/Raven.Client.MvcIntegration/js/vendor/backbone.js

//     Backbone.js 0.9.9 (modified to add AMD registration and remove globals)

//     (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
//     For all details and documentation:
//     http://backbonejs.org

(function (root, factory) {
	// Set up Backbone appropriately for the environment.
	if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
		// Node/CommonJS, no need for jQuery in that case.
		factory(root, exports, require('underscore'));
	} else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
		// AMD
		define(['underscore', 'jquery', 'exports'], function (_, $, exports) {
			// Export global even in AMD case in case this script is loaded with
			// others that may still expect a global Backbone.
			factory(root, exports, _, $);
		});
	} else {
		// Browser globals
		root.Backbone = factory(root, {}, root._, (root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender));
	}
}(this, function (root, Backbone, _, $) {

	// Initial Setup
	// -------------

	// Save the previous value of the `Backbone` variable, so that it can be
	// restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
	var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;

	// Create a local reference to array methods.
	var array = [];
	var push = array.push;
	var slice = array.slice;
	var splice = array.splice;

	// Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
	Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.9';

	// For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.
	Backbone.$ = $;

	// Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
	// to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
	Backbone.noConflict = function () {
		root.Backbone = previousBackbone;
		return this;
	};

	// Turn on `emulateHTTP` to support legacy HTTP servers. Setting this option
	// will fake `"PUT"` and `"DELETE"` requests via the `_method` parameter and
	// set a `X-Http-Method-Override` header.
	Backbone.emulateHTTP = false;

	// Turn on `emulateJSON` to support legacy servers that can't deal with direct
	// `application/json` requests ... will encode the body as
	// `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` instead and will send the model in a
	// form param named `model`.
	Backbone.emulateJSON = false;

	// Backbone.Events
	// ---------------

	// Regular expression used to split event strings.
	var eventSplitter = /\s+/;

	// Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event
	// names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`
	// in terms of the existing API.
	var eventsApi = function (obj, action, name, rest) {
		if (!name) return true;
		if (typeof name === 'object') {
			for (var key in name) {
				obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));
			}
		} else if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {
			var names = name.split(eventSplitter);
			for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
				obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));
			}
		} else {
			return true;
		}
	};

	// Optimized internal dispatch function for triggering events. Tries to
	// keep the usual cases speedy (most Backbone events have 3 arguments).
	var triggerEvents = function (obj, events, args) {
		var ev, i = -1, l = events.length;
		switch (args.length) {
			case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx);
				return;
			case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0]);
				return;
			case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0], args[1]);
				return;
			case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
				return;
			default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args);
		}
	};

	// A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
	// custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback
	// functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
	// succession.
	//
	//     var object = {};
	//     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
	//     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
	//     object.trigger('expand');
	//
	var Events = Backbone.Events = {

		// Bind one or more space separated events, or an events map,
		// to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to
		// all events fired.
		on: function (name, callback, context) {
			if (!(eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) && callback)) return this;
			this._events || (this._events = {});
			var list = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);
			list.push({ callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this });
			return this;
		},

		// Bind events to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
		// the callback is invoked, it will be removed.
		once: function (name, callback, context) {
			if (!(eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) && callback)) return this;
			var self = this;
			var once = _.once(function () {
				self.off(name, once);
				callback.apply(this, arguments);
			});
			once._callback = callback;
			this.on(name, once, context);
			return this;
		},

		// Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
		// callbacks with that function. If `callback` is null, removes all
		// callbacks for the event. If `events` is null, removes all bound
		// callbacks for all events.
		off: function (name, callback, context) {
			var list, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
			if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this;
			if (!name && !callback && !context) {
				this._events = {};
				return this;
			}

			names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events);
			for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
				name = names[i];
				if (list = this._events[name]) {
					events = [];
					if (callback || context) {
						for (j = 0, k = list.length; j < k; j++) {
							ev = list[j];
							if ((callback && callback !== (ev.callback._callback || ev.callback)) ||
								(context && context !== ev.context)) {
								events.push(ev);
							}
						}
					}
					this._events[name] = events;
				}
			}

			return this;
		},

		// Trigger one or many events, firing all bound callbacks. Callbacks are
		// passed the same arguments as `trigger` is, apart from the event name
		// (unless you're listening on `"all"`, which will cause your callback to
		// receive the true name of the event as the first argument).
		trigger: function (name) {
			if (!this._events) return this;
			var args = slice.call(arguments, 1);
			if (!eventsApi(this, 'trigger', name, args)) return this;
			var events = this._events[name];
			var allEvents = this._events.all;
			if (events) triggerEvents(this, events, args);
			if (allEvents) triggerEvents(this, allEvents, arguments);
			return this;
		},

		// An inversion-of-control version of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
		// an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's listening to.
		listenTo: function (object, events, callback) {
			var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
			var id = object._listenerId || (object._listenerId = _.uniqueId('l'));
			listeners[id] = object;
			object.on(events, callback || this, this);
			return this;
		},

		// Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
		// to every object it's currently listening to.
		stopListening: function (object, events, callback) {
			var listeners = this._listeners;
			if (!listeners) return;
			if (object) {
				object.off(events, callback, this);
				if (!events && !callback) delete listeners[object._listenerId];
			} else {
				for (var id in listeners) {
					listeners[id].off(null, null, this);
				}
				this._listeners = {};
			}
			return this;
		}
	};

	// Aliases for backwards compatibility.
	Events.bind = Events.on;
	Events.unbind = Events.off;

	// Allow the `Backbone` object to serve as a global event bus, for folks who
	// want global "pubsub" in a convenient place.
	_.extend(Backbone, Events);

	// Backbone.Model
	// --------------

	// Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)
	// is automatically generated and assigned for you.
	var Model = Backbone.Model = function (attributes, options) {
		var defaults;
		var attrs = attributes || {};
		this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
		this.changed = {};
		this.attributes = {};
		this._changes = [];
		if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
		if (options && options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs);
		if (defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults')) _.defaults(attrs, defaults);
		this.set(attrs, { silent: true });
		this._currentAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
		this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
		this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
	};

	// Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
	_.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {

		// A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
		changed: null,

		// The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
		// CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
		idAttribute: 'id',

		// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
		// initialization logic.
		initialize: function () { },

		// Return a copy of the model's `attributes` object.
		toJSON: function (options) {
			return _.clone(this.attributes);
		},

		// Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
		sync: function () {
			return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
		},

		// Get the value of an attribute.
		get: function (attr) {
			return this.attributes[attr];
		},

		// Get the HTML-escaped value of an attribute.
		escape: function (attr) {
			return _.escape(this.get(attr));
		},

		// Returns `true` if the attribute contains a value that is not null
		// or undefined.
		has: function (attr) {
			return this.get(attr) != null;
		},

		// Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless
		// you choose to silence it.
		set: function (key, val, options) {
			var attr, attrs;
			if (key == null) return this;

			// Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
			if (_.isObject(key)) {
				attrs = key;
				options = val;
			} else {
				(attrs = {})[key] = val;
			}

			// Extract attributes and options.
			var silent = options && options.silent;
			var unset = options && options.unset;

			// Run validation.
			if (!this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;

			// Check for changes of `id`.
			if (this.idAttribute in attrs) this.id = attrs[this.idAttribute];

			var now = this.attributes;

			// For each `set` attribute...
			for (attr in attrs) {
				val = attrs[attr];

				// Update or delete the current value, and track the change.
				unset ? delete now[attr] : now[attr] = val;
				this._changes.push(attr, val);
			}

			// Signal that the model's state has potentially changed, and we need
			// to recompute the actual changes.
			this._hasComputed = false;

			// Fire the `"change"` events.
			if (!silent) this.change(options);
			return this;
		},

		// Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
		// to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.
		unset: function (attr, options) {
			return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, { unset: true }));
		},

		// Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
		// to silence it.
		clear: function (options) {
			var attrs = {};
			for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
			return this.set(attrs, _.extend({}, options, { unset: true }));
		},

		// Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
		// model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
		// triggering a `"change"` event.
		fetch: function (options) {
			options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
			if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
			var model = this;
			var success = options.success;
			options.success = function (resp, status, xhr) {
				if (!model.set(model.parse(resp), options)) return false;
				if (success) success(model, resp, options);
			};
			return this.sync('read', this, options);
		},

		// Set a hash of model attributes, and sync the model to the server.
		// If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
		// state will be `set` again.
		save: function (key, val, options) {
			var attrs, current, done;

			// Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
			if (key == null || _.isObject(key)) {
				attrs = key;
				options = val;
			} else if (key != null) {
				(attrs = {})[key] = val;
			}
			options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};

			// If we're "wait"-ing to set changed attributes, validate early.
			if (options.wait) {
				if (attrs && !this._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
				current = _.clone(this.attributes);
			}

			// Regular saves `set` attributes before persisting to the server.
			var silentOptions = _.extend({}, options, { silent: true });
			if (attrs && !this.set(attrs, options.wait ? silentOptions : options)) {
				return false;
			}

			// Do not persist invalid models.
			if (!attrs && !this._validate(null, options)) return false;

			// After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
			// updated with the server-side state.
			var model = this;
			var success = options.success;
			options.success = function (resp, status, xhr) {
				done = true;
				var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp);
				if (options.wait) serverAttrs = _.extend(attrs || {}, serverAttrs);
				if (!model.set(serverAttrs, options)) return false;
				if (success) success(model, resp, options);
			};

			// Finish configuring and sending the Ajax request.
			var method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
			if (method == 'patch') options.attrs = attrs;
			var xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);

			// When using `wait`, reset attributes to original values unless
			// `success` has been called already.
			if (!done && options.wait) {
				this.clear(silentOptions);
				this.set(current, silentOptions);
			}

			return xhr;
		},

		// Destroy this model on the server if it was already persisted.
		// Optimistically removes the model from its collection, if it has one.
		// If `wait: true` is passed, waits for the server to respond before removal.
		destroy: function (options) {
			options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
			var model = this;
			var success = options.success;

			var destroy = function () {
				model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
			};

			options.success = function (resp) {
				if (options.wait || model.isNew()) destroy();
				if (success) success(model, resp, options);
			};

			if (this.isNew()) {
				options.success();
				return false;
			}

			var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
			if (!options.wait) destroy();
			return xhr;
		},

		// Default URL for the model's representation on the server -- if you're
		// using Backbone's restful methods, override this to change the endpoint
		// that will be called.
		url: function () {
			var base = _.result(this, 'urlRoot') || _.result(this.collection, 'url') || urlError();
			if (this.isNew()) return base;
			return base + (base.charAt(base.length - 1) === '/' ? '' : '/') + encodeURIComponent(this.id);
		},

		// **parse** converts a response into the hash of attributes to be `set` on
		// the model. The default implementation is just to pass the response along.
		parse: function (resp) {
			return resp;
		},

		// Create a new model with identical attributes to this one.
		clone: function () {
			return new this.constructor(this.attributes);
		},

		// A model is new if it has never been saved to the server, and lacks an id.
		isNew: function () {
			return this.id == null;
		},

		// Call this method to manually fire a `"change"` event for this model and
		// a `"change:attribute"` event for each changed attribute.
		// Calling this will cause all objects observing the model to update.
		change: function (options) {
			var changing = this._changing;
			this._changing = true;

			// Generate the changes to be triggered on the model.
			var triggers = this._computeChanges(true);

			this._pending = !!triggers.length;

			for (var i = triggers.length - 2; i >= 0; i -= 2) {
				this.trigger('change:' + triggers[i], this, triggers[i + 1], options);
			}

			if (changing) return this;

			// Trigger a `change` while there have been changes.
			while (this._pending) {
				this._pending = false;
				this.trigger('change', this, options);
				this._previousAttributes = _.clone(this.attributes);
			}

			this._changing = false;
			return this;
		},

		// Determine if the model has changed since the last `"change"` event.
		// If you specify an attribute name, determine if that attribute has changed.
		hasChanged: function (attr) {
			if (!this._hasComputed) this._computeChanges();
			if (attr == null) return !_.isEmpty(this.changed);
			return _.has(this.changed, attr);
		},

		// Return an object containing all the attributes that have changed, or
		// false if there are no changed attributes. Useful for determining what
		// parts of a view need to be updated and/or what attributes need to be
		// persisted to the server. Unset attributes will be set to undefined.
		// You can also pass an attributes object to diff against the model,
		// determining if there *would be* a change.
		changedAttributes: function (diff) {
			if (!diff) return this.hasChanged() ? _.clone(this.changed) : false;
			var val, changed = false, old = this._previousAttributes;
			for (var attr in diff) {
				if (_.isEqual(old[attr], (val = diff[attr]))) continue;
				(changed || (changed = {}))[attr] = val;
			}
			return changed;
		},

		// Looking at the built up list of `set` attribute changes, compute how
		// many of the attributes have actually changed. If `loud`, return a
		// boiled-down list of only the real changes.
		_computeChanges: function (loud) {
			this.changed = {};
			var already = {};
			var triggers = [];
			var current = this._currentAttributes;
			var changes = this._changes;

			// Loop through the current queue of potential model changes.
			for (var i = changes.length - 2; i >= 0; i -= 2) {
				var key = changes[i], val = changes[i + 1];
				if (already[key]) continue;
				already[key] = true;

				// Check if the attribute has been modified since the last change,
				// and update `this.changed` accordingly. If we're inside of a `change`
				// call, also add a trigger to the list.
				if (current[key] !== val) {
					this.changed[key] = val;
					if (!loud) continue;
					triggers.push(key, val);
					current[key] = val;
				}
			}
			if (loud) this._changes = [];

			// Signals `this.changed` is current to prevent duplicate calls from `this.hasChanged`.
			this._hasComputed = true;
			return triggers;
		},

		// Get the previous value of an attribute, recorded at the time the last
		// `"change"` event was fired.
		previous: function (attr) {
			if (attr == null || !this._previousAttributes) return null;
			return this._previousAttributes[attr];
		},

		// Get all of the attributes of the model at the time of the previous
		// `"change"` event.
		previousAttributes: function () {
			return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
		},

		// Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
		// returning `true` if all is well. If a specific `error` callback has
		// been passed, call that instead of firing the general `"error"` event.
		_validate: function (attrs, options) {
			if (!this.validate) return true;
			attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
			var error = this.validate(attrs, options);
			if (!error) return true;
			if (options && options.error) options.error(this, error, options);
			this.trigger('error', this, error, options);
			return false;
		}

	});

	// Backbone.Collection
	// -------------------

	// Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered
	// or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
	// its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
	var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function (models, options) {
		options || (options = {});
		if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
		if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
		this._reset();
		this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
		if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({ silent: true }, options));
	};

	// Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
	_.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {

		// The default model for a collection is just a **Backbone.Model**.
		// This should be overridden in most cases.
		model: Model,

		// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
		// initialization logic.
		initialize: function () { },

		// The JSON representation of a Collection is an array of the
		// models' attributes.
		toJSON: function (options) {
			return this.map(function (model) { return model.toJSON(options); });
		},

		// Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
		sync: function () {
			return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
		},

		// Add a model, or list of models to the set. Pass **silent** to avoid
		// firing the `add` event for every new model.
		add: function (models, options) {
			var i, args, length, model, existing, needsSort;
			var at = options && options.at;
			var sort = ((options && options.sort) == null ? true : options.sort);
			models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];

			// Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
			// from being added.
			for (i = models.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
				if (!(model = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) {
					this.trigger("error", this, models[i], options);
					models.splice(i, 1);
					continue;
				}
				models[i] = model;

				existing = model.id != null && this._byId[model.id];
				// If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
				// optionally merge it into the existing model.
				if (existing || this._byCid[model.cid]) {
					if (options && options.merge && existing) {
						existing.set(model.attributes, options);
						needsSort = sort;
					}
					models.splice(i, 1);
					continue;
				}

				// Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
				// `id` and by `cid`.
				model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
				this._byCid[model.cid] = model;
				if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
			}

			// See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
			if (models.length) needsSort = sort;
			this.length += models.length;
			args = [at != null ? at : this.models.length, 0];
			push.apply(args, models);
			splice.apply(this.models, args);

			// Sort the collection if appropriate.
			if (needsSort && this.comparator && at == null) this.sort({ silent: true });

			if (options && options.silent) return this;

			// Trigger `add` events.
			while (model = models.shift()) {
				model.trigger('add', model, this, options);
			}

			return this;
		},

		// Remove a model, or a list of models from the set. Pass silent to avoid
		// firing the `remove` event for every model removed.
		remove: function (models, options) {
			var i, l, index, model;
			options || (options = {});
			models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
			for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
				model = this.get(models[i]);
				if (!model) continue;
				delete this._byId[model.id];
				delete this._byCid[model.cid];
				index = this.indexOf(model);
				this.models.splice(index, 1);
				this.length--;
				if (!options.silent) {
					options.index = index;
					model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
				}
				this._removeReference(model);
			}
			return this;
		},

		// Add a model to the end of the collection.
		push: function (model, options) {
			model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
			this.add(model, _.extend({ at: this.length }, options));
			return model;
		},

		// Remove a model from the end of the collection.
		pop: function (options) {
			var model = this.at(this.length - 1);
			this.remove(model, options);
			return model;
		},

		// Add a model to the beginning of the collection.
		unshift: function (model, options) {
			model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
			this.add(model, _.extend({ at: 0 }, options));
			return model;
		},

		// Remove a model from the beginning of the collection.
		shift: function (options) {
			var model = this.at(0);
			this.remove(model, options);
			return model;
		},

		// Slice out a sub-array of models from the collection.
		slice: function (begin, end) {
			return this.models.slice(begin, end);
		},

		// Get a model from the set by id.
		get: function (obj) {
			if (obj == null) return void 0;
			return this._byId[obj.id != null ? obj.id : obj] || this._byCid[obj.cid || obj];
		},

		// Get the model at the given index.
		at: function (index) {
			return this.models[index];
		},

		// Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of `filter`.
		where: function (attrs) {
			if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return [];
			return this.filter(function (model) {
				for (var key in attrs) {
					if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
				}
				return true;
			});
		},

		// Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
		// normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
		// is added.
		sort: function (options) {
			if (!this.comparator) {
				throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
			}

			if (_.isString(this.comparator) || this.comparator.length === 1) {
				this.models = this.sortBy(this.comparator, this);
			} else {
				this.models.sort(_.bind(this.comparator, this));
			}

			if (!options || !options.silent) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
			return this;
		},

		// Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
		pluck: function (attr) {
			return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
		},

		// Smartly update a collection with a change set of models, adding,
		// removing, and merging as necessary.
		update: function (models, options) {
			var model, i, l, existing;
			var add = [], remove = [], modelMap = {};
			var idAttr = this.model.prototype.idAttribute;
			options = _.extend({ add: true, merge: true, remove: true }, options);
			if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models);

			// Allow a single model (or no argument) to be passed.
			if (!_.isArray(models)) models = models ? [models] : [];

			// Proxy to `add` for this case, no need to iterate...
			if (options.add && !options.remove) return this.add(models, options);

			// Determine which models to add and merge, and which to remove.
			for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
				model = models[i];
				existing = this.get(model.id || model.cid || model[idAttr]);
				if (options.remove && existing) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
				if ((options.add && !existing) || (options.merge && existing)) {
					add.push(model);
				}
			}
			if (options.remove) {
				for (i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
					model = this.models[i];
					if (!modelMap[model.cid]) remove.push(model);
				}
			}

			// Remove models (if applicable) before we add and merge the rest.
			if (remove.length) this.remove(remove, options);
			if (add.length) this.add(add, options);
			return this;
		},

		// When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
		// you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
		// any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
		reset: function (models, options) {
			options || (options = {});
			if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models);
			for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
				this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
			}
			options.previousModels = this.models;
			this._reset();
			if (models) this.add(models, _.extend({ silent: true }, options));
			if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
			return this;
		},

		// Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
		// collection when they arrive. If `add: true` is passed, appends the
		// models to the collection instead of resetting.
		fetch: function (options) {
			options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
			if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
			var collection = this;
			var success = options.success;
			options.success = function (resp, status, xhr) {
				var method = options.update ? 'update' : 'reset';
				collection[method](resp, options);
				if (success) success(collection, resp, options);
			};
			return this.sync('read', this, options);
		},

		// Create a new instance of a model in this collection. Add the model to the
		// collection immediately, unless `wait: true` is passed, in which case we
		// wait for the server to agree.
		create: function (model, options) {
			var collection = this;
			options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
			model = this._prepareModel(model, options);
			if (!model) return false;
			if (!options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
			var success = options.success;
			options.success = function (model, resp, options) {
				if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
				if (success) success(model, resp, options);
			};
			model.save(null, options);
			return model;
		},

		// **parse** converts a response into a list of models to be added to the
		// collection. The default implementation is just to pass it through.
		parse: function (resp) {
			return resp;
		},

		// Create a new collection with an identical list of models as this one.
		clone: function () {
			return new this.constructor(this.models);
		},

		// Proxy to _'s chain. Can't be proxied the same way the rest of the
		// underscore methods are proxied because it relies on the underscore
		// constructor.
		chain: function () {
			return _(this.models).chain();
		},

		// Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.
		_reset: function () {
			this.length = 0;
			this.models = [];
			this._byId = {};
			this._byCid = {};
		},

		// Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.
		_prepareModel: function (attrs, options) {
			if (attrs instanceof Model) {
				if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
				return attrs;
			}
			options || (options = {});
			options.collection = this;
			var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
			if (!model._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
			return model;
		},

		// Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.
		_removeReference: function (model) {
			if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
			model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
		},

		// Internal method called every time a model in the set fires an event.
		// Sets need to update their indexes when models change ids. All other
		// events simply proxy through. "add" and "remove" events that originate
		// in other collections are ignored.
		_onModelEvent: function (event, model, collection, options) {
			if ((event === 'add' || event === 'remove') && collection !== this) return;
			if (event === 'destroy') this.remove(model, options);
			if (model && event === 'change:' + model.idAttribute) {
				delete this._byId[model.previous(model.idAttribute)];
				if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
			}
			this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
		}

	});

	// Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
	var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'collect', 'reduce', 'foldl',
	  'inject', 'reduceRight', 'foldr', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 'select',
	  'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 'contains', 'invoke',
	  'max', 'min', 'sortedIndex', 'toArray', 'size', 'first', 'head', 'take',
	  'initial', 'rest', 'tail', 'last', 'without', 'indexOf', 'shuffle',
	  'lastIndexOf', 'isEmpty'];

	// Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Collection#models`.
	_.each(methods, function (method) {
		Collection.prototype[method] = function () {
			var args = slice.call(arguments);
			args.unshift(this.models);
			return _[method].apply(_, args);
		};
	});

	// Underscore methods that take a property name as an argument.
	var attributeMethods = ['groupBy', 'countBy', 'sortBy'];

	// Use attributes instead of properties.
	_.each(attributeMethods, function (method) {
		Collection.prototype[method] = function (value, context) {
			var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function (model) {
				return model.get(value);
			};
			return _[method](this.models, iterator, context);
		};
	});

	// Backbone.Router
	// ---------------

	// Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
	// matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
	var Router = Backbone.Router = function (options) {
		options || (options = {});
		if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
		this._bindRoutes();
		this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
	};

	// Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
	// parts of route strings.
	var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
	var namedParam = /:\w+/g;
	var splatParam = /\*\w+/g;
	var escapeRegExp = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;

	// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
	_.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {

		// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
		// initialization logic.
		initialize: function () { },

		// Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
		//
		//     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
		//       ...
		//     });
		//
		route: function (route, name, callback) {
			if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
			if (!callback) callback = this[name];
			Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function (fragment) {
				var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
				callback && callback.apply(this, args);
				this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
				Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);
			}, this));
			return this;
		},

		// Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
		navigate: function (fragment, options) {
			Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
			return this;
		},

		// Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
		// order of the routes here to support behavior where the most general
		// routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
		_bindRoutes: function () {
			if (!this.routes) return;
			var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
			while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
				this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
			}
		},

		// Convert a route string into a regular expression, suitable for matching
		// against the current location hash.
		_routeToRegExp: function (route) {
			route = route.replace(escapeRegExp, '\\$&')
						 .replace(optionalParam, '(?:$1)?')
						 .replace(namedParam, '([^\/]+)')
						 .replace(splatParam, '(.*?)');
			return new RegExp('^' + route + '$');
		},

		// Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
		// extracted parameters.
		_extractParameters: function (route, fragment) {
			return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
		}

	});

	// Backbone.History
	// ----------------

	// Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL fragments. If the
	// browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.
	var History = Backbone.History = function () {
		this.handlers = [];
		_.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');

		// #1653 - Ensure that `History` can be used outside of the browser.
		if (typeof window !== 'undefined') {
			this.location = window.location;
			this.history = window.history;
		}
	};

	// Cached regex for stripping a leading hash/slash and trailing space.
	var routeStripper = /^[#\/]|\s+$/g;

	// Cached regex for stripping leading and trailing slashes.
	var rootStripper = /^\/+|\/+$/g;

	// Cached regex for detecting MSIE.
	var isExplorer = /msie [\w.]+/;

	// Cached regex for removing a trailing slash.
	var trailingSlash = /\/$/;

	// Has the history handling already been started?
	History.started = false;

	// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.History** properties and methods.
	_.extend(History.prototype, Events, {

		// The default interval to poll for hash changes, if necessary, is
		// twenty times a second.
		interval: 50,

		// Gets the true hash value. Cannot use location.hash directly due to bug
		// in Firefox where location.hash will always be decoded.
		getHash: function (window) {
			var match = (window || this).location.href.match(/#(.*)$/);
			return match ? match[1] : '';
		},

		// Get the cross-browser normalized URL fragment, either from the URL,
		// the hash, or the override.
		getFragment: function (fragment, forcePushState) {
			if (fragment == null) {
				if (this._hasPushState || !this._wantsHashChange || forcePushState) {
					fragment = this.location.pathname;
					var root = this.root.replace(trailingSlash, '');
					if (!fragment.indexOf(root)) fragment = fragment.substr(root.length);
				} else {
					fragment = this.getHash();
				}
			}
			return fragment.replace(routeStripper, '');
		},

		// Start the hash change handling, returning `true` if the current URL matches
		// an existing route, and `false` otherwise.
		start: function (options) {
			if (History.started) throw new Error("Backbone.history has already been started");
			History.started = true;

			// Figure out the initial configuration. Do we need an iframe?
			// Is pushState desired ... is it available?
			this.options = _.extend({}, { root: '/' }, this.options, options);
			this.root = this.options.root;
			this._wantsHashChange = this.options.hashChange !== false;
			this._wantsPushState = !!this.options.pushState;
			this._hasPushState = !!(this.options.pushState && this.history && this.history.pushState);
			var fragment = this.getFragment();
			var docMode = document.documentMode;
			var oldIE = (isExplorer.exec(navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase()) && (!docMode || docMode <= 7));

			// Normalize root to always include a leading and trailing slash.
			this.root = ('/' + this.root + '/').replace(rootStripper, '/');

			if (oldIE && this._wantsHashChange) {
				this.iframe = Backbone.$('<iframe src="javascript:0" tabindex="-1" />').hide().appendTo('body')[0].contentWindow;
				this.navigate(fragment);
			}

			// Depending on whether we're using pushState or hashes, and whether
			// 'onhashchange' is supported, determine how we check the URL state.
			if (this._hasPushState) {
				Backbone.$(window).bind('popstate', this.checkUrl);
			} else if (this._wantsHashChange && ('onhashchange' in window) && !oldIE) {
				Backbone.$(window).bind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
			} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
				this._checkUrlInterval = setInterval(this.checkUrl, this.interval);
			}

			// Determine if we need to change the base url, for a pushState link
			// opened by a non-pushState browser.
			this.fragment = fragment;
			var loc = this.location;
			var atRoot = loc.pathname.replace(/[^\/]$/, '$&/') === this.root;

			// If we've started off with a route from a `pushState`-enabled browser,
			// but we're currently in a browser that doesn't support it...
			if (this._wantsHashChange && this._wantsPushState && !this._hasPushState && !atRoot) {
				this.fragment = this.getFragment(null, true);
				this.location.replace(this.root + this.location.search + '#' + this.fragment);
				// Return immediately as browser will do redirect to new url
				return true;

				// Or if we've started out with a hash-based route, but we're currently
				// in a browser where it could be `pushState`-based instead...
			} else if (this._wantsPushState && this._hasPushState && atRoot && loc.hash) {
				this.fragment = this.getHash().replace(routeStripper, '');
				this.history.replaceState({}, document.title, this.root + this.fragment + loc.search);
			}

			if (!this.options.silent) return this.loadUrl();
		},

		// Disable Backbone.history, perhaps temporarily. Not useful in a real app,
		// but possibly useful for unit testing Routers.
		stop: function () {
			Backbone.$(window).unbind('popstate', this.checkUrl).unbind('hashchange', this.checkUrl);
			clearInterval(this._checkUrlInterval);
			History.started = false;
		},

		// Add a route to be tested when the fragment changes. Routes added later
		// may override previous routes.
		route: function (route, callback) {
			this.handlers.unshift({ route: route, callback: callback });
		},

		// Checks the current URL to see if it has changed, and if it has,
		// calls `loadUrl`, normalizing across the hidden iframe.
		checkUrl: function (e) {
			var current = this.getFragment();
			if (current === this.fragment && this.iframe) {
				current = this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe));
			}
			if (current === this.fragment) return false;
			if (this.iframe) this.navigate(current);
			this.loadUrl() || this.loadUrl(this.getHash());
		},

		// Attempt to load the current URL fragment. If a route succeeds with a
		// match, returns `true`. If no defined routes matches the fragment,
		// returns `false`.
		loadUrl: function (fragmentOverride) {
			var fragment = this.fragment = this.getFragment(fragmentOverride);
			var matched = _.any(this.handlers, function (handler) {
				if (handler.route.test(fragment)) {
					handler.callback(fragment);
					return true;
				}
			});
			return matched;
		},

		// Save a fragment into the hash history, or replace the URL state if the
		// 'replace' option is passed. You are responsible for properly URL-encoding
		// the fragment in advance.
		//
		// The options object can contain `trigger: true` if you wish to have the
		// route callback be fired (not usually desirable), or `replace: true`, if
		// you wish to modify the current URL without adding an entry to the history.
		navigate: function (fragment, options) {
			if (!History.started) return false;
			if (!options || options === true) options = { trigger: options };
			fragment = this.getFragment(fragment || '');
			if (this.fragment === fragment) return;
			this.fragment = fragment;
			var url = this.root + fragment;

			// If pushState is available, we use it to set the fragment as a real URL.
			if (this._hasPushState) {
				this.history[options.replace ? 'replaceState' : 'pushState']({}, document.title, url);

				// If hash changes haven't been explicitly disabled, update the hash
				// fragment to store history.
			} else if (this._wantsHashChange) {
				this._updateHash(this.location, fragment, options.replace);
				if (this.iframe && (fragment !== this.getFragment(this.getHash(this.iframe)))) {
					// Opening and closing the iframe tricks IE7 and earlier to push a
					// history entry on hash-tag change.  When replace is true, we don't
					// want this.
					if (!options.replace) this.iframe.document.open().close();
					this._updateHash(this.iframe.location, fragment, options.replace);
				}

				// If you've told us that you explicitly don't want fallback hashchange-
				// based history, then `navigate` becomes a page refresh.
			} else {
				return this.location.assign(url);
			}
			if (options.trigger) this.loadUrl(fragment);
		},

		// Update the hash location, either replacing the current entry, or adding
		// a new one to the browser history.
		_updateHash: function (location, fragment, replace) {
			if (replace) {
				var href = location.href.replace(/(javascript:|#).*$/, '');
				location.replace(href + '#' + fragment);
			} else {
				// #1649 - Some browsers require that `hash` contains a leading #.
				location.hash = '#' + fragment;
			}
		}

	});

	// Create the default Backbone.history.
	Backbone.history = new History;

	// Backbone.View
	// -------------

	// Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
	// if an existing element is not provided...
	var View = Backbone.View = function (options) {
		this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
		this._configure(options || {});
		this._ensureElement();
		this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
		this.delegateEvents();
	};

	// Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
	var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;

	// List of view options to be merged as properties.
	var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];

	// Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
	_.extend(View.prototype, Events, {

		// The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
		tagName: 'div',

		// jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
		// current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
		$: function (selector) {
			return this.$el.find(selector);
		},

		// Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
		// initialization logic.
		initialize: function () { },

		// **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
		// to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
		// convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
		render: function () {
			return this;
		},

		// Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
		// applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
		remove: function () {
			this.$el.remove();
			this.stopListening();
			return this;
		},

		// For small amounts of DOM Elements, where a full-blown template isn't
		// needed, use **make** to manufacture elements, one at a time.
		//
		//     var el = this.make('li', {'class': 'row'}, this.model.escape('title'));
		//
		make: function (tagName, attributes, content) {
			var el = document.createElement(tagName);
			if (attributes) Backbone.$(el).attr(attributes);
			if (content != null) Backbone.$(el).html(content);
			return el;
		},

		// Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
		// re-delegation.
		setElement: function (element, delegate) {
			if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
			this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
			this.el = this.$el[0];
			if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
			return this;
		},

		// Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
		//
		// *{"event selector": "callback"}*
		//
		//     {
		//       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
		//       'click .button':     'save'
		//       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
		//     }
		//
		// pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
		// Uses event delegation for efficiency.
		// Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
		// This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
		// not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
		delegateEvents: function (events) {
			if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return;
			this.undelegateEvents();
			for (var key in events) {
				var method = events[key];
				if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
				if (!method) throw new Error('Method "' + events[key] + '" does not exist');
				var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
				var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
				method = _.bind(method, this);
				eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
				if (selector === '') {
					this.$el.bind(eventName, method);
				} else {
					this.$el.delegate(selector, eventName, method);
				}
			}
		},

		// Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
		// You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
		// Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
		undelegateEvents: function () {
			this.$el.unbind('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
		},

		// Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
		// Keys with special meaning *(model, collection, id, className)*, are
		// attached directly to the view.
		_configure: function (options) {
			if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), options);
			_.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
			this.options = options;
		},

		// Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
		// If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
		// matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
		// an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
		_ensureElement: function () {
			if (!this.el) {
				var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
				if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
				if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
				this.setElement(this.make(_.result(this, 'tagName'), attrs), false);
			} else {
				this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
			}
		}

	});

	// Backbone.sync
	// -------------

	// Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
	var methodMap = {
		'create': 'POST',
		'update': 'PUT',
		'patch': 'PATCH',
		'delete': 'DELETE',
		'read': 'GET'
	};

	// Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
	// models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
	// model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
	// to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
	//
	// * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
	// * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
	// * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
	//
	// Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
	// as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
	// as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
	// instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
	// Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
	// it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
	Backbone.sync = function (method, model, options) {
		var type = methodMap[method];

		// Default options, unless specified.
		_.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
			emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
			emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
		});

		// Default JSON-request options.
		var params = { type: type, dataType: 'json' };

		// Ensure that we have a URL.
		if (!options.url) {
			params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
		}

		// Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
		if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
			params.contentType = 'application/json';
			params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
		}

		// For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
		if (options.emulateJSON) {
			params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
			params.data = params.data ? { model: params.data } : {};
		}

		// For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
		// And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
		if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
			params.type = 'POST';
			if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
			var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
			options.beforeSend = function (xhr) {
				xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
				if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
			};
		}

		// Don't process data on a non-GET request.
		if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
			params.processData = false;
		}

		var success = options.success;
		options.success = function (resp, status, xhr) {
			if (success) success(resp, status, xhr);
			model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
		};

		var error = options.error;
		options.error = function (xhr, status, thrown) {
			if (error) error(model, xhr, options);
			model.trigger('error', model, xhr, options);
		};

		// Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
		var xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
		model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
		return xhr;
	};

	// Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
	Backbone.ajax = function () {
		return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
	};

	// Helpers
	// -------

	// Helper function to correctly set up the prototype chain, for subclasses.
	// Similar to `goog.inherits`, but uses a hash of prototype properties and
	// class properties to be extended.
	var extend = function (protoProps, staticProps) {
		var parent = this;
		var child;

		// The constructor function for the new subclass is either defined by you
		// (the "constructor" property in your `extend` definition), or defaulted
		// by us to simply call the parent's constructor.
		if (protoProps && _.has(protoProps, 'constructor')) {
			child = protoProps.constructor;
		} else {
			child = function () { parent.apply(this, arguments); };
		}

		// Add static properties to the constructor function, if supplied.
		_.extend(child, parent, staticProps);

		// Set the prototype chain to inherit from `parent`, without calling
		// `parent`'s constructor function.
		var Surrogate = function () { this.constructor = child; };
		Surrogate.prototype = parent.prototype;
		child.prototype = new Surrogate;

		// Add prototype properties (instance properties) to the subclass,
		// if supplied.
		if (protoProps) _.extend(child.prototype, protoProps);

		// Set a convenience property in case the parent's prototype is needed
		// later.
		child.__super__ = parent.prototype;

		return child;
	};

	// Set up inheritance for the model, collection, router, view and history.
	Model.extend = Collection.extend = Router.extend = View.extend = History.extend = extend;

	// Throw an error when a URL is needed, and none is supplied.
	var urlError = function () {
		throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
	};

	return Backbone;
}));