> () ...)</code>
    1146. 

  1146. temporarily unlocks all packages in <a class="link" href="#pack-lock" title="11.1.&#xA0;Constraints on the &#x201C;COMMON-LISP&#x201D; Package for Conforming Programs - package locking [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*SYSTEM-PACKAGE-LIST*</code></a>.</p><p><b>Variable <a class="link" href="#pack-lock" title="11.1.&#xA0;Constraints on the &#x201C;COMMON-LISP&#x201D; Package for Conforming Programs - package locking [CLHS-11.1.2.1.2]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*SYSTEM-PACKAGE-LIST*</code></a>. </b>This variable specifies the default packages to be locked by <a href="impnotes.html#image" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SAVEINITMEM</code></a>
    1147. 

  1147.  and unlocked by <a class="link" href="#without-pack-lock"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-PACKAGE-LOCK</code></a> as a list of package names.
    1148. 

  1148.  You may add names to this list, e.g., a module will add its package,
    1149. 

  1149.  but you should <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> remove <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> internal packages from this list.
    1150. 

  1150. </p><p><b>Discussion - see also
    1151. 

  1151.   <a class="ulink" href="http://groups.google.com/groups?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;selm=3C3E7F57.7F80395%40pacbell.net" target="_top">the USENET posting</a> by
    1152. 

  1152.   <span class="author"><span class="firstname">Steven M.</span> <span class="surname">Haflich</span></span>. </b>This should prevent you from accidentally hosing yourself with
    1153. 

  1153. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    1154. 

  1154. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defstruct.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFSTRUCT</code></a> instance ...)
    1155. 

  1155. </pre><p>
    1156. 

  1156. and allow enforcing modularity.
    1157. 

  1157. Note that you will also get the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_c.html#continuable" target="_top">continuable</a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> when you try to
    1158. 

  1158. assign (with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/spefor_setq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETQ</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_psetq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PSETQ</code></a>, etc.) a value to an internal special
    1159. 

  1159. variable living in a locked package and not accessible in your current
    1160. 

  1160. <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stpackagest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PACKAGE*</code></a>, but only in the interpreted code and during compilation.
    1161. 

  1161. There is no check for package locks in compiled code because of the
    1162. 

  1162. performance considerations.
    1163. 

  1163. </p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="clupack"></a>11.2. The
    1164. 

  1164.   <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong> Package
    1165. 

  1165.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-11.1.2.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a> package uses the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> and <a class="link" href="#ext-pac"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">EXT</span>”</strong></a> packages.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="imppack"></a>11.3. Implementation-Defined Packages
    1166. 

  1166.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-11.1.2.4]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The following additional packages exist:</p><div class="variablelist"><p class="title"><b>Implementation-Defined Packages</b></p><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#classes" title="4.2.&#xA0;Classes [CLHS-4.3]"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CLOS</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a>s all <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-7.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLOS</strong></span></a>-specific symbols, including some
    1167. 

  1167.     <a class="link" href="#clos-diff" title="4.3.&#xA0;Deviations from ANSI CL standard">additional symbols</a>.
    1168. 

  1168.  </dd><dt><a id="sys-pac"></a><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#sys-pac"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">SYSTEM</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>has the nicknames <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">SYS</span>”</strong>
    1169. 

  1169.     and <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMPILER</span>”</strong>, and has no
    1170. 

  1170.     <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a>ed symbols.  It defines many system internals.
    1171. 

  1171.  </dd><dt><a id="ext-pac"></a><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#ext-pac"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">EXT</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>
    1172. 

  1172.     is the umbrella package for all extensions: it imports and <a class="link" href="#re-export" title="11.5.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:RE-EXPORT"><code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a>s
    1173. 

  1173.     all the external symbols in all <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> extensions, so a simple
    1174. 

  1174.     <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_use-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">USE-PACKAGE</code></a> "EXT")</code> is enough to
    1175. 

  1175.     make all the extensions available in the current package.
    1176. 

  1176.     This package uses packages (in addition to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>):
    1177. 

  1177.     <a class="link" href="#dir-key" title="33.7.&#xA0;Directory Access"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">LDAP</span>”</strong></a>, <a class="link" href="#syscalls" title="33.1.&#xA0;System Calls"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">POSIX</span>”</strong></a>, <a class="link" href="#socket" title="32.4.&#xA0;Socket Streams"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">SOCKET</span>”</strong></a>, <a class="link" href="#gstream" title="31.6.&#xA0;Generic streams"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">GSTREAM</span>”</strong></a>, <a class="link" href="#gray" title="Chapter&#xA0;30.&#xA0;Gray streams"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">GRAY</span>”</strong></a>,
    1178. 

  1178.     <a class="link" href="#i18n" title="31.4.&#xA0;Internationalization of CLISP"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">I18N</span>”</strong></a>, <a class="link" href="#customize" title="31.12.&#xA0;Customizing CLISP behavior"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CUSTOM</span>”</strong></a>.</dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CHARSET</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>defines and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a>s some character sets, for use with
    1179. 

  1179.     <a class="link" href="#make-encoding" title="31.5.4.&#xA0;Function EXT:MAKE-ENCODING"><code class="function">EXT:MAKE-ENCODING</code></a> and as <a class="link" href="#extfmt"><code class="constant">:EXTERNAL-FORMAT</code></a> argument.
    1180. 

  1180.  </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">FFI</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>implements the <a class="link" href="#dffi" title="32.3.&#xA0;The Foreign Function Call Facility">foreign function
    1181. 

  1181.      interface</a>.  Some platforms only.
    1182. 

  1182.  </dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#screen" title="32.1.&#xA0;Random Screen Access"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">SCREEN</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>defines an API for <a class="link" href="#screen" title="32.1.&#xA0;Random Screen Access">random screen
    1183. 

  1183.      access</a>.  Some platforms only.
    1184. 

  1184.  </dd><dt><span class="term"><a href="impnotes.html#package-case" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a><br /></span><span class="term"><a href="impnotes.html#cs-clu" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a></span></dt><dd>case-sensitive versions of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a>.
    1185. 

  1185.     See <a class="xref" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity">Section 11.4, “Package Case-Sensitivity”</a>.</dd></dl></div><p>All pre-existing packages except <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a> belong to the
    1186. 

  1186.  implementation, in the sense that the programs that do not follow
    1187. 

  1187.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1-2.html" target="_top">Section 11.1.2.1.2</a>
    1188. 

  1188.  ("Constraints on the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> Package for Conforming Programs")
    1189. 

  1189.  cause undefined behavior.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="package-case"></a>11.4. Package Case-Sensitivity</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-clu">11.4.1. User Package for the Case-sensitive World</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-pack-name">11.4.2. Package Names</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#cs-gensym-kwd">11.4.3. Gensyms and Keywords</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#case-sensitive-migration">11.4.4. Migration Tips</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#case-sensitive-startup">11.4.5. Using case-sensitive packages by default</a></span></dt></dl></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> supports programs written with case sensitive symbols. For
    1190. 

  1190. example, with case sensitive symbols, the symbols <code class="literal">cdr</code>
    1191. 

  1191. (the function equivalent to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_rest.html" target="_top"><code class="function">REST</code></a>) and the symbol <code class="literal">CDR</code>
    1192. 

  1192. (a user-defined type denoting a Call Data Record) are different and unrelated.
    1193. 

  1193. </p><p>There are some incompatibilities between programs assuming case
    1194. 

  1194. sensitive symbols and programs assuming the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] case insensitive symbols.
    1195. 

  1195. For example, <code class="code">(eq 'KB 'Kb)</code> evaluates to false in a case
    1196. 

  1196. sensitive world and to true in a case insensitive world. However, unlike some
    1197. 

  1197. commercial <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a> implementations, <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> allows both kinds of programs to
    1198. 

  1198. coexist in the same process and interoperate with each other. Example:
    1199. 

  1199. </p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">OLD.lisp</code></span></dt><dd><pre class="programlisting">
    1200. 

  1200. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_in-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IN-PACKAGE</code></a> "OLD")
    1201. 

  1201. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defun.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFUN</code></a> FOO () ...)
    1202. 

  1202. </pre></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">modern.lisp</code></span></dt><dd><pre class="programlisting">
    1203. 

  1203. (in-package "NEW")
    1204. 

  1204. (defun bar () (old:foo))
    1205. 

  1205. (symbol-name 'bar) ; ⇒ <code class="computeroutput">"bar"</code>
    1206. 

  1206. </pre></dd></dl></div><p>This is achieved through specification of the symbol case policy at
    1207. 

  1207. the package level. A <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm">modern package
    1208. 

  1208.   <a id="pack-modern" class="indexterm"></a></em></strong>
    1209. 

  1209.  is one that is declared to be both case-sensitive and case-inverted and
    1210. 

  1210.  which use the symbols from the <a href="impnotes.html#package-case" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> package.</p><p>A <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm">case-sensitive package
    1211. 

  1211.   <a id="pack-case-sensitive" class="indexterm"></a>
    1212. 

  1212.  </em></strong> is one whose <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> declaration (or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a>
    1213. 

  1213.  creation form) has the option <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-SENSITIVE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)</code>.
    1214. 

  1214.  In a case-sensitive package, the reader does <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> uppercase the
    1215. 

  1215.  symbol name before calling <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_intern.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INTERN</code></a>.  Similarly, the printer, when
    1216. 

  1216.  printing the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a> part of a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a> (i.e. the part after
    1217. 

  1217.  the package markers), behaves as if the readtable's case were set
    1218. 

  1218.  to <code class="constant">:PRESERVE</code>.
    1219. 

  1219.  See also <a class="xref" href="#pack-sensitive" title="11.5.5.&#xA0;Function EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P">Section 11.5.5, “Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P</code>”</a>.</p><p>A <strong class="first"><em class="firstterm">case-inverted package
    1220. 

  1220.   <a id="pack-case-inverted" class="indexterm"></a>
    1221. 

  1221.  </em></strong> is one whose <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> declaration (or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a>
    1222. 

  1222.  creation form) has the option <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-INVERTED</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)</code>.
    1223. 

  1223.  In the context of a case-inverted package, symbol names are
    1224. 

  1224.  case-inverted: upper case characters are mapped to lower case, lower
    1225. 

  1225.  case characters are mapped to upper case, and other characters are left
    1226. 

  1226.  untouched.  Every symbol thus conceptually has two symbol names: an
    1227. 

  1227.  old-world symbol name and a modern-world symbol name, which is the
    1228. 

  1228.  case-inverted old-world name.  The first symbol name is returned by the
    1229. 

  1229.  function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a>, the modern one by the
    1230. 

  1230.  function <code class="function">cs-cl:symbol-name</code>.  The internal
    1231. 

  1231.  functions for creating or looking up symbols in a package, which
    1232. 

  1232.  traditionally took a string argument, now conceptually take two string
    1233. 

  1233.  arguments: old-style-string and inverted-string.  Actually, a function
    1234. 

  1234.  like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_intern.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INTERN</code></a> takes the old-style-string as argument and computes the
    1235. 

  1235.  inverted-string from it; whereas the
    1236. 

  1236.  function <code class="function">cs-cl:intern</code> takes the inverted-string as
    1237. 

  1237.  argument and computes the old-style-string from it.
    1238. 

  1238.  See also <a class="xref" href="#pack-inverted" title="11.5.4.&#xA0;Function EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P">Section 11.5.4, “Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P</code>”</a>.</p><p>For a few built-in functions, a variant for the case-inverted
    1239. 

  1239. world is defined in the <a href="impnotes.html#package-case" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> package, which has the nickname
    1240. 

  1240.  <strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-CL</span>”</strong>:</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:symbol-name</code></span></dt><dd>returns the case-inverted symbol name.
    1241. 

  1241.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:intern</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:find-symbol</code></span></dt><dd>work consistently with
    1242. 

  1242.      <code class="function">cs-cl:symbol-name</code>.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:shadow</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:find-all-symbols</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string=</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string/=</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string&lt;</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string&gt;</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string&lt;=</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string&gt;=</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string-trim</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string-left-trim</code><br /></span><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:string-right-trim</code></span></dt><dd>convert a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a> to a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_string.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STRING</code></a> and therefore
    1243. 

  1243.      exist in a variant that uses <code class="function">cs-cl:symbol-name</code>
    1244. 

  1244.      instead of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a>.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="function">cs-cl:make-package</code></span></dt><dd>creates a case-inverted <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_package.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">PACKAGE</code></a>.
    1245. 

  1245. </dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="cs-clu"></a>11.4.1. User Package for the Case-sensitive World</h3></div></div></div><p>A package <a href="impnotes.html#cs-clu" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a> is provided for the user to modify and work in.
    1246. 

  1246. It plays the same role as <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-2.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a>, but for the case-sensitive
    1247. 

  1247. world.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="cs-pack-name"></a>11.4.2. Package Names</h3></div></div></div><p>The handling of package names is unchanged.  Package names are
    1248. 

  1248.  still usually uppercase.  The package names are also subject to
    1249. 

  1249.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_readtable-case.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READTABLE-CASE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_streadtablest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*READTABLE*</code></a>)</code>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="cs-gensym-kwd"></a>11.4.3. Gensyms and Keywords</h3></div></div></div><p>Note that gensyms and keywords are still treated traditionally:
    1250. 

  1250. even in a case-sensitive package,</p><pre class="programlisting">
    1251. 

  1251. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_stringeqc_ng-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING=</code></a> '#:FooBar '#:foobar)
    1252. 

  1252. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a></code>
    1253. 

  1253. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQ</code></a> ':KeyWord ':keyword)
    1254. 

  1254. ⇒ <code class="computeroutput"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a></code></pre><p>
    1255. 

  1255. We believe this has a limited negative impact for the moment,
    1256. 

  1256. but can be changed some time in the future.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="case-sensitive-migration"></a>11.4.4. Migration Tips</h3></div></div></div><p>The following practices will pose no problems when migrating to a
    1257. 

  1257. modern case-sensitive world:
    1258. 

  1258. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Using [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] symbols in lowercase.</li><li>Macros that create symbols by suffixing or prefixing
    1259. 

  1259.   given symbols.</li><li>Comparing symbol names as in
    1260. 

  1260.   <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_stringeqc_ng-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING=</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>) (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em>))</code>.
    1261. 

  1261. </li></ul></div><p>The following practices will not work in a case-sensitive world or
    1262. 

  1262. can give problems:
    1263. 

  1263. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>Accessing the same symbol in both upper- and
    1264. 

  1264.   lowercase from the same source file.</li><li>Macros that create symbols in other packages than the
    1265. 

  1265.   original symbols.</li><li>Comparing <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a> return values with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQ</code></a>.
    1266. 

  1266. </li><li>Comparing <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_symbol-name.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SYMBOL-NAME</code></a> x)</code> with
    1267. 

  1267.   <code class="code">(cs-cl:symbol-name y)</code>.</li></ul></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="case-sensitive-startup"></a>11.4.5. Using case-sensitive packages by default</h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> supports a command-line option <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-modern" class="olink">-modern</a></code> that
    1268. 

  1268.  sets the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stpackagest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PACKAGE*</code></a> initially to the <a href="impnotes.html#cs-clu" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP-USER</span>”</strong></a> package, and
    1269. 

  1269.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_stprint-b_rint-radixst.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*PRINT-BASE*</code></a> to <code class="constant">:DOWNCASE</code>.</p><p>For packages to be located in the “<span class="quote">modern</span>”
    1270. 

  1270.  (case-sensitive) world, you need to augment their <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a>
    1271. 

  1271.  declaration by adding the option <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)</code>.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pack-dict"></a>11.5. The Packages Dictionary
    1272. 

  1272.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_packa_s_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-11.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#make-pack">11.5.1. Function <code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#defpack">11.5.2. Macro <code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#re-export">11.5.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-inverted">11.5.4. Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#pack-sensitive">11.5.5. Function <code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="make-pack"></a>11.5.1. Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The default value of the <code class="constant">:USE</code> argument is
    1273. 

  1273.  <span class="data"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>)</code></span>.</p><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-PACKAGE</code></a> accepts additional keyword arguments
    1274. 

  1274.  <a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-SENSITIVE</code></a> and <a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-INVERTED</code></a> (but <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> <a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a>!)
    1275. 

  1275. </p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="defpack"></a>11.5.2. Macro <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> accepts additional options <a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-SENSITIVE</code></a>,
    1276. 

  1276.  <a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-INVERTED</code></a>, and <a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a>.</p><p>When the package being defined already exists, it is modified as
    1277. 

  1277.  follows (and in this order):</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-SENSITIVE</code></a></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <a class="link" href="#pack-sensitive" title="11.5.5.&#xA0;Function EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P</code></a>)</code>
    1278. 

  1278.      (with a warning)</dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-INVERTED</code></a></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> <a class="link" href="#pack-inverted" title="11.5.4.&#xA0;Function EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P</code></a>)</code>
    1279. 

  1279.      (with a warning)</dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a></span></dt><dd><p>if <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> is being used, it is un-used and
    1280. 

  1280.      <a href="impnotes.html#package-case" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> is used instead; also, <a href="impnotes.html#package-case" class="olink"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">CS-COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a> is used instead of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_11-1-2-1.html" target="_top"><strong class="package">“<span class="quote">COMMON-LISP</span>”</strong></a>
    1281. 

  1281.      throughout the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> form, e.g.,</p><pre class="programlisting">
    1282. 

  1282. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> "FOO"
    1283. 

  1283.   (<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)
    1284. 

  1284.   (<code class="constant">:USE</code> "COMMON-LISP" "EXT"))
    1285. 

  1285. </pre><p>is equivalent to</p><pre class="programlisting">
    1286. 

  1286. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_defpackage.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DEFPACKAGE</code></a> "FOO"
    1287. 

  1287.   (<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-SENSITIVE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)
    1288. 

  1288.   (<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:CASE-INVERTED</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)
    1289. 

  1289.   (<code class="constant">:USE</code> "CS-COMMON-LISP" "EXT"))
    1290. 

  1290. </pre><p><code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>)</code> reverts the
    1291. 

  1291.       effects of <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#package-case" title="11.4.&#xA0;Package Case-Sensitivity"><code class="constant">:MODERN</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>)</code>.</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:NICKNAMES</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_rename-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RENAME-PACKAGE</code></a>
    1292. 

  1292.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:DOCUMENTATION</code></span></dt><dd>reset to the new value with <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a>
    1293. 

  1293.       <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/stagenfun_doc_umentationcp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">DOCUMENTATION</code></a>)</code></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:SHADOW</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_shadow.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SHADOW</code></a>
    1294. 

  1294.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:SHADOWING-IMPORT-FROM</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_shadowing-import.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SHADOWING-IMPORT</code></a>
    1295. 

  1295.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:USE</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_use-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">USE-PACKAGE</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_unuse-package.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UNUSE-PACKAGE</code></a>
    1296. 

  1296.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:IMPORT-FROM</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_import.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IMPORT</code></a>
    1297. 

  1297.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:INTERN</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_intern.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INTERN</code></a> (but <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_unintern.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UNINTERN</code></a>)
    1298. 

  1298.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:EXPORT</code></span></dt><dd>adjusted with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_intern.html" target="_top"><code class="function">INTERN</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a> (but <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span>
    1299. 

  1299.      <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_unexport.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UNEXPORT</code></a>)</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">:SIZE</code></span></dt><dd>ignored</dd></dl></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="re-export"></a>11.5.3. Function <a class="link" href="#re-export" title="11.5.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:RE-EXPORT"><code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The function <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#re-export" title="11.5.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:RE-EXPORT"><code class="function">EXT:RE-EXPORT</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>FROM-PACK</code></em>
    1300. 

  1300.   <em class="replaceable"><code>TO-PACK</code></em>)</code> re-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_export.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPORT</code></a>s all external
    1301. 

  1301.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_symbol.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SYMBOL</code></a>s from <em class="replaceable"><code>FROM-PACK</code></em> also from
    1302. 

  1302.  <em class="replaceable"><code>TO-PACK</code></em>, provided it already uses
    1303. 

  1303.  <em class="replaceable"><code>FROM-PACK</code></em>; and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> otherwise.
    1304. 

  1304. </p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="pack-inverted"></a>11.5.4. Function <a class="link" href="#pack-inverted" title="11.5.4.&#xA0;Function EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-INVERTED-P</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>Returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> if the argument is a
    1305. 

  1305.   <a class="link" href="#pack-case-inverted">case-inverted package</a>.
    1306. 

  1306.   This function is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a>able, although it is probably not a good idea
    1307. 

  1307.   to change the case-inverted status of an existing package.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="pack-sensitive"></a>11.5.5. Function <a class="link" href="#pack-sensitive" title="11.5.5.&#xA0;Function EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P"><code class="function">EXT:PACKAGE-CASE-SENSITIVE-P</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>Returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> if the argument is a
    1308. 

  1308.   <a class="link" href="#pack-case-sensitive">case-sensitive package</a>.
    1309. 

  1309.   This function is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a>able, although it is probably not a good idea
    1310. 

  1310.   to change the case-sensitive status of an existing package.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="numbers"></a>Chapter 12. Numbers
    1311. 

  1311.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-12.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-types">12.1. Numeric Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-concepts">12.2. Number Concepts
    1312. 

  1312.    [CLHS-12.1]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#byte-type">12.2.1. Byte Operations on Integers
    1313. 

  1313.    [CLHS-12.1.1.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-subst">12.2.2. Rule of Float Substitutability
    1314. 

  1314.    [CLHS-12.1.3.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-comp">12.2.3. Floating-point Computations
    1315. 

  1315.    [CLHS-12.1.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#flocont">12.2.3.1. Rule of Float Precision Contagion
    1316. 

  1316.    [CLHS-12.1.4.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#floratcont">12.2.3.2. Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
    1317. 

  1317.    [CLHS-12.1.4.1]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#complex-comp">12.2.4. Complex Computations
    1318. 

  1318.    [CLHS-12.1.5]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#complex-rational">12.2.5. Rule of
    1319. 

  1319.    Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
    1320. 

  1320.    [CLHS-12.1.5.3]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-dict">12.3. The Numbers Dictionary
    1321. 

  1321.    [CLHS-12.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#random-state">12.3.1. Random Numbers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-func-ext">12.3.2. Additional Integer Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-notes">12.3.3. Floating Point Arithmetics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-decode">12.3.4. Float Decoding
    1322. 

  1322.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bool-ops">12.3.5. Boolean Operations
    1323. 

  1323.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixnum-lim">12.3.6. Fixnum Limits
    1324. 

  1324.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bignum-lim">12.3.7. Bignum Limits
    1325. 

  1325.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-lim">12.3.8. Float Limits
    1326. 

  1326.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="num-types"></a>12.1. Numeric Types</h2></div></div></div><p>The type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_number.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">NUMBER</code></a> is the disjoint union of the types
    1327. 

  1327.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_real.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">REAL</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_e.html#exhaustive_partition" target="_top">“<span class="quote">exhaustive
    1328. 

  1328.  partition</span>”</a>)</p><p>The type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_real.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">REAL</code></a> is the disjoint union of the types
    1329. 

  1329.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOAT</code></a>.</p><p>The type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a> is the disjoint union of the types
    1330. 

  1330.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_ratio.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIO</code></a>.</p><p>The type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a> is the disjoint union of the types
    1331. 

  1331.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FIXNUM</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_bignum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BIGNUM</code></a>.</p><p>The type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOAT</code></a> is the disjoint union of the types
    1332. 

  1332.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a> and
    1333. 

  1333.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="num-concepts"></a>12.2. Number Concepts
    1334. 

  1334.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#byte-type">12.2.1. Byte Operations on Integers
    1335. 

  1335.    [CLHS-12.1.1.3.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-subst">12.2.2. Rule of Float Substitutability
    1336. 

  1336.    [CLHS-12.1.3.3]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-comp">12.2.3. Floating-point Computations
    1337. 

  1337.    [CLHS-12.1.4]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#flocont">12.2.3.1. Rule of Float Precision Contagion
    1338. 

  1338.    [CLHS-12.1.4.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#floratcont">12.2.3.2. Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
    1339. 

  1339.    [CLHS-12.1.4.1]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#complex-comp">12.2.4. Complex Computations
    1340. 

  1340.    [CLHS-12.1.5]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#complex-rational">12.2.5. Rule of
    1341. 

  1341.    Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
    1342. 

  1342.    [CLHS-12.1.5.3]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="byte-type"></a>12.2.1. Byte Operations on Integers
    1343. 

  1343.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-1-3-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.1.3.2]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>Byte specifiers are objects of built-in type <a class="link" href="#byte-type" title="12.2.1.&#xA0;Byte Operations on Integers [CLHS-12.1.1.3.2]"><span class="type">BYTE</span></a>,
    1344. 

  1344.  not <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a>s.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="float-subst"></a>12.2.2. Rule of Float Substitutability
    1345. 

  1345.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-3-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.3.3]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>When a mathematical function may return an exact (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a>) or
    1346. 

  1346.  inexact (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOAT</code></a>) result, it always returns the exact result.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="float-comp"></a>12.2.3. Floating-point Computations
    1347. 

  1347.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.4]</a></h3></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#flocont">12.2.3.1. Rule of Float Precision Contagion
    1348. 

  1348.    [CLHS-12.1.4.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#floratcont">12.2.3.2. Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
    1349. 

  1349.    [CLHS-12.1.4.1]</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>There are four floating point types: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>,
    1350. 

  1350.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>:
    1351. 

  1351. </p><div class="informaltable"><a id="floating-types-table"></a><table border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">type</th><th align="center">sign</th><th align="center">mantissa</th><th align="center">exponent</th><th align="center">comment</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a></td><td align="center">1 bit</td><td align="center">16+1 bits</td><td align="center">8 bits</td><td align="center">immediate</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a></td><td align="center">1 bit</td><td align="center">23+1 bits</td><td align="center">8 bits</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/" target="_top">IEEE 754</a></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a></td><td align="center">1 bit</td><td align="center">52+1 bits</td><td align="center">11 bits</td><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/" target="_top">IEEE 754</a></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td><td align="center">1 bit</td><td align="center">&gt;=64 bits</td><td align="center">32 bits</td><td align="center">variable
    1352. 

  1352.  length</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>The single and double float formats are those of the <a class="ulink" href="http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/" target="_top">IEEE 754</a>
    1353. 

  1353.  “<span class="quote">Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic</span>”,
    1354. 

  1354.  except that <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> does not support features like
    1355. 

  1355.  <code class="literal">±0</code>, <code class="literal">±inf</code>,
    1356. 

  1356.  <code class="literal">NaN</code>, gradual underflow, etc.
    1357. 

  1357.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a> does not make use of these features, so, to reduce portability
    1358. 

  1358.  problems, <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> by design returns the same floating point results on
    1359. 

  1359.  all platforms (<a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> has a floating-point emulation built in for
    1360. 

  1360.  platforms that do not support <a class="ulink" href="http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/754/" target="_top">IEEE 754</a>).  Note that
    1361. 

  1361.  </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li>When you got a <code class="literal">NaN</code>
    1362. 

  1362.     in your program, your program is broken, so you will spend time
    1363. 

  1363.     determining where the <code class="literal">NaN</code> came from.
    1364. 

  1364.     It is better to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a> an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> in this case.</li><li>When you got unnormalized floats in your program,
    1365. 

  1365.     your results will have a greatly reduced accuracy anyway.
    1366. 

  1366.     Since <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> has the means to cope with this - <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>s of
    1367. 

  1367.     <a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats">variable precision</a> - it does not
    1368. 

  1368.     need unnormalized floats.</li></ul></div><p>
    1369. 

  1369.  This is why <a href="impnotes.html#features" class="olink"><code class="varname">*FEATURES*</code></a> does not contain the
    1370. 

  1370.  <code class="constant">:IEEE-FLOATING-POINT</code> keyword.</p><p><a id="lfd"></a><b>Arbitrary Precision Floats. </b><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>s have variable mantissa length, which is a
    1371. 

  1371.  multiple of 16 (or 32, depending on the word size of the processor).
    1372. 

  1372.  The default length used when <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>s are <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_readcm_re_g-whitespace.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ</code></a> is given by the
    1373. 

  1373.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_p.html#place" target="_top">place</a> <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>)</code>.  It can be set by <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>) <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code>,
    1374. 

  1374.  where <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> is a positive <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a>.  E.g., <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a> (<a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>)
    1375. 

  1375.  3322)</code> sets the default precision of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>s to about
    1376. 

  1376.  1000 decimal digits.</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="flocont"></a>12.2.3.1. Rule of Float Precision Contagion
    1377. 

  1377.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-4-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.4.4]</a></h4></div></div></div><p>The floating point contagion is controlled by the variable
    1378. 

  1378.  <a class="link" href="#flocont" title="12.2.3.1.&#xA0;Rule of Float Precision Contagion [CLHS-12.1.4.4]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION-ANSI*</code></a>.  When it is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, contagion is done as per the
    1379. 

  1379.  [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a> → <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a> →
    1380. 

  1380.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a> → <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Rationale:</span></dt><dd>See it pragmatically: save what you can and let
    1381. 

  1381.   others worry about the rest.</dd><dt><span class="term">Brief:</span></dt><dd><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a> knows the number's precision, not accuracy, so
    1382. 

  1382.   preserving the precision can be accomplished reliably, while anything
    1383. 

  1383.   relating to the accuracy is just a speculation - only the user
    1384. 

  1384.   (programmer) knows what it is in each case.
    1385. 

  1385.  </dd><dt><span class="term">Detailed:</span></dt><dd>A computer float is an approximation of a real number.
    1386. 

  1386.   One can think of it as a random variable with the mean equal to
    1387. 

  1387.   itself and standard deviation equal to half the last significant digit.
    1388. 

  1388.   E.g., <code class="literal">1.5</code> is actually <code class="literal">1.5±0.05</code>.
    1389. 

  1389.   Consider adding <code class="literal">1.5</code> and <code class="literal">1.75</code>.
    1390. 

  1390.   [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] requires that <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_pl.html" target="_top"><code class="function">+</code></a> 1.5 1.75)</code>
    1391. 

  1391.   return <code class="literal">3.25</code>, while traditional <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> would return
    1392. 

  1392.   <code class="literal">3.3</code>.  The implied random variables are:
    1393. 

  1393.   <code class="literal">3.25±0.005</code> and <code class="literal">3.3±0.05</code>.
    1394. 

  1394.   Note that the traditional <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> way <span class="strong"><strong>does</strong></span>
    1395. 

  1395.   lie about the mean: the mean <span class="strong"><strong>is</strong></span> <code class="literal">3.25</code> and
    1396. 

  1396.   nothing else, while the standard way
    1397. 

  1397.   <span class="strong"><strong>could</strong></span> be lying about the deviation
    1398. 

  1398.   (accuracy): if the implied accuracy of <code class="literal">1.5 (0.05)</code>
    1399. 

  1399.   is its actual accuracy, then the accuracy of the result cannot be
    1400. 

  1400.   smaller that that.  Therefore, since <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a> has no way of knowing the
    1401. 

  1401.   actual accuracy, [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] (and all the other standard engineering
    1402. 

  1402.   programming languages, like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.eskimo.com/~scs/C-faq/top.html" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>C</strong></span></a>, <a class="dict" href="http://foldoc.org/?query=Fortran"><span class="command"><strong>Fortran</strong></span></a>
    1403. 

  1403.   etc) decides that keeping the accuracy correct is the business of the
    1404. 

  1404.   programmer, while the language should preserve what it can - the precision.
    1405. 

  1405.   </dd><dt><span class="term">Experience:</span></dt><dd> Rounding errors accumulate, and if a computation
    1406. 

  1406.   is conducted with insufficient precision, an outright incorrect
    1407. 

  1407.   result can be returned.
    1408. 

  1408.   (E.g., <code class="code">E(x<sup>2</sup>) -
    1409. 

  1409.   E(x)<sup>2</sup></code> can be negative!)
    1410. 

  1410.   The user should not mix floats of different precision (that's what
    1411. 

  1411.   <a class="link" href="#warn-fpc" title="Variable CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*</code></a> is for), but one should not be penalized for this too
    1412. 

  1412.   harshly.</dd></dl></div><p>When <a class="link" href="#flocont" title="12.2.3.1.&#xA0;Rule of Float Precision Contagion [CLHS-12.1.4.4]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION-ANSI*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, the traditional <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> method is used,
    1413. 

  1413.  namely the result of an arithmetic operation whose arguments are of
    1414. 

  1414.  different float types is rounded to the float format of the shortest
    1415. 

  1415.  (least precise) of the arguments: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a> →
    1416. 

  1416.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a> → <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">DOUBLE-FLOAT</code></a> → <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>
    1417. 

  1417.  → <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a> (in contrast to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-4-4.html" target="_top">12.1.4.4 Rule of Float Precision
    1418. 

  1418.  Contagion</a>!)</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">Rationale:</span></dt><dd> See it mathematically.  Add intervals:
    1419. 

  1419.   <code class="code">{1.0 ± 1e-8} + {1.0 ± 1e-16} = {2.0 ±
    1420. 

  1420.   1e-8}</code>.  So, if we add <code class="literal">1.0s0</code> and
    1421. 

  1421.   <code class="literal">1.0d0</code>, we should get <code class="literal">2.0s0</code>.
    1422. 

  1422.   </dd><dt><span class="term">Brief:</span></dt><dd>Do not suggest accuracy of a result by giving it a
    1423. 

  1423.   precision that is greater than its accuracy.
    1424. 

  1424.   </dd><dt><span class="term">Example:</span></dt><dd><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_-.html" target="_top"><code class="function">-</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_pl.html" target="_top"><code class="function">+</code></a> 1.7 <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a>) <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a>)</code>
    1425. 

  1425.   should not return <code class="literal">1.700000726342836417234L0</code>, it
    1426. 

  1426.   should return <code class="literal">1.7f0</code> (or
    1427. 

  1427.   <code class="literal">1.700001f0</code> if there were rounding errors).
    1428. 

  1428.   </dd><dt><span class="term">Experience:</span></dt><dd>If in a computation using thousands of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>s,
    1429. 

  1429.   a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a> (like <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a>) happens to be used, the long precision
    1430. 

  1430.   should not propagate throughout all the intermediate values.
    1431. 

  1431.   Otherwise, the long result would look precise, but its accuracy is
    1432. 

  1432.   only that of a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>; furthermore much computation time
    1433. 

  1433.   would be lost by calculating with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a>s when only
    1434. 

  1434.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SHORT-FLOAT</code></a>s would be needed.
    1435. 

  1435.   </dd></dl></div><div class="simplesect" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="warn-fpc"></a>Variable <a class="link" href="#warn-fpc" title="Variable CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*</code></a></h5></div></div></div><p>If the variable <a class="link" href="#warn-fpc" title="Variable CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-CONTAGION*</code></a> is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a> is emitted for
    1436. 

  1436.  every coercion involving different floating-point types.
    1437. 

  1437.  As explained above, float precision contagion is not a good idea.
    1438. 

  1438.  You can avoid the contagion by doing all your computations with the
    1439. 

  1439.  same floating-point type (and using <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT</code></a> to convert all constants,
    1440. 

  1440.  e.g., <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a>, to your preferred type).</p><p>This variable helps you eliminate all occurrences of float
    1441. 

  1441.  precision contagion: set it to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> to have <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a> a
    1442. 

  1442.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a> on float precision contagion; set it to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_error.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ERROR</code></a> to have
    1443. 

  1443.  <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a> an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> on float precision contagion, so that you
    1444. 

  1444.  can look at the stack backtrace.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="floratcont"></a>12.2.3.2. Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
    1445. 

  1445.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-4-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.4.1]</a></h4></div></div></div><p>The contagion between floating point and rational numbers is controlled
    1446. 

  1446.  by the variable <a class="link" href="#floratcont" title="12.2.3.2.&#xA0;Rule of Float and Rational Contagion [CLHS-12.1.4.1]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION-ANSI*</code></a>.  When it is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, contagion is done as per
    1447. 

  1447.  the [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>]: <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_rational.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">RATIONAL</code></a> → <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOAT</code></a>.</p><p>When <a class="link" href="#floratcont" title="12.2.3.2.&#xA0;Rule of Float and Rational Contagion [CLHS-12.1.4.1]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION-ANSI*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, the traditional <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> method is used,
    1448. 

  1448.  namely if the result is mathematically an exact rational number, this
    1449. 

  1449.  rational number is returned (in contrast to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-4-1.html" target="_top">12.1.4.1 Rule of Float and Rational
    1450. 

  1450.  Contagion</a>!)</p><p><a class="link" href="#floratcont" title="12.2.3.2.&#xA0;Rule of Float and Rational Contagion [CLHS-12.1.4.1]"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION-ANSI*</code></a> has an effect only in those few cases when the mathematical
    1451. 

  1451.  result is exact although one of the arguments is a floating-point number,
    1452. 

  1452.  such as <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_st.html" target="_top"><code class="function">*</code></a> 0 1.618)</code>, <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_sl.html" target="_top"><code class="function">/</code></a> 0 1.618)</code>,
    1453. 

  1453.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_asincm_acoscm_atan.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ATAN</code></a> 0 1.0)</code>, <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_expcm_expt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPT</code></a> 2.0 0)</code>,
    1454. 

  1454.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_phase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PHASE</code></a> 2.718)</code>.</p><div class="simplesect" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="warn-fprc"></a>Variable <a class="link" href="#warn-fprc" title="Variable CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION*</code></a></h5></div></div></div><p>If the variable <a class="link" href="#warn-fprc" title="Variable CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*WARN-ON-FLOATING-POINT-RATIONAL-CONTAGION*</code></a> is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a> is emitted for
    1455. 

  1455.  every avoidable coercion from a rational number to a floating-point number.
    1456. 

  1456.  You can avoid such coercions by calling <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT</code></a> to convert the particular
    1457. 

  1457.  rational numbers to your preferred floating-point type.</p><p>This variable helps you eliminate all occurrences of avoidable
    1458. 

  1458.  coercions to a floating-point number when a rational number result
    1459. 

  1459.  would be possible: set it to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> to have <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a> a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_warning.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">WARNING</code></a>
    1460. 

  1460.  in such situations; set it to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_error.html" target="_top"><code class="function">ERROR</code></a> to have <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a> an
    1461. 

  1461.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> in such situations, so that you can look at the stack
    1462. 

  1462.  backtrace.</p></div><div class="simplesect" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h5 class="title"><a id="phasecont"></a>Variable <a class="link" href="#phasecont" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*</code></a></h5></div></div></div><p>A similar variable, <a class="link" href="#phasecont" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*</code></a>, controls the return
    1463. 

  1463.  value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_phase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PHASE</code></a> when the argument is an exact nonnegative <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_real.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">REAL</code></a>.
    1464. 

  1464.  Namely, if <a class="link" href="#phasecont" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*</code></a> is non-<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, it returns a floating-point zero;
    1465. 

  1465.  if <a class="link" href="#phasecont" title="Variable CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*PHASE-ANSI*</code></a> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>, it returns an exact zero.  Example:
    1466. 

  1466.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_phase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">PHASE</code></a> 2/3)</code></p></div></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="complex-comp"></a>12.2.4. Complex Computations
    1467. 

  1467.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-5.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.5]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>Complex numbers can have a real part and an imaginary part of
    1468. 

  1468.  different types. For example, <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_sqrtcm_isqrt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SQRT</code></a> -9.0)</code> evaluates to
    1469. 

  1469.  the number <span class="data"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-11.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#C</code></span></a>(0 3.0)</code></span>,
    1470. 

  1470.  which has a real part of exactly <code class="literal">0</code>,
    1471. 

  1471.  not only <span class="data"><code class="literal">0.0</code></span>
    1472. 

  1472.  (which would mean “<span class="quote">approximately 0</span>”).</p><p>The type specifier for this is <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a>
    1473. 

  1473.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">SINGLE-FLOAT</code></a>)</code></span>, and <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> <code class="varname">type-of-real-part</code>
    1474. 

  1474.  <code class="varname">type-of-imaginary-part</code>)</code></span> in general.</p><p>The type specifier <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a>
    1475. 

  1475.  <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>)</code></span> is equivalent to <span class="type"><code class="literal">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>type</code></em>)</code></span>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="complex-rational"></a>12.2.5. Rule of
    1476. 

  1476.    Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
    1477. 

  1477.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_12-1-5-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.1.5.3]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>Complex numbers can have a real part and an imaginary part of
    1478. 

  1478.  different types.  If the imaginary part is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eql.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQL</code></a> to <code class="literal">0</code>,
    1479. 

  1479.  the number is automatically converted to a real number.</p><p>This has the advantage that
    1480. 

  1480.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/speope_letcm_letst.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LET</code></a> ((x (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_sqrtcm_isqrt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SQRT</code></a> -9.0))) (* x x))</code> - instead of
    1481. 

  1481.  evaluating to <span class="data"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-11.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#C</code></span></a>(-9.0 0.0)</code></span>,
    1482. 

  1482.  with <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> = <span class="data"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-11.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#C</code></span></a>(0.0 3.0)</code></span> -
    1483. 

  1483.  evaluates to <span class="data"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-11.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#C</code></span></a>(-9.0 0)</code></span> =
    1484. 

  1484.  <span class="data"><code class="literal">-9.0</code></span>,
    1485. 

  1485.  with <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> = <span class="data"><code class="literal"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_2-4-8-11.html" target="_top"><span class="data"><code class="literal">#C</code></span></a>(0 3.0)</code></span>.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="num-dict"></a>12.3. The Numbers Dictionary
    1486. 

  1486.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_numbers_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-12.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#random-state">12.3.1. Random Numbers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#int-func-ext">12.3.2. Additional Integer Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-notes">12.3.3. Floating Point Arithmetics</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-decode">12.3.4. Float Decoding
    1487. 

  1487.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bool-ops">12.3.5. Boolean Operations
    1488. 

  1488.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#fixnum-lim">12.3.6. Fixnum Limits
    1489. 

  1489.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#bignum-lim">12.3.7. Bignum Limits
    1490. 

  1490.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#float-lim">12.3.8. Float Limits
    1491. 

  1491.   [CLHS]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="random-state"></a>12.3.1. Random Numbers</h3></div></div></div><p>To ease reproducibility, the variable <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_strandom-statest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*RANDOM-STATE*</code></a> is
    1492. 

  1492.  initialized to the same value on each invocation, so that
    1493. 

  1493.  </p><pre class="screen"><strong><code class="prompt">$</code></strong> clisp -norc <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-exec-expr" class="olink">-x</a></code> '(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_random.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RANDOM</code></a> 1s0)'</pre><p>
    1494. 

  1494.  will always print the same number.</p><p>If you want a new random state on each invocation, you can arrange
    1495. 

  1495.  for that by using <a href="impnotes.html#init-func" class="olink">init function</a>: </p><pre class="screen">
    1496. 

  1496. <strong><code class="prompt">$</code></strong> clisp -norc <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-exec-expr" class="olink">-x</a></code> '(<a href="impnotes.html#image" class="olink"><code class="function">EXT:SAVEINITMEM</code></a> "foo" :init-function (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_lambda.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LAMBDA</code></a> () (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/spefor_setq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETQ</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_strandom-statest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*RANDOM-STATE*</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-random-state.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-RANDOM-STATE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>))))'
    1497. 

  1497. <strong><code class="prompt">$</code></strong> clisp -norc <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-memfile" class="olink">-M</a></code> foo.mem <code class="option"><a href="clisp.html#opt-exec-expr" class="olink">-x</a></code> '(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_random.html" target="_top"><code class="function">RANDOM</code></a> 1s0)'
    1498. 

  1498. </pre><p> or by placing <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/spefor_setq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETQ</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/var_strandom-statest.html" target="_top"><code class="varname">*RANDOM-STATE*</code></a>
    1499. 

  1499.   (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_make-random-state.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MAKE-RANDOM-STATE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>))</code> into your <a href="clisp.html#opt-norc" class="olink">RC file</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="int-func-ext"></a>12.3.2. Additional Integer Functions</h3></div></div></div><p><a id="factorial"></a><b>Function <code class="function">EXT:!</code> </b><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:!</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>)</code> returns the
    1500. 

  1500.  factorial of <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code>n</code></em> being a nonnegative <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_integer.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">INTEGER</code></a>.</p><p><a id="exquo"></a><b>Function <code class="function">EXT:EXQUO</code>. </b><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:EXQUO</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em>)</code> returns
    1501. 

  1501.  the integer quotient <code class="varname">x/y</code> of two integers
    1502. 

  1502.  <em class="replaceable"><code>x</code></em>,<em class="replaceable"><code>y</code></em>, and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> when the quotient is not
    1503. 

  1503.  integer.  (This is more efficient than <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_sl.html" target="_top"><code class="function">/</code></a>.)</p><p><a id="xgcd"></a><b>Function <code class="function">EXT:XGCD</code>. </b><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:XGCD</code> <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>1</sub></code></em> ... <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>n</sub></code></em>)</code>
    1504. 

  1504.  returns the values <em class="replaceable"><code>l</code></em>, <em class="replaceable"><code>k<sub>1</sub></code></em>, ..., <em class="replaceable"><code>k<sub>n</sub></code></em>, where <em class="replaceable"><code>l</code></em> is the
    1505. 

  1505.  greatest common divisor of the integers <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>1</sub></code></em>, ..., <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>n</sub></code></em>, and
    1506. 

  1506.  <em class="replaceable"><code>k<sub>1</sub></code></em>, ..., <em class="replaceable"><code>k<sub>n</sub></code></em> are the integer coefficients such that
    1507. 

  1507. </p><pre class="programlisting">
    1508. 

  1508. <em class="replaceable"><code>l</code></em> = (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_gcd.html" target="_top"><code class="function">GCD</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>1</sub></code></em> ... <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>n</sub></code></em>)
    1509. 

  1509.   = (+ (* <em class="replaceable"><code>k<sub>1</sub></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>1</sub></code></em>) ... (* <em class="replaceable"><code>k<sub>n</sub></code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>x<sub>n</sub></code></em>))
    1510. 

  1510. </pre><p><a id="mod-expt"></a><b>Function <a class="link" href="#mod-expt" title="Function EXT:MOD-EXPT"><code class="function">EXT:MOD-EXPT</code></a>. </b><code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#mod-expt" title="Function EXT:MOD-EXPT"><code class="function">EXT:MOD-EXPT</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>k</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>l</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>m</code></em>)</code>
    1511. 

  1511.  is equivalent to <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_modcm_rem.html" target="_top"><code class="function">MOD</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_expcm_expt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPT</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>k</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>l</code></em>) <em class="replaceable"><code>m</code></em>)</code>
    1512. 

  1512.  except it is more efficient for very large arguments.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="float-notes"></a>12.3.3. Floating Point Arithmetics</h3></div></div></div><p><a id="expt"></a><b>Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_expcm_expt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPT</code></a>. </b><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_expcm_expt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EXPT</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>base</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>exponent</code></em>)</code>
    1513. 

  1513.  is not very precise if <em class="replaceable"><code>exponent</code></em> has a large
    1514. 

  1514.  absolute value.</p><p><a id="log"></a><b>Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_log.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOG</code></a>. </b><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_log.html" target="_top"><code class="function">LOG</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>base</code></em>)</code> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> if
    1515. 

  1515.  <code class="literal"><em class="replaceable"><code>base</code></em> = 1</code>.</p><p><a id="pi"></a><b>Constant <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a>. </b>The value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a> is a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a> with the precision given
    1516. 

  1516.   by <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>)</code>.  When this precision is changed, the value of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a> is
    1517. 

  1517.   automatically recomputed.  Therefore <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a> is <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1-3.html" target="_top">constant variable</a>.
    1518. 

  1518. </p><p><a id="ucpt"></a><b>Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_upgraded-_ex-part-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UPGRADED-COMPLEX-PART-TYPE</code></a>. </b>When the argument is not a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_r.html#recognizable_subtype" target="_top">recognizable subtype</a> or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_real.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">REAL</code></a>,
    1519. 

  1519.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_upgraded-_ex-part-type.html" target="_top"><code class="function">UPGRADED-COMPLEX-PART-TYPE</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>s an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a>, otherwise it
    1520. 

  1520.  returns its argument (even though a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_complex.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">COMPLEX</code></a> number in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> can
    1521. 

  1521.  always have <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_realpartcm_imagpart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">REALPART</code></a> and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_realpartcm_imagpart.html" target="_top"><code class="function">IMAGPART</code></a> of any type) because it allows
    1522. 

  1522.  the most precise type inference.</p><p><a id="default-float-format"></a><b>Variable <a class="link" href="#default-float-format" title="Variable CUSTOM:*DEFAULT-FLOAT-FORMAT*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*DEFAULT-FLOAT-FORMAT*</code></a>. </b>When rational numbers are to be converted to floats (due to
    1523. 

  1523.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_coerce.html" target="_top"><code class="function">COERCE</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_sqrtcm_isqrt.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SQRT</code></a> or a transcendental function), the result
    1524. 

  1524.  type is given by the variable <a class="link" href="#default-float-format" title="Variable CUSTOM:*DEFAULT-FLOAT-FORMAT*"><code class="varname">CUSTOM:*DEFAULT-FLOAT-FORMAT*</code></a>.</p><p><a id="no-underflow"></a><b>Macro <a class="link" href="#no-underflow" title="Macro EXT:WITHOUT-FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW</code></a>. </b>The macro <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#no-underflow" title="Macro EXT:WITHOUT-FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW"><code class="function">EXT:WITHOUT-FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW</code></a> {<em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>}*)</code> executes the
    1525. 

  1525.  <em class="replaceable"><code>form</code></em>s, with errors of type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_nt-underflow.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW</code></a> inhibited.
    1526. 

  1526.  Floating point operations will silently return zero instead of
    1527. 

  1527.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ing an <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_error.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">ERROR</code></a> of type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_nt-underflow.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-UNDERFLOW</code></a>.
    1528. 

  1528. </p><p><a id="float-invalid-op"></a><b>Condition <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_id-operation.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-INVALID-OPERATION</code></a>. </b>This <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONDITION</code></a> is never <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed by <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>.</p><p><a id="float-inexact"></a><b>Condition <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_floati_oint-inexact.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">FLOATING-POINT-INEXACT</code></a>. </b>This <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/contyp_condition.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CONDITION</code></a> is never <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_signal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SIGNAL</code></a>ed by <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="float-decode"></a>12.3.4. Float Decoding
    1529. 

  1529.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_decode-fl_decode-float.html" target="_top">[CLHS]</a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_decode-fl_decode-float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT-RADIX</code></a> always returns <span class="returnvalue">2</span>.</p><p><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_decode-fl_decode-float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em>)</code> coerces
    1530. 

  1530.  <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> (a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_real.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">REAL</code></a>) to a floating point number with at least
    1531. 

  1531.  <em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em> mantissa digits.  The following always evaluates to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a>:
    1532. 

  1532.  </p><pre class="programlisting">
    1533. 

  1533. (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eqcm_sleq__lteqcm_gteq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">&gt;=</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_decode-fl_decode-float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a> (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_decode-fl_decode-float.html" target="_top"><code class="function">FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>number</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em>)) <em class="replaceable"><code>digits</code></em>)
    1534. 

  1534. </pre></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="bool-ops"></a>12.3.5. Boolean Operations
    1535. 

  1535.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top">[CLHS]</a></h3></div></div></div><div class="table"><a id="bool-op-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 12.1. Boolean operations</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Boolean operations" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">constant</th><th align="left">value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-CLR</code></a></td><td align="left">0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-SET</code></a></td><td align="left">15</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-1</code></a></td><td align="left">10</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-2</code></a></td><td align="left">12</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-C1</code></a></td><td align="left">5</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-C2</code></a></td><td align="left">3</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-AND</code></a></td><td align="left">8</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-IOR</code></a></td><td align="left">14</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-XOR</code></a></td><td align="left">6</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-EQV</code></a></td><td align="left">9</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-NAND</code></a></td><td align="left">7</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-NOR</code></a></td><td align="left">1</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-ANDC1</code></a></td><td align="left">4</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-ANDC2</code></a></td><td align="left">2</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-ORC1</code></a></td><td align="left">13</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_boole-_cm_boole-xor.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">BOOLE-ORC2</code></a></td><td align="left">11</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="fixnum-lim"></a>12.3.6. Fixnum Limits
    1536. 

  1536.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top">[CLHS]</a></h3></div></div></div><div class="table"><a id="fixnum-lim-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 12.2. Fixnum limits</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Fixnum limits" border="1"><colgroup><col align="center" /><col align="center" /><col align="center" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">CPU type</th><th align="center">32-bit CPU</th><th align="center">64-bit CPU</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-POSITIVE-FIXNUM</code></a></td><td align="center">2<sup>24</sup>-1 = 16777215</td><td align="center">2<sup>48</sup>-1 = 281474976710655</td></tr><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_ative-fixnum.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-NEGATIVE-FIXNUM</code></a></td><td align="center">-2<sup>24</sup> = -16777216</td><td align="center">-2<sup>48</sup> = -281474976710656</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="bignum-lim"></a>12.3.7. Bignum Limits
    1537. 

  1537.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_bignum.html" target="_top">[CLHS]</a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_bignum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BIGNUM</code></a>s are limited in size.  Their maximum size is
    1538. 

  1538.  <code class="literal">32*(2<sup>16</sup>-2)=2097088</code> bits.
    1539. 

  1539.  The largest representable <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_bignum.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BIGNUM</code></a> is therefore
    1540. 

  1540.  <code class="literal">2<sup>2097088</sup>-1</code>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="float-lim"></a>12.3.8. Float Limits
    1541. 

  1541.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top">[CLHS]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>Together with <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_pi.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">PI</code></a>, the other <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_short-flo_m_long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">LONG-FLOAT</code></a> constants
    1542. 

  1542.   </p><table class="simplelist" border="0" summary="Simple list"><tr><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-NEGATIVE-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_short-_tive-epsilon.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LONG-FLOAT-EPSILON</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-NEGATIVE-NORMALIZED-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_short-_tive-epsilon.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LONG-FLOAT-NEGATIVE-EPSILON</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-POSITIVE-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-NEGATIVE-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td></tr><tr><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">LEAST-POSITIVE-NORMALIZED-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td><td><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_most-p_d-long-float.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">MOST-POSITIVE-LONG-FLOAT</code></a></td></tr></table><p>
    1543. 

  1543.   are recomputed whenever <code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#lfd" title="Arbitrary Precision Floats"><code class="function">EXT:LONG-FLOAT-DIGITS</code></a>)</code> is <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/mac_setfcm_psetf.html" target="_top"><code class="function">SETF</code></a>ed.
    1544. 

  1544.   They are <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_3-1-2-1-1-3.html" target="_top">constant variable</a>s.</p></div></div></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="characters"></a>Chapter 13. Characters
    1545. 

  1545.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/chap-13.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-script">13.1. Character Scripts
    1546. 

  1546.    [CLHS-13.1.2.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-attrib">13.2. Character Attributes
    1547. 

  1547.    [CLHS-13.1.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#input-char">13.2.1. Input Characters</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#graph-char">13.3. Graphic Characters
    1548. 

  1548.    [CLHS-13.1.4.1]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#alpha-char">13.4. Alphabetic Characters
    1549. 

  1549.    [CLHS-13.1.4.2]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-case">13.5. Characters With Case
    1550. 

  1550.    [CLHS-13.1.4.3]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-invertcase">13.5.1. Function <code class="function">EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-ext">13.5.2. Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
    1551. 

  1551.   [CLHS-13.1.4.3.4]</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#num-char">13.6. Numeric Characters
    1552. 

  1552.    [CLHS-13.1.4.4]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-ord">13.7. Ordering of Characters
    1553. 

  1553.    [CLHS-13.1.6]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#clhs-newline">13.8. Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
    1554. 

  1554.    [CLHS-13.1.8]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-int">13.9. Character Encodings
    1555. 

  1555.    [CLHS-13.1.9]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#script-ext">13.10. Documentation
    1556. 

  1556.    of Implementation-Defined Scripts
    1557. 

  1557.    [CLHS-13.1.10]</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-dict">13.11. The Characters Dictionary
    1558. 

  1558.    [CLHS-13.2]</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-code">13.11.1. Function <code class="function">CHAR-CODE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#base-char">13.11.2. Type <code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-width">13.11.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:CHAR-WIDTH</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-platform-dep">13.12. Platform-Dependent Characters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-bits">13.13. Obsolete Constants</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>The characters are ordered according to a superset of the
    1559. 

  1559.  <a class="link" href="#charset-ASCII">ASCII character set</a>.</p>
    1560. 

  1560. <!--#ifdef UNICODE-->
    1561. 

  1561. <div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep">Only in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> built <span class="strong"><strong>with</strong></span> compile-time flag <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a></span></span></span></dt><dd>More precisely, <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> uses the 21-bit <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> 3.2
    1562. 

  1562.  character set (ISO 10646, also known as UCS-4).
    1563. 

  1563. </dd></dl></div>
    1564. 

  1564. <!--#endif-->
    1565. 

  1565. <!--#if defined(ISOLATIN_CHS) && !defined(UNICODE)-->
    1566. 

  1566. <div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a> (except <a class="ulink" href="http://www.next.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">NeXTstep</span></a>),
    1567. 

  1567.    <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platforms only, and only in
    1568. 

  1568.    <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> built <span class="strong"><strong>without</strong></span> compile-time flag <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a>.</span></span></span></dt><dd><p>More precisely, <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> uses the ISO Latin-1 (ISO
    1569. 

  1569.  8859-1) character set:
    1570. 

  1570. </p><div class="informaltable"><a id="latin-1-table"></a><table border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center"> </th><th align="center">#x0</th><th align="center">#x1</th><th align="center">#x2</th><th align="center">#x3</th><th align="center">#x4</th><th align="center">#x5</th><th align="center">#x6</th><th align="center">#x7</th><th align="center">#x8</th><th align="center">#x9</th><th align="center">#xA</th><th align="center">#xB</th><th align="center">#xC</th><th align="center">#xD</th><th align="center">#xE</th><th align="center">#xF</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">#x00</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x10</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x20</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">!</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">#</td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">%</td><td align="center">&amp;</td><td align="center">'</td><td align="center">(</td><td align="center">)</td><td align="center">*</td><td align="center">+</td><td align="center">,</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">.</td><td align="center">/</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x30</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">:</td><td align="center">;</td><td align="center">&lt;</td><td align="center">=</td><td align="center">&gt;</td><td align="center">?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x40</td><td align="center">@</td><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">B</td><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">D</td><td align="center">E</td><td align="center">F</td><td align="center">G</td><td align="center">H</td><td align="center">I</td><td align="center">J</td><td align="center">K</td><td align="center">L</td><td align="center">M</td><td align="center">N</td><td align="center">O</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x50</td><td align="center">P</td><td align="center">Q</td><td align="center">R</td><td align="center">S</td><td align="center">T</td><td align="center">U</td><td align="center">V</td><td align="center">W</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">Y</td><td align="center">Z</td><td align="center">[</td><td align="center">\</td><td align="center">]</td><td align="center">^</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x60</td><td align="center">`</td><td align="center">a</td><td align="center">b</td><td align="center">c</td><td align="center">d</td><td align="center">e</td><td align="center">f</td><td align="center">g</td><td align="center">h</td><td align="center">i</td><td align="center">j</td><td align="center">k</td><td align="center">l</td><td align="center">m</td><td align="center">n</td><td align="center">o</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x70</td><td align="center">p</td><td align="center">q</td><td align="center">r</td><td align="center">s</td><td align="center">t</td><td align="center">u</td><td align="center">v</td><td align="center">w</td><td align="center">x</td><td align="center">y</td><td align="center">z</td><td align="center">{</td><td align="center">|</td><td align="center">}</td><td align="center">~</td><td align="center"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x80</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">
    1571. 

  1571.    </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x90</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">
    1572. 

  1572.    </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xA0</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">¡</td><td align="center">¢</td><td align="center">£</td><td align="center">¤</td><td align="center">¥</td><td align="center">¦</td><td align="center">§</td><td align="center">¨</td><td align="center">©</td><td align="center">ª</td><td align="center">«</td><td align="center">¬</td><td align="center">­</td><td align="center">®</td><td align="center">¯</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xB0</td><td align="center">°</td><td align="center">±</td><td align="center">²</td><td align="center">³</td><td align="center">´</td><td align="center">µ</td><td align="center"></td><td align="center">·</td><td align="center">¸</td><td align="center">¹</td><td align="center">º</td><td align="center">»</td><td align="center">¼</td><td align="center">½</td><td align="center">¾</td><td align="center">¿</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xC0</td><td align="center">À</td><td align="center">Á</td><td align="center">Â</td><td align="center">Ã</td><td align="center">Ä</td><td align="center">Å</td><td align="center">Æ</td><td align="center">Ç</td><td align="center">È</td><td align="center">É</td><td align="center">Ê</td><td align="center">Ë</td><td align="center">Ì</td><td align="center">Í</td><td align="center">Î</td><td align="center">Ï</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xD0</td><td align="center">Ð</td><td align="center">Ñ</td><td align="center">Ò</td><td align="center">Ó</td><td align="center">Ô</td><td align="center">Õ</td><td align="center">Ö</td><td align="center">×</td><td align="center">Ø</td><td align="center">Ù</td><td align="center">Ú</td><td align="center">Û</td><td align="center">Ü</td><td align="center">Ý</td><td align="center">Þ</td><td align="center">ß</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xE0</td><td align="center">à</td><td align="center">á</td><td align="center">â</td><td align="center">ã</td><td align="center">ä</td><td align="center">å</td><td align="center">æ</td><td align="center">ç</td><td align="center">è</td><td align="center">é</td><td align="center">ê</td><td align="center">ë</td><td align="center">ì</td><td align="center">í</td><td align="center">î</td><td align="center">ï</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xF0</td><td align="center">ð</td><td align="center">ñ</td><td align="center">ò</td><td align="center">ó</td><td align="center">ô</td><td align="center">õ</td><td align="center">ö</td><td align="center">÷</td><td align="center">ø</td><td align="center">ù</td><td align="center">ú</td><td align="center">û</td><td align="center">ü</td><td align="center">ý</td><td align="center">þ</td><td align="center">ÿ</td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    1573. 

  1573. Here ** are control characters, not graphic
    1574. 

  1574.   characters.  (The characters left blank here cannot be represented in
    1575. 

  1575.   this character set).
    1576. 

  1576. </p></dd></dl></div>
    1577. 

  1577. <!--#endif-->
    1578. 

  1578. <!--#if defined(NEXTSTEP_CHS) && !defined(UNICODE)-->
    1579. 

  1579. <div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.next.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">NeXTstep</span></a> platforms
    1580. 

  1580.  only, and only in <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> built <span class="strong"><strong>without</strong></span> compile-time flag
    1581. 

  1581.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a>.</span></span></span></dt><dd><p>More precisely, <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> uses the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.next.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">NeXTstep</span></a> character set:
    1582. 

  1582. </p><div class="informaltable"><a id="next-charset-table"></a><table border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center"> </th><th align="center">#x0</th><th align="center">#x1</th><th align="center">#x2</th><th align="center">#x3</th><th align="center">#x4</th><th align="center">#x5</th><th align="center">#x6</th><th align="center">#x7</th><th align="center">#x8</th><th align="center">#x9</th><th align="center">#xA</th><th align="center">#xB</th><th align="center">#xC</th><th align="center">#xD</th><th align="center">#xE</th><th align="center">#xF</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center">#x00</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x10</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td><td align="center">**</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x20</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">!</td><td align="center">"</td><td align="center">#</td><td align="center">$</td><td align="center">%</td><td align="center">&amp;</td><td align="center">'</td><td align="center">(</td><td align="center">)</td><td align="center">*</td><td align="center">+</td><td align="center">,</td><td align="center">-</td><td align="center">.</td><td align="center">/</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x30</td><td align="center">0</td><td align="center">1</td><td align="center">2</td><td align="center">3</td><td align="center">4</td><td align="center">5</td><td align="center">6</td><td align="center">7</td><td align="center">8</td><td align="center">9</td><td align="center">:</td><td align="center">;</td><td align="center">&lt;</td><td align="center">=</td><td align="center">&gt;</td><td align="center">?</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x40</td><td align="center">@</td><td align="center">A</td><td align="center">B</td><td align="center">C</td><td align="center">D</td><td align="center">E</td><td align="center">F</td><td align="center">G</td><td align="center">H</td><td align="center">I</td><td align="center">J</td><td align="center">K</td><td align="center">L</td><td align="center">M</td><td align="center">N</td><td align="center">O</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x50</td><td align="center">P</td><td align="center">Q</td><td align="center">R</td><td align="center">S</td><td align="center">T</td><td align="center">U</td><td align="center">V</td><td align="center">W</td><td align="center">X</td><td align="center">Y</td><td align="center">Z</td><td align="center">[</td><td align="center">\</td><td align="center">]</td><td align="center">^</td><td align="center">_</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x60</td><td align="center">`</td><td align="center">a</td><td align="center">b</td><td align="center">c</td><td align="center">d</td><td align="center">e</td><td align="center">f</td><td align="center">g</td><td align="center">h</td><td align="center">i</td><td align="center">j</td><td align="center">k</td><td align="center">l</td><td align="center">m</td><td align="center">n</td><td align="center">o</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x70</td><td align="center">p</td><td align="center">q</td><td align="center">r</td><td align="center">s</td><td align="center">t</td><td align="center">u</td><td align="center">v</td><td align="center">w</td><td align="center">x</td><td align="center">y</td><td align="center">z</td><td align="center">{</td><td align="center">|</td><td align="center">}</td><td align="center">~</td><td align="center"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x80</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center">À</td><td align="center">Á</td><td align="center">Â</td><td align="center">Ã</td><td align="center">Ä</td><td align="center">Å</td><td align="center">Ç</td><td align="center">È</td><td align="center">É</td><td align="center">Ê</td><td align="center">Ë</td><td align="center">Ì</td><td align="center">Í</td><td align="center">Î</td><td align="center">Ï</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#x90</td><td align="center">Ð</td><td align="center">Ñ</td><td align="center">Ò</td><td align="center">Ó</td><td align="center">Ô</td><td align="center">Õ</td><td align="center">Ö</td><td align="center">Ù</td><td align="center">Ú</td><td align="center">Û</td><td align="center">Ü</td><td align="center">Ý</td><td align="center">Þ</td><td align="center">µ</td><td align="center">×</td><td align="center">÷</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xA0</td><td align="center">©</td><td align="center">¡</td><td align="center">¢</td><td align="center">£</td><td align="center">⁄</td><td align="center">¥</td><td align="center">ƒ</td><td align="center">§</td><td align="center">¤</td><td align="center">’</td><td align="center">“</td><td align="center">«</td><td align="center">‹</td><td align="center">›</td><td align="center">fi</td><td align="center">fl</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xB0</td><td align="center">®</td><td align="center">–</td><td align="center">†</td><td align="center">‡</td><td align="center">·</td><td align="center">¦</td><td align="center">¶</td><td align="center">•</td><td align="center">‚</td><td align="center">„</td><td align="center">”</td><td align="center">»</td><td align="center">…</td><td align="center">‰</td><td align="center">¬</td><td align="center">¿</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xC0</td><td align="center">¹</td><td align="center">ˋ</td><td align="center">´</td><td align="center">ˆ</td><td align="center">˜</td><td align="center">¯</td><td align="center">˘</td><td align="center">˙</td><td align="center">¨</td><td align="center">²</td><td align="center">˚</td><td align="center">¸</td><td align="center">³</td><td align="center">˝</td><td align="center">˛</td><td align="center">ˇ</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xD0</td><td align="center">—</td><td align="center">±</td><td align="center">¼</td><td align="center">½</td><td align="center">¾</td><td align="center">à</td><td align="center">á</td><td align="center">â</td><td align="center">ã</td><td align="center">ä</td><td align="center">å</td><td align="center">ç</td><td align="center">è</td><td align="center">é</td><td align="center">ê</td><td align="center">ë</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xE0</td><td align="center">ì</td><td align="center">Æ</td><td align="center">í</td><td align="center">ª</td><td align="center">î</td><td align="center">ï</td><td align="center">ð</td><td align="center">ñ</td><td align="center">Ł</td><td align="center">Ø</td><td align="center">Œ</td><td align="center">º</td><td align="center">ò</td><td align="center">ó</td><td align="center">ô</td><td align="center">õ</td></tr><tr><td align="center">#xF0</td><td align="center">ö</td><td align="center">æ</td><td align="center">ù</td><td align="center">ú</td><td align="center">û</td><td align="center">ı</td><td align="center">ü</td><td align="center">ý</td><td align="center">ł</td><td align="center">ø</td><td align="center">œ</td><td align="center">ß</td><td align="center">þ</td><td align="center">ÿ</td><td align="center"> </td><td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><p>
    1583. 

  1583. Here ** are control characters, not graphic
    1584. 

  1584.   characters.  (The characters left blank here cannot be represented in
    1585. 

  1585.   this character set).
    1586. 

  1586. </p></dd></dl></div>
    1587. 

  1587. <!--#endif-->
    1588. 

  1588. <div class="table"><a id="standard-char-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.1. Standard characters</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Standard characters" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">character</th><th align="center">code</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Space</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x20</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Newline</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x0A</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="table"><a id="semi-standard-char-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.2. Semi-standard characters</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Semi-standard characters" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">character</th><th align="center">code</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Backspace</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x08</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Tab</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x09</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x0A</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Page</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x0C</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Return</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x0D</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p><span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> is the <a class="link" href="#newline" title="31.5.3.&#xA0;Line Terminators">line terminator</a>.</p><div class="table"><a id="extra-named-chars-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.3. Additional Named Characters</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Additional Named Characters" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">character</th><th align="center">code</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Null</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x00</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Bell</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x07</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Escape</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x1B</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><div class="table"><a id="ctrl-char-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.4. Additional syntax for characters with code from
    1589. 

  1589.    <span class="keycode">#x00</span> to <span class="keycode">#x1F</span>:</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Additional syntax for characters with code from&#10;   #x00 to #x1F:" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">character</th><th align="center">code</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^@</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x00</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^A</span> … <span class="keysym">#\^Z</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x01</span> …
    1590. 

  1590.                    <span class="keycode">#x1A</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^[</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x1B</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^\</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x1C</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^]</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x1D</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^^</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x1E</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\^_</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keycode">#x1F</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>See also <a class="xref" href="#sharpsign-backslash" title="2.6.1.&#xA0;Sharpsign Backslash [CLHS-2.4.8.1]">Section 2.6.1, “Sharpsign Backslash
    1591. 

  1591.   [CLHS-2.4.8.1]”</a>.</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-script"></a>13.1. Character Scripts
    1592. 

  1592.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-2-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.2.1]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The only defined character script is the type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>
    1593. 

  1593.  itself.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-attrib"></a>13.2. Character Attributes
    1594. 

  1594.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#input-char">13.2.1. Input Characters</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>Characters have no implementation-defined or <a class="xref" href="#CLtL1" title="Common Lisp: the Language (1st Edition)">[<abbr class="abbrev">CLtL1</abbr>]</a> font and bit
    1595. 

  1595.  attributes.  All characters are simple characters.</p><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="input-char"></a>13.2.1. Input Characters</h3></div></div></div><p>For backward compatibility, there is a class <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a>
    1596. 

  1596.  representing either a character with font and bits, or a keystroke.
    1597. 

  1597.  The following functions work with objects of types <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>
    1598. 

  1598.  and <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a>.
    1599. 

  1599.  Note that <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eql.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQL</code></a> or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_equal.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQUAL</code></a> are equivalent to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_eq.html" target="_top"><code class="function">EQ</code></a> on objects of type
    1600. 

  1600.  <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a>.</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">EXT:CHAR-FONT-LIMIT</code> = 16</span></dt><dd>The system uses only font 0.
    1601. 

  1601.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">EXT:CHAR-BITS-LIMIT</code> = 16</span></dt><dd><p>Character bits:
    1602. 

  1602.     </p><div class="informaltable"><a id="bit-table"></a><table border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">key</th><th align="center">value</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><code class="constant">:CONTROL</code></td><td align="center"><a class="link" href="#char-bits" title="13.13.&#xA0;Obsolete Constants"><code class="constant">EXT:CHAR-CONTROL-BIT</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="constant">:META</code></td><td align="center"><a class="link" href="#char-bits" title="13.13.&#xA0;Obsolete Constants"><code class="constant">EXT:CHAR-META-BIT</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="constant">:SUPER</code></td><td align="center"><a class="link" href="#char-bits" title="13.13.&#xA0;Obsolete Constants"><code class="constant">EXT:CHAR-SUPER-BIT</code></a></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="constant">:HYPER</code></td><td align="center"><a class="link" href="#char-bits" title="13.13.&#xA0;Obsolete Constants"><code class="constant">EXT:CHAR-HYPER-BIT</code></a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:CHAR-FONT</code>
    1603. 

  1603.   <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code></span></dt><dd>returns the font of a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a> or <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a>.
    1604. 

  1604.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:CHAR-BITS</code>
    1605. 

  1605.   <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>)</code></span></dt><dd>returns the bits of a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a> or <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a>.
    1606. 

  1606.   </dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:MAKE-CHAR</code>
    1607. 

  1607.      <em class="replaceable"><code>char</code></em> [<em class="replaceable"><code>bits</code></em>
    1608. 

  1608.             [<em class="replaceable"><code>font</code></em>]])</code></span></dt><dd>returns a new <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a>, or <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a> if such a
    1609. 

  1609.  character cannot be created.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:CHAR-BIT</code>
    1610. 

  1610.   <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em>)</code></span></dt><dd>returns <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_t.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">T</code></a> if the named bit is set in <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em>,
    1611. 

  1611.   else <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_nil.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">NIL</code></a>.</dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">(<code class="function">EXT:SET-CHAR-BIT</code>
    1612. 

  1612.   <em class="replaceable"><code>object</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>name</code></em> <em class="replaceable"><code>new-value</code></em>)</code></span></dt><dd>returns a new <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a> with the named bit set or
    1613. 

  1613.    unset, depending on the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_boolean.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BOOLEAN</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>new-value</code></em>.
    1614. 

  1614.  </dd></dl></div><div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;"><h3 class="title">Warning</h3><p><a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a> is <span class="strong"><strong>not</strong></span> a subtype of
    1615. 

  1615.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>.</p></div>
    1616. 

  1616. <!--#ifdef KEYBOARD-->
    1617. 

  1617. <div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platforms only.</span></span></span></dt><dd>The system itself uses this <a class="link" href="#input-char" title="13.2.1.&#xA0;Input Characters"><code class="classname">SYS::INPUT-CHARACTER</code></a> type only to
    1618. 

  1618.  mention special keys and <span class="keycap"><strong>Control</strong></span>/<span class="keycap"><strong>Alternate</strong></span>/<span class="keycap"><strong>Shift</strong></span> key status on return from
    1619. 

  1619.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-CHAR</code></a> <a href="impnotes.html#with-kbd" class="olink"><code class="varname">EXT:*KEYBOARD-INPUT*</code></a>)</code>.</dd></dl></div>
    1620. 

  1620. <!--#endif-->
    1621. 

  1621. </div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="graph-char"></a>13.3. Graphic Characters
    1622. 

  1622.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-4-1.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.4.1]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_g.html#graphic" target="_top">graphic</a> characters are those <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> characters which are
    1623. 

  1623.  defined by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> standard, excluding the ranges
    1624. 

  1624.  <span class="keycode">U0000</span> … <span class="keycode">U001F</span> and
    1625. 

  1625.  <span class="keycode">U007F</span> … <span class="keycode">U009F</span>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="alpha-char"></a>13.4. Alphabetic Characters
    1626. 

  1626.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-4-2.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.4.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The alphabetic characters are those <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> characters which are
    1627. 

  1627.  defined as letters by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> standard, e.g., the <a class="ulink" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII" target="_top"><span class="platform">ASCII</span></a> characters
    1628. 

  1628. </p><div class="literallayout"><p>             ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ<br />
    1629. 

  1629.              abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz<br />
    1630. 

  1630. </p></div><p>
    1631. 

  1631. and the international alphabetic characters from the character set:
    1632. 

  1632. </p><div class="literallayout"><p>             ÇüéâäàåçêëèïîìÄÅÉæÆôöòûùÿÖÜßáíóúñѪºãõØøÀÃÕ etc.<br />
    1633. 

  1633. </p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-case"></a>13.5. Characters With Case
    1634. 

  1634.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-4-3.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.4.3]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-invertcase">13.5.1. Function <code class="function">EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-ext">13.5.2. Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
    1635. 

  1635.   [CLHS-13.1.4.3.4]</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="char-invertcase"></a>13.5.1. Function <a class="link" href="#char-invertcase" title="13.5.1.&#xA0;Function EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#char-invertcase" title="13.5.1.&#xA0;Function EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:CHAR-INVERTCASE</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>char</code></em>)</code> returns the corresponding
    1636. 

  1636.  character in the other case for <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/acc_charcm_schar.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR</code></a>, i.e., <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_char-upca_har-downcase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-UPCASE</code></a> for a
    1637. 

  1637.  lowercase character and <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_char-upca_har-downcase.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-DOWNCASE</code></a> for an uppercase character; for
    1638. 

  1638.  a character that does not have a case attribute, the argument is returned.
    1639. 

  1639.  See also <a class="link" href="#string-invertcase" title="16.1.3.&#xA0;Functions EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE and EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE</code></a> and <a class="link" href="#string-invertcase" title="16.1.3.&#xA0;Functions EXT:STRING-INVERTCASE and EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE"><code class="function">EXT:NSTRING-INVERTCASE</code></a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="char-ext"></a>13.5.2. Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
    1640. 

  1640.   <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-4-3-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.4.3.4]</a></h3></div></div></div><p>The characters with case are those <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> characters <em class="replaceable"><code>c</code></em>, for
    1641. 

  1641.  which the upper case mapping <em class="replaceable"><code>uc</code></em> and the lower case mapping <em class="replaceable"><code>lc</code></em>
    1642. 

  1642.  have the following properties:
    1643. 

  1643. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><em class="replaceable"><code>uc</code></em> and <em class="replaceable"><code>lc</code></em> are different</li><li><em class="replaceable"><code>c</code></em> is one of <em class="replaceable"><code>uc</code></em> and <em class="replaceable"><code>lc</code></em></li><li>the upper case mapping of <em class="replaceable"><code>uc</code></em> and of <em class="replaceable"><code>lc</code></em>
    1644. 

  1644.    is <em class="replaceable"><code>uc</code></em></li><li>the lower case mapping of <em class="replaceable"><code>uc</code></em> and of <em class="replaceable"><code>lc</code></em>
    1645. 

  1645.    is <em class="replaceable"><code>lc</code></em></li></ul></div><p>The titlecase property of <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> characters has no equivalent in
    1646. 

  1646.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>Common Lisp</strong></span></a>.</p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="num-char"></a>13.6. Numeric Characters
    1647. 

  1647.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-4-4.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.4.4]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The numeric characters are those <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> characters which are
    1648. 

  1648.  defined as digits by the <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> standard.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-ord"></a>13.7. Ordering of Characters
    1649. 

  1649.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-6.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.6]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The characters are ordered according to their <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> code.</p><p>The functions <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_chareqcm__ar-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-EQUAL</code></a> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_chareqcm__ar-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-NOT-EQUAL</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_chareqcm__ar-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-LESSP</code></a>,
    1650. 

  1650.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_chareqcm__ar-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-GREATERP</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_chareqcm__ar-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-NOT-GREATERP</code></a>, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_chareqcm__ar-not-lessp.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-NOT-LESSP</code></a> ignore bits and
    1651. 

  1651.  font attributes of their arguments.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="clhs-newline"></a>13.8. Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
    1652. 

  1652.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-8.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.8]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>Newlines are written according to the stream's <a class="link" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings"><code class="classname">EXT:ENCODING</code></a>, see the
    1653. 

  1653.  function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_stream-external-format.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STREAM-EXTERNAL-FORMAT</code></a> and the description of <a class="link" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings"><code class="classname">EXT:ENCODING</code></a>s,
    1654. 

  1654.  in particular, <a class="link" href="#newline" title="31.5.3.&#xA0;Line Terminators">line terminator</a>s.
    1655. 

  1655.  The default behavior is as follows:</p>
    1656. 

  1656. <!--#if defined(WIN32) || (defined(UNIX) && (O_BINARY != 0))-->
    1657. 

  1657. <div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platform only.</span></span></span></dt><dd>When writing to a file, <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> is converted to
    1658. 

  1658.  <span class="keycode">CR</span>/<span class="keycode">LF</span>. (This is the usual convention on <a class="ulink" href="http://www.freedos.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">DOS</span></a>.)
    1659. 

  1659.  For example, <span class="keysym">#\Return</span>+<span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> is written as <span class="keycode">CR</span>/<span class="keycode">CR</span>/<span class="keycode">LF</span>.
    1660. 

  1660. </dd></dl></div>
    1661. 

  1661. <!--#endif-->
    1662. 

  1662. <p>When reading from a file, <span class="keycode">CR</span>/<span class="keycode">LF</span> is converted to <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span>
    1663. 

  1663.  (the usual convention on <a class="ulink" href="http://www.freedos.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">DOS</span></a>), and <span class="keycode">CR</span> not followed by <span class="keycode">LF</span> is
    1664. 

  1664.  converted to <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> as well (the usual conversion on MacOS, also used
    1665. 

  1665.  by some programs on <a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a>).
    1666. 

  1666.  If you do not want this, i.e., if you really want to distinguish
    1667. 

  1667.  <span class="keycode">LF</span>, <span class="keycode">CR</span> and <span class="keycode">CR</span>/<span class="keycode">LF</span>, you have to resort to
    1668. 

  1668.  binary input (function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-byte.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-BYTE</code></a>).</p><p><b>Justification. </b><a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr13/tr13-9.html" target="_top">Unicode
    1669. 

  1669.   Newline Guidelines</a> say: “<span class="quote">Even if you know which
    1670. 

  1670.   characters represents NLF on your particular platform, on input and in
    1671. 

  1671.   interpretation, treat CR, LF, CRLF, and NEL the same. Only on output do
    1672. 

  1672.   you need to distinguish between them.</span>”</p><p><b>Rationale. </b>In <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a>, <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> is identical to <span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span>
    1673. 

  1673.  (which is specifically permitted by [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] in section
    1674. 

  1674.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-7.html" target="_top">13.1.7 “<span class="quote">Character
    1675. 

  1675.    Names</span>”</a>).
    1676. 

  1676.  Consider a file containing exactly this string:
    1677. 

  1677.  <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_concatenate.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONCATENATE</code></a> '<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/any_string.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">STRING</code></a> "foo" (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_string.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING</code></a> <span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span>)
    1678. 

  1678.   "bar" (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_string.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING</code></a> <span class="keysym">#\Return</span>) (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_string.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING</code></a> <span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span>))</code>
    1679. 

  1679.  Suppose we open it with <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_open.html" target="_top"><code class="function">OPEN</code></a> "foo" <a class="link" href="#extfmt"><code class="constant">:EXTERNAL-FORMAT</code></a> <code class="constant">:DOS</code>)</code>.
    1680. 

  1680.  What should <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-line.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-LINE</code></a> return?
    1681. 

  1681.  Right now, it returns <span class="returnvalue">"foo"</span>
    1682. 

  1682.  (the second <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-line.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-LINE</code></a> returns <span class="returnvalue">"bar"</span>
    1683. 

  1683.  and reaches <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_e.html#end_of_file" target="_top"><code class="literal">end-of-stream</code></a>).
    1684. 

  1684.  If our i/o were “<span class="quote">faithful</span>”, <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-line.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-LINE</code></a> would have
    1685. 

  1685.  returned the string <code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_concatenate.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CONCATENATE</code></a> '<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/any_string.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">STRING</code></a> "foo" (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_string.html" target="_top"><code class="function">STRING</code></a>
    1686. 

  1686.   <span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span>) "bar")</code>, i.e., a string with an embedded <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span>
    1687. 

  1687.  between <span class="returnvalue">"foo"</span>
    1688. 

  1688.  and <span class="returnvalue">"bar"</span> (because a single <span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span> is not a
    1689. 

  1689.  <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> in the specified <a class="link" href="#extfmt"><code class="constant">:EXTERNAL-FORMAT</code></a>, it will not make <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-line.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-LINE</code></a> return,
    1690. 

  1690.  but it <span class="strong"><strong>is</strong></span> a <a class="ulink" href="http://clisp.cons.org" target="_top"><span class="command"><strong>CLISP</strong></span></a> <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span>!)  Even though the specification for
    1691. 

  1691.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_read-line.html" target="_top"><code class="function">READ-LINE</code></a> does not explicitly forbids newlines inside the returned
    1692. 

  1692.  string, such behavior would be quite surprising, to say the least.
    1693. 

  1693.  Moreover, this line (with an embedded <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span>) would be written as two
    1694. 

  1694.  lines (when writing to a <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_stream.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">STREAM</code></a> with <a class="link" href="#extfmt"><code class="constant">:EXTERNAL-FORMAT</code></a> of <code class="constant">:DOS</code>), because
    1695. 

  1695.  the embedded <span class="keysym">#\Newline</span> would be written as <span class="keycode">CR</span>+<span class="keycode">LF</span>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-int"></a>13.9. Character Encodings
    1696. 

  1696.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-9.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.9]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>The integer returned by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_char-int.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-INT</code></a> is the same as the character's
    1697. 

  1697.  code (<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_char-code.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-CODE</code></a>).</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="script-ext"></a>13.10. Documentation
    1698. 

  1698.    of Implementation-Defined Scripts
    1699. 

  1699.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_13-1-10.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.1.10]</a></h2></div></div></div><p>See <a class="xref" href="#encoding" title="31.5.&#xA0;Encodings">Section 31.5, “Encodings”</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-dict"></a>13.11. The Characters Dictionary
    1700. 

  1700.    <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/sec_the_chara_s_dictionary.html" target="_top">[CLHS-13.2]</a></h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-code">13.11.1. Function <code class="function">CHAR-CODE</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#base-char">13.11.2. Type <code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="#char-width">13.11.3. Function <code class="function">EXT:CHAR-WIDTH</code></a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="char-code"></a>13.11.1. Function <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_char-code.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-CODE</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_char-code.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CHAR-CODE</code></a> takes values from <code class="literal">0</code> (inclusive) to
    1701. 

  1701.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_char-code-limit.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">CHAR-CODE-LIMIT</code></a> (exclusive), i.e., the implementation
    1702. 

  1702.  supports exactly <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_char-code-limit.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">CHAR-CODE-LIMIT</code></a> characters.</p><div class="table"><a id="char-code-limit-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.5. Number of characters</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Number of characters" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">binaries built</th><th align="center"><span class="strong"><strong>without</strong></span> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> support</th><th align="center"><span class="strong"><strong>with</strong></span> <a class="ulink" href="http://www.unicode.org/" target="_top"><span class="platform">UNICODE</span></a> support</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/convar_char-code-limit.html" target="_top"><code class="constant">CHAR-CODE-LIMIT</code></a></td><td align="center">2<sup>8</sup> = 256</td><td align="center">17 * 2<sup>16</sup> = 1114112</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="base-char"></a>13.11.2. Type <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_base-char.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p>The types <code class="classname">EXT:STRING-CHAR</code> and
    1703. 

  1703.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/typ_base-char.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">BASE-CHAR</code></a> are equivalent to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/syscla_character.html" target="_top"><code class="classname">CHARACTER</code></a>.
    1704. 

  1704.  <code class="classname">EXT:STRING-CHAR</code> used to be available as
    1705. 

  1705.  <code class="classname">STRING-CHAR</code> prior to removal from [<span class="citation"><a class="link" href="#ansi-cl" title="ANSI Common Lisp standard X3.226-1994 - Information Technology - Programming Language - Common Lisp">ANSI CL standard</a></span>] by
    1706. 

  1706.  <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Issues/iss026.html" target="_top">CHARACTER-PROPOSAL:2</a>.</p></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="char-width"></a>13.11.3. Function <a class="link" href="#char-width" title="13.11.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:CHAR-WIDTH"><code class="function">EXT:CHAR-WIDTH</code></a></h3></div></div></div><p><code class="code">(<a class="link" href="#char-width" title="13.11.3.&#xA0;Function EXT:CHAR-WIDTH"><code class="function">EXT:CHAR-WIDTH</code></a> <em class="replaceable"><code>char</code></em>)</code> returns the number of screen
    1707. 

  1707.  columns occupied by <em class="replaceable"><code>char</code></em>.
    1708. 

  1708.  This is 0 for non-spacing characters
    1709. 

  1709.  (such as control characters and many combining characters),
    1710. 

  1710.  2 for double-width East Asian characters,
    1711. 

  1711.  and 1 for all other characters.
    1712. 

  1712.  See also function <a class="link" href="#string-width" title="16.1.2.&#xA0;Function EXT:STRING-WIDTH"><code class="function">EXT:STRING-WIDTH</code></a>.
    1713. 

  1713. </p></div></div><div class="section" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="char-platform-dep"></a>13.12. Platform-Dependent Characters</h2></div></div></div><p>The characters that are not <a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/glo_g.html#graphic" target="_top">graphic</a> chars and the space character
    1714. 

  1714.  have names:</p>
    1715. 

  1715. <!--#ifdef WIN32_CHARNAMES-->
    1716. 

  1716. <div class="table"><a id="dos-win32-chars-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.6. Additional characters (<span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://winehq.com/" target="_top"><span class="platform">Win32</span></a> platform only.</span></span>)</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Additional characters (Win32 platform only.)" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">code</th><th align="center">char</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x00)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Null</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x07)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Bell</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x08)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Backspace</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x09)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Tab</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0A)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Newline</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0B)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Code11</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0C)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Page</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0D)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Return</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x1A)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Code26</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x1B)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Escape</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Esc</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x20)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Space</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x7F)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Rubout</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" />
    1717. 

  1717. <!--#endif-->
    1718. 

  1718. <!--#ifdef UNIX_CHARNAMES-->
    1719. 

  1719. <div class="table"><a id="unix-chars-table"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 13.7. Additional characters (<span class="plat-dep">Platform Dependent: <span class="plat-dep"><a class="ulink" href="http://www.UNIX-systems.org/online.html" target="_top"><span class="strong"><strong>UNIX</strong></span></a> platform only.</span></span>)</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Additional characters (UNIX platform only.)" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="center">code</th><th align="center">char</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x00)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Null</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Nul</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x01)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Soh</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x02)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Stx</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x03)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Etx</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x04)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Eot</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x05)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Enq</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x06)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Ack</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x07)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Bell</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Bel</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x08)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Backspace</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Bs</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x09)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Tab</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Ht</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0A)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Newline</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Nl</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Linefeed</span></td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0B)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Vt</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0C)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Page</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Np</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0D)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Return</span></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Cr</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0E)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\So</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x0F)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Si</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x10)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Dle</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x11)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Dc1</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x12)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Dc2</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x13)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Dc3</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x14)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Dc4</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x15)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Nak</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x16)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Syn</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td align="center"><code class="code">(<a class="ulink" href="http://www.lisp.org/HyperSpec/Body/fun_code-char.html" target="_top"><code class="function">CODE-CHAR</code></a> #x17)</code></td><td align="center"><span class="keysym">#\Etb</span></td><td class="auto-generated"> </td><td class="auto-generated"> </td></tr><tr><td
    1720.