/pypy/jit/backend/test/runner_test.py

import py, sys, random, os, struct, operator
from pypy.jit.metainterp.history import (AbstractFailDescr,
                                         AbstractDescr,
                                         BasicFailDescr,
                                         BoxInt, Box, BoxPtr,
                                         JitCellToken, TargetToken,
                                         ConstInt, ConstPtr,
                                         BoxObj,
                                         ConstObj, BoxFloat, ConstFloat)
from pypy.jit.metainterp.resoperation import ResOperation, rop
from pypy.jit.metainterp.typesystem import deref
from pypy.jit.codewriter.effectinfo import EffectInfo
from pypy.jit.tool.oparser import parse
from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem import lltype, llmemory, rstr, rffi, rclass
from pypy.rpython.ootypesystem import ootype
from pypy.rpython.annlowlevel import llhelper
from pypy.rpython.llinterp import LLException
from pypy.jit.codewriter import heaptracker, longlong
from pypy.rlib import longlong2float
from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import intmask, is_valid_int
from pypy.jit.backend.detect_cpu import autodetect_main_model_and_size


def boxfloat(x):
    return BoxFloat(longlong.getfloatstorage(x))

def constfloat(x):
    return ConstFloat(longlong.getfloatstorage(x))

def boxlonglong(ll):
    if longlong.is_64_bit:
        return BoxInt(ll)
    else:
        return BoxFloat(ll)


class Runner(object):

    add_loop_instruction = ['overload for a specific cpu']
    bridge_loop_instruction = ['overload for a specific cpu']

    def execute_operation(self, opname, valueboxes, result_type, descr=None):
        inputargs, operations = self._get_single_operation_list(opname,
                                                                result_type,
                                                                valueboxes,
                                                                descr)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        args = []
        for box in inputargs:
            if isinstance(box, BoxInt):
                args.append(box.getint())
            elif isinstance(box, (BoxPtr, BoxObj)):
                args.append(box.getref_base())
            elif isinstance(box, BoxFloat):
                args.append(box.getfloatstorage())
            else:
                raise NotImplementedError(box)
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        if res is operations[-1].getdescr():
            self.guard_failed = False
        else:
            self.guard_failed = True
        if result_type == 'int':
            return BoxInt(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0))
        elif result_type == 'ref':
            return BoxPtr(self.cpu.get_latest_value_ref(0))
        elif result_type == 'float':
            return BoxFloat(self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0))
        elif result_type == 'void':
            return None
        else:
            assert False

    def _get_single_operation_list(self, opnum, result_type, valueboxes,
                                   descr):
        if result_type == 'void':
            result = None
        elif result_type == 'int':
            result = BoxInt()
        elif result_type == 'ref':
            result = BoxPtr()
        elif result_type == 'float':
            result = BoxFloat()
        else:
            raise ValueError(result_type)
        if result is None:
            results = []
        else:
            results = [result]
        operations = [ResOperation(opnum, valueboxes, result),
                      ResOperation(rop.FINISH, results, None,
                                   descr=BasicFailDescr(0))]
        if operations[0].is_guard():
            operations[0].setfailargs([])
            if not descr:
                descr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        if descr is not None:
            operations[0].setdescr(descr)
        inputargs = []
        for box in valueboxes:
            if isinstance(box, Box) and box not in inputargs:
                inputargs.append(box)
        return inputargs, operations

class BaseBackendTest(Runner):

    avoid_instances = False

    def test_compile_linear_loop(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i1], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(1))
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 3
        assert fail.identifier == 1

    def test_compile_loop(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(2)),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations[3].setfailargs([i1])

        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        assert fail.identifier == 2
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 10

    def test_compile_with_holes_in_fail_args(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        i3 = BoxInt()
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [i3, ConstInt(42)], i0),
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(2)),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        inputargs = [i3]
        operations[4].setfailargs([None, None, i1, None])

        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 44)
        assert fail.identifier == 2
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(2)
        assert res == 10

    def test_backends_dont_keep_loops_alive(self):
        import weakref, gc
        self.cpu.dont_keepalive_stuff = True
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr()),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations[3].setfailargs([i1])
        wr_i1 = weakref.ref(i1)
        wr_guard = weakref.ref(operations[2])
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        if hasattr(looptoken, '_x86_ops_offset'):
            del looptoken._x86_ops_offset # else it's kept alive
        del i0, i1, i2
        del inputargs
        del operations
        gc.collect()
        assert not wr_i1() and not wr_guard()

    def test_compile_bridge(self):
        self.cpu.total_compiled_loops = 0
        self.cpu.total_compiled_bridges = 0
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
        faildescr2 = BasicFailDescr(2)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=faildescr1),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations[3].setfailargs([i1])
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)

        i1b = BoxInt()
        i3 = BoxInt()
        bridge = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1b, ConstInt(19)], i3),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i3], None, descr=faildescr2),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1b], None, descr=targettoken),
        ]
        bridge[1].setfailargs([i1b])

        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr1, [i1b], bridge, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        assert fail.identifier == 2
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 20

        assert self.cpu.total_compiled_loops == 1
        assert self.cpu.total_compiled_bridges == 1
        return looptoken

    def test_compile_bridge_with_holes(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        i3 = BoxInt()
        faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
        faildescr2 = BasicFailDescr(2)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [i3, ConstInt(42)], i0),
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=faildescr1),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        inputargs = [i3]
        operations[4].setfailargs([None, i1, None])
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)

        i1b = BoxInt()
        i3 = BoxInt()
        bridge = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1b, ConstInt(19)], i3),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i3], None, descr=faildescr2),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1b], None, descr=targettoken),
        ]
        bridge[1].setfailargs([i1b])

        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr1, [i1b], bridge, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        assert fail.identifier == 2
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 20

    def test_compile_big_bridge_out_of_small_loop(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_FALSE, [i0], None, descr=faildescr1),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(2)),
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations[0].setfailargs([i0])
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)

        i1list = [BoxInt() for i in range(1000)]
        bridge = []
        iprev = i0
        for i1 in i1list:
            bridge.append(ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [iprev, ConstInt(1)], i1))
            iprev = i1
        bridge.append(ResOperation(rop.GUARD_FALSE, [i0], None,
                                   descr=BasicFailDescr(3)))
        bridge.append(ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None,
                                   descr=BasicFailDescr(4)))
        bridge[-2].setfailargs(i1list)

        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr1, [i0], bridge, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 1)
        assert fail.identifier == 3
        for i in range(1000):
            res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(i)
            assert res == 2 + i

    def test_get_latest_value_count(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=faildescr1),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations[3].setfailargs([None, i1, None])
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        assert fail is faildescr1

        count = self.cpu.get_latest_value_count()
        assert count == 3
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(1) == 10
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(1) == 10   # multiple reads ok
        self.cpu.clear_latest_values(3)

    def test_finish(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        class UntouchableFailDescr(AbstractFailDescr):
            def __setattr__(self, name, value):
                if name == 'index':
                    return AbstractFailDescr.__setattr__(self, name, value)
                py.test.fail("finish descrs should not be touched")
        faildescr = UntouchableFailDescr() # to check that is not touched
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i0], None, descr=faildescr)
            ]
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0], operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 99)
        assert fail is faildescr
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 99

        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [ConstInt(42)], None, descr=faildescr)
            ]
        self.cpu.compile_loop([], operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken)
        assert fail is faildescr
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 42

        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None, descr=faildescr)
            ]
        self.cpu.compile_loop([], operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken)
        assert fail is faildescr

        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            looptoken = JitCellToken()
            f0 = BoxFloat()
            operations = [
                ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [f0], None, descr=faildescr)
                ]
            self.cpu.compile_loop([f0], operations, looptoken)
            value = longlong.getfloatstorage(-61.25)
            fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, value)
            assert fail is faildescr
            res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(res) == -61.25

            looptoken = JitCellToken()
            operations = [
                ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [constfloat(42.5)], None, descr=faildescr)
                ]
            self.cpu.compile_loop([], operations, looptoken)
            fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken)
            assert fail is faildescr
            res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(res) == 42.5

    def test_execute_operations_in_env(self):
        cpu = self.cpu
        x = BoxInt(123)
        y = BoxInt(456)
        z = BoxInt(579)
        t = BoxInt(455)
        u = BoxInt(0)    # False
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [y, x], None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [x, y], z),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [y, ConstInt(1)], t),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_EQ, [t, ConstInt(0)], u),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_FALSE, [u], None,
                         descr=BasicFailDescr()),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [t, z], None, descr=targettoken),
            ]
        operations[-2].setfailargs([t, z])
        cpu.compile_loop([x, y], operations, looptoken)
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 0, 10)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(1) == 55

    def test_int_operations(self):
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.test_executor import get_int_tests
        for opnum, boxargs, retvalue in get_int_tests():
            res = self.execute_operation(opnum, boxargs, 'int')
            assert res.value == retvalue

    def test_float_operations(self):
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.test_executor import get_float_tests
        for opnum, boxargs, rettype, retvalue in get_float_tests(self.cpu):
            res = self.execute_operation(opnum, boxargs, rettype)
            if isinstance(res, BoxFloat):
                assert res.getfloat() == retvalue
            else:
                assert res.value == retvalue

    def test_ovf_operations(self, reversed=False):
        minint = -sys.maxint-1
        boom = 'boom'
        for opnum, testcases in [
            (rop.INT_ADD_OVF, [(10, -2, 8),
                               (-1, minint, boom),
                               (sys.maxint//2, sys.maxint//2+2, boom)]),
            (rop.INT_SUB_OVF, [(-20, -23, 3),
                               (-2, sys.maxint, boom),
                               (sys.maxint//2, -(sys.maxint//2+2), boom)]),
            (rop.INT_MUL_OVF, [(minint/2, 2, minint),
                               (-2, -(minint/2), minint),
                               (minint/2, -2, boom)]),
            ]:
            v1 = BoxInt(testcases[0][0])
            v2 = BoxInt(testcases[0][1])
            v_res = BoxInt()
            #
            if not reversed:
                ops = [
                    ResOperation(opnum, [v1, v2], v_res),
                    ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NO_OVERFLOW, [], None,
                                 descr=BasicFailDescr(1)),
                    ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [v_res], None,
                                 descr=BasicFailDescr(2)),
                    ]
                ops[1].setfailargs([])
            else:
                v_exc = self.cpu.ts.BoxRef()
                ops = [
                    ResOperation(opnum, [v1, v2], v_res),
                    ResOperation(rop.GUARD_OVERFLOW, [], None,
                                 descr=BasicFailDescr(1)),
                    ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(2)),
                    ]
                ops[1].setfailargs([v_res])
            #
            looptoken = JitCellToken()
            self.cpu.compile_loop([v1, v2], ops, looptoken)
            for x, y, z in testcases:
                excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
                assert not excvalue
                fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, x, y)
                if (z == boom) ^ reversed:
                    assert fail.identifier == 1
                else:
                    assert fail.identifier == 2
                if z != boom:
                    assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == z
                excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
                assert not excvalue

    def test_ovf_operations_reversed(self):
        self.test_ovf_operations(reversed=True)

    def test_bh_call(self):
        cpu = self.cpu
        #
        def func(c):
            return chr(ord(c) + 1)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(self.FuncType([lltype.Char], lltype.Char))
        func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
        calldescr = cpu.calldescrof(deref(FPTR), (lltype.Char,), lltype.Char,
                                    EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        x = cpu.bh_call_i(self.get_funcbox(cpu, func_ptr).value,
                          calldescr, [ord('A')], None, None)
        assert x == ord('B')
        if cpu.supports_floats:
            def func(f, i):
                assert isinstance(f, float)
                assert is_valid_int(i)
                return f - float(i)
            FPTR = self.Ptr(self.FuncType([lltype.Float, lltype.Signed],
                                          lltype.Float))
            func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
            FTP = deref(FPTR)
            calldescr = cpu.calldescrof(FTP, FTP.ARGS, FTP.RESULT,
                                        EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            x = cpu.bh_call_f(self.get_funcbox(cpu, func_ptr).value,
                              calldescr,
                              [42], None, [longlong.getfloatstorage(3.5)])
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 3.5 - 42

    def test_call(self):
        from pypy.rlib.libffi import types, FUNCFLAG_CDECL

        def func_int(a, b):
            return a + b
        def func_char(c, c1):
            return chr(ord(c) + ord(c1))

        functions = [
            (func_int, lltype.Signed, types.sint, 655360),
            (func_int, rffi.SHORT, types.sint16, 1213),
            (func_char, lltype.Char, types.uchar, 12)
            ]

        for func, TP, ffi_type, num in functions:
            cpu = self.cpu
            #
            FPTR = self.Ptr(self.FuncType([TP, TP], TP))
            func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
            FUNC = deref(FPTR)
            funcbox = self.get_funcbox(cpu, func_ptr)
            # first, try it with the "normal" calldescr
            calldescr = cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                        EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL,
                                         [funcbox, BoxInt(num), BoxInt(num)],
                                         'int', descr=calldescr)
            assert res.value == 2 * num
            # then, try it with the dynamic calldescr
            dyn_calldescr = cpu.calldescrof_dynamic([ffi_type, ffi_type], ffi_type,
                                                    EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL,
                                                    ffi_flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL,
                                         [funcbox, BoxInt(num), BoxInt(num)],
                                         'int', descr=dyn_calldescr)
            assert res.value == 2 * num


        if cpu.supports_floats:
            def func(f0, f1, f2, f3, f4, f5, f6, i0, i1, f7, f8, f9):
                return f0 + f1 + f2 + f3 + f4 + f5 + f6 + float(i0 + i1) + f7 + f8 + f9
            F = lltype.Float
            I = lltype.Signed
            FUNC = self.FuncType([F] * 7 + [I] * 2 + [F] * 3, F)
            FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
            func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
            calldescr = cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                        EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            funcbox = self.get_funcbox(cpu, func_ptr)
            args = ([boxfloat(.1) for i in range(7)] +
                    [BoxInt(1), BoxInt(2), boxfloat(.2), boxfloat(.3),
                     boxfloat(.4)])
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL,
                                         [funcbox] + args,
                                         'float', descr=calldescr)
            assert abs(res.getfloat() - 4.6) < 0.0001

    def test_call_many_arguments(self):
        # Test calling a function with a large number of arguments (more than
        # 6, which will force passing some arguments on the stack on 64-bit)

        def func(*args):
            assert len(args) == 16
            # Try to sum up args in a way that would probably detect a
            # transposed argument
            return sum(arg * (2**i) for i, arg in enumerate(args))

        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Signed]*16, lltype.Signed)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
        args = range(16)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL, [funcbox] + map(BoxInt, args), 'int', descr=calldescr)
        assert res.value == func(*args)

    def test_call_box_func(self):
        def a(a1, a2):
            return a1 + a2
        def b(b1, b2):
            return b1 * b2

        arg1 = 40
        arg2 = 2
        for f in [a, b]:
            TP = lltype.Signed
            FPTR = self.Ptr(self.FuncType([TP, TP], TP))
            func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, f)
            FUNC = deref(FPTR)
            funcconst = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr)
            funcbox = funcconst.clonebox()
            calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                        EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL,
                                         [funcbox, BoxInt(arg1), BoxInt(arg2)],
                                         'int', descr=calldescr)
            assert res.getint() == f(arg1, arg2)

    def test_call_stack_alignment(self):
        # test stack alignment issues, notably for Mac OS/X.
        # also test the ordering of the arguments.

        def func_ints(*ints):
            s = str(ints) + '\n'
            os.write(1, s)   # don't remove -- crash if the stack is misaligned
            return sum([(10+i)*(5+j) for i, j in enumerate(ints)])

        for nb_args in range(0, 35):
            cpu = self.cpu
            TP = lltype.Signed
            #
            FPTR = self.Ptr(self.FuncType([TP] * nb_args, TP))
            func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func_ints)
            FUNC = deref(FPTR)
            calldescr = cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                        EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            funcbox = self.get_funcbox(cpu, func_ptr)
            args = [280-24*i for i in range(nb_args)]
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL,
                                         [funcbox] + map(BoxInt, args),
                                         'int', descr=calldescr)
            assert res.value == func_ints(*args)

    def test_call_with_const_floats(self):
        def func(f1, f2):
            return f1 + f2

        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Float, lltype.Float], lltype.Float)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL, [funcbox, constfloat(1.5),
                                                constfloat(2.5)], 'float',
                                     descr=calldescr)
        assert res.getfloat() == 4.0


    def test_field_basic(self):
        t_box, T_box = self.alloc_instance(self.T)
        fielddescr = self.cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'value')
        assert not fielddescr.is_pointer_field()
        #
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, BoxInt(39082)],
                                     'void', descr=fielddescr)
        assert res is None
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                     'int', descr=fielddescr)
        assert res.value == 39082
        #
        fielddescr1 = self.cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'chr1')
        fielddescr2 = self.cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'chr2')
        shortdescr = self.cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'short')
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, BoxInt(250)],
                               'void', descr=fielddescr2)
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, BoxInt(133)],
                               'void', descr=fielddescr1)
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, BoxInt(1331)],
                               'void', descr=shortdescr)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                     'int', descr=fielddescr2)
        assert res.value == 250
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                     'int', descr=fielddescr1)
        assert res.value == 133
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                     'int', descr=shortdescr)
        assert res.value == 1331

        #
        u_box, U_box = self.alloc_instance(self.U)
        fielddescr2 = self.cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'next')
        assert fielddescr2.is_pointer_field()
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, u_box],
                                     'void', descr=fielddescr2)
        assert res is None
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                     'ref', descr=fielddescr2)
        assert res.value == u_box.value
        #
        null_const = self.null_instance().constbox()
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, null_const],
                                     'void', descr=fielddescr2)
        assert res is None
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                     'ref', descr=fielddescr2)
        assert res.value == null_const.value
        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            floatdescr = self.cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'float')
            self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, boxfloat(3.4)],
                                   'void', descr=floatdescr)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                         'float', descr=floatdescr)
            assert res.getfloat() == 3.4
            #
            self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [t_box, constfloat(-3.6)],
                                   'void', descr=floatdescr)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [t_box],
                                         'float', descr=floatdescr)
            assert res.getfloat() == -3.6


    def test_passing_guards(self):
        t_box, T_box = self.alloc_instance(self.T)
        nullbox = self.null_instance()
        all = [(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [BoxInt(1)]),
               (rop.GUARD_FALSE, [BoxInt(0)]),
               (rop.GUARD_VALUE, [BoxInt(42), ConstInt(42)]),
               ]
        if not self.avoid_instances:
            all.extend([
               (rop.GUARD_NONNULL, [t_box]),
               (rop.GUARD_ISNULL, [nullbox])
               ])
        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            all.append((rop.GUARD_VALUE, [boxfloat(3.5), constfloat(3.5)]))
        for (opname, args) in all:
            assert self.execute_operation(opname, args, 'void') == None
            assert not self.guard_failed


    def test_passing_guard_class(self):
        t_box, T_box = self.alloc_instance(self.T)
        #null_box = ConstPtr(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, lltype.nullptr(T)))
        self.execute_operation(rop.GUARD_CLASS, [t_box, T_box], 'void')
        assert not self.guard_failed
        self.execute_operation(rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS, [t_box, T_box], 'void')
        assert not self.guard_failed

    def test_failing_guards(self):
        t_box, T_box = self.alloc_instance(self.T)
        nullbox = self.null_instance()
        all = [(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [BoxInt(0)]),
               (rop.GUARD_FALSE, [BoxInt(1)]),
               (rop.GUARD_VALUE, [BoxInt(42), ConstInt(41)]),
               ]
        if not self.avoid_instances:
            all.extend([
               (rop.GUARD_NONNULL, [nullbox]),
               (rop.GUARD_ISNULL, [t_box])])
        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            all.append((rop.GUARD_VALUE, [boxfloat(-1.0), constfloat(1.0)]))
        for opname, args in all:
            assert self.execute_operation(opname, args, 'void') == None
            assert self.guard_failed

    def test_failing_guard_class(self):
        t_box, T_box = self.alloc_instance(self.T)
        u_box, U_box = self.alloc_instance(self.U)
        null_box = self.null_instance()
        for opname, args in [(rop.GUARD_CLASS, [t_box, U_box]),
                             (rop.GUARD_CLASS, [u_box, T_box]),
                             (rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS, [t_box, U_box]),
                             (rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS, [u_box, T_box]),
                             (rop.GUARD_NONNULL_CLASS, [null_box, T_box]),
                             ]:
            assert self.execute_operation(opname, args, 'void') == None
            assert self.guard_failed

    def test_ooops(self):
        u1_box, U_box = self.alloc_instance(self.U)
        u2_box, U_box = self.alloc_instance(self.U)
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_EQ, [u1_box,
                                                u1_box.clonebox()], 'int')
        assert r.value == 1
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_NE, [u2_box,
                                                u2_box.clonebox()], 'int')
        assert r.value == 0
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_EQ, [u1_box, u2_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 0
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_NE, [u2_box, u1_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 1
        #
        null_box = self.null_instance()
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_EQ, [null_box,
                                                null_box.clonebox()], 'int')
        assert r.value == 1
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_EQ, [u1_box, null_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 0
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_EQ, [null_box, u2_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 0
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_NE, [null_box,
                                                null_box.clonebox()], 'int')
        assert r.value == 0
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_NE, [u2_box, null_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 1
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_NE, [null_box, u1_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 1

    def test_array_basic(self):
        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(rffi.SHORT, 342)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        assert not arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        #
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [a_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 342
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310),
                                                         BoxInt(744)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 744

        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(lltype.Signed, 342)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        assert not arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        #
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [a_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 342
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310),
                                                         BoxInt(7441)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 7441
        #
        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(lltype.Char, 11)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        assert not arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [a_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 11
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(4),
                                                         BoxInt(150)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(3),
                                                         BoxInt(160)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(4)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 150
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(3)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 160

        #
        if isinstance(A, lltype.GcArray):
            A = lltype.Ptr(A)
        b_box, B = self.alloc_array_of(A, 3)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(B)
        assert arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [b_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 3
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [b_box, BoxInt(1),
                                                         a_box],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [b_box, BoxInt(1)],
                                   'ref', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == a_box.value
        #
        # Unsigned should work the same as Signed
        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(lltype.Unsigned, 342)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        assert not arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [a_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 342
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310),
                                                         BoxInt(7441)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 7441
        #
        # Bool should work the same as Char
        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(lltype.Bool, 311)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        assert not arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [a_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 311
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(304),
                                                         BoxInt(1)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(303),
                                                         BoxInt(0)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(302),
                                                         BoxInt(1)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(304)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 1
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(303)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 0
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(302)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 1

        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(lltype.Float, 31)
            arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
            self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(1),
                                                         boxfloat(3.5)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
            self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(2),
                                                         constfloat(4.5)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
            r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(1)],
                                       'float', descr=arraydescr)
            assert r.getfloat() == 3.5
            r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(2)],
                                       'float', descr=arraydescr)
            assert r.getfloat() == 4.5

        # For platforms where sizeof(INT) != sizeof(Signed) (ie, x86-64)
        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(rffi.INT, 342)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        assert not arraydescr.is_array_of_pointers()
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.ARRAYLEN_GC, [a_box],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 342
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310),
                                                         BoxInt(7441)],
                                   'void', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(310)],
                                   'int', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r.value == 7441

    def test_array_of_structs(self):
        TP = lltype.GcStruct('x')
        ITEM = lltype.Struct('x',
                             ('vs', lltype.Signed),
                             ('vu', lltype.Unsigned),
                             ('vsc', rffi.SIGNEDCHAR),
                             ('vuc', rffi.UCHAR),
                             ('vss', rffi.SHORT),
                             ('vus', rffi.USHORT),
                             ('vsi', rffi.INT),
                             ('vui', rffi.UINT),
                             ('k', lltype.Float),
                             ('p', lltype.Ptr(TP)))
        a_box, A = self.alloc_array_of(ITEM, 15)
        s_box, S = self.alloc_instance(TP)
        kdescr = self.cpu.interiorfielddescrof(A, 'k')
        pdescr = self.cpu.interiorfielddescrof(A, 'p')
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETINTERIORFIELD_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(3),
                                                         boxfloat(1.5)],
                               'void', descr=kdescr)
        f = self.cpu.bh_getinteriorfield_gc_f(a_box.getref_base(), 3, kdescr)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(f) == 1.5
        self.cpu.bh_setinteriorfield_gc_f(a_box.getref_base(), 3, kdescr, longlong.getfloatstorage(2.5))
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETINTERIORFIELD_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(3)],
                                   'float', descr=kdescr)
        assert r.getfloat() == 2.5
        #
        NUMBER_FIELDS = [('vs', lltype.Signed),
                         ('vu', lltype.Unsigned),
                         ('vsc', rffi.SIGNEDCHAR),
                         ('vuc', rffi.UCHAR),
                         ('vss', rffi.SHORT),
                         ('vus', rffi.USHORT),
                         ('vsi', rffi.INT),
                         ('vui', rffi.UINT)]
        for name, TYPE in NUMBER_FIELDS[::-1]:
            vdescr = self.cpu.interiorfielddescrof(A, name)
            self.execute_operation(rop.SETINTERIORFIELD_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(3),
                                                             BoxInt(-15)],
                                   'void', descr=vdescr)
        for name, TYPE in NUMBER_FIELDS:
            vdescr = self.cpu.interiorfielddescrof(A, name)
            i = self.cpu.bh_getinteriorfield_gc_i(a_box.getref_base(), 3,
                                                  vdescr)
            assert i == rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(TYPE, -15))
        for name, TYPE in NUMBER_FIELDS[::-1]:
            vdescr = self.cpu.interiorfielddescrof(A, name)
            self.cpu.bh_setinteriorfield_gc_i(a_box.getref_base(), 3,
                                              vdescr, -25)
        for name, TYPE in NUMBER_FIELDS:
            vdescr = self.cpu.interiorfielddescrof(A, name)
            r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETINTERIORFIELD_GC,
                                       [a_box, BoxInt(3)],
                                       'int', descr=vdescr)
            assert r.getint() == rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(TYPE, -25))
        #
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETINTERIORFIELD_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(4),
                                                         s_box],
                               'void', descr=pdescr)
        r = self.cpu.bh_getinteriorfield_gc_r(a_box.getref_base(), 4, pdescr)
        assert r == s_box.getref_base()
        self.cpu.bh_setinteriorfield_gc_r(a_box.getref_base(), 3, pdescr,
                                          s_box.getref_base())
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETINTERIORFIELD_GC, [a_box, BoxInt(3)],
                                   'ref', descr=pdescr)
        assert r.getref_base() == s_box.getref_base()

    def test_string_basic(self):
        s_box = self.alloc_string("hello\xfe")
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.STRLEN, [s_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 6
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.STRGETITEM, [s_box, BoxInt(5)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 254
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.STRSETITEM, [s_box, BoxInt(4),
                                                    BoxInt(153)], 'void')
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.STRGETITEM, [s_box, BoxInt(5)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 254
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.STRGETITEM, [s_box, BoxInt(4)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 153

    def test_copystrcontent(self):
        s_box = self.alloc_string("abcdef")
        for s_box in [s_box, s_box.constbox()]:
            for srcstart_box in [BoxInt(2), ConstInt(2)]:
                for dststart_box in [BoxInt(3), ConstInt(3)]:
                    for length_box in [BoxInt(4), ConstInt(4)]:
                        for r_box_is_const in [False, True]:
                            r_box = self.alloc_string("!???????!")
                            if r_box_is_const:
                                r_box = r_box.constbox()
                                self.execute_operation(rop.COPYSTRCONTENT,
                                                       [s_box, r_box,
                                                        srcstart_box,
                                                        dststart_box,
                                                        length_box], 'void')
                                assert self.look_string(r_box) == "!??cdef?!"

    def test_copyunicodecontent(self):
        s_box = self.alloc_unicode(u"abcdef")
        for s_box in [s_box, s_box.constbox()]:
            for srcstart_box in [BoxInt(2), ConstInt(2)]:
                for dststart_box in [BoxInt(3), ConstInt(3)]:
                    for length_box in [BoxInt(4), ConstInt(4)]:
                        for r_box_is_const in [False, True]:
                            r_box = self.alloc_unicode(u"!???????!")
                            if r_box_is_const:
                                r_box = r_box.constbox()
                                self.execute_operation(rop.COPYUNICODECONTENT,
                                                       [s_box, r_box,
                                                        srcstart_box,
                                                        dststart_box,
                                                        length_box], 'void')
                                assert self.look_unicode(r_box) == u"!??cdef?!"

    def test_do_unicode_basic(self):
        u = self.cpu.bh_newunicode(5)
        self.cpu.bh_unicodesetitem(u, 4, 123)
        r = self.cpu.bh_unicodegetitem(u, 4)
        assert r == 123

    def test_unicode_basic(self):
        u_box = self.alloc_unicode(u"hello\u1234")
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.UNICODELEN, [u_box], 'int')
        assert r.value == 6
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.UNICODEGETITEM, [u_box, BoxInt(5)],
                                   'int')
        assert r.value == 0x1234
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.UNICODESETITEM, [u_box, BoxInt(4),
                                                        BoxInt(31313)], 'void')
        assert r is None
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.UNICODEGETITEM, [u_box, BoxInt(5)],
                                   'int')
        assert r.value == 0x1234
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.UNICODEGETITEM, [u_box, BoxInt(4)],
                                   'int')
        assert r.value == 31313

    def test_same_as(self):
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SAME_AS, [ConstInt(5)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 5
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SAME_AS, [BoxInt(5)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 5
        u_box = self.alloc_unicode(u"hello\u1234")
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SAME_AS, [u_box.constbox()], 'ref')
        assert r.value == u_box.value
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.SAME_AS, [u_box], 'ref')
        assert r.value == u_box.value

        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            r = self.execute_operation(rop.SAME_AS, [constfloat(5.5)], 'float')
            assert r.getfloat() == 5.5
            r = self.execute_operation(rop.SAME_AS, [boxfloat(5.5)], 'float')
            assert r.getfloat() == 5.5

    def test_virtual_ref(self):
        pass   # VIRTUAL_REF must not reach the backend nowadays

    def test_virtual_ref_finish(self):
        pass   # VIRTUAL_REF_FINISH must not reach the backend nowadays

    def test_jump(self):
        # this test generates small loops where the JUMP passes many
        # arguments of various types, shuffling them around.
        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            numkinds = 3
        else:
            numkinds = 2
        seed = random.randrange(0, 10000)
        print 'Seed is', seed    # or choose it by changing the previous line
        r = random.Random()
        r.seed(seed)
        for nb_args in range(50):
            print 'Passing %d arguments around...' % nb_args
            #
            inputargs = []
            for k in range(nb_args):
                kind = r.randrange(0, numkinds)
                if kind == 0:
                    inputargs.append(BoxInt())
                elif kind == 1:
                    inputargs.append(BoxPtr())
                else:
                    inputargs.append(BoxFloat())
            jumpargs = []
            remixing = []
            for srcbox in inputargs:
                n = r.randrange(0, len(inputargs))
                otherbox = inputargs[n]
                if otherbox.type == srcbox.type:
                    remixing.append((srcbox, otherbox))
                else:
                    otherbox = srcbox
                jumpargs.append(otherbox)
            #
            index_counter = r.randrange(0, len(inputargs)+1)
            i0 = BoxInt()
            i1 = BoxInt()
            i2 = BoxInt()
            inputargs.insert(index_counter, i0)
            jumpargs.insert(index_counter, i1)
            #
            looptoken = JitCellToken()
            targettoken = TargetToken()
            faildescr = BasicFailDescr(15)
            operations = [
                ResOperation(rop.LABEL, inputargs, None, descr=targettoken),
                ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
                ResOperation(rop.INT_GE, [i1, ConstInt(0)], i2),
                ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None),
                ResOperation(rop.JUMP, jumpargs, None, descr=targettoken),
                ]
            operations[3].setfailargs(inputargs[:])
            operations[3].setdescr(faildescr)
            #
            self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
            #
            values = []
            S = lltype.GcStruct('S')
            for box in inputargs:
                if isinstance(box, BoxInt):
                    values.append(r.randrange(-10000, 10000))
                elif isinstance(box, BoxPtr):
                    p = lltype.malloc(S)
                    values.append(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, p))
                elif isinstance(box, BoxFloat):
                    values.append(longlong.getfloatstorage(r.random()))
                else:
                    assert 0
            values[index_counter] = 11
            #
            fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *values)
            assert fail.identifier == 15
            #
            dstvalues = values[:]
            for _ in range(11):
                expected = dstvalues[:]
                for tgtbox, srcbox in remixing:
                    v = dstvalues[inputargs.index(srcbox)]
                    expected[inputargs.index(tgtbox)] = v
                dstvalues = expected
            #
            assert dstvalues[index_counter] == 11
            dstvalues[index_counter] = 0
            for i, (box, val) in enumerate(zip(inputargs, dstvalues)):
                if isinstance(box, BoxInt):
                    got = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(i)
                elif isinstance(box, BoxPtr):
                    got = self.cpu.get_latest_value_ref(i)
                elif isinstance(box, BoxFloat):
                    got = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(i)
                else:
                    assert 0
                assert type(got) == type(val)
                assert got == val

    def test_compile_bridge_float(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_floats:
            py.test.skip("requires floats")
        fboxes = [BoxFloat() for i in range(12)]
        i2 = BoxInt()
        targettoken = TargetToken()
        faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
        faildescr2 = BasicFailDescr(2)
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, fboxes, None, descr=targettoken),
            ResOperation(rop.FLOAT_LE, [fboxes[0], constfloat(9.2)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=faildescr1),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, fboxes, None, descr=faildescr2),
            ]
        operations[-2].setfailargs(fboxes)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(fboxes, operations, looptoken)

        fboxes2 = [BoxFloat() for i in range(12)]
        f3 = BoxFloat()
        bridge = [
            ResOperation(rop.FLOAT_SUB, [fboxes2[0], constfloat(1.0)], f3),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [f3]+fboxes2[1:], None, descr=targettoken),
        ]

        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr1, fboxes2, bridge, looptoken)

        args = []
        for i in range(len(fboxes)):
            x = 13.5 + 6.73 * i
            args.append(longlong.getfloatstorage(x))
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        assert fail.identifier == 2
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(res) == 8.5
        for i in range(1, len(fboxes)):
            got = longlong.getrealfloat(self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(i))
            assert got == 13.5 + 6.73 * i

    def test_integers_and_guards(self):
        for opname, compare in [
            (rop.INT_LT, lambda x, y: x < y),
            (rop.INT_LE, lambda x, y: x <= y),
            (rop.INT_EQ, lambda x, y: x == y),
            (rop.INT_NE, lambda x, y: x != y),
            (rop.INT_GT, lambda x, y: x > y),
            (rop.INT_GE, lambda x, y: x >= y),
            ]:
            for opguard, guard_case in [
                (rop.GUARD_FALSE, False),
                (rop.GUARD_TRUE,  True),
                ]:
                for combinaison in ["bb", "bc", "cb"]:
                    #
                    if combinaison[0] == 'b':
                        ibox1 = BoxInt()
                    else:
                        ibox1 = ConstInt(-42)
                    if combinaison[1] == 'b':
                        ibox2 = BoxInt()
                    else:
                        ibox2 = ConstInt(-42)
                    b1 = BoxInt()
                    faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
                    faildescr2 = BasicFailDescr(2)
                    inputargs = [ib for ib in [ibox1, ibox2]
                                    if isinstance(ib, BoxInt)]
                    operations = [
                        ResOperation(opname, [ibox1, ibox2], b1),
                        ResOperation(opguard, [b1], None, descr=faildescr1),
                        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None, descr=faildescr2),
                        ]
                    operations[-2].setfailargs([])
                    looptoken = JitCellToken()
                    self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
                    #
                    cpu = self.cpu
                    for test1 in [-65, -42, -11]:
                        if test1 == -42 or combinaison[0] == 'b':
                            for test2 in [-65, -42, -11]:
                                if test2 == -42 or combinaison[1] == 'b':
                                    args = []
                                    if combinaison[0] == 'b':
                                        args.append(test1)
                                    if combinaison[1] == 'b':
                                        args.append(test2)
                                    fail = cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
                                    #
                                    expected = compare(test1, test2)
                                    expected ^= guard_case
                                    assert fail.identifier == 2 - expected

    def test_floats_and_guards(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_floats:
            py.test.skip("requires floats")
        for opname, compare in [
            (rop.FLOAT_LT, lambda x, y: x < y),
            (rop.FLOAT_LE, lambda x, y: x <= y),
            (rop.FLOAT_EQ, lambda x, y: x == y),
            (rop.FLOAT_NE, lambda x, y: x != y),
            (rop.FLOAT_GT, lambda x, y: x > y),
            (rop.FLOAT_GE, lambda x, y: x >= y),
            ]:
            for opguard, guard_case in [
                (rop.GUARD_FALSE, False),
                (rop.GUARD_TRUE,  True),
                ]:
                for combinaison in ["bb", "bc", "cb"]:
                    #
                    if combinaison[0] == 'b':
                        fbox1 = BoxFloat()
                    else:
                        fbox1 = constfloat(-4.5)
                    if combinaison[1] == 'b':
                        fbox2 = BoxFloat()
                    else:
                        fbox2 = constfloat(-4.5)
                    b1 = BoxInt()
                    faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(1)
                    faildescr2 = BasicFailDescr(2)
                    inputargs = [fb for fb in [fbox1, fbox2]
                                    if isinstance(fb, BoxFloat)]
                    operations = [
                        ResOperation(opname, [fbox1, fbox2], b1),
                        ResOperation(opguard, [b1], None, descr=faildescr1),
                        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None, descr=faildescr2),
                        ]
                    operations[-2].setfailargs([])
                    looptoken = JitCellToken()
                    self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
                    #
                    cpu = self.cpu
                    nan = 1e200 * 1e200
                    nan /= nan
                    for test1 in [-6.5, -4.5, -2.5, nan]:
                        if test1 == -4.5 or combinaison[0] == 'b':
                            for test2 in [-6.5, -4.5, -2.5, nan]:
                                if test2 == -4.5 or combinaison[1] == 'b':
                                    args = []
                                    if combinaison[0] == 'b':
                                        args.append(
                                            longlong.getfloatstorage(test1))
                                    if combinaison[1] == 'b':
                                        args.append(
                                            longlong.getfloatstorage(test2))
                                    fail = cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
                                    #
                                    expected = compare(test1, test2)
                                    expected ^= guard_case
                                    assert fail.identifier == 2 - expected

    def test_unused_result_int(self):
        # test pure operations on integers whose result is not used
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.test_executor import get_int_tests
        int_tests = list(get_int_tests())
        int_tests = [(opnum, boxargs, 'int', retvalue)
                     for opnum, boxargs, retvalue in int_tests]
        self._test_unused_result(int_tests)

    def test_unused_result_float(self):
        # same as test_unused_result_int, for float operations
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.test.test_executor import get_float_tests
        float_tests = list(get_float_tests(self.cpu))
        self._test_unused_result(float_tests)

    def _test_unused_result(self, tests):
        while len(tests) > 50:     # only up to 50 tests at once
            self._test_unused_result(tests[:50])
            tests = tests[50:]
        inputargs = []
        operations = []
        for opnum, boxargs, rettype, retvalue in tests:
            inputargs += [box for box in boxargs if isinstance(box, Box)]
            if rettype == 'int':
                boxres = BoxInt()
            elif rettype == 'float':
                boxres = BoxFloat()
            else:
                assert 0
            operations.append(ResOperation(opnum, boxargs, boxres))
        # Unique-ify inputargs
        inputargs = list(set(inputargs))
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        operations.append(ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None,
                                       descr=faildescr))
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        #
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        #
        args = []
        for box in inputargs:
            if isinstance(box, BoxInt):
                args.append(box.getint())
            elif isinstance(box, BoxFloat):
                args.append(box.getfloatstorage())
            else:
                assert 0
        #
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        assert fail.identifier == 1

    def test_nan_and_infinity(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_floats:
            py.test.skip("requires floats")

        from pypy.rlib.rfloat import INFINITY, NAN, isinf, isnan
        from pypy.jit.metainterp.resoperation import opname

        fzer = boxfloat(0.0)
        fone = boxfloat(1.0)
        fmqr = boxfloat(-0.25)
        finf = boxfloat(INFINITY)
        fmnf = boxfloat(-INFINITY)
        fnan = boxfloat(NAN)

        all_cases_unary =  [(a,)   for a in [fzer,fone,fmqr,finf,fmnf,fnan]]
        all_cases_binary = [(a, b) for a in [fzer,fone,fmqr,finf,fmnf,fnan]
                                   for b in [fzer,fone,fmqr,finf,fmnf,fnan]]
        no_zero_divison  = [(a, b) for a in [fzer,fone,fmqr,finf,fmnf,fnan]
                                   for b in [     fone,fmqr,finf,fmnf,fnan]]

        def nan_and_infinity(opnum, realoperation, testcases):
            for testcase in testcases:
                realvalues = [b.getfloat() for b in testcase]
                expected = realoperation(*realvalues)
                if isinstance(expected, float):
                    expectedtype = 'float'
                else:
                    expectedtype = 'int'
                got = self.execute_operation(opnum, list(testcase),
                                             expectedtype)
                if isnan(expected):
                    ok = isnan(got.getfloat())
                elif isinf(expected):
                    ok = isinf(got.getfloat())
                elif isinstance(got, BoxFloat):
                    ok = (got.getfloat() == expected)
                else:
                    ok = got.value == expected
                if not ok:
                    raise AssertionError("%s(%s): got %r, expected %r" % (
                        opname[opnum], ', '.join(map(repr, realvalues)),
                        got.getfloat(), expected))
                # if we expect a boolean, also check the combination with
                # a GUARD_TRUE or GUARD_FALSE
                if isinstance(expected, bool):
                    for guard_opnum, expected_id in [(rop.GUARD_TRUE, 1),
                                                     (rop.GUARD_FALSE, 0)]:
                        box = BoxInt()
                        operations = [
                            ResOperation(opnum, list(testcase), box),
                            ResOperation(guard_opnum, [box], None,
                                         descr=BasicFailDescr(4)),
                            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None,
                                         descr=BasicFailDescr(5))]
                        operations[1].setfailargs([])
                        looptoken = JitCellToken()
                        # Use "set" to unique-ify inputargs
                        unique_testcase_list = list(set(testcase))
                        self.cpu.compile_loop(unique_testcase_list, operations,
                                              looptoken)
                        args = [box.getfloatstorage()
                                for box in unique_testcase_list]
                        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
                        if fail.identifier != 5 - (expected_id^expected):
                            if fail.identifier == 4:
                                msg = "was taken"
                            else:
                                msg = "was not taken"
                            raise AssertionError(
                                "%s(%s)/%s took the wrong path: "
                                "the failure path of the guard %s" % (
                                    opname[opnum],
                                    ', '.join(map(repr, realvalues)),
                                    opname[guard_opnum], msg))

        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_ADD, operator.add, all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_SUB, operator.sub, all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_MUL, operator.mul, all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_TRUEDIV, \
                                           operator.truediv, no_zero_divison
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_NEG, operator.neg, all_cases_unary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_ABS, abs,          all_cases_unary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_LT,  operator.lt,  all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_LE,  operator.le,  all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_EQ,  operator.eq,  all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_NE,  operator.ne,  all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_GT,  operator.gt,  all_cases_binary
        yield nan_and_infinity, rop.FLOAT_GE,  operator.ge,  all_cases_binary

    def test_noops(self):
        c_box = self.alloc_string("hi there").constbox()
        c_nest = ConstInt(0)
        c_id = ConstInt(0)
        self.execute_operation(rop.DEBUG_MERGE_POINT, [c_box, c_nest, c_id], 'void')
        self.execute_operation(rop.JIT_DEBUG, [c_box, c_nest, c_nest,
                                               c_nest, c_nest], 'void')

    def test_read_timestamp(self):
        if sys.platform == 'win32':
            # windows quite often is very inexact (like the old Intel 8259 PIC),
            # so we stretch the time a little bit.
            # On my virtual Parallels machine in a 2GHz Core i7 Mac Mini,
            # the test starts working at delay == 21670 and stops at 20600000.
            # We take the geometric mean value.
            from math import log, exp
            delay_min = 21670
            delay_max = 20600000
            delay = int(exp((log(delay_min)+log(delay_max))/2))
            def wait_a_bit():
                for i in xrange(delay): pass
        else:
            def wait_a_bit():
                pass
        if longlong.is_64_bit:
            got1 = self.execute_operation(rop.READ_TIMESTAMP, [], 'int')
            wait_a_bit()
            got2 = self.execute_operation(rop.READ_TIMESTAMP, [], 'int')
            res1 = got1.getint()
            res2 = got2.getint()
        else:
            got1 = self.execute_operation(rop.READ_TIMESTAMP, [], 'float')
            wait_a_bit()
            got2 = self.execute_operation(rop.READ_TIMESTAMP, [], 'float')
            res1 = got1.getlonglong()
            res2 = got2.getlonglong()
        assert res1 < res2 < res1 + 2**32


class LLtypeBackendTest(BaseBackendTest):

    type_system = 'lltype'
    Ptr = lltype.Ptr
    FuncType = lltype.FuncType
    malloc = staticmethod(lltype.malloc)
    nullptr = staticmethod(lltype.nullptr)

    @classmethod
    def get_funcbox(cls, cpu, func_ptr):
        addr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(func_ptr)
        return ConstInt(heaptracker.adr2int(addr))


    MY_VTABLE = rclass.OBJECT_VTABLE    # for tests only

    S = lltype.GcForwardReference()
    S.become(lltype.GcStruct('S', ('parent', rclass.OBJECT),
                                  ('value', lltype.Signed),
                                  ('chr1', lltype.Char),
                                  ('chr2', lltype.Char),
                                  ('short', rffi.SHORT),
                                  ('next', lltype.Ptr(S)),
                                  ('float', lltype.Float)))
    T = lltype.GcStruct('T', ('parent', S),
                             ('next', lltype.Ptr(S)))
    U = lltype.GcStruct('U', ('parent', T),
                             ('next', lltype.Ptr(S)))


    def alloc_instance(self, T):
        vtable_for_T = lltype.malloc(self.MY_VTABLE, immortal=True)
        vtable_for_T_addr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(vtable_for_T)
        cpu = self.cpu
        if not hasattr(cpu, '_cache_gcstruct2vtable'):
            cpu._cache_gcstruct2vtable = {}
        cpu._cache_gcstruct2vtable.update({T: vtable_for_T})
        t = lltype.malloc(T)
        if T == self.T:
            t.parent.parent.typeptr = vtable_for_T
        elif T == self.U:
            t.parent.parent.parent.typeptr = vtable_for_T
        t_box = BoxPtr(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, t))
        T_box = ConstInt(heaptracker.adr2int(vtable_for_T_addr))
        return t_box, T_box

    def null_instance(self):
        return BoxPtr(lltype.nullptr(llmemory.GCREF.TO))

    def alloc_array_of(self, ITEM, length):
        A = lltype.GcArray(ITEM)
        a = lltype.malloc(A, length)
        a_box = BoxPtr(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, a))
        return a_box, A

    def alloc_string(self, string):
        s = rstr.mallocstr(len(string))
        for i in range(len(string)):
            s.chars[i] = string[i]
        s_box = BoxPtr(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s))
        return s_box

    def look_string(self, string_box):
        s = string_box.getref(lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR))
        return ''.join(s.chars)

    def alloc_unicode(self, unicode):
        u = rstr.mallocunicode(len(unicode))
        for i in range(len(unicode)):
            u.chars[i] = unicode[i]
        u_box = BoxPtr(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, u))
        return u_box

    def look_unicode(self, unicode_box):
        u = unicode_box.getref(lltype.Ptr(rstr.UNICODE))
        return u''.join(u.chars)


    def test_cast_int_to_ptr(self):
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CAST_INT_TO_PTR,
                                     [BoxInt(-17)],  'ref').value
        assert lltype.cast_ptr_to_int(res) == -17

    def test_cast_ptr_to_int(self):
        x = lltype.cast_int_to_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, -19)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CAST_PTR_TO_INT,
                                     [BoxPtr(x)], 'int').value
        assert res == -19

    def test_convert_float_bytes(self):
        t = 'int' if longlong.is_64_bit else 'float'
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CONVERT_FLOAT_BYTES_TO_LONGLONG,
                                     [boxfloat(2.5)], t).value
        assert res == longlong2float.float2longlong(2.5)

        bytes = longlong2float.float2longlong(2.5)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CONVERT_LONGLONG_BYTES_TO_FLOAT,
                                     [boxlonglong(res)], 'float').value
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(res) == 2.5

    def test_ooops_non_gc(self):
        x = lltype.malloc(lltype.Struct('x'), flavor='raw')
        v = heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(x))
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_EQ, [BoxInt(v), BoxInt(v)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 1
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.PTR_NE, [BoxInt(v), BoxInt(v)], 'int')
        assert r.value == 0
        lltype.free(x, flavor='raw')

    def test_new_plain_struct(self):
        cpu = self.cpu
        S = lltype.GcStruct('S', ('x', lltype.Char), ('y', lltype.Char))
        sizedescr = cpu.sizeof(S)
        r1 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEW, [], 'ref', descr=sizedescr)
        r2 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEW, [], 'ref', descr=sizedescr)
        assert r1.value != r2.value
        xdescr = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'x')
        ydescr = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'y')
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [r1, BoxInt(150)],
                               'void', descr=ydescr)
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [r1, BoxInt(190)],
                               'void', descr=xdescr)
        s = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(S), r1.value)
        assert s.x == chr(190)
        assert s.y == chr(150)

    def test_fielddescrof_dynamic(self):
        S = lltype.Struct('S',
                          ('x', lltype.Signed),
                          ('y', lltype.Signed),
                          )
        longsize = rffi.sizeof(lltype.Signed)
        y_ofs = longsize
        s = lltype.malloc(S, flavor='raw')
        sa = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(s)
        s_box = BoxInt(heaptracker.adr2int(sa))
        #
        field = self.cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'y')
        field_dyn = self.cpu.fielddescrof_dynamic(offset=y_ofs,
                                                  fieldsize=longsize,
                                                  is_pointer=False,
                                                  is_float=False,
                                                  is_signed=True)
        assert field.is_pointer_field() == field_dyn.is_pointer_field()
        assert field.is_float_field()   == field_dyn.is_float_field()
        if 'llgraph' not in str(self.cpu):
            assert field.is_field_signed()  == field_dyn.is_field_signed()

        #
        for get_op, set_op in ((rop.GETFIELD_RAW, rop.SETFIELD_RAW),
                               (rop.GETFIELD_RAW_PURE, rop.SETFIELD_RAW)):
            for descr in (field, field_dyn):
                self.execute_operation(set_op, [s_box, BoxInt(32)], 'void',
                                       descr=descr)
                res = self.execute_operation(get_op, [s_box], 'int', descr=descr)
                assert res.getint()  == 32

        lltype.free(s, flavor='raw')

    def test_new_with_vtable(self):
        cpu = self.cpu
        t_box, T_box = self.alloc_instance(self.T)
        vtable = llmemory.cast_adr_to_ptr(
            llmemory.cast_int_to_adr(T_box.value), heaptracker.VTABLETYPE)
        heaptracker.register_known_gctype(cpu, vtable, self.T)
        r1 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEW_WITH_VTABLE, [T_box], 'ref')
        r2 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEW_WITH_VTABLE, [T_box], 'ref')
        assert r1.value != r2.value
        descr1 = cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'chr1')
        descr2 = cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'chr2')
        descrshort = cpu.fielddescrof(self.S, 'short')
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [r1, BoxInt(150)],
                               'void', descr=descr2)
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [r1, BoxInt(190)],
                               'void', descr=descr1)
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETFIELD_GC, [r1, BoxInt(1313)],
                               'void', descr=descrshort)
        s = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(self.T), r1.value)
        assert s.parent.chr1 == chr(190)
        assert s.parent.chr2 == chr(150)
        r = self.cpu.bh_getfield_gc_i(r1.value, descrshort)
        assert r == 1313
        self.cpu.bh_setfield_gc_i(r1.value, descrshort, 1333)
        r = self.cpu.bh_getfield_gc_i(r1.value, descrshort)
        assert r == 1333
        r = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [r1], 'int',
                                   descr=descrshort)
        assert r.value == 1333
        t = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(self.T), t_box.value)
        assert s.parent.parent.typeptr == t.parent.parent.typeptr

    def test_new_array(self):
        A = lltype.GcArray(lltype.Signed)
        arraydescr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        r1 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEW_ARRAY, [BoxInt(342)],
                                    'ref', descr=arraydescr)
        r2 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEW_ARRAY, [BoxInt(342)],
                                    'ref', descr=arraydescr)
        assert r1.value != r2.value
        a = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(A), r1.value)
        assert a[0] == 0
        assert len(a) == 342

    def test_new_string(self):
        r1 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEWSTR, [BoxInt(342)], 'ref')
        r2 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEWSTR, [BoxInt(342)], 'ref')
        assert r1.value != r2.value
        a = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR), r1.value)
        assert len(a.chars) == 342

    def test_new_unicode(self):
        r1 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEWUNICODE, [BoxInt(342)], 'ref')
        r2 = self.execute_operation(rop.NEWUNICODE, [BoxInt(342)], 'ref')
        assert r1.value != r2.value
        a = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(rstr.UNICODE), r1.value)
        assert len(a.chars) == 342

    def test_exceptions(self):
        exc_tp = None
        exc_ptr = None
        def func(i):
            if i:
                raise LLException(exc_tp, exc_ptr)

        ops = '''
        [i0]
        i1 = same_as(1)
        call(ConstClass(fptr), i0, descr=calldescr)
        p0 = guard_exception(ConstClass(xtp)) [i1]
        finish(0, p0)
        '''
        FPTR = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([lltype.Signed], lltype.Void))
        fptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FPTR.TO, FPTR.TO.ARGS, FPTR.TO.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)

        xtp = lltype.malloc(rclass.OBJECT_VTABLE, immortal=True)
        xtp.subclassrange_min = 1
        xtp.subclassrange_max = 3
        X = lltype.GcStruct('X', ('parent', rclass.OBJECT),
                            hints={'vtable':  xtp._obj})
        xptr = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, lltype.malloc(X))


        exc_tp = xtp
        exc_ptr = xptr
        loop = parse(ops, self.cpu, namespace=locals())
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 1)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_ref(1) == xptr
        excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
        assert not excvalue
        self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 0)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 1
        excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
        assert not excvalue

        ytp = lltype.malloc(rclass.OBJECT_VTABLE, immortal=True)
        ytp.subclassrange_min = 2
        ytp.subclassrange_max = 2
        assert rclass.ll_issubclass(ytp, xtp)
        Y = lltype.GcStruct('Y', ('parent', rclass.OBJECT),
                            hints={'vtable':  ytp._obj})
        yptr = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, lltype.malloc(Y))

        # guard_exception uses an exact match
        exc_tp = ytp
        exc_ptr = yptr
        loop = parse(ops, self.cpu, namespace=locals())
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 1)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 1
        excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
        assert excvalue == yptr
        assert not self.cpu.grab_exc_value()   # cleared

        exc_tp = xtp
        exc_ptr = xptr
        ops = '''
        [i0]
        i1 = same_as(1)
        call(ConstClass(fptr), i0, descr=calldescr)
        guard_no_exception() [i1]
        finish(0)
        '''
        loop = parse(ops, self.cpu, namespace=locals())
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 1)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 1
        excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
        assert excvalue == xptr
        self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 0)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 0
        excvalue = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
        assert not excvalue

    def test_cond_call_gc_wb(self):
        def func_void(a, b):
            record.append((a, b))
        record = []
        #
        S = lltype.GcStruct('S', ('tid', lltype.Signed))
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Ptr(S), lltype.Ptr(S)], lltype.Void)
        func_ptr = llhelper(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), func_void)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr)
        class WriteBarrierDescr(AbstractDescr):
            jit_wb_if_flag = 4096
            jit_wb_if_flag_byteofs = struct.pack("i", 4096).index('\x10')
            jit_wb_if_flag_singlebyte = 0x10
            def get_write_barrier_fn(self, cpu):
                return funcbox.getint()
        #
        for cond in [False, True]:
            value = random.randrange(-sys.maxint, sys.maxint)
            if cond:
                value |= 4096
            else:
                value &= ~4096
            s = lltype.malloc(S)
            s.tid = value
            sgcref = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s)
            t = lltype.malloc(S)
            tgcref = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, t)
            del record[:]
            self.execute_operation(rop.COND_CALL_GC_WB,
                                   [BoxPtr(sgcref), ConstPtr(tgcref)],
                                   'void', descr=WriteBarrierDescr())
            if cond:
                assert record == [(s, t)]
            else:
                assert record == []

    def test_cond_call_gc_wb_array(self):
        def func_void(a, b, c):
            record.append((a, b, c))
        record = []
        #
        S = lltype.GcStruct('S', ('tid', lltype.Signed))
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Ptr(S), lltype.Signed, lltype.Ptr(S)],
                             lltype.Void)
        func_ptr = llhelper(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), func_void)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr)
        class WriteBarrierDescr(AbstractDescr):
            jit_wb_if_flag = 4096
            jit_wb_if_flag_byteofs = struct.pack("i", 4096).index('\x10')
            jit_wb_if_flag_singlebyte = 0x10
            jit_wb_cards_set = 0
            def get_write_barrier_from_array_fn(self, cpu):
                return funcbox.getint()
        #
        for cond in [False, True]:
            value = random.randrange(-sys.maxint, sys.maxint)
            if cond:
                value |= 4096
            else:
                value &= ~4096
            s = lltype.malloc(S)
            s.tid = value
            sgcref = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s)
            del record[:]
            self.execute_operation(rop.COND_CALL_GC_WB_ARRAY,
                       [BoxPtr(sgcref), ConstInt(123), BoxPtr(sgcref)],
                       'void', descr=WriteBarrierDescr())
            if cond:
                assert record == [(s, 123, s)]
            else:
                assert record == []

    def test_cond_call_gc_wb_array_card_marking_fast_path(self):
        def func_void(a, b, c):
            record.append((a, b, c))
        record = []
        #
        S = lltype.Struct('S', ('tid', lltype.Signed))
        S_WITH_CARDS = lltype.Struct('S_WITH_CARDS',
                                     ('card0', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card1', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card2', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card3', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card4', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card5', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card6', lltype.Char),
                                     ('card7', lltype.Char),
                                     ('data',  S))
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Ptr(S), lltype.Signed, lltype.Ptr(S)],
                             lltype.Void)
        func_ptr = llhelper(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), func_void)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr)
        class WriteBarrierDescr(AbstractDescr):
            jit_wb_if_flag = 4096
            jit_wb_if_flag_byteofs = struct.pack("i", 4096).index('\x10')
            jit_wb_if_flag_singlebyte = 0x10
            jit_wb_cards_set = 8192
            jit_wb_cards_set_byteofs = struct.pack("i", 8192).index('\x20')
            jit_wb_cards_set_singlebyte = 0x20
            jit_wb_card_page_shift = 7
            def get_write_barrier_from_array_fn(self, cpu):
                return funcbox.getint()
        #
        for BoxIndexCls in [BoxInt, ConstInt]:
            for cond in [False, True]:
                print
                print '_'*79
                print 'BoxIndexCls =', BoxIndexCls
                print 'JIT_WB_CARDS_SET =', cond
                print
                value = random.randrange(-sys.maxint, sys.maxint)
                value |= 4096
                if cond:
                    value |= 8192
                else:
                    value &= ~8192
                s = lltype.malloc(S_WITH_CARDS, immortal=True, zero=True)
                s.data.tid = value
                sgcref = rffi.cast(llmemory.GCREF, s.data)
                del record[:]
                box_index = BoxIndexCls((9<<7) + 17)
                self.execute_operation(rop.COND_CALL_GC_WB_ARRAY,
                           [BoxPtr(sgcref), box_index, BoxPtr(sgcref)],
                           'void', descr=WriteBarrierDescr())
                if cond:
                    assert record == []
                    assert s.card6 == '\x02'
                else:
                    assert record == [(s.data, (9<<7) + 17, s.data)]
                    assert s.card6 == '\x00'
                assert s.card0 == '\x00'
                assert s.card1 == '\x00'
                assert s.card2 == '\x00'
                assert s.card3 == '\x00'
                assert s.card4 == '\x00'
                assert s.card5 == '\x00'
                assert s.card7 == '\x00'

    def test_force_operations_returning_void(self):
        values = []
        def maybe_force(token, flag):
            if flag:
                descr = self.cpu.force(token)
                values.append(descr)
                values.append(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0))
                values.append(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(1))
                values.append(token)

        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Signed, lltype.Signed], lltype.Void)
        func_ptr = llhelper(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), maybe_force)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr).constbox()
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        cpu = self.cpu
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        tok = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        ops = [
        ResOperation(rop.FORCE_TOKEN, [], tok),
        ResOperation(rop.CALL_MAY_FORCE, [funcbox, tok, i1], None,
                     descr=calldescr),
        ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_FORCED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i0], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        ops[2].setfailargs([i1, i0])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0, i1], ops, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 20, 0)
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 20
        assert values == []

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 10, 1)
        assert fail.identifier == 1
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 1
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(1) == 10
        token = self.cpu.get_latest_force_token()
        assert values == [faildescr, 1, 10, token]

    def test_force_operations_returning_int(self):
        values = []
        def maybe_force(token, flag):
            if flag:
               self.cpu.force(token)
               values.append(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0))
               values.append(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(2))
               values.append(token)
            return 42

        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Signed, lltype.Signed], lltype.Signed)
        func_ptr = llhelper(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), maybe_force)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr).constbox()
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        cpu = self.cpu
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        tok = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        ops = [
        ResOperation(rop.FORCE_TOKEN, [], tok),
        ResOperation(rop.CALL_MAY_FORCE, [funcbox, tok, i1], i2,
                     descr=calldescr),
        ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_FORCED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        ops[2].setfailargs([i1, i2, i0])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0, i1], ops, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 20, 0)
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 42
        assert values == []

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 10, 1)
        assert fail.identifier == 1
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 1
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(1) == 42
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(2) == 10
        token = self.cpu.get_latest_force_token()
        assert values == [1, 10, token]

    def test_force_operations_returning_float(self):
        values = []
        def maybe_force(token, flag):
            if flag:
               self.cpu.force(token)
               values.append(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0))
               values.append(self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(2))
               values.append(token)
            return 42.5

        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Signed, lltype.Signed], lltype.Float)
        func_ptr = llhelper(lltype.Ptr(FUNC), maybe_force)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, func_ptr).constbox()
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        cpu = self.cpu
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        f2 = BoxFloat()
        tok = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        ops = [
        ResOperation(rop.FORCE_TOKEN, [], tok),
        ResOperation(rop.CALL_MAY_FORCE, [funcbox, tok, i1], f2,
                     descr=calldescr),
        ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_FORCED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [f2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        ops[2].setfailargs([i1, f2, i0])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0, i1], ops, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 20, 0)
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 42.5
        assert values == []

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 10, 1)
        assert fail.identifier == 1
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 1
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(1)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 42.5
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(2) == 10
        token = self.cpu.get_latest_force_token()
        assert values == [1, 10, token]

    def test_call_to_c_function(self):
        from pypy.rlib.libffi import CDLL, types, ArgChain, FUNCFLAG_CDECL
        from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem.ll2ctypes import libc_name
        libc = CDLL(libc_name)
        c_tolower = libc.getpointer('tolower', [types.uchar], types.sint)
        argchain = ArgChain().arg(ord('A'))
        assert c_tolower.call(argchain, rffi.INT) == ord('a')

        cpu = self.cpu
        func_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(c_tolower.funcsym)
        funcbox = ConstInt(heaptracker.adr2int(func_adr))
        calldescr = cpu.calldescrof_dynamic([types.uchar], types.sint,
                                            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL,
                                            ffi_flags=FUNCFLAG_CDECL)
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        tok = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        ops = [
        ResOperation(rop.CALL_RELEASE_GIL, [funcbox, i1], i2,
                     descr=calldescr),
        ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_FORCED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        ops[1].setfailargs([i1, i2])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i1], ops, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, ord('G'))
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == ord('g')

    def test_call_to_c_function_with_callback(self):
        from pypy.rlib.libffi import CDLL, types, ArgChain, clibffi
        from pypy.rpython.lltypesystem.ll2ctypes import libc_name
        libc = CDLL(libc_name)
        types_size_t = clibffi.cast_type_to_ffitype(rffi.SIZE_T)
        c_qsort = libc.getpointer('qsort', [types.pointer, types_size_t,
                                            types_size_t, types.pointer],
                                  types.void)
        class Glob(object):
            pass
        glob = Glob()
        class X(object):
            pass
        #
        def callback(p1, p2):
            glob.lst.append(X())
            return rffi.cast(rffi.INT, 1)
        CALLBACK = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([lltype.Signed,
                                               lltype.Signed], rffi.INT))
        fn = llhelper(CALLBACK, callback)
        S = lltype.Struct('S', ('x', rffi.INT), ('y', rffi.INT))
        raw = lltype.malloc(S, flavor='raw')
        argchain = ArgChain()
        argchain = argchain.arg(rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, raw))
        argchain = argchain.arg(rffi.cast(rffi.SIZE_T, 2))
        argchain = argchain.arg(rffi.cast(rffi.SIZE_T, 4))
        argchain = argchain.arg(rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, fn))
        glob.lst = []
        c_qsort.call(argchain, lltype.Void)
        assert len(glob.lst) > 0
        del glob.lst[:]

        cpu = self.cpu
        func_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(c_qsort.funcsym)
        funcbox = ConstInt(heaptracker.adr2int(func_adr))
        calldescr = cpu.calldescrof_dynamic([types.pointer, types_size_t,
                                             types_size_t, types.pointer],
                                            types.void,
                                            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL,
                                            ffi_flags=clibffi.FUNCFLAG_CDECL)
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        i3 = BoxInt()
        tok = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        ops = [
        ResOperation(rop.CALL_RELEASE_GIL, [funcbox, i0, i1, i2, i3], None,
                     descr=calldescr),
        ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_FORCED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
        ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        ops[1].setfailargs([])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0, i1, i2, i3], ops, looptoken)
        args = [rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, raw),
                2,
                4,
                rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, fn)]
        assert glob.lst == []
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        assert len(glob.lst) > 0
        lltype.free(raw, flavor='raw')

    def test_call_to_winapi_function(self):
        from pypy.rlib.clibffi import _WIN32, FUNCFLAG_STDCALL
        if not _WIN32:
            py.test.skip("Windows test only")
        from pypy.rlib.libffi import CDLL, types, ArgChain
        from pypy.rlib.rwin32 import DWORD
        libc = CDLL('KERNEL32')
        c_GetCurrentDir = libc.getpointer('GetCurrentDirectoryA',
                                          [types.ulong, types.pointer],
                                          types.ulong)

        cwd = os.getcwd()
        buflen = len(cwd) + 10
        buffer = lltype.malloc(rffi.CCHARP.TO, buflen, flavor='raw')
        argchain = ArgChain().arg(rffi.cast(DWORD, buflen)).arg(buffer)
        res = c_GetCurrentDir.call(argchain, DWORD)
        assert rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, res) == len(cwd)
        assert rffi.charp2strn(buffer, buflen) == cwd
        lltype.free(buffer, flavor='raw')

        cpu = self.cpu
        func_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(c_GetCurrentDir.funcsym)
        funcbox = ConstInt(heaptracker.adr2int(func_adr))
        calldescr = cpu.calldescrof_dynamic([types.ulong, types.pointer],
                                            types.ulong,
                                            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL,
                                            ffi_flags=FUNCFLAG_STDCALL)
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        # if the stdcall convention is ignored, then ESP is wrong after the
        # call: 8 bytes too much.  If we repeat the call often enough, crash.
        ops = []
        for i in range(50):
            i3 = BoxInt()
            ops += [
                ResOperation(rop.CALL_RELEASE_GIL, [funcbox, i1, i2], i3,
                             descr=calldescr),
                ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_FORCED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
                ]
            ops[-1].setfailargs([])
        ops += [
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i3], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i1, i2], ops, looptoken)

        buffer = lltype.malloc(rffi.CCHARP.TO, buflen, flavor='raw')
        args = [buflen, rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, buffer)]
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == len(cwd)
        assert rffi.charp2strn(buffer, buflen) == cwd
        lltype.free(buffer, flavor='raw')

    def test_guard_not_invalidated(self):
        cpu = self.cpu
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        ops = [
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_INVALIDATED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i0], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(0))
        ]
        ops[0].setfailargs([i1])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0, i1], ops, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, -42, 9)
        assert fail.identifier == 0
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == -42
        print 'step 1 ok'
        print '-'*79

        # mark as failing
        self.cpu.invalidate_loop(looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, -42, 9)
        assert fail is faildescr
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 9
        print 'step 2 ok'
        print '-'*79

        # attach a bridge
        i2 = BoxInt()
        faildescr2 = BasicFailDescr(2)
        ops = [
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_INVALIDATED, [],None, descr=faildescr2),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i2], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(3))
        ]
        ops[0].setfailargs([])
        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr, [i2], ops, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, -42, 9)
        assert fail.identifier == 3
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 9
        print 'step 3 ok'
        print '-'*79

        # mark as failing again
        self.cpu.invalidate_loop(looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, -42, 9)
        assert fail is faildescr2
        print 'step 4 ok'
        print '-'*79

    def test_guard_not_invalidated_and_label(self):
        # test that the guard_not_invalidated reserves enough room before
        # the label.  If it doesn't, then in this example after we invalidate
        # the guard, jumping to the label will hit the invalidation code too
        cpu = self.cpu
        i0 = BoxInt()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(1)
        labeldescr = TargetToken()
        ops = [
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_NOT_INVALIDATED, [], None, descr=faildescr),
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=labeldescr),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i0], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(3)),
        ]
        ops[0].setfailargs([])
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop([i0], ops, looptoken)
        # mark as failing
        self.cpu.invalidate_loop(looptoken)
        # attach a bridge
        i2 = BoxInt()
        ops = [
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [ConstInt(333)], None, descr=labeldescr),
        ]
        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr, [], ops, looptoken)
        # run: must not be caught in an infinite loop
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 16)
        assert fail.identifier == 3
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 333

    # pure do_ / descr features

    def test_do_operations(self):
        cpu = self.cpu
        #
        A = lltype.GcArray(lltype.Char)
        descr_A = cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        a = lltype.malloc(A, 5)
        x = cpu.bh_arraylen_gc(descr_A,
                               lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, a))
        assert x == 5
        #
        a[2] = 'Y'
        x = cpu.bh_getarrayitem_gc_i(
            descr_A, lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, a), 2)
        assert x == ord('Y')
        #
        B = lltype.GcArray(lltype.Ptr(A))
        descr_B = cpu.arraydescrof(B)
        b = lltype.malloc(B, 4)
        b[3] = a
        x = cpu.bh_getarrayitem_gc_r(
            descr_B, lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, b), 3)
        assert lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(A), x) == a
        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            C = lltype.GcArray(lltype.Float)
            c = lltype.malloc(C, 6)
            c[3] = 3.5
            descr_C = cpu.arraydescrof(C)
            x = cpu.bh_getarrayitem_gc_f(
                descr_C, lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, c), 3)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 3.5
            cpu.bh_setarrayitem_gc_f(
                descr_C, lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, c), 4,
                longlong.getfloatstorage(4.5))
            assert c[4] == 4.5
        s = rstr.mallocstr(6)
        x = cpu.bh_strlen(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s))
        assert x == 6
        #
        s.chars[3] = 'X'
        x = cpu.bh_strgetitem(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s), 3)
        assert x == ord('X')
        #
        S = lltype.GcStruct('S', ('x', lltype.Char), ('y', lltype.Ptr(A)),
                            ('z', lltype.Float))
        descrfld_x = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'x')
        s = lltype.malloc(S)
        s.x = 'Z'
        x = cpu.bh_getfield_gc_i(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                                 descrfld_x)
        assert x == ord('Z')
        #
        cpu.bh_setfield_gc_i(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                             descrfld_x,
                             ord('4'))
        assert s.x == '4'
        #
        descrfld_y = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'y')
        s.y = a
        x = cpu.bh_getfield_gc_r(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                                 descrfld_y)
        assert lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(A), x) == a
        #
        s.y = lltype.nullptr(A)
        cpu.bh_setfield_gc_r(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                             descrfld_y, x)
        assert s.y == a
        #
        RS = lltype.Struct('S', ('x', lltype.Char))  #, ('y', lltype.Ptr(A)))
        descrfld_rx = cpu.fielddescrof(RS, 'x')
        rs = lltype.malloc(RS, immortal=True)
        rs.x = '?'
        x = cpu.bh_getfield_raw_i(
            heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(rs)),
            descrfld_rx)
        assert x == ord('?')
        #
        cpu.bh_setfield_raw_i(
            heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(rs)),
            descrfld_rx, ord('!'))
        assert rs.x == '!'
        #

        if self.cpu.supports_floats:
            descrfld_z = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'z')
            cpu.bh_setfield_gc_f(
                lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                descrfld_z, longlong.getfloatstorage(3.5))
            assert s.z == 3.5
            s.z = 3.2
            x = cpu.bh_getfield_gc_f(
                lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                descrfld_z)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 3.2
        ### we don't support in the JIT for now GC pointers
        ### stored inside non-GC structs.
        #descrfld_ry = cpu.fielddescrof(RS, 'y')
        #rs.y = a
        #x = cpu.do_getfield_raw(
        #    BoxInt(cpu.cast_adr_to_int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(rs))),
        #    descrfld_ry)
        #assert isinstance(x, BoxPtr)
        #assert x.getref(lltype.Ptr(A)) == a
        #
        #rs.y = lltype.nullptr(A)
        #cpu.do_setfield_raw(
        #    BoxInt(cpu.cast_adr_to_int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(rs))), x,
        #    descrfld_ry)
        #assert rs.y == a
        #
        descrsize = cpu.sizeof(S)
        x = cpu.bh_new(descrsize)
        lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(S), x)    # type check
        #
        descrsize2 = cpu.sizeof(rclass.OBJECT)
        vtable2 = lltype.malloc(rclass.OBJECT_VTABLE, immortal=True)
        vtable2_int = heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(vtable2))
        heaptracker.register_known_gctype(cpu, vtable2, rclass.OBJECT)
        x = cpu.bh_new_with_vtable(descrsize2, vtable2_int)
        lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(rclass.OBJECT), x)    # type check
        # well...
        #assert x.getref(rclass.OBJECTPTR).typeptr == vtable2
        #
        arraydescr = cpu.arraydescrof(A)
        x = cpu.bh_new_array(arraydescr, 7)
        array = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(A), x)
        assert len(array) == 7
        #
        cpu.bh_setarrayitem_gc_i(descr_A, x, 5, ord('*'))
        assert array[5] == '*'
        #
        cpu.bh_setarrayitem_gc_r(
            descr_B, lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, b), 1, x)
        assert b[1] == array
        #
        x = cpu.bh_newstr(5)
        str = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(lltype.Ptr(rstr.STR), x)
        assert len(str.chars) == 5
        #
        cpu.bh_strsetitem(x, 4, ord('/'))
        assert str.chars[4] == '/'

    def test_sorting_of_fields(self):
        S = self.S
        value = self.cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'value').sort_key()
        chr1 = self.cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'chr1').sort_key()
        chr2 = self.cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'chr2').sort_key()
        assert (sorted([chr2, chr1, value]) ==
                [value, chr1, chr2])
        assert len(dict.fromkeys([value, chr1, chr2]).keys()) == 3

    def test_guards_nongc(self):
        x = lltype.malloc(lltype.Struct('x'), flavor='raw')
        v = heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(x))
        vbox = BoxInt(v)
        ops = [
            (rop.GUARD_NONNULL, vbox, False),
            (rop.GUARD_ISNULL, vbox, True),
            (rop.GUARD_NONNULL, BoxInt(0), True),
            (rop.GUARD_ISNULL, BoxInt(0), False),
            ]
        for opname, arg, res in ops:
            self.execute_operation(opname, [arg], 'void')
            assert self.guard_failed == res

        lltype.free(x, flavor='raw')

    def test_assembler_call(self):
        called = []
        def assembler_helper(failindex, virtualizable):
            assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 97
            called.append(failindex)
            return 4 + 9

        FUNCPTR = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([lltype.Signed, llmemory.GCREF],
                                             lltype.Signed))
        class FakeJitDriverSD:
            index_of_virtualizable = -1
            _assembler_helper_ptr = llhelper(FUNCPTR, assembler_helper)
            assembler_helper_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(
                _assembler_helper_ptr)

        ops = '''
        [i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9]
        i10 = int_add(i0, i1)
        i11 = int_add(i10, i2)
        i12 = int_add(i11, i3)
        i13 = int_add(i12, i4)
        i14 = int_add(i13, i5)
        i15 = int_add(i14, i6)
        i16 = int_add(i15, i7)
        i17 = int_add(i16, i8)
        i18 = int_add(i17, i9)
        finish(i18)'''
        loop = parse(ops)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        looptoken.outermost_jitdriver_sd = FakeJitDriverSD()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        ARGS = [lltype.Signed] * 10
        RES = lltype.Signed
        FakeJitDriverSD.portal_calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(
            lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType(ARGS, RES)), ARGS, RES,
            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        args = [i+1 for i in range(10)]
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 55
        ops = '''
        [i0, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9]
        i10 = int_add(i0, 42)
        i11 = call_assembler(i10, i1, i2, i3, i4, i5, i6, i7, i8, i9, descr=looptoken)
        guard_not_forced()[]
        finish(i11)
        '''
        loop = parse(ops, namespace=locals())
        othertoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, othertoken)
        args = [i+1 for i in range(10)]
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(othertoken, *args)
        assert self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0) == 13
        assert called

    def test_assembler_call_float(self):
        called = []
        def assembler_helper(failindex, virtualizable):
            x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 1.2 + 3.2
            called.append(failindex)
            return 13.5

        FUNCPTR = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([lltype.Signed, llmemory.GCREF],
                                             lltype.Float))
        class FakeJitDriverSD:
            index_of_virtualizable = -1
            _assembler_helper_ptr = llhelper(FUNCPTR, assembler_helper)
            assembler_helper_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(
                _assembler_helper_ptr)

        ARGS = [lltype.Float, lltype.Float]
        RES = lltype.Float
        FakeJitDriverSD.portal_calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(
            lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType(ARGS, RES)), ARGS, RES,
            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)

        ops = '''
        [f0, f1]
        f2 = float_add(f0, f1)
        finish(f2)'''
        loop = parse(ops)
        done_number = self.cpu.get_fail_descr_number(loop.operations[-1].getdescr())
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        looptoken.outermost_jitdriver_sd = FakeJitDriverSD()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        args = [longlong.getfloatstorage(1.2),
                longlong.getfloatstorage(2.3)]
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 1.2 + 2.3
        ops = '''
        [f4, f5]
        f3 = call_assembler(f4, f5, descr=looptoken)
        guard_not_forced()[]
        finish(f3)
        '''
        loop = parse(ops, namespace=locals())
        othertoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, othertoken)
        args = [longlong.getfloatstorage(1.2),
                longlong.getfloatstorage(3.2)]
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(othertoken, *args)
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 13.5
        assert called

        # test the fast path, which should not call assembler_helper()
        del called[:]
        self.cpu.done_with_this_frame_float_v = done_number
        try:
            othertoken = JitCellToken()
            self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, othertoken)
            args = [longlong.getfloatstorage(1.2),
                    longlong.getfloatstorage(3.2)]
            res = self.cpu.execute_token(othertoken, *args)
            x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 1.2 + 3.2
            assert not called
        finally:
            del self.cpu.done_with_this_frame_float_v

    def test_raw_malloced_getarrayitem(self):
        ARRAY = rffi.CArray(lltype.Signed)
        descr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(ARRAY)
        a = lltype.malloc(ARRAY, 10, flavor='raw')
        a[7] = -4242
        addr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(a)
        abox = BoxInt(heaptracker.adr2int(addr))
        r1 = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_RAW, [abox, BoxInt(7)],
                                    'int', descr=descr)
        assert r1.getint() == -4242
        lltype.free(a, flavor='raw')

    def test_raw_malloced_setarrayitem(self):
        ARRAY = rffi.CArray(lltype.Signed)
        descr = self.cpu.arraydescrof(ARRAY)
        a = lltype.malloc(ARRAY, 10, flavor='raw')
        addr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(a)
        abox = BoxInt(heaptracker.adr2int(addr))
        self.execute_operation(rop.SETARRAYITEM_RAW, [abox, BoxInt(5),
                                                      BoxInt(12345)],
                               'void', descr=descr)
        assert a[5] == 12345
        lltype.free(a, flavor='raw')

    def test_redirect_call_assembler(self):
        called = []
        def assembler_helper(failindex, virtualizable):
            x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
            assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 1.25 + 3.25
            called.append(failindex)
            return 13.5

        FUNCPTR = lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType([lltype.Signed, llmemory.GCREF],
                                             lltype.Float))
        class FakeJitDriverSD:
            index_of_virtualizable = -1
            _assembler_helper_ptr = llhelper(FUNCPTR, assembler_helper)
            assembler_helper_adr = llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(
                _assembler_helper_ptr)

        ARGS = [lltype.Float, lltype.Float]
        RES = lltype.Float
        FakeJitDriverSD.portal_calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(
            lltype.Ptr(lltype.FuncType(ARGS, RES)), ARGS, RES,
            EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)

        ops = '''
        [f0, f1]
        f2 = float_add(f0, f1)
        finish(f2)'''
        loop = parse(ops)
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        looptoken.outermost_jitdriver_sd = FakeJitDriverSD()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        args = [longlong.getfloatstorage(1.25),
                longlong.getfloatstorage(2.35)]
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, *args)
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 1.25 + 2.35
        assert not called

        ops = '''
        [f4, f5]
        f3 = call_assembler(f4, f5, descr=looptoken)
        guard_not_forced()[]
        finish(f3)
        '''
        loop = parse(ops, namespace=locals())
        othertoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, othertoken)

        # normal call_assembler: goes to looptoken
        args = [longlong.getfloatstorage(1.25),
                longlong.getfloatstorage(3.25)]
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(othertoken, *args)
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 13.5
        assert called
        del called[:]

        # compile a replacement
        ops = '''
        [f0, f1]
        f2 = float_sub(f0, f1)
        finish(f2)'''
        loop = parse(ops)
        looptoken2 = JitCellToken()
        looptoken2.outermost_jitdriver_sd = FakeJitDriverSD()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken2)

        # install it
        self.cpu.redirect_call_assembler(looptoken, looptoken2)

        # now, our call_assembler should go to looptoken2
        args = [longlong.getfloatstorage(6.0),
                longlong.getfloatstorage(1.5)]         # 6.0-1.5 == 1.25+3.25
        res = self.cpu.execute_token(othertoken, *args)
        x = self.cpu.get_latest_value_float(0)
        assert longlong.getrealfloat(x) == 13.5
        assert called

    def test_short_result_of_getfield_direct(self):
        # Test that a getfield that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT, signed
        # or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        # Direct bh_xxx test.
        cpu = self.cpu
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            S = lltype.GcStruct('S', ('x', RESTYPE))
            descrfld_x = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'x')
            s = lltype.malloc(S)
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value))
            s.x = rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value)
            x = cpu.bh_getfield_gc_i(lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s),
                                     descrfld_x)
            assert x == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, x, expected))

    def test_short_result_of_getfield_compiled(self):
        # Test that a getfield that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT, signed
        # or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        # Machine code compilation test.
        cpu = self.cpu
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            S = lltype.GcStruct('S', ('x', RESTYPE))
            descrfld_x = cpu.fielddescrof(S, 'x')
            s = lltype.malloc(S)
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value))
            s.x = rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value)
            s_gcref = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, s)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETFIELD_GC, [BoxPtr(s_gcref)],
                                         'int', descr=descrfld_x)
            assert res.value == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, res.value, expected))

    def test_short_result_of_getarrayitem_direct(self):
        # Test that a getarrayitem that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT, signed
        # or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        # Direct bh_xxx test.
        cpu = self.cpu
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            A = lltype.GcArray(RESTYPE)
            descrarray = cpu.arraydescrof(A)
            a = lltype.malloc(A, 5)
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value))
            a[3] = rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value)
            x = cpu.bh_getarrayitem_gc_i(
                descrarray, lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, a), 3)
            assert x == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, x, expected))

    def test_short_result_of_getarrayitem_compiled(self):
        # Test that a getarrayitem that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT, signed
        # or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        # Machine code compilation test.
        cpu = self.cpu
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            A = lltype.GcArray(RESTYPE)
            descrarray = cpu.arraydescrof(A)
            a = lltype.malloc(A, 5)
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value))
            a[3] = rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value)
            a_gcref = lltype.cast_opaque_ptr(llmemory.GCREF, a)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_GC,
                                         [BoxPtr(a_gcref), BoxInt(3)],
                                         'int', descr=descrarray)
            assert res.value == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, res.value, expected))

    def test_short_result_of_getarrayitem_raw_direct(self):
        # Test that a getarrayitem that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT, signed
        # or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        # Direct bh_xxx test.
        cpu = self.cpu
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            A = rffi.CArray(RESTYPE)
            descrarray = cpu.arraydescrof(A)
            a = lltype.malloc(A, 5, flavor='raw')
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value))
            a[3] = rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value)
            a_rawint = heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(a))
            x = cpu.bh_getarrayitem_raw_i(descrarray, a_rawint, 3)
            assert x == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, x, expected))
            lltype.free(a, flavor='raw')

    def test_short_result_of_getarrayitem_raw_compiled(self):
        # Test that a getarrayitem that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT, signed
        # or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        # Machine code compilation test.
        cpu = self.cpu
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            A = rffi.CArray(RESTYPE)
            descrarray = cpu.arraydescrof(A)
            a = lltype.malloc(A, 5, flavor='raw')
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value))
            a[3] = rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value)
            a_rawint = heaptracker.adr2int(llmemory.cast_ptr_to_adr(a))
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.GETARRAYITEM_RAW,
                                         [BoxInt(a_rawint), BoxInt(3)],
                                         'int', descr=descrarray)
            assert res.value == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, res.value, expected))
            lltype.free(a, flavor='raw')

    def test_short_result_of_call_direct(self):
        # Test that calling a function that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT,
        # signed or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            # Tested with a function that intentionally does not cast the
            # result to RESTYPE, but makes sure that we return the whole
            # value in eax or rax.
            eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
                separate_module_sources=["""
                long fn_test_result_of_call(long x)
                {
                    return x + 1;
                }
                """],
                export_symbols=['fn_test_result_of_call'])
            f = rffi.llexternal('fn_test_result_of_call', [lltype.Signed],
                                RESTYPE, compilation_info=eci, _nowrapper=True)
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value + 1))
            assert intmask(f(value)) == expected
            #
            FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Signed], RESTYPE)
            FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
            calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                             EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            x = self.cpu.bh_call_i(self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, f).value,
                                   calldescr, [value], None, None)
            assert x == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, x, expected))

    def test_short_result_of_call_compiled(self):
        # Test that calling a function that returns a CHAR, SHORT or INT,
        # signed or unsigned, properly gets zero-extended or sign-extended.
        from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
        for RESTYPE in [rffi.SIGNEDCHAR, rffi.UCHAR,
                        rffi.SHORT, rffi.USHORT,
                        rffi.INT, rffi.UINT,
                        rffi.LONG, rffi.ULONG]:
            # Tested with a function that intentionally does not cast the
            # result to RESTYPE, but makes sure that we return the whole
            # value in eax or rax.
            eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
                separate_module_sources=["""
                long fn_test_result_of_call(long x)
                {
                    return x + 1;
                }
                """],
                export_symbols=['fn_test_result_of_call'])
            f = rffi.llexternal('fn_test_result_of_call', [lltype.Signed],
                                RESTYPE, compilation_info=eci, _nowrapper=True)
            value = intmask(0xFFEEDDCCBBAA9988)
            expected = rffi.cast(lltype.Signed, rffi.cast(RESTYPE, value + 1))
            assert intmask(f(value)) == expected
            #
            FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.Signed], RESTYPE)
            FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
            calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                             EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
            funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, f)
            res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL, [funcbox, BoxInt(value)],
                                         'int', descr=calldescr)
            assert res.value == expected, (
                "%r: got %r, expected %r" % (RESTYPE, res.value, expected))

    def test_supports_longlong(self):
        if sys.maxint > 2147483647:
            assert not self.cpu.supports_longlong, (
                "supports_longlong should be False on 64-bit platforms")

    def test_longlong_result_of_call_direct(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_longlong:
            py.test.skip("longlong test")
        from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
        from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import r_longlong
        eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
            separate_module_sources=["""
            long long fn_test_result_of_call(long long x)
            {
                return x - 100000000000000;
            }
            """],
            export_symbols=['fn_test_result_of_call'])
        f = rffi.llexternal('fn_test_result_of_call', [lltype.SignedLongLong],
                            lltype.SignedLongLong,
                            compilation_info=eci, _nowrapper=True)
        value = r_longlong(0x7ff05af3307a3fff)
        expected = r_longlong(0x7ff000001fffffff)
        assert f(value) == expected
        #
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.SignedLongLong], lltype.SignedLongLong)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        x = self.cpu.bh_call_f(self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, f).value,
                               calldescr, None, None, [value])
        assert x == expected

    def test_longlong_result_of_call_compiled(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_longlong:
            py.test.skip("test of longlong result")
        from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
        from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import r_longlong
        eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
            separate_module_sources=["""
            long long fn_test_result_of_call(long long x)
            {
                return x - 100000000000000;
            }
            """],
            export_symbols=['fn_test_result_of_call'])
        f = rffi.llexternal('fn_test_result_of_call', [lltype.SignedLongLong],
                            lltype.SignedLongLong,
                            compilation_info=eci, _nowrapper=True)
        value = r_longlong(0x7ff05af3307a3fff)
        expected = r_longlong(0x7ff000001fffffff)
        assert f(value) == expected
        #
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.SignedLongLong], lltype.SignedLongLong)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, f)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL, [funcbox, BoxFloat(value)],
                                     'float', descr=calldescr)
        assert res.getfloatstorage() == expected

    def test_singlefloat_result_of_call_direct(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_singlefloats:
            py.test.skip("singlefloat test")
        from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
        from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import r_singlefloat
        eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
            separate_module_sources=["""
            float fn_test_result_of_call(float x)
            {
                return x / 2.0f;
            }
            """],
            export_symbols=['fn_test_result_of_call'])
        f = rffi.llexternal('fn_test_result_of_call', [lltype.SingleFloat],
                            lltype.SingleFloat,
                            compilation_info=eci, _nowrapper=True)
        value = r_singlefloat(-42.5)
        expected = r_singlefloat(-21.25)
        assert f(value) == expected
        #
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.SingleFloat], lltype.SingleFloat)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        ivalue = longlong.singlefloat2int(value)
        iexpected = longlong.singlefloat2int(expected)
        x = self.cpu.bh_call_i(self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, f).value,
                               calldescr, [ivalue], None, None)
        assert x == iexpected

    def test_singlefloat_result_of_call_compiled(self):
        if not self.cpu.supports_singlefloats:
            py.test.skip("test of singlefloat result")
        from pypy.translator.tool.cbuild import ExternalCompilationInfo
        from pypy.rlib.rarithmetic import r_singlefloat
        eci = ExternalCompilationInfo(
            separate_module_sources=["""
            float fn_test_result_of_call(float x)
            {
                return x / 2.0f;
            }
            """],
            export_symbols=['fn_test_result_of_call'])
        f = rffi.llexternal('fn_test_result_of_call', [lltype.SingleFloat],
                            lltype.SingleFloat,
                            compilation_info=eci, _nowrapper=True)
        value = r_singlefloat(-42.5)
        expected = r_singlefloat(-21.25)
        assert f(value) == expected
        #
        FUNC = self.FuncType([lltype.SingleFloat], lltype.SingleFloat)
        FPTR = self.Ptr(FUNC)
        calldescr = self.cpu.calldescrof(FUNC, FUNC.ARGS, FUNC.RESULT,
                                         EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(self.cpu, f)
        ivalue = longlong.singlefloat2int(value)
        iexpected = longlong.singlefloat2int(expected)
        res = self.execute_operation(rop.CALL, [funcbox, BoxInt(ivalue)],
                                     'int', descr=calldescr)
        assert res.value == iexpected

    def test_free_loop_and_bridges(self):
        from pypy.jit.backend.llsupport.llmodel import AbstractLLCPU
        if not isinstance(self.cpu, AbstractLLCPU):
            py.test.skip("not a subclass of llmodel.AbstractLLCPU")
        if hasattr(self.cpu, 'setup_once'):
            self.cpu.setup_once()
        mem0 = self.cpu.asmmemmgr.total_mallocs
        looptoken = self.test_compile_bridge()
        mem1 = self.cpu.asmmemmgr.total_mallocs
        self.cpu.free_loop_and_bridges(looptoken.compiled_loop_token)
        mem2 = self.cpu.asmmemmgr.total_mallocs
        assert mem2 < mem1
        assert mem2 == mem0

    def test_memoryerror(self):
        excdescr = BasicFailDescr(666)
        self.cpu.propagate_exception_v = self.cpu.get_fail_descr_number(
            excdescr)
        self.cpu.setup_once()    # xxx redo it, because we added
                                 # propagate_exception_v
        i0 = BoxInt()
        p0 = BoxPtr()
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.NEWUNICODE, [i0], p0),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [p0], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(1))
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        # overflowing value:
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, sys.maxint // 4 + 1)
        assert fail.identifier == excdescr.identifier
        exc = self.cpu.grab_exc_value()
        assert exc == "memoryerror!"

    def test_compile_loop_with_target(self):
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        i2 = BoxInt()
        i3 = BoxInt()
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        targettoken1 = TargetToken()
        targettoken2 = TargetToken()
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(2)
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i1, ConstInt(9)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i2], None, descr=faildescr),
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i1], None, descr=targettoken2),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_GE, [i1, ConstInt(0)], i3),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i3], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(3)),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i1], None, descr=targettoken1),
            ]
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations[3].setfailargs([i1])
        operations[6].setfailargs([i1])

        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken)
        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        assert fail.identifier == 2
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == 10

        inputargs = [i0]
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_SUB, [i0, ConstInt(20)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i2], None, descr=targettoken2),
            ]
        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr, inputargs, operations, looptoken)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken, 2)
        assert fail.identifier == 3
        res = self.cpu.get_latest_value_int(0)
        assert res == -10

    def test_compile_asmlen(self):
        from pypy.jit.backend.llsupport.llmodel import AbstractLLCPU
        if not isinstance(self.cpu, AbstractLLCPU):
            py.test.skip("pointless test on non-asm")
        from pypy.jit.backend.x86.tool.viewcode import machine_code_dump
        import ctypes
        ops = """
        [i2]
        i0 = same_as(i2)    # but forced to be in a register
        label(i0, descr=1)
        i1 = int_add(i0, i0)
        guard_true(i1, descr=faildesr) [i1]
        jump(i1, descr=1)
        """
        faildescr = BasicFailDescr(2)
        loop = parse(ops, self.cpu, namespace=locals())
        faildescr = loop.operations[-2].getdescr()
        jumpdescr = loop.operations[-1].getdescr()
        bridge_ops = """
        [i0]
        jump(i0, descr=jumpdescr)
        """
        bridge = parse(bridge_ops, self.cpu, namespace=locals())
        looptoken = JitCellToken()
        self.cpu.assembler.set_debug(False)
        info = self.cpu.compile_loop(loop.inputargs, loop.operations, looptoken)
        bridge_info = self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr, bridge.inputargs,
                                              bridge.operations,
                                              looptoken)
        self.cpu.assembler.set_debug(True) # always on untranslated
        assert info.asmlen != 0
        cpuname = autodetect_main_model_and_size()
        # XXX we have to check the precise assembler, otherwise
        # we don't quite know if borders are correct

        def checkops(mc, ops):
            assert len(mc) == len(ops)
            for i in range(len(mc)):
                assert mc[i].split("\t")[-1].startswith(ops[i])

        data = ctypes.string_at(info.asmaddr, info.asmlen)
        mc = list(machine_code_dump(data, info.asmaddr, cpuname))
        lines = [line for line in mc if line.count('\t') == 2]
        checkops(lines, self.add_loop_instructions)
        data = ctypes.string_at(bridge_info.asmaddr, bridge_info.asmlen)
        mc = list(machine_code_dump(data, bridge_info.asmaddr, cpuname))
        lines = [line for line in mc if line.count('\t') == 2]
        checkops(lines, self.bridge_loop_instructions)


    def test_compile_bridge_with_target(self):
        # This test creates a loopy piece of code in a bridge, and builds another
        # unrelated loop that ends in a jump directly to this loopy bit of code.
        # It catches a case in which we underestimate the needed frame_depth across
        # the cross-loop JUMP, because we estimate it based on the frame_depth stored
        # in the original loop.
        i0 = BoxInt()
        i1 = BoxInt()
        looptoken1 = JitCellToken()
        targettoken1 = TargetToken()
        faildescr1 = BasicFailDescr(2)
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LE, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i1], None, descr=faildescr1),
            ResOperation(rop.FINISH, [i0], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(1234)),
            ]
        operations[1].setfailargs([i0])
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken1)

        def func(a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i):
            assert a + 2 == b
            assert a + 4 == c
            assert a + 6 == d
            assert a + 8 == e
            assert a + 10 == f
            assert a + 12 == g
            assert a + 14 == h
            assert a + 16 == i
        FPTR = self.Ptr(self.FuncType([lltype.Signed]*9, lltype.Void))
        func_ptr = llhelper(FPTR, func)
        cpu = self.cpu
        calldescr = cpu.calldescrof(deref(FPTR), (lltype.Signed,)*9, lltype.Void,
                                    EffectInfo.MOST_GENERAL)
        funcbox = self.get_funcbox(cpu, func_ptr)

        i0 = BoxInt(); i1 = BoxInt(); i2 = BoxInt(); i3 = BoxInt(); i4 = BoxInt()
        i5 = BoxInt(); i6 = BoxInt(); i7 = BoxInt(); i8 = BoxInt(); i9 = BoxInt()
        i10 = BoxInt(); i11 = BoxInt(); i12 = BoxInt(); i13 = BoxInt(); i14 = BoxInt()
        i15 = BoxInt(); i16 = BoxInt(); i17 = BoxInt(); i18 = BoxInt(); i19 = BoxInt()
        i20 = BoxInt()
        inputargs = [i0]
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.LABEL, [i0], None, descr=targettoken1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i0, ConstInt(1)], i1),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i1, ConstInt(1)], i2),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i2, ConstInt(1)], i3),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i3, ConstInt(1)], i4),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i4, ConstInt(1)], i5),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i5, ConstInt(1)], i6),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i6, ConstInt(1)], i7),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i7, ConstInt(1)], i8),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i8, ConstInt(1)], i9),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i9, ConstInt(1)], i10),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i10, ConstInt(1)], i11),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i11, ConstInt(1)], i12),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i12, ConstInt(1)], i13),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i13, ConstInt(1)], i14),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i14, ConstInt(1)], i15),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i15, ConstInt(1)], i16),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i16, ConstInt(1)], i17),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i17, ConstInt(1)], i18),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_ADD, [i18, ConstInt(1)], i19),
            ResOperation(rop.CALL, [funcbox, i2, i4, i6, i8, i10, i12, i14, i16, i18],
                         None, descr=calldescr),
            ResOperation(rop.CALL, [funcbox, i2, i4, i6, i8, i10, i12, i14, i16, i18],
                         None, descr=calldescr),
            ResOperation(rop.INT_LT, [i19, ConstInt(100)], i20),
            ResOperation(rop.GUARD_TRUE, [i20], None, descr=BasicFailDescr(42)),
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [i19], None, descr=targettoken1),
            ]
        operations[-2].setfailargs([])
        self.cpu.compile_bridge(faildescr1, inputargs, operations, looptoken1)

        looptoken2 = JitCellToken()
        inputargs = [BoxInt()]
        operations = [
            ResOperation(rop.JUMP, [ConstInt(0)], None, descr=targettoken1),
            ]
        self.cpu.compile_loop(inputargs, operations, looptoken2)

        fail = self.cpu.execute_token(looptoken2, -9)
        assert fail.identifier == 42


class OOtypeBackendTest(BaseBackendTest):

    type_system = 'ootype'
    Ptr = staticmethod(lambda x: x)
    FuncType = ootype.StaticMethod
    malloc = staticmethod(ootype.new)
    nullptr = staticmethod(ootype.null)

    def setup_class(cls):
        py.test.skip("ootype tests skipped")

    @classmethod
    def get_funcbox(cls, cpu, func_ptr):
        return BoxObj(ootype.cast_to_object(func_ptr))

    S = ootype.Instance('S', ootype.ROOT, {'value': ootype.Signed,
                                           'chr1': ootype.Char,
                                           'chr2': ootype.Char})
    S._add_fields({'next': S})
    T = ootype.Instance('T', S)
    U = ootype.Instance('U', T)

    def alloc_instance(self, T):
        t = ootype.new(T)
        cls = ootype.classof(t)
        t_box = BoxObj(ootype.cast_to_object(t))
        T_box = ConstObj(ootype.cast_to_object(cls))
        return t_box, T_box

    def null_instance(self):
        return BoxObj(ootype.NULL)

    def alloc_array_of(self, ITEM, length):
        py.test.skip("implement me")

    def alloc_string(self, string):
        py.test.skip("implement me")

    def alloc_unicode(self, unicode):
        py.test.skip("implement me")