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/index.html

http://github.com/documentcloud/backbone
HTML | 5260 lines | 4638 code | 622 blank | 0 comment | 0 complexity | 25c9461c9eb7dd9ad1f9429821ad8a79 MD5 | raw file
    

  1. <!DOCTYPE HTML>
    2. 

  2. <html>
    3. 

  3. <head>
    4. 

  4.   <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" />
    5. 

  5.   <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="chrome=1" />
    6. 

  6.   <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
    7. 

  7.   <link rel="canonical" href="http://backbonejs.org" />
    8. 

  8.   <title>Backbone.js</title>
    9. 

  9.   <style>
    10. 

  10.     body {
    11. 

  11.       font-size: 14px;
    12. 

  12.       line-height: 22px;
    13. 

  13.       font-family: Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial;
    14. 

  14.       background: #f4f4f4 url(docs/images/background.png);
    15. 

  15.     }
    16. 

  16.     .interface {
    17. 

  17.       font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif !important;
    18. 

  18.     }
    19. 

  19.     div#sidebar {
    20. 

  20.       background: #fff;
    21. 

  21.       position: fixed;
    22. 

  22.       z-index: 10;
    23. 

  23.       top: 0; left: 0; bottom: 0;
    24. 

  24.       width: 200px;
    25. 

  25.       overflow-y: auto;
    26. 

  26.       overflow-x: hidden;
    27. 

  27.       -webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;
    28. 

  28.       padding: 15px 0 30px 30px;
    29. 

  29.       border-right: 1px solid #bbb;
    30. 

  30.       box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -webkit-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc; -moz-box-shadow: 0 0 20px #ccc;
    31. 

  31.     }
    32. 

  32.       a.toc_title, a.toc_title:visited {
    33. 

  33.         display: block;
    34. 

  34.         color: black;
    35. 

  35.         font-weight: bold;
    36. 

  36.         margin-top: 15px;
    37. 

  37.       }
    38. 

  38.         a.toc_title:hover {
    39. 

  39.           text-decoration: underline;
    40. 

  40.         }
    41. 

  41.         #sidebar .version {
    42. 

  42.           font-size: 10px;
    43. 

  43.           font-weight: normal;
    44. 

  44.         }
    45. 

  45.       ul.toc_section {
    46. 

  46.         font-size: 11px;
    47. 

  47.         line-height: 14px;
    48. 

  48.         margin: 5px 0 0 0;
    49. 

  49.         padding-left: 0px;
    50. 

  50.         list-style-type: none;
    51. 

  51.         font-family: "Lucida Grande", "Lucida Sans Unicode", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
    52. 

  52.       }
    53. 

  53.         .toc_section li {
    54. 

  54.           cursor: pointer;
    55. 

  55.           margin: 0 0 3px 0;
    56. 

  56.         }
    57. 

  57.           .toc_section li a {
    58. 

  58.             text-decoration: none;
    59. 

  59.             color: black;
    60. 

  60.           }
    61. 

  61.             .toc_section li a:hover {
    62. 

  62.               text-decoration: underline;
    63. 

  63.             }
    64. 

  64.       input#function_filter {
    65. 

  65.         width: 80%;
    66. 

  66.       }
    67. 

  67.     div.container {
    68. 

  68.       position: relative;
    69. 

  69.       width: 550px;
    70. 

  70.       margin: 40px 0 50px 260px;
    71. 

  71.     }
    72. 

  72.     img#logo {
    73. 

  73.       width: 450px;
    74. 

  74.       height: 80px;
    75. 

  75.     }
    76. 

  76.     div.run {
    77. 

  77.       position: absolute;
    78. 

  78.       right: 15px;
    79. 

  79.       width: 26px; height: 18px;
    80. 

  80.       background: url('docs/images/arrows.png') no-repeat -26px 0;
    81. 

  81.     }
    82. 

  82.       div.run:active {
    83. 

  83.         background-position: -51px 0;
    84. 

  84.       }
    85. 

  85.     p, div.container ul {
    86. 

  86.       margin: 25px 0;
    87. 

  87.       width: 550px;
    88. 

  88.     }
    89. 

  89.       p.warning {
    90. 

  90.         font-size: 12px;
    91. 

  91.         line-height: 18px;
    92. 

  92.         font-style: italic;
    93. 

  93.       }
    94. 

  94.       div.container ul {
    95. 

  95.         list-style: circle;
    96. 

  96.         padding-left: 15px;
    97. 

  97.         font-size: 13px;
    98. 

  98.         line-height: 18px;
    99. 

  99.       }
    100. 

  100.         div.container ul li {
    101. 

  101.           margin-bottom: 10px;
    102. 

  102.         }
    103. 

  103.         div.container ul.small {
    104. 

  104.           font-size: 12px;
    105. 

  105.         }
    106. 

  106.     a, a:visited {
    107. 

  107.       color: #444;
    108. 

  108.     }
    109. 

  109.     a:active, a:hover {
    110. 

  110.       color: #000;
    111. 

  111.     }
    112. 

  112.     a.punch {
    113. 

  113.       display: inline-block;
    114. 

  114.       background: #4162a8;
    115. 

  115.       border-top: 1px solid #38538c;
    116. 

  116.       border-right: 1px solid #1f2d4d;
    117. 

  117.       border-bottom: 1px solid #151e33;
    118. 

  118.       border-left: 1px solid #1f2d4d;
    119. 

  119.       -webkit-border-radius: 4px;
    120. 

  120.       -moz-border-radius: 4px;
    121. 

  121.       -ms-border-radius: 4px;
    122. 

  122.       -o-border-radius: 4px;
    123. 

  123.       border-radius: 4px;
    124. 

  124.       -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    125. 

  125.       -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    126. 

  126.       -ms-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    127. 

  127.       -o-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    128. 

  128.       box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    129. 

  129.       color: #fff;
    130. 

  130.       font: bold 14px "helvetica neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif;
    131. 

  131.       line-height: 1;
    132. 

  132.       margin-bottom: 15px;
    133. 

  133.       padding: 8px 0 10px 0;
    134. 

  134.       text-align: center;
    135. 

  135.       text-shadow: 0px -1px 1px #1e2d4d;
    136. 

  136.       text-decoration: none;
    137. 

  137.       width: 225px;
    138. 

  138.       -webkit-background-clip: padding-box; }
    139. 

  139.       a.punch:hover {
    140. 

  140.         -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    141. 

  141.         -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    142. 

  142.         -ms-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    143. 

  143.         -o-box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    144. 

  144.         box-shadow: inset 0 0px 20px 1px #87adff, 0px 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 6px 0px #1f3053, 0 8px 4px 1px #111111;
    145. 

  145.         cursor: pointer; }
    146. 

  146.       a.punch:active {
    147. 

  147.         -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
    148. 

  148.         -moz-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
    149. 

  149.         -ms-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
    150. 

  150.         -o-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
    151. 

  151.         box-shadow: inset 0 1px 10px 1px #5c8bee, 0 1px 0 #1d2c4d, 0 2px 0 #1f3053, 0 4px 3px 0 #111111;
    152. 

  152.         margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 10px; }
    153. 

  153.     a img {
    154. 

  154.       border: 0;
    155. 

  155.     }
    156. 

  156.     a.travis-badge {
    157. 

  157.       display: block;
    158. 

  158.     }
    159. 

  159.     h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {
    160. 

  160.       padding-top: 20px;
    161. 

  161.     }
    162. 

  162.       h2 {
    163. 

  163.         font-size: 22px;
    164. 

  164.       }
    165. 

  165.     b.header {
    166. 

  166.       font-size: 18px;
    167. 

  167.       line-height: 35px;
    168. 

  168.     }
    169. 

  169.     span.alias {
    170. 

  170.       font-size: 14px;
    171. 

  171.       font-style: italic;
    172. 

  172.       margin-left: 20px;
    173. 

  173.     }
    174. 

  174.     table {
    175. 

  175.       margin: 15px 0 0; padding: 0;
    176. 

  176.     }
    177. 

  177.       tr, td {
    178. 

  178.         margin: 0; padding: 0;
    179. 

  179.       }
    180. 

  180.         td {
    181. 

  181.           padding: 0px 15px 5px 0;
    182. 

  182.         }
    183. 

  183.         table .rule {
    184. 

  184.           height: 1px;
    185. 

  185.           background: #ccc;
    186. 

  186.           margin: 5px 0;
    187. 

  187.         }
    188. 

  188.     code, pre, tt {
    189. 

  189.       font-family: Monaco, Consolas, "Lucida Console", monospace;
    190. 

  190.       font-size: 12px;
    191. 

  191.       line-height: 18px;
    192. 

  192.       font-style: normal;
    193. 

  193.     }
    194. 

  194.       tt {
    195. 

  195.         padding: 0px 3px;
    196. 

  196.         background: #fff;
    197. 

  197.         border: 1px solid #ddd;
    198. 

  198.         zoom: 1;
    199. 

  199.       }
    200. 

  200.       code {
    201. 

  201.         margin-left: 20px;
    202. 

  202.       }
    203. 

  203.       pre {
    204. 

  204.         font-size: 12px;
    205. 

  205.         padding: 2px 0 2px 15px;
    206. 

  206.         border: 4px solid #bbb; border-top: 0; border-bottom: 0;
    207. 

  207.         margin: 0px 0 25px;
    208. 

  208.       }
    209. 

  209.       img.example_image {
    210. 

  210.         margin: 0px auto;
    211. 

  211.       }
    212. 

  212.         img.example_retina {
    213. 

  213.           margin: 20px;
    214. 

  214.           box-shadow: 0 8px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.4);
    215. 

  215.         }
    216. 

  216.     @media only screen and (-webkit-max-device-pixel-ratio: 1) and (max-width: 600px),
    217. 

  217.            only screen and (max--moz-device-pixel-ratio: 1) and (max-width: 600px) {
    218. 

  218.       div#sidebar {
    219. 

  219.         display: none;
    220. 

  220.       }
    221. 

  221.       img#logo {
    222. 

  222.         max-width: 450px;
    223. 

  223.         width: 100%;
    224. 

  224.         height: auto;
    225. 

  225.       }
    226. 

  226.       div.container {
    227. 

  227.         width: auto;
    228. 

  228.         margin-left: 15px;
    229. 

  229.         margin-right: 15px;
    230. 

  230.       }
    231. 

  231.         p, div.container ul {
    232. 

  232.           width: auto;
    233. 

  233.         }
    234. 

  234.     }
    235. 

  235.     @media only screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px),
    236. 

  236.           only screen and (-o-min-device-pixel-ratio: 3/2) and (max-width: 640px),
    237. 

  237.           only screen and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5) and (max-width: 640px) {
    238. 

  238.       img {
    239. 

  239.         max-width: 100%;
    240. 

  240.         height: auto;
    241. 

  241.       }
    242. 

  242.       div#sidebar {
    243. 

  243.         -webkit-overflow-scrolling: initial;
    244. 

  244.         position: relative;
    245. 

  245.         width: 90%;
    246. 

  246.         height: 120px;
    247. 

  247.         left: 0;
    248. 

  248.         top: -7px;
    249. 

  249.         padding: 10px 0 10px 30px;
    250. 

  250.         border: 0;
    251. 

  251.       }
    252. 

  252.       img#logo {
    253. 

  253.         width: auto;
    254. 

  254.         height: auto;
    255. 

  255.       }
    256. 

  256.       div.container {
    257. 

  257.         margin: 0;
    258. 

  258.         width: 100%;
    259. 

  259.       }
    260. 

  260.       p, div.container ul {
    261. 

  261.         max-width: 98%;
    262. 

  262.         overflow-x: scroll;
    263. 

  263.       }
    264. 

  264.       table {
    265. 

  265.         position: relative;
    266. 

  266.       }
    267. 

  267.         tr:first-child td {
    268. 

  268.           padding-bottom: 25px;
    269. 

  269.         }
    270. 

  270.         td.text {
    271. 

  271.           line-height: 12px;
    272. 

  272.           padding: 0;
    273. 

  273.           position: absolute;
    274. 

  274.           left: 0;
    275. 

  275.           top: 48px;
    276. 

  276.         }
    277. 

  277.         tr:last-child td.text {
    278. 

  278.           top: 122px;
    279. 

  279.         }
    280. 

  280.       pre {
    281. 

  281.         overflow: scroll;
    282. 

  282.       }
    283. 

  283.     }
    284. 

  284.     img.figure {
    285. 

  285.       width: 100%;
    286. 

  286.     }
    287. 

  287.     div.columns {
    288. 

  288.       display: table;
    289. 

  289.       table-layout: fixed;
    290. 

  290.       width: 100%;
    291. 

  291.     }
    292. 

  292.       div.columns ul {
    293. 

  293.         margin: 10px 0;
    294. 

  294.       }
    295. 

  295.     div.col-50 {
    296. 

  296.       display: table-cell;
    297. 

  297.       width: 50%;
    298. 

  298.     }
    299. 

  299.   </style>
    300. 

  300. </head>
    301. 

  301. <body>
    302. 

  302. 

  303.   <div id="sidebar" class="interface">
    304. 

  304. 

  305.     <a class="toc_title" href="#">
    306. 

  306.       Backbone.js <span class="version">(1.4.0)</span>
    307. 

  307.     </a>
    308. 

  308.     <ul class="toc_section">
    309. 

  309.       <li>&raquo; <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone">GitHub Repository</a></li>
    310. 

  310.       <li>&raquo; <a href="docs/backbone.html">Annotated Source</a></li>
    311. 

  311.     </ul>
    312. 

  312. 

  313.     <input id="function_filter" placeholder="Filter" type="text" autofocus />
    314. 

  314. 

  315.     <div class="searchable_section">
    316. 

  316.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Getting-started">
    317. 

  317.         Getting Started
    318. 

  318.       </a>
    319. 

  319.       <ul class="toc_section">
    320. 

  320.         <li data-name="Introduction">- <a href="#Getting-started">Introduction</a></li>
    321. 

  321.         <li data-name="Models and Views">– <a href="#Model-View-separation">Models and Views</a></li>
    322. 

  322.         <li data-name="Collections">– <a href="#Model-Collections">Collections</a></li>
    323. 

  323.         <li data-name="API Integration">– <a href="#API-integration">API Integration</a></li>
    324. 

  324.         <li data-name="Rendering">– <a href="#View-rendering">Rendering</a></li>
    325. 

  325.         <li data-name="Routing">– <a href="#Routing">Routing</a></li>
    326. 

  326.       </ul>
    327. 

  327.     </div>
    328. 

  328. 

  329.     <div class="searchable_section">
    330. 

  330.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Events">
    331. 

  331.         Events
    332. 

  332.       </a>
    333. 

  333.       <ul class="toc_section">
    334. 

  334.         <li data-name="on">– <a href="#Events-on">on</a></li>
    335. 

  335.         <li data-name="off">– <a href="#Events-off">off</a></li>
    336. 

  336.         <li data-name="trigger">– <a href="#Events-trigger">trigger</a></li>
    337. 

  337.         <li data-name="once">– <a href="#Events-once">once</a></li>
    338. 

  338.         <li data-name="listenTo">– <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a></li>
    339. 

  339.         <li data-name="stopListening">– <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a></li>
    340. 

  340.         <li data-name="listenToOnce">– <a href="#Events-listenToOnce">listenToOnce</a></li>
    341. 

  341.         <li data-name="Catalog of Built-in Events">- <a href="#Events-catalog"><b>Catalog of Built-in Events</b></a></li>
    342. 

  342.       </ul>
    343. 

  343.     </div>
    344. 

  344. 

  345.     <div class="searchable_section">
    346. 

  346.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Model">
    347. 

  347.         Model
    348. 

  348.       </a>
    349. 

  349.       <ul class="toc_section">
    350. 

  350.         <li data-name="extend">– <a href="#Model-extend">extend</a></li>
    351. 

  351.         <li data-name="preinitialize">– <a href="#Model-preinitialize">preinitialize</a></li>
    352. 

  352.         <li data-name="constructor / initialize">– <a href="#Model-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
    353. 

  353.         <li data-name="get">– <a href="#Model-get">get</a></li>
    354. 

  354.         <li data-name="set">– <a href="#Model-set">set</a></li>
    355. 

  355.         <li data-name="escape">– <a href="#Model-escape">escape</a></li>
    356. 

  356.         <li data-name="has">– <a href="#Model-has">has</a></li>
    357. 

  357.         <li data-name="unset">– <a href="#Model-unset">unset</a></li>
    358. 

  358.         <li data-name="clear">– <a href="#Model-clear">clear</a></li>
    359. 

  359.         <li data-name="id">– <a href="#Model-id">id</a></li>
    360. 

  360.         <li data-name="idAttribute">– <a href="#Model-idAttribute">idAttribute</a></li>
    361. 

  361.         <li data-name="cid">– <a href="#Model-cid">cid</a></li>
    362. 

  362.         <li data-name="attributes">– <a href="#Model-attributes">attributes</a></li>
    363. 

  363.         <li data-name="changed">– <a href="#Model-changed">changed</a></li>
    364. 

  364.         <li data-name="defaults">– <a href="#Model-defaults">defaults</a></li>
    365. 

  365.         <li data-name="toJSON">– <a href="#Model-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
    366. 

  366.         <li data-name="sync">– <a href="#Model-sync">sync</a></li>
    367. 

  367.         <li data-name="fetch">– <a href="#Model-fetch">fetch</a></li>
    368. 

  368.         <li data-name="save">– <a href="#Model-save">save</a></li>
    369. 

  369.         <li data-name="destroy">– <a href="#Model-destroy">destroy</a></li>
    370. 

  370.         <li data-name="Underscore Methods">– <a href="#Model-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (9)</b></a></li>
    371. 

  371.         <li data-name="validate">– <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a></li>
    372. 

  372.         <li data-name="validationError">– <a href="#Model-validationError">validationError</a></li>
    373. 

  373.         <li data-name="isValid">– <a href="#Model-isValid">isValid</a></li>
    374. 

  374.         <li data-name="url">– <a href="#Model-url">url</a></li>
    375. 

  375.         <li data-name="urlRoot">– <a href="#Model-urlRoot">urlRoot</a></li>
    376. 

  376.         <li data-name="parse">– <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a></li>
    377. 

  377.         <li data-name="clone">– <a href="#Model-clone">clone</a></li>
    378. 

  378.         <li data-name="isNew">– <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a></li>
    379. 

  379.         <li data-name="hasChanged">– <a href="#Model-hasChanged">hasChanged</a></li>
    380. 

  380.         <li data-name="changedAttributes">– <a href="#Model-changedAttributes">changedAttributes</a></li>
    381. 

  381.         <li data-name="previous">– <a href="#Model-previous">previous</a></li>
    382. 

  382.         <li data-name="previousAttributes">– <a href="#Model-previousAttributes">previousAttributes</a></li>
    383. 

  383.       </ul>
    384. 

  384.     </div>
    385. 

  385. 

  386.     <div class="searchable_section">
    387. 

  387.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Collection">
    388. 

  388.         Collection
    389. 

  389.       </a>
    390. 

  390.       <ul class="toc_section">
    391. 

  391.         <li data-name="extend">– <a href="#Collection-extend">extend</a></li>
    392. 

  392.         <li data-name="model">– <a href="#Collection-model">model</a></li>
    393. 

  393.         <li data-name="modelId">– <a href="#Collection-modelId">modelId</a></li>
    394. 

  394.         <li data-name="preinitialize" data-name="preinitialize">– <a href="#Collection-preinitialize">preinitialize</a></li>
    395. 

  395.         <li data-name="constructor / initialize" data-name="constructor / initialize">– <a href="#Collection-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
    396. 

  396.         <li data-name="models">– <a href="#Collection-models">models</a></li>
    397. 

  397.         <li data-name="toJSON">– <a href="#Collection-toJSON">toJSON</a></li>
    398. 

  398.         <li data-name="sync">– <a href="#Collection-sync">sync</a></li>
    399. 

  399.         <li data-name="Underscore Methods">– <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods (46)</b></a></li>
    400. 

  400.         <li data-name="add">– <a href="#Collection-add">add</a></li>
    401. 

  401.         <li data-name="remove">– <a href="#Collection-remove">remove</a></li>
    402. 

  402.         <li data-name="reset">– <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a></li>
    403. 

  403.         <li data-name="set">– <a href="#Collection-set">set</a></li>
    404. 

  404.         <li data-name="get">– <a href="#Collection-get">get</a></li>
    405. 

  405.         <li data-name="at">– <a href="#Collection-at">at</a></li>
    406. 

  406.         <li data-name="push">– <a href="#Collection-push">push</a></li>
    407. 

  407.         <li data-name="pop">– <a href="#Collection-pop">pop</a></li>
    408. 

  408.         <li data-name="unshift">– <a href="#Collection-unshift">unshift</a></li>
    409. 

  409.         <li data-name="shift">– <a href="#Collection-shift">shift</a></li>
    410. 

  410.         <li data-name="slice">– <a href="#Collection-slice">slice</a></li>
    411. 

  411.         <li data-name="length">– <a href="#Collection-length">length</a></li>
    412. 

  412.         <li data-name="comparator">– <a href="#Collection-comparator">comparator</a></li>
    413. 

  413.         <li data-name="sort">– <a href="#Collection-sort">sort</a></li>
    414. 

  414.         <li data-name="pluck">– <a href="#Collection-pluck">pluck</a></li>
    415. 

  415.         <li data-name="where">– <a href="#Collection-where">where</a></li>
    416. 

  416.         <li data-name="findWhere">– <a href="#Collection-findWhere">findWhere</a></li>
    417. 

  417.         <li data-name="url">– <a href="#Collection-url">url</a></li>
    418. 

  418.         <li data-name="parse">– <a href="#Collection-parse">parse</a></li>
    419. 

  419.         <li data-name="clone">– <a href="#Collection-clone">clone</a></li>
    420. 

  420.         <li data-name="fetch">– <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a></li>
    421. 

  421.         <li data-name="create">– <a href="#Collection-create">create</a></li>
    422. 

  422.         <li data-name="sync">– <a href="#Collection-mixin">mixin</a></li>
    423. 

  423.       </ul>
    424. 

  424.     </div>
    425. 

  425. 

  426.     <div class="searchable_section">
    427. 

  427.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Router">
    428. 

  428.         Router
    429. 

  429.       </a>
    430. 

  430.       <ul class="toc_section">
    431. 

  431.         <li data-name="extend">– <a href="#Router-extend">extend</a></li>
    432. 

  432.         <li data-name="routes">– <a href="#Router-routes">routes</a></li>
    433. 

  433.         <li data-name="preinitialize">– <a href="#Router-preinitialize">preinitialize</a></li>
    434. 

  434.         <li data-name="constructor / initialize">– <a href="#Router-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
    435. 

  435.         <li data-name="route">– <a href="#Router-route">route</a></li>
    436. 

  436.         <li data-name="navigate">– <a href="#Router-navigate">navigate</a></li>
    437. 

  437.         <li data-name="execute">– <a href="#Router-execute">execute</a></li>
    438. 

  438.       </ul>
    439. 

  439.     </div>
    440. 

  440. 

  441.     <div class="searchable_section">
    442. 

  442.       <a class="toc_title" href="#History">
    443. 

  443.         History
    444. 

  444.       </a>
    445. 

  445.       <ul class="toc_section">
    446. 

  446.         <li data-name="start">– <a href="#History-start">start</a></li>
    447. 

  447.       </ul>
    448. 

  448.     </div>
    449. 

  449. 

  450.     <div class="searchable_section">
    451. 

  451.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Sync">
    452. 

  452.         Sync
    453. 

  453.       </a>
    454. 

  454.       <ul class="toc_section">
    455. 

  455.         <li data-name="Backbone.sync">– <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a></li>
    456. 

  456.         <li data-name="Backbone.ajax">– <a href="#Sync-ajax">Backbone.ajax</a></li>
    457. 

  457.         <li data-name="Backbone.emulateHTTP">– <a href="#Sync-emulateHTTP">Backbone.emulateHTTP</a></li>
    458. 

  458.         <li data-name="Backbone.emulateJSON">– <a href="#Sync-emulateJSON">Backbone.emulateJSON</a></li>
    459. 

  459.       </ul>
    460. 

  460.     </div>
    461. 

  461. 

  462.     <div class="searchable_section">
    463. 

  463.       <a class="toc_title" href="#View">
    464. 

  464.         View
    465. 

  465.       </a>
    466. 

  466.       <ul class="toc_section">
    467. 

  467.         <li data-name="extend">– <a href="#View-extend">extend</a></li>
    468. 

  468.         <li data-name="preinitialize">– <a href="#View-preinitialize">preinitialize</a></li>
    469. 

  469.         <li data-name="constructor / initialize">– <a href="#View-constructor">constructor / initialize</a></li>
    470. 

  470.         <li data-name="el">– <a href="#View-el">el</a></li>
    471. 

  471.         <li data-name="$el">– <a href="#View-$el">$el</a></li>
    472. 

  472.         <li data-name="setElement">– <a href="#View-setElement">setElement</a></li>
    473. 

  473.         <li data-name="attributes">– <a href="#View-attributes">attributes</a></li>
    474. 

  474.         <li data-name="$ (jQuery)">– <a href="#View-dollar">$ (jQuery)</a></li>
    475. 

  475.         <li data-name="template">– <a href="#View-template">template</a></li>
    476. 

  476.         <li data-name="render">– <a href="#View-render">render</a></li>
    477. 

  477.         <li data-name="remove">– <a href="#View-remove">remove</a></li>
    478. 

  478.         <li data-name="events">– <a href="#View-events">events</a></li>
    479. 

  479.         <li data-name="delegateEvents">– <a href="#View-delegateEvents">delegateEvents</a></li>
    480. 

  480.         <li data-name="undelegateEvents">– <a href="#View-undelegateEvents">undelegateEvents</a></li>
    481. 

  481.       </ul>
    482. 

  482.     </div>
    483. 

  483. 

  484.     <div class="searchable_section">
    485. 

  485.       <a class="toc_title" href="#Utility">
    486. 

  486.         Utility
    487. 

  487.       </a>
    488. 

  488.       <ul class="toc_section">
    489. 

  489.         <li data-name="Backbone.noConflict">– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-noConflict">Backbone.noConflict</a></li>
    490. 

  490.         <li data-name="Backbone.$">– <a href="#Utility-Backbone-$">Backbone.$</a></li>
    491. 

  491.       </ul>
    492. 

  492.     </div>
    493. 

  493. 

  494.     <div class="searchable_section">
    495. 

  495.       <a class="toc_title" href="#faq">
    496. 

  496.         F.A.Q.
    497. 

  497.       </a>
    498. 

  498.       <ul class="toc_section">
    499. 

  499.         <li data-name="Why Backbone?">– <a href="#FAQ-why-backbone">Why Backbone?</a></li>
    500. 

  500.         <li data-name="More Than One Way To Do It">– <a href="#FAQ-tim-toady">More Than One Way To Do It</a></li>
    501. 

  501.         <li data-name="Nested Models and Collections">– <a href="#FAQ-nested">Nested Models &amp; Collections</a></li>
    502. 

  502.         <li data-name="Loading Bootstrapped Models">– <a href="#FAQ-bootstrap">Loading Bootstrapped Models</a></li>
    503. 

  503.         <li data-name="Extending Backbone">– <a href="#FAQ-extending">Extending Backbone</a></li>
    504. 

  504.         <li data-name="Traditional MVC">– <a href="#FAQ-mvc">Traditional MVC</a></li>
    505. 

  505.         <li data-name="Binding this">– <a href="#FAQ-this">Binding "this"</a></li>
    506. 

  506.         <li data-name="Working with Rails">– <a href="#FAQ-rails">Working with Rails</a></li>
    507. 

  507.       </ul>
    508. 

  508.     </div>
    509. 

  509. 

  510.     <div class="searchable_section">
    511. 

  511.       <a class="toc_title" href="#examples">
    512. 

  512.         Examples
    513. 

  513.       </a>
    514. 

  514.       <ul class="toc_section">
    515. 

  515.         <li data-name="Todos">– <a href="#examples-todos">Todos</a></li>
    516. 

  516.         <li data-name="DocumentCloud">– <a href="#examples-documentcloud">DocumentCloud</a></li>
    517. 

  517.         <li data-name="USA Today">– <a href="#examples-usa-today">USA Today</a></li>
    518. 

  518.         <li data-name="Rdio">– <a href="#examples-rdio">Rdio</a></li>
    519. 

  519.         <li data-name="Hulu">– <a href="#examples-hulu">Hulu</a></li>
    520. 

  520.         <li data-name="Quartz">– <a href="#examples-quartz">Quartz</a></li>
    521. 

  521.         <li data-name="Earth">– <a href="#examples-earth">Earth</a></li>
    522. 

  522.         <li data-name="Vox">– <a href="#examples-vox">Vox</a></li>
    523. 

  523.         <li data-name="Gawker Media">– <a href="#examples-gawker">Gawker Media</a></li>
    524. 

  524.         <li data-name="Flow">– <a href="#examples-flow">Flow</a></li>
    525. 

  525.         <li data-name="Gilt Groupe">– <a href="#examples-gilt">Gilt Groupe</a></li>
    526. 

  526.         <li data-name="Enigma">– <a href="#examples-enigma">Enigma</a></li>
    527. 

  527.         <li data-name="NewsBlur">– <a href="#examples-newsblur">NewsBlur</a></li>
    528. 

  528.         <li data-name="WordPress.com">– <a href="#examples-wordpress">WordPress.com</a></li>
    529. 

  529.         <li data-name="Foursquare">– <a href="#examples-foursquare">Foursquare</a></li>
    530. 

  530.         <li data-name="Bitbucket">– <a href="#examples-bitbucket">Bitbucket</a></li>
    531. 

  531.         <li data-name="Disqus">– <a href="#examples-disqus">Disqus</a></li>
    532. 

  532.         <li data-name="Delicious">– <a href="#examples-delicious">Delicious</a></li>
    533. 

  533.         <li data-name="Khan Academy">– <a href="#examples-khan-academy">Khan Academy</a></li>
    534. 

  534.         <li data-name="IRCCloud">– <a href="#examples-irccloud">IRCCloud</a></li>
    535. 

  535.         <li data-name="Pitchfork">– <a href="#examples-pitchfork">Pitchfork</a></li>
    536. 

  536.         <li data-name="Spin">– <a href="#examples-spin">Spin</a></li>
    537. 

  537.         <li data-name="ZocDoc">– <a href="#examples-zocdoc">ZocDoc</a></li>
    538. 

  538.         <li data-name="Walmart Mobile">– <a href="#examples-walmart">Walmart Mobile</a></li>
    539. 

  539.         <li data-name="Groupon Now!">– <a href="#examples-groupon">Groupon Now!</a></li>
    540. 

  540.         <li data-name="Basecamp">– <a href="#examples-basecamp">Basecamp</a></li>
    541. 

  541.         <li data-name="Slavery Footprint">– <a href="#examples-slavery-footprint">Slavery Footprint</a></li>
    542. 

  542.         <li data-name="Stripe">– <a href="#examples-stripe">Stripe</a></li>
    543. 

  543.         <li data-name="Airbnb">– <a href="#examples-airbnb">Airbnb</a></li>
    544. 

  544.         <li data-name="SoundCloud Mobile">– <a href="#examples-soundcloud">SoundCloud Mobile</a></li>
    545. 

  545.         <li data-name="Art.sy">- <a href="#examples-artsy">Art.sy</a></li>
    546. 

  546.         <li data-name="Pandora">– <a href="#examples-pandora">Pandora</a></li>
    547. 

  547.         <li data-name="Inkling">– <a href="#examples-inkling">Inkling</a></li>
    548. 

  548.         <li data-name="Code School">– <a href="#examples-code-school">Code School</a></li>
    549. 

  549.         <li data-name="CloudApp">– <a href="#examples-cloudapp">CloudApp</a></li>
    550. 

  550.         <li data-name="SeatGeek">– <a href="#examples-seatgeek">SeatGeek</a></li>
    551. 

  551.         <li data-name="Easel">– <a href="#examples-easel">Easel</a></li>
    552. 

  552.         <li data-name="Jolicloud">- <a href="#examples-jolicloud">Jolicloud</a></li>
    553. 

  553.         <li data-name="Salon.io">– <a href="#examples-salon">Salon.io</a></li>
    554. 

  554.         <li data-name="TileMill">– <a href="#examples-tilemill">TileMill</a></li>
    555. 

  555.         <li data-name="Blossom">– <a href="#examples-blossom">Blossom</a></li>
    556. 

  556.         <li data-name="Trello">– <a href="#examples-trello">Trello</a></li>
    557. 

  557.         <li data-name="Tzigla">– <a href="#examples-tzigla">Tzigla</a></li>
    558. 

  558.       </ul>
    559. 

  559.     </div>
    560. 

  560. 

  561.     <div class="searchable_section">
    562. 

  562.       <a class="toc_title" href="#changelog">
    563. 

  563.         Change Log
    564. 

  564.       </a>
    565. 

  565.     </div>
    566. 

  566. 

  567.   </div>
    568. 

  568. 

  569.   <div class="container">
    570. 

  570. 

  571.     <p>
    572. 

  572.       <img id="logo" src="docs/images/backbone.png" alt="Backbone.js" />
    573. 

  573.     </p>
    574. 

  574. 

  575.     <p>
    576. 

  576.       Backbone.js gives structure to web applications
    577. 

  577.       by providing <b>models</b> with key-value binding and custom events,
    578. 

  578.       <b>collections</b> with a rich API of enumerable functions,
    579. 

  579.       <b>views</b> with declarative event handling, and connects it all to your
    580. 

  580.       existing API over a RESTful JSON interface.
    581. 

  581.     </p>
    582. 

  582. 

  583.     <p>
    584. 

  584.       The project is <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/">hosted on GitHub</a>,
    585. 

  585.       and the <a href="docs/backbone.html">annotated source code</a> is available,
    586. 

  586.       as well as an online <a href="test/">test suite</a>,
    587. 

  587.       an <a href="examples/todos/index.html">example application</a>,
    588. 

  588.       a <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Tutorials%2C-blog-posts-and-example-sites">list of tutorials</a>
    589. 

  589.       and a <a href="#examples">long list of real-world projects</a> that use Backbone.
    590. 

  590.       Backbone is available for use under the <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/blob/master/LICENSE">MIT software license</a>.
    591. 

  591.     </p>
    592. 

  592. 

  593.     <p>
    594. 

  594.       You can report bugs and discuss features on the
    595. 

  595.       <a href="http://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/issues">GitHub issues page</a>,
    596. 

  596.       or add pages to the <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki">wiki</a>.
    597. 

  597.     </p>
    598. 

  598. 

  599.     <p>
    600. 

  600.       <i>
    601. 

  601.         Backbone is an open-source component of
    602. 

  602.         <a href="http://documentcloud.org/">DocumentCloud</a>.
    603. 

  603.       </i>
    604. 

  604.     </p>
    605. 

  605. 

  606.     <h2 id="downloads">
    607. 

  607.       Downloads &amp; Dependencies
    608. 

  608.       <span style="padding-left: 7px; font-size:11px; font-weight: normal;" class="interface">(Right-click, and use "Save As")</span>
    609. 

  609.     </h2>
    610. 

  610. 

  611.     <table>
    612. 

  612.       <tr>
    613. 

  613.         <td><a class="punch" href="backbone.js">Development Version (1.4.0)</a></td>
    614. 

  614.         <td class="text"><i>72kb, Full source, tons of comments</i></td>
    615. 

  615.       </tr>
    616. 

  616.       <tr>
    617. 

  617.         <td><a class="punch" href="backbone-min.js">Production Version (1.4.0)</a></td>
    618. 

  618.         <td class="text" style="line-height: 16px;">
    619. 

  619.           <i>7.9kb, Packed and gzipped</i><br />
    620. 

  620.           <small>(<a href="backbone-min.map">Source Map</a>)</small>
    621. 

  621.         </td>
    622. 

  622.       </tr>
    623. 

  623.       <tr>
    624. 

  624.         <td><a class="punch" href="https://raw.github.com/jashkenas/backbone/master/backbone.js">Edge Version (master)</a></td>
    625. 

  625.         <td>
    626. 

  626.           <i>Unreleased, use at your own risk</i>
    627. 

  627.         </td>
    628. 

  628.       </tr>
    629. 

  629.     </table>
    630. 

  630. 

  631.     <p>
    632. 

  632.       Backbone's only hard dependency is
    633. 

  633.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a> <small>( >= 1.8.3)</small>.
    634. 

  634.       For RESTful persistence and DOM manipulation with <a href="#View">Backbone.View</a>,
    635. 

  635.       include <b><a href="https://jquery.com/">jQuery</a></b> ( >= 1.11.0).
    636. 

  636.       <i>(Mimics of the Underscore and jQuery APIs, such as
    637. 

  637.       <a href="https://lodash.com/">Lodash</a> and
    638. 

  638.       <a href="http://zeptojs.com/">Zepto</a>, will
    639. 

  639.       also tend to work, with varying degrees of compatibility.)</i>
    640. 

  640.     </p>
    641. 

  641.     <h2 id="Getting-started">Getting Started</h2>
    642. 

  642. 

  643.     <p>
    644. 

  644.       When working on a web application that involves a lot of JavaScript, one
    645. 

  645.       of the first things you learn is to stop tying your data to the DOM. It's all
    646. 

  646.       too easy to create JavaScript applications that end up as tangled piles of
    647. 

  647.       jQuery selectors and callbacks, all trying frantically to keep data in
    648. 

  648.       sync between the HTML UI, your JavaScript logic, and the database on your
    649. 

  649.       server. For rich client-side applications, a more structured approach
    650. 

  650.       is often helpful.
    651. 

  651.     </p>
    652. 

  652. 

  653.     <p>
    654. 

  654.       With Backbone, you represent your data as
    655. 

  655.       <a href="#Model">Models</a>, which can be created, validated, destroyed,
    656. 

  656.       and saved to the server. Whenever a UI action causes an attribute of
    657. 

  657.       a model to change, the model triggers a <i>"change"</i> event; all
    658. 

  658.       the <a href="#View">Views</a> that display the model's state can be notified of the
    659. 

  659.       change, so that they are able to respond accordingly, re-rendering themselves with
    660. 

  660.       the new information. In a finished Backbone app, you don't have to write the glue
    661. 

  661.       code that looks into the DOM to find an element with a specific <i>id</i>,
    662. 

  662.       and update the HTML manually
    663. 

  663.       &mdash; when the model changes, the views simply update themselves.
    664. 

  664.     </p>
    665. 

  665. 

  666.     <p>
    667. 

  667.       Philosophically, Backbone is an attempt to discover the minimal set
    668. 

  668.       of data-structuring (models and collections) and user interface (views
    669. 

  669.       and URLs) primitives that are generally useful when building web applications with
    670. 

  670.       JavaScript. In an ecosystem where overarching, decides-everything-for-you
    671. 

  671.       frameworks are commonplace, and many libraries require your site to be
    672. 

  672.       reorganized to suit their look, feel, and default behavior — Backbone should
    673. 

  673.       continue to be a tool that gives you the <i>freedom</i> to design the full
    674. 

  674.       experience of your web application.
    675. 

  675.     </p>
    676. 

  676. 

  677.     <p>
    678. 

  678.       If you're new here, and aren't yet quite sure what Backbone is for, start by
    679. 

  679.       browsing the <a href="#examples">list of Backbone-based projects</a>.
    680. 

  680.     </p>
    681. 

  681. 

  682.     <p>
    683. 

  683.       Many of the code examples in this documentation are runnable, because
    684. 

  684.       Backbone is included on this page.
    685. 

  685.       Click the <i>play</i> button to execute them.
    686. 

  686.     </p>
    687. 

  687. 

  688.     <h2 id="Model-View-separation">Models and Views</h2>
    689. 

  689. 

  690.     <img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-model-view.svg" alt="Model-View Separation.">
    691. 

  691. 

  692.     <p>
    693. 

  693.       The single most important thing that Backbone can help you with is keeping
    694. 

  694.       your business logic separate from your user interface. When the two are
    695. 

  695.       entangled, change is hard; when logic doesn't depend on UI, your
    696. 

  696.       interface becomes easier to work with.
    697. 

  697.     </p>
    698. 

  698. 

  699.     <div class="columns">
    700. 

  700.       <div class="col-50">
    701. 

  701.         <b>Model</b>
    702. 

  702.         <ul>
    703. 

  703.           <li>Orchestrates data and business logic.</li>
    704. 

  704.           <li>Loads and saves data from the server.</li>
    705. 

  705.           <li>Emits events when data changes.</li>
    706. 

  706.         </ul>
    707. 

  707.       </div>
    708. 

  708.       <div class="col-50">
    709. 

  709.         <b>View</b>
    710. 

  710.         <ul>
    711. 

  711.           <li>Listens for changes and renders UI.</li>
    712. 

  712.           <li>Handles user input and interactivity.</li>
    713. 

  713.           <li>Sends captured input to the model.</li>
    714. 

  714.         </ul>
    715. 

  715.       </div>
    716. 

  716.     </div>
    717. 

  717. 

  718.     <p>
    719. 

  719.       A <b>Model</b> manages an internal table of data attributes, and
    720. 

  720.       triggers <tt>"change"</tt> events when any of its data is modified.
    721. 

  721.       Models handle syncing data with a persistence layer — usually a REST API
    722. 

  722.       with a backing database. Design your models as the atomic reusable objects
    723. 

  723.       containing all of the helpful functions for manipulating their particular
    724. 

  724.       bit of data. Models should be able to be passed around throughout your app,
    725. 

  725.       and used anywhere that bit of data is needed.
    726. 

  726.     </p>
    727. 

  727. 

  728.     <p>
    729. 

  729.       A <b>View</b> is an atomic chunk of user interface. It often renders the
    730. 

  730.       data from a specific model, or number of models &mdash; but views can
    731. 

  731.       also be data-less chunks of UI that stand alone.
    732. 

  732.       Models should be generally unaware of views. Instead, views listen to
    733. 

  733.       the model <tt>"change"</tt> events, and react or re-render themselves
    734. 

  734.       appropriately.
    735. 

  735.     </p>
    736. 

  736. 

  737.     <h2 id="Model-Collections">Collections</h2>
    738. 

  738. 

  739.     <img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-collections.svg" alt="Model Collections.">
    740. 

  740. 

  741.     <p>
    742. 

  742.       A <b>Collection</b> helps you deal with a group of related models, handling
    743. 

  743.       the loading and saving of new models to the server and providing helper
    744. 

  744.       functions for performing aggregations or computations against a list of models.
    745. 

  745.       Aside from their own events, collections also proxy through all of the
    746. 

  746.       events that occur to models within them, allowing you to listen in one place
    747. 

  747.       for any change that might happen to any model in the collection.
    748. 

  748.     </p>
    749. 

  749. 

  750.     <h2 id="API-integration">API Integration</h2>
    751. 

  751. 

  752.     <p>
    753. 

  753.       Backbone is pre-configured to sync with a RESTful API. Simply create a
    754. 

  754.       new Collection with the <tt>url</tt> of your resource endpoint:
    755. 

  755.     </p>
    756. 

  756. 

  757. <pre>
    758. 

  758. var Books = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    759. 

  759.   url: '/books'
    760. 

  760. });
    761. 

  761. </pre>
    762. 

  762. 

  763.     <p>
    764. 

  764.       The <b>Collection</b> and <b>Model</b> components together form a direct
    765. 

  765.       mapping of REST resources using the following methods:
    766. 

  766.     </p>
    767. 

  767. 

  768. <pre>
    769. 

  769. GET  /books/ .... collection.fetch();
    770. 

  770. POST /books/ .... collection.create();
    771. 

  771. GET  /books/1 ... model.fetch();
    772. 

  772. PUT  /books/1 ... model.save();
    773. 

  773. DEL  /books/1 ... model.destroy();
    774. 

  774. </pre>
    775. 

  775. 

  776.     <p>
    777. 

  777.       When fetching raw JSON data from an API, a <b>Collection</b> will
    778. 

  778.       automatically populate itself with data formatted as an array, while
    779. 

  779.       a <b>Model</b> will automatically populate itself with data formatted
    780. 

  780.       as an object:
    781. 

  781.     </p>
    782. 

  782. 

  783. <pre>
    784. 

  784. [{"id": 1}] ..... populates a Collection with one model.
    785. 

  785. {"id": 1} ....... populates a Model with one attribute.
    786. 

  786. </pre>
    787. 

  787. 

  788.     <p>
    789. 

  789.       However, it's fairly common to encounter APIs that return data in a
    790. 

  790.       different format than what Backbone expects. For example, consider
    791. 

  791.       fetching a <b>Collection</b> from an API that returns the real data
    792. 

  792.       array wrapped in metadata:
    793. 

  793.     </p>
    794. 

  794. 

  795. <pre>
    796. 

  796. {
    797. 

  797.   "page": 1,
    798. 

  798.   "limit": 10,
    799. 

  799.   "total": 2,
    800. 

  800.   "books": [
    801. 

  801.     {"id": 1, "title": "Pride and Prejudice"},
    802. 

  802.     {"id": 4, "title": "The Great Gatsby"}
    803. 

  803.   ]
    804. 

  804. }
    805. 

  805. </pre>
    806. 

  806. 

  807.     <p>
    808. 

  808.       In the above example data, a <b>Collection</b> should populate using the
    809. 

  809.       <tt>"books"</tt> array rather than the root object structure. This
    810. 

  810.       difference is easily reconciled using a <tt>parse</tt> method that
    811. 

  811.       returns (or transforms) the desired portion of API data:
    812. 

  812.     </p>
    813. 

  813. 

  814. <pre>
    815. 

  815. var Books = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    816. 

  816.   url: '/books',
    817. 

  817.   parse: function(data) {
    818. 

  818.     return data.books;
    819. 

  819.   }
    820. 

  820. });
    821. 

  821. </pre>
    822. 

  822. 

  823.     <h2 id="View-rendering">View Rendering</h2>
    824. 

  824. 

  825.     <img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-views.svg" alt="View rendering.">
    826. 

  826. 

  827.     <p>
    828. 

  828.       Each <b>View</b> manages the rendering and user interaction within its own
    829. 

  829.       DOM element. If you're strict about not allowing views to reach outside
    830. 

  830.       of themselves, it helps keep your interface flexible &mdash; allowing
    831. 

  831.       views to be rendered in isolation in any place where they might be needed.
    832. 

  832.     </p>
    833. 

  833. 

  834.     <p>
    835. 

  835.       Backbone remains unopinionated about the process used to render <b>View</b>
    836. 

  836.       objects and their subviews into UI: you define how your models get translated
    837. 

  837.       into HTML (or SVG, or Canvas, or something even more exotic).
    838. 

  838.       It could be as prosaic as a simple
    839. 

  839.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#template">Underscore template</a>, or as fancy as the
    840. 

  840.       <a href="http://facebook.github.io/react/docs/tutorial.html">React virtual DOM</a>.
    841. 

  841.       Some basic approaches to rendering views can be found
    842. 

  842.       in the <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Backbone%2C-The-Primer">Backbone primer</a>.
    843. 

  843.     </p>
    844. 

  844. 

  845.     <h2 id="Routing">Routing with URLs</h2>
    846. 

  846. 

  847.     <img class="figure" src="docs/images/intro-routing.svg" alt="Routing">
    848. 

  848. 

  849.     <p>
    850. 

  850.       In rich web applications, we still want to provide linkable,
    851. 

  851.       bookmarkable, and shareable URLs to meaningful locations within an app.
    852. 

  852.       Use the <b>Router</b> to update the browser URL whenever the user
    853. 

  853.       reaches a new "place" in your app that they might want to bookmark or share.
    854. 

  854.       Conversely, the <b>Router</b> detects changes to the URL &mdash; say,
    855. 

  855.       pressing the "Back" button &mdash; and can tell your application exactly where you
    856. 

  856.       are now.
    857. 

  857.     </p>
    858. 

  858. 

  859.     <h2 id="Events">Backbone.Events</h2>
    860. 

  860. 

  861.     <p>
    862. 

  862.       <b>Events</b> is a module that can be mixed in to any object, giving the
    863. 

  863.       object the ability to bind and trigger custom named events. Events do not
    864. 

  864.       have to be declared before they are bound, and may take passed arguments.
    865. 

  865.       For example:
    866. 

  866.     </p>
    867. 

  867. 

  868. <pre class="runnable">
    869. 

  869. var object = {};
    870. 

  870. 

  871. _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
    872. 

  872. 

  873. object.on("alert", function(msg) {
    874. 

  874.   alert("Triggered " + msg);
    875. 

  875. });
    876. 

  876. 

  877. object.trigger("alert", "an event");
    878. 

  878. </pre>
    879. 

  879. 

  880.     <p>
    881. 

  881.       For example, to make a handy event dispatcher that can coordinate events
    882. 

  882.       among different areas of your application: <tt>var dispatcher = _.clone(Backbone.Events)</tt>
    883. 

  883.     </p>
    884. 

  884. 

  885.     <p id="Events-on">
    886. 

  886.       <b class="header">on</b><code>object.on(event, callback, [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: bind</span>
    887. 

  887.       <br />
    888. 

  888.       Bind a <b>callback</b> function to an object. The callback will be invoked
    889. 

  889.       whenever the <b>event</b> is fired.
    890. 

  890.       If you have a large number of different events on a page, the convention is to use colons to
    891. 

  891.       namespace them: <tt>"poll:start"</tt>, or <tt>"change:selection"</tt>.
    892. 

  892.       The event string may also be a space-delimited list of several events...
    893. 

  893.     </p>
    894. 

  894. 

  895. <pre>
    896. 

  896. book.on("change:title change:author", ...);
    897. 

  897. </pre>
    898. 

  898. 

  899.     <p>
    900. 

  900.       Callbacks bound to the special
    901. 

  901.       <tt>"all"</tt> event will be triggered when any event occurs, and are passed
    902. 

  902.       the name of the event as the first argument. For example, to proxy all events
    903. 

  903.       from one object to another:
    904. 

  904.     </p>
    905. 

  905. 

  906. <pre>
    907. 

  907. proxy.on("all", function(eventName) {
    908. 

  908.   object.trigger(eventName);
    909. 

  909. });
    910. 

  910. </pre>
    911. 

  911. 

  912.     <p>
    913. 

  913.       All Backbone event methods also support an event map syntax, as an alternative
    914. 

  914.       to positional arguments:
    915. 

  915.     </p>
    916. 

  916. 

  917. <pre>
    918. 

  918. book.on({
    919. 

  919.   "change:author": authorPane.update,
    920. 

  920.   "change:title change:subtitle": titleView.update,
    921. 

  921.   "destroy": bookView.remove
    922. 

  922. });
    923. 

  923. </pre>
    924. 

  924. 

  925.     <p>
    926. 

  926.       To supply a <b>context</b> value for <tt>this</tt> when the callback is invoked,
    927. 

  927.       pass the optional last argument: <tt>model.on('change', this.render, this)</tt> or
    928. 

  928.       <tt>model.on({change: this.render}, this)</tt>.
    929. 

  929.     </p>
    930. 

  930. 

  931.     <p id="Events-off">
    932. 

  932.       <b class="header">off</b><code>object.off([event], [callback], [context])</code><span class="alias">Alias: unbind</span>
    933. 

  933.       <br />
    934. 

  934.       Remove a previously-bound <b>callback</b> function from an object. If no
    935. 

  935.       <b>context</b> is specified, all of the versions of the callback with
    936. 

  936.       different contexts will be removed. If no
    937. 

  937.       callback is specified, all callbacks for the <b>event</b> will be
    938. 

  938.       removed. If no event is specified, callbacks for <i>all</i> events
    939. 

  939.       will be removed.
    940. 

  940.     </p>
    941. 

  941. 

  942. <pre>
    943. 

  943. // Removes just the `onChange` callback.
    944. 

  944. object.off("change", onChange);
    945. 

  945. 

  946. // Removes all "change" callbacks.
    947. 

  947. object.off("change");
    948. 

  948. 

  949. // Removes the `onChange` callback for all events.
    950. 

  950. object.off(null, onChange);
    951. 

  951. 

  952. // Removes all callbacks for `context` for all events.
    953. 

  953. object.off(null, null, context);
    954. 

  954. 

  955. // Removes all callbacks on `object`.
    956. 

  956. object.off();
    957. 

  957. </pre>
    958. 

  958. 

  959.     <p>
    960. 

  960.       Note that calling <tt>model.off()</tt>, for example, will indeed remove <i>all</i> events
    961. 

  961.       on the model &mdash; including events that Backbone uses for internal bookkeeping.
    962. 

  962.     </p>
    963. 

  963. 

  964.     <p id="Events-trigger">
    965. 

  965.       <b class="header">trigger</b><code>object.trigger(event, [*args])</code>
    966. 

  966.       <br />
    967. 

  967.       Trigger callbacks for the given <b>event</b>, or space-delimited list of events.
    968. 

  968.       Subsequent arguments to <b>trigger</b> will be passed along to the
    969. 

  969.       event callbacks.
    970. 

  970.     </p>
    971. 

  971. 

  972.     <p id="Events-once">
    973. 

  973.       <b class="header">once</b><code>object.once(event, callback, [context])</code>
    974. 

  974.       <br />
    975. 

  975.       Just like <a href="#Events-on">on</a>, but causes the bound callback to fire
    976. 

  976.       only once before being removed. Handy for saying "the next time that X happens, do this".
    977. 

  977.       When multiple events are passed in using the space separated syntax, the event will fire once
    978. 

  978.       for every event you passed in, not once for a combination of all events
    979. 

  979.     </p>
    980. 

  980. 

  981.     <p id="Events-listenTo">
    982. 

  982.       <b class="header">listenTo</b><code>object.listenTo(other, event, callback)</code>
    983. 

  983.       <br />
    984. 

  984.       Tell an <b>object</b> to listen to a particular event on an <b>other</b>
    985. 

  985.       object.  The advantage of using this form, instead of <tt>other.on(event,
    986. 

  986.       callback, object)</tt>, is that <b>listenTo</b> allows the <b>object</b>
    987. 

  987.       to keep track of the events, and they can be removed all at once later
    988. 

  988.       on.  The <b>callback</b> will always be called with <b>object</b> as
    989. 

  989.       context.
    990. 

  990.     </p>
    991. 

  991. 

  992. <pre>
    993. 

  993. view.listenTo(model, 'change', view.render);
    994. 

  994. </pre>
    995. 

  995. 

  996.     <p id="Events-stopListening">
    997. 

  997.       <b class="header">stopListening</b><code>object.stopListening([other], [event], [callback])</code>
    998. 

  998.       <br />
    999. 

  999.       Tell an <b>object</b> to stop listening to events. Either call
    1000. 

  1000.       <b>stopListening</b> with no arguments to have the <b>object</b> remove
    1001. 

  1001.       all of its <a href="#Events-listenTo">registered</a> callbacks ... or be more
    1002. 

  1002.       precise by telling it to remove just the events it's listening to on a
    1003. 

  1003.       specific object, or a specific event, or just a specific callback.
    1004. 

  1004.     </p>
    1005. 

  1005. 

  1006. <pre>
    1007. 

  1007. view.stopListening();
    1008. 

  1008. 

  1009. view.stopListening(model);
    1010. 

  1010. </pre>
    1011. 

  1011. 

  1012.     <p id="Events-listenToOnce">
    1013. 

  1013.       <b class="header">listenToOnce</b><code>object.listenToOnce(other, event, callback)</code>
    1014. 

  1014.       <br />
    1015. 

  1015.       Just like <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>, but causes the bound
    1016. 

  1016.       callback to fire only once before being removed.
    1017. 

  1017.     </p>
    1018. 

  1018. 

  1019.     <p id="Events-catalog">
    1020. 

  1020.       <b class="header">Catalog of Events</b>
    1021. 

  1021.       <br />
    1022. 

  1022.       Here's the complete list of built-in Backbone events, with arguments.
    1023. 

  1023.       You're also free to trigger your own events on Models, Collections and
    1024. 

  1024.       Views as you see fit. The <tt>Backbone</tt> object itself mixes in <tt>Events</tt>,
    1025. 

  1025.       and can be used to emit any global events that your application needs.
    1026. 

  1026.     </p>
    1027. 

  1027. 

  1028.     <ul class="small">
    1029. 

  1029.       <li><b>"add"</b> (model, collection, options) &mdash; when a model is added to a collection.</li>
    1030. 

  1030.       <li><b>"remove"</b> (model, collection, options) &mdash; when a model is removed from a collection.</li>
    1031. 

  1031.       <li><b>"update"</b> (collection, options) &mdash; single event triggered after any number of models have been added, removed or changed in a collection.</li>
    1032. 

  1032.       <li><b>"reset"</b> (collection, options) &mdash; when the collection's entire contents have been <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a>.</li>
    1033. 

  1033.       <li><b>"sort"</b> (collection, options) &mdash; when the collection has been re-sorted.</li>
    1034. 

  1034.       <li><b>"change"</b> (model, options) &mdash; when a model's attributes have changed.</li>
    1035. 

  1035.       <li><b>"change:[attribute]"</b> (model, value, options) &mdash; when a specific attribute has been updated.</li>
    1036. 

  1036.       <li><b>"destroy"</b> (model, collection, options) &mdash; when a model is <a href="#Model-destroy">destroyed</a>.</li>
    1037. 

  1037.       <li><b>"request"</b> (model_or_collection, xhr, options) &mdash; when a model or collection has started a request to the server.</li>
    1038. 

  1038.       <li><b>"sync"</b> (model_or_collection, response, options) &mdash; when a model or collection has been successfully synced with the server.</li>
    1039. 

  1039.       <li><b>"error"</b> (model_or_collection, xhr, options) &mdash; when a model's or collection's request to the server has failed.</li>
    1040. 

  1040.       <li><b>"invalid"</b> (model, error, options) &mdash; when a model's <a href="#Model-validate">validation</a> fails on the client.</li>
    1041. 

  1041.       <li><b>"route:[name]"</b> (params) &mdash; Fired by the router when a specific route is matched.</li>
    1042. 

  1042.       <li><b>"route"</b> (route, params) &mdash; Fired by the router when <i>any</i> route has been matched.</li>
    1043. 

  1043.       <li><b>"route"</b> (router, route, params) &mdash; Fired by history when <i>any</i> route has been matched.</li>
    1044. 

  1044.       <li><b>"all"</b> &mdash; this special event fires for <i>any</i> triggered event, passing the event name as the first argument followed by all trigger arguments.</li>
    1045. 

  1045.     </ul>
    1046. 

  1046. 

  1047.     <p>
    1048. 

  1048.       Generally speaking, when calling a function that emits an event
    1049. 

  1049.       (<tt>model.set</tt>, <tt>collection.add</tt>, and so on...),
    1050. 

  1050.       if you'd like to prevent the event from being triggered, you may pass
    1051. 

  1051.       <tt>{silent: true}</tt> as an option. Note that this is <i>rarely</i>,
    1052. 

  1052.       perhaps even never, a good idea. Passing through a specific flag
    1053. 

  1053.       in the options for your event callback to look at, and choose to ignore,
    1054. 

  1054.       will usually work out better.
    1055. 

  1055.     </p>
    1056. 

  1056. 

  1057.     <h2 id="Model">Backbone.Model</h2>
    1058. 

  1058. 

  1059.     <p>
    1060. 

  1060.       <b>Models</b> are the heart of any JavaScript application, containing
    1061. 

  1061.       the interactive data as well as a large part of the logic surrounding it:
    1062. 

  1062.       conversions, validations, computed properties, and access control. You
    1063. 

  1063.       extend <b>Backbone.Model</b> with your domain-specific methods, and
    1064. 

  1064.       <b>Model</b> provides a basic set of functionality for managing changes.
    1065. 

  1065.     </p>
    1066. 

  1066. 

  1067.     <p>
    1068. 

  1068.       The following is a contrived example, but it demonstrates defining a model
    1069. 

  1069.       with a custom method, setting an attribute, and firing an event keyed
    1070. 

  1070.       to changes in that specific attribute.
    1071. 

  1071.       After running this code once, <tt>sidebar</tt> will be
    1072. 

  1072.       available in your browser's console, so you can play around with it.
    1073. 

  1073.     </p>
    1074. 

  1074. 

  1075. <pre class="runnable">
    1076. 

  1076. var Sidebar = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1077. 

  1077.   promptColor: function() {
    1078. 

  1078.     var cssColor = prompt("Please enter a CSS color:");
    1079. 

  1079.     this.set({color: cssColor});
    1080. 

  1080.   }
    1081. 

  1081. });
    1082. 

  1082. 

  1083. window.sidebar = new Sidebar;
    1084. 

  1084. 

  1085. sidebar.on('change:color', function(model, color) {
    1086. 

  1086.   $('#sidebar').css({background: color});
    1087. 

  1087. });
    1088. 

  1088. 

  1089. sidebar.set({color: 'white'});
    1090. 

  1090. 

  1091. sidebar.promptColor();
    1092. 

  1092. </pre>
    1093. 

  1093. 

  1094.     <p id="Model-extend">
    1095. 

  1095.       <b class="header">extend</b><code>Backbone.Model.extend(properties, [classProperties])</code>
    1096. 

  1096.       <br />
    1097. 

  1097.       To create a <b>Model</b> class of your own, you extend <b>Backbone.Model</b>
    1098. 

  1098.       and provide instance <b>properties</b>, as well as optional
    1099. 

  1099.       <b>classProperties</b> to be attached directly to the constructor function.
    1100. 

  1100.     </p>
    1101. 

  1101. 

  1102.     <p>
    1103. 

  1103.       <b>extend</b> correctly sets up the prototype chain, so subclasses created
    1104. 

  1104.       with <b>extend</b> can be further extended and subclassed as far as you like.
    1105. 

  1105.     </p>
    1106. 

  1106. 

  1107. <pre>
    1108. 

  1108. var Note = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1109. 

  1109. 

  1110.   initialize: function() { ... },
    1111. 

  1111. 

  1112.   author: function() { ... },
    1113. 

  1113. 

  1114.   coordinates: function() { ... },
    1115. 

  1115. 

  1116.   allowedToEdit: function(account) {
    1117. 

  1117.     return true;
    1118. 

  1118.   }
    1119. 

  1119. 

  1120. });
    1121. 

  1121. 

  1122. var PrivateNote = Note.extend({
    1123. 

  1123. 

  1124.   allowedToEdit: function(account) {
    1125. 

  1125.     return account.owns(this);
    1126. 

  1126.   }
    1127. 

  1127. 

  1128. });
    1129. 

  1129. </pre>
    1130. 

  1130. 

  1131.     <p class="warning">
    1132. 

  1132.         Brief aside on <tt>super</tt>: JavaScript does not provide
    1133. 

  1133.         a simple way to call super &mdash; the function of the same name defined
    1134. 

  1134.         higher on the prototype chain. If you override a core function like
    1135. 

  1135.         <tt>set</tt>, or <tt>save</tt>, and you want to invoke the
    1136. 

  1136.         parent object's implementation, you'll have to explicitly call it, along these lines:
    1137. 

  1137.     </p>
    1138. 

  1138. 

  1139. <pre>
    1140. 

  1140. var Note = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1141. 

  1141.   set: function(attributes, options) {
    1142. 

  1142.     Backbone.Model.prototype.set.apply(this, arguments);
    1143. 

  1143.     ...
    1144. 

  1144.   }
    1145. 

  1145. });
    1146. 

  1146. </pre>
    1147. 

  1147. 

  1148.     <p id="Model-preinitialize">
    1149. 

  1149.       <b class="header">preinitialize</b><code>new Model([attributes], [options])</code>
    1150. 

  1150.       <br />
    1151. 

  1151.       For use with models as ES classes. If you define a <b>preinitialize</b>
    1152. 

  1152.       method, it will be invoked when the Model is first created, before any
    1153. 

  1153.       instantiation logic is run for the Model.
    1154. 

  1154.     </p>
    1155. 

  1155. 

  1156. <pre>
    1157. 

  1157. class Country extends Backbone.Model {
    1158. 

  1158.     preinitialize({countryCode}) {
    1159. 

  1159.       this.name = COUNTRY_NAMES[countryCode];
    1160. 

  1160.     }
    1161. 

  1161. 

  1162.     initialize() { ... }
    1163. 

  1163. }
    1164. 

  1164. </pre>
    1165. 

  1165. 

  1166.     <p id="Model-constructor">
    1167. 

  1167.       <b class="header">constructor / initialize</b><code>new Model([attributes], [options])</code>
    1168. 

  1168.       <br />
    1169. 

  1169.       When creating an instance of a model, you can pass in the initial values
    1170. 

  1170.       of the <b>attributes</b>, which will be <a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the
    1171. 

  1171.       model. If you define an <b>initialize</b> function, it will be invoked when
    1172. 

  1172.       the model is created.
    1173. 

  1173.     </p>
    1174. 

  1174. 

  1175. <pre>
    1176. 

  1176. new Book({
    1177. 

  1177.   title: "One Thousand and One Nights",
    1178. 

  1178.   author: "Scheherazade"
    1179. 

  1179. });
    1180. 

  1180. </pre>
    1181. 

  1181. 

  1182.     <p>
    1183. 

  1183.       In rare cases, if you're looking to get fancy,
    1184. 

  1184.       you may want to override <b>constructor</b>, which allows
    1185. 

  1185.       you to replace the actual constructor function for your model.
    1186. 

  1186.     </p>
    1187. 

  1187. 

  1188. <pre>
    1189. 

  1189. var Library = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1190. 

  1190.   constructor: function() {
    1191. 

  1191.     this.books = new Books();
    1192. 

  1192.     Backbone.Model.apply(this, arguments);
    1193. 

  1193.   },
    1194. 

  1194.   parse: function(data, options) {
    1195. 

  1195.     this.books.reset(data.books);
    1196. 

  1196.     return data.library;
    1197. 

  1197.   }
    1198. 

  1198. });
    1199. 

  1199. </pre>
    1200. 

  1200. 

  1201.     <p>
    1202. 

  1202.       If you pass a <tt>{collection: ...}</tt> as the <b>options</b>, the model
    1203. 

  1203.       gains a <tt>collection</tt> property that will be used to indicate which
    1204. 

  1204.       collection the model belongs to, and is used to help compute the model's
    1205. 

  1205.       <a href="#Model-url">url</a>. The <tt>model.collection</tt> property is
    1206. 

  1206.       normally created automatically when you first add a model to a collection.
    1207. 

  1207.       Note that the reverse is not true, as passing this option to the constructor
    1208. 

  1208.       will not automatically add the model to the collection. Useful, sometimes.
    1209. 

  1209.     </p>
    1210. 

  1210. 

  1211.     <p>
    1212. 

  1212.       If <tt>{parse: true}</tt> is passed as an <b>option</b>, the <b>attributes</b>
    1213. 

  1213.       will first be converted by <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a> before being
    1214. 

  1214.       <a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the model.
    1215. 

  1215.     </p>
    1216. 

  1216. 

  1217.     <p id="Model-get">
    1218. 

  1218.       <b class="header">get</b><code>model.get(attribute)</code>
    1219. 

  1219.       <br />
    1220. 

  1220.       Get the current value of an attribute from the model. For example:
    1221. 

  1221.       <tt>note.get("title")</tt>
    1222. 

  1222.     </p>
    1223. 

  1223. 

  1224.     <p id="Model-set">
    1225. 

  1225.       <b class="header">set</b><code>model.set(attributes, [options])</code>
    1226. 

  1226.       <br />
    1227. 

  1227.       Set a hash of attributes (one or many) on the model. If any of the attributes
    1228. 

  1228.       change the model's state, a <tt>"change"</tt> event will be triggered on the model.
    1229. 

  1229.       Change events for specific attributes are also triggered, and you can bind
    1230. 

  1230.       to those as well, for example: <tt>change:title</tt>, and <tt>change:content</tt>.
    1231. 

  1231.       You may also pass individual keys and values.
    1232. 

  1232.     </p>
    1233. 

  1233. 

  1234. <pre>
    1235. 

  1235. note.set({title: "March 20", content: "In his eyes she eclipses..."});
    1236. 

  1236. 

  1237. book.set("title", "A Scandal in Bohemia");
    1238. 

  1238. </pre>
    1239. 

  1239. 

  1240.     <p id="Model-escape">
    1241. 

  1241.       <b class="header">escape</b><code>model.escape(attribute)</code>
    1242. 

  1242.       <br />
    1243. 

  1243.       Similar to <a href="#Model-get">get</a>, but returns the HTML-escaped version
    1244. 

  1244.       of a model's attribute. If you're interpolating data from the model into
    1245. 

  1245.       HTML, using <b>escape</b> to retrieve attributes will prevent
    1246. 

  1246.       <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting">XSS</a> attacks.
    1247. 

  1247.     </p>
    1248. 

  1248. 

  1249. <pre class="runnable">
    1250. 

  1250. var hacker = new Backbone.Model({
    1251. 

  1251.   name: "&lt;script&gt;alert('xss')&lt;/script&gt;"
    1252. 

  1252. });
    1253. 

  1253. 

  1254. alert(hacker.escape('name'));
    1255. 

  1255. </pre>
    1256. 

  1256. 

  1257.     <p id="Model-has">
    1258. 

  1258.       <b class="header">has</b><code>model.has(attribute)</code>
    1259. 

  1259.       <br />
    1260. 

  1260.       Returns <tt>true</tt> if the attribute is set to a non-null or non-undefined
    1261. 

  1261.       value.
    1262. 

  1262.     </p>
    1263. 

  1263. 

  1264. <pre>
    1265. 

  1265. if (note.has("title")) {
    1266. 

  1266.   ...
    1267. 

  1267. }
    1268. 

  1268. </pre>
    1269. 

  1269. 

  1270.     <p id="Model-unset">
    1271. 

  1271.       <b class="header">unset</b><code>model.unset(attribute, [options])</code>
    1272. 

  1272.       <br />
    1273. 

  1273.       Remove an attribute by deleting it from the internal attributes hash.
    1274. 

  1274.       Fires a <tt>"change"</tt> event unless <tt>silent</tt> is passed as an option.
    1275. 

  1275.     </p>
    1276. 

  1276. 

  1277.     <p id="Model-clear">
    1278. 

  1278.       <b class="header">clear</b><code>model.clear([options])</code>
    1279. 

  1279.       <br />
    1280. 

  1280.       Removes all attributes from the model, including the <tt>id</tt> attribute. Fires a <tt>"change"</tt> event unless
    1281. 

  1281.       <tt>silent</tt> is passed as an option.
    1282. 

  1282.     </p>
    1283. 

  1283. 

  1284.     <p id="Model-id">
    1285. 

  1285.       <b class="header">id</b><code>model.id</code>
    1286. 

  1286.       <br />
    1287. 

  1287.       A special property of models, the <b>id</b> is an arbitrary string
    1288. 

  1288.       (integer id or UUID). If you set the <b>id</b> in the
    1289. 

  1289.       attributes hash, it will be copied onto the model as a direct property.
    1290. 

  1290.       <code>model.id</code> should not be manipulated directly,
    1291. 

  1291.       it should be modified only via <code>model.set('id', …)</code>.
    1292. 

  1292.       Models can be retrieved by id from collections, and the id is used to generate
    1293. 

  1293.       model URLs by default.
    1294. 

  1294.     </p>
    1295. 

  1295. 

  1296.     <p id="Model-idAttribute">
    1297. 

  1297.       <b class="header">idAttribute</b><code>model.idAttribute</code>
    1298. 

  1298.       <br />
    1299. 

  1299.       A model's unique identifier is stored under the <tt>id</tt> attribute.
    1300. 

  1300.       If you're directly communicating with a backend (CouchDB, MongoDB) that uses
    1301. 

  1301.       a different unique key, you may set a Model's <tt>idAttribute</tt> to
    1302. 

  1302.       transparently map from that key to <tt>id</tt>.
    1303. 

  1303. 

  1304. <pre class="runnable">
    1305. 

  1305. var Meal = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1306. 

  1306.   idAttribute: "_id"
    1307. 

  1307. });
    1308. 

  1308. 

  1309. var cake = new Meal({ _id: 1, name: "Cake" });
    1310. 

  1310. alert("Cake id: " + cake.id);
    1311. 

  1311. </pre>
    1312. 

  1312.     </p>
    1313. 

  1313. 

  1314.     <p id="Model-cid">
    1315. 

  1315.       <b class="header">cid</b><code>model.cid</code>
    1316. 

  1316.       <br />
    1317. 

  1317.       A special property of models, the <b>cid</b> or client id is a unique identifier
    1318. 

  1318.       automatically assigned to all models when they're first created. Client ids
    1319. 

  1319.       are handy when the model has not yet been saved to the server, and does not
    1320. 

  1320.       yet have its eventual true <b>id</b>, but already needs to be visible in the UI.
    1321. 

  1321.     </p>
    1322. 

  1322. 

  1323.     <p id="Model-attributes">
    1324. 

  1324.       <b class="header">attributes</b><code>model.attributes</code>
    1325. 

  1325.       <br />
    1326. 

  1326.       The <b>attributes</b> property is the internal hash containing the model's
    1327. 

  1327.       state &mdash; usually (but not necessarily) a form of the JSON object
    1328. 

  1328.       representing the model data on the server. It's often a straightforward
    1329. 

  1329.       serialization of a row from the database, but it could also be client-side
    1330. 

  1330.       computed state.
    1331. 

  1331.     </p>
    1332. 

  1332. 

  1333.     <p>
    1334. 

  1334.       Please use <a href="#Model-set">set</a> to update the <b>attributes</b>
    1335. 

  1335.       instead of modifying them directly. If you'd like to retrieve and munge a
    1336. 

  1336.       copy of the model's attributes, use <tt>_.clone(model.attributes)</tt>
    1337. 

  1337.       instead.
    1338. 

  1338.     </p>
    1339. 

  1339. 

  1340.     <p class="warning">
    1341. 

  1341.       Due to the fact that <a href="#Events">Events</a> accepts space separated
    1342. 

  1342.       lists of events, attribute names should not include spaces.
    1343. 

  1343.     </p>
    1344. 

  1344. 

  1345.     <p id="Model-changed">
    1346. 

  1346.       <b class="header">changed</b><code>model.changed</code>
    1347. 

  1347.       <br />
    1348. 

  1348.       The <b>changed</b> property is the internal hash containing all the attributes
    1349. 

  1349.       that have changed since its last <a href="#Model-set">set</a>.
    1350. 

  1350.       Please do not update <b>changed</b> directly since its state is internally maintained
    1351. 

  1351.       by <a href="#Model-set">set</a>.  A copy of <b>changed</b> can be acquired from
    1352. 

  1352.       <a href="#Model-changedAttributes">changedAttributes</a>.
    1353. 

  1353.     </p>
    1354. 

  1354. 

  1355.     <p id="Model-defaults">
    1356. 

  1356.       <b class="header">defaults</b><code>model.defaults or model.defaults()</code>
    1357. 

  1357.       <br />
    1358. 

  1358.       The <b>defaults</b> hash (or function) can be used to specify the default
    1359. 

  1359.       attributes for your model. When creating an instance of the model,
    1360. 

  1360.       any unspecified attributes will be set to their default value.
    1361. 

  1361.     </p>
    1362. 

  1362. 

  1363. <pre class="runnable">
    1364. 

  1364. var Meal = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1365. 

  1365.   defaults: {
    1366. 

  1366.     "appetizer":  "caesar salad",
    1367. 

  1367.     "entree":     "ravioli",
    1368. 

  1368.     "dessert":    "cheesecake"
    1369. 

  1369.   }
    1370. 

  1370. });
    1371. 

  1371. 

  1372. alert("Dessert will be " + (new Meal).get('dessert'));
    1373. 

  1373. </pre>
    1374. 

  1374. 

  1375.     <p class="warning">
    1376. 

  1376.       Remember that in JavaScript, objects are passed by reference, so if you
    1377. 

  1377.       include an object as a default value, it will be shared among all instances.
    1378. 

  1378.       Instead, define <b>defaults</b> as a function.
    1379. 

  1379.     </p>
    1380. 

  1380. 

  1381.     <p id="Model-toJSON">
    1382. 

  1382.       <b class="header">toJSON</b><code>model.toJSON([options])</code>
    1383. 

  1383.       <br />
    1384. 

  1384.       Return a shallow copy of the model's <a href="#Model-attributes">attributes</a>
    1385. 

  1385.       for JSON stringification.  This can be used for persistence,
    1386. 

  1386.       serialization, or for augmentation before being sent to the server. The
    1387. 

  1387.       name of this method is a bit confusing, as it doesn't actually return a
    1388. 

  1388.       JSON string &mdash; but I'm afraid that it's the way that the
    1389. 

  1389.       <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/JSON/stringify#toJSON_behavior">JavaScript API for <b>JSON.stringify</b></a>
    1390. 

  1390.       works.
    1391. 

  1391.     </p>
    1392. 

  1392. 

  1393. <pre class="runnable">
    1394. 

  1394. var artist = new Backbone.Model({
    1395. 

  1395.   firstName: "Wassily",
    1396. 

  1396.   lastName: "Kandinsky"
    1397. 

  1397. });
    1398. 

  1398. 

  1399. artist.set({birthday: "December 16, 1866"});
    1400. 

  1400. 

  1401. alert(JSON.stringify(artist));
    1402. 

  1402. </pre>
    1403. 

  1403. 

  1404.     <p id="Model-sync">
    1405. 

  1405.       <b class="header">sync</b><code>model.sync(method, model, [options])</code>
    1406. 

  1406.       <br />
    1407. 

  1407.       Uses <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a> to persist the state of a model to
    1408. 

  1408.       the server.  Can be overridden for custom behavior.
    1409. 

  1409.     </p>
    1410. 

  1410. 

  1411.     <p id="Model-fetch">
    1412. 

  1412.       <b class="header">fetch</b><code>model.fetch([options])</code>
    1413. 

  1413.       <br />
    1414. 

  1414.       Merges the model's state with attributes fetched from the server by
    1415. 

  1415.       delegating to <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>. Returns a
    1416. 

  1416.       <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a>.
    1417. 

  1417.       Useful if the model has never
    1418. 

  1418.       been populated with data, or if you'd like to ensure that you have the
    1419. 

  1419.       latest server state. Triggers a <tt>"change"</tt> event if the
    1420. 

  1420.       server's state differs from the current attributes. <tt>fetch</tt> accepts
    1421. 

  1421.       <tt>success</tt> and <tt>error</tt> callbacks in the options hash, which
    1422. 

  1422.       are both passed <tt>(model, response, options)</tt> as arguments.
    1423. 

  1423.     </p>
    1424. 

  1424. 

  1425. <pre>
    1426. 

  1426. // Poll every 10 seconds to keep the channel model up-to-date.
    1427. 

  1427. setInterval(function() {
    1428. 

  1428.   channel.fetch();
    1429. 

  1429. }, 10000);
    1430. 

  1430. </pre>
    1431. 

  1431. 

  1432.     <p id="Model-save">
    1433. 

  1433.       <b class="header">save</b><code>model.save([attributes], [options])</code>
    1434. 

  1434.       <br />
    1435. 

  1435.       Save a model to your database (or alternative persistence layer),
    1436. 

  1436.       by delegating to <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>.  Returns a
    1437. 

  1437.       <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a> if
    1438. 

  1438.       validation is successful and <tt>false</tt> otherwise. The <b>attributes</b>
    1439. 

  1439.       hash (as in <a href="#Model-set">set</a>) should contain the attributes
    1440. 

  1440.       you'd like to change &mdash; keys that aren't mentioned won't be altered &mdash; but,
    1441. 

  1441.       a <i>complete representation</i> of the resource will be sent to the server.
    1442. 

  1442.       As with <tt>set</tt>, you may pass individual keys and values instead of a hash.
    1443. 

  1443.       If the model has a <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a>
    1444. 

  1444.       method, and validation fails, the model will not be saved. If the model
    1445. 

  1445.       <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a>, the save will be a <tt>"create"</tt>
    1446. 

  1446.       (HTTP <tt>POST</tt>), if the model already
    1447. 

  1447.       exists on the server, the save will be an <tt>"update"</tt> (HTTP <tt>PUT</tt>).
    1448. 

  1448.     </p>
    1449. 

  1449. 

  1450.     <p>
    1451. 

  1451.       If instead, you'd only like the <i>changed</i> attributes to be sent to the
    1452. 

  1452.       server, call <tt>model.save(attrs, {patch: true})</tt>. You'll get an HTTP
    1453. 

  1453.       <tt>PATCH</tt> request to the server with just the passed-in attributes.
    1454. 

  1454.     </p>
    1455. 

  1455. 

  1456.     <p>
    1457. 

  1457.       Calling <tt>save</tt> with new attributes will cause a <tt>"change"</tt>
    1458. 

  1458.       event immediately, a <tt>"request"</tt> event as the Ajax request begins to
    1459. 

  1459.       go to the server, and a <tt>"sync"</tt> event after the server has acknowledged
    1460. 

  1460.       the successful change. Pass <tt>{wait: true}</tt> if you'd like to wait
    1461. 

  1461.       for the server before setting the new attributes on the model.
    1462. 

  1462.     </p>
    1463. 

  1463. 

  1464.     <p>
    1465. 

  1465.       In the following example, notice how our overridden version
    1466. 

  1466.       of <tt>Backbone.sync</tt> receives a <tt>"create"</tt> request
    1467. 

  1467.       the first time the model is saved and an <tt>"update"</tt>
    1468. 

  1468.       request the second time.
    1469. 

  1469.     </p>
    1470. 

  1470. 

  1471. <pre class="runnable">
    1472. 

  1472. Backbone.sync = function(method, model) {
    1473. 

  1473.   alert(method + ": " + JSON.stringify(model));
    1474. 

  1474.   model.set('id', 1);
    1475. 

  1475. };
    1476. 

  1476. 

  1477. var book = new Backbone.Model({
    1478. 

  1478.   title: "The Rough Riders",
    1479. 

  1479.   author: "Theodore Roosevelt"
    1480. 

  1480. });
    1481. 

  1481. 

  1482. book.save();
    1483. 

  1483. 

  1484. book.save({author: "Teddy"});
    1485. 

  1485. </pre>
    1486. 

  1486. 

  1487.     <p>
    1488. 

  1488.       <b>save</b> accepts <tt>success</tt> and <tt>error</tt> callbacks in the
    1489. 

  1489.       options hash, which will be passed the arguments <tt>(model, response, options)</tt>.
    1490. 

  1490.       If a server-side validation fails, return a non-<tt>200</tt>
    1491. 

  1491.       HTTP response code, along with an error response in text or JSON.
    1492. 

  1492.     </p>
    1493. 

  1493. 

  1494. <pre>
    1495. 

  1495. book.save("author", "F.D.R.", {error: function(){ ... }});
    1496. 

  1496. </pre>
    1497. 

  1497. 

  1498.     <p id="Model-destroy">
    1499. 

  1499.       <b class="header">destroy</b><code>model.destroy([options])</code>
    1500. 

  1500.       <br />
    1501. 

  1501.       Destroys the model on the server by delegating an HTTP <tt>DELETE</tt>
    1502. 

  1502.       request to <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>. Returns a
    1503. 

  1503.       <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a> object, or
    1504. 

  1504.       <tt>false</tt> if the model <a href="#Model-isNew">isNew</a>. Accepts
    1505. 

  1505.       <tt>success</tt> and <tt>error</tt> callbacks in the options hash, which
    1506. 

  1506.       will be passed <tt>(model, response, options)</tt>.
    1507. 

  1507.       Triggers a <tt>"destroy"</tt> event on the model, which will bubble up
    1508. 

  1508.       through any collections that contain it, a <tt>"request"</tt> event as it
    1509. 

  1509.       begins the Ajax request to the server, and a <tt>"sync"</tt> event, after
    1510. 

  1510.       the server has successfully acknowledged the model's deletion. Pass
    1511. 

  1511.       <tt>{wait: true}</tt> if you'd like to wait for the server to respond
    1512. 

  1512.       before removing the model from the collection.
    1513. 

  1513.     </p>
    1514. 

  1514. 

  1515. <pre>
    1516. 

  1516. book.destroy({success: function(model, response) {
    1517. 

  1517.   ...
    1518. 

  1518. }});
    1519. 

  1519. </pre>
    1520. 

  1520. 

  1521.     <p id="Model-Underscore-Methods">
    1522. 

  1522.       <b class="header">Underscore Methods (9)</b>
    1523. 

  1523.       <br />
    1524. 

  1524.       Backbone proxies to <b>Underscore.js</b> to provide 9 object functions
    1525. 

  1525.       on <b>Backbone.Model</b>. They aren't all documented here, but
    1526. 

  1526.       you can take a look at the Underscore documentation for the full details&hellip;
    1527. 

  1527.     </p>
    1528. 

  1528. 

  1529.     <ul class="small">
    1530. 

  1530.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#keys">keys</a></li>
    1531. 

  1531.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#values">values</a></li>
    1532. 

  1532.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#pairs">pairs</a></li>
    1533. 

  1533.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#invert">invert</a></li>
    1534. 

  1534.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#pick">pick</a></li>
    1535. 

  1535.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#omit">omit</a></li>
    1536. 

  1536.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#chain">chain</a></li>
    1537. 

  1537.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#isEmpty">isEmpty</a></li>
    1538. 

  1538.     </ul>
    1539. 

  1539. 

  1540. <pre>
    1541. 

  1541. user.pick('first_name', 'last_name', 'email');
    1542. 

  1542. 

  1543. chapters.keys().join(', ');
    1544. 

  1544. </pre>
    1545. 

  1545. 

  1546.     <p id="Model-validate">
    1547. 

  1547.       <b class="header">validate</b><code>model.validate(attributes, options)</code>
    1548. 

  1548.       <br />
    1549. 

  1549.       This method is left undefined and you're encouraged to override it with
    1550. 

  1550.       any custom validation logic you have that can be performed in JavaScript.
    1551. 

  1551.       If the attributes are valid, don't return anything from <b>validate</b>;
    1552. 

  1552.       if they are invalid return an error of your choosing. It can be as
    1553. 

  1553.       simple as a string error message to be displayed, or a complete error
    1554. 

  1554.       object that describes the error programmatically.
    1555. 

  1555.     </p>
    1556. 

  1556. 

  1557.     <p>
    1558. 

  1558.       By default <tt>save</tt> checks <b>validate</b> before
    1559. 

  1559.       setting any attributes but you may also tell <tt>set</tt> to validate
    1560. 

  1560.       the new attributes by passing <tt>{validate: true}</tt> as an option.
    1561. 

  1561.       The <b>validate</b> method receives the model attributes as well as any
    1562. 

  1562.       options passed to <tt>set</tt> or <tt>save</tt>, if <b>validate</b>
    1563. 

  1563.       returns an error, <tt>save</tt> does not continue, the model attributes
    1564. 

  1564.       are not modified on the server, an <tt>"invalid"</tt> event is triggered,
    1565. 

  1565.       and the <tt>validationError</tt> property is set on the model with the
    1566. 

  1566.       value returned by this method.
    1567. 

  1567.     </p>
    1568. 

  1568. 

  1569. <pre class="runnable">
    1570. 

  1570. var Chapter = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1571. 

  1571.   validate: function(attrs, options) {
    1572. 

  1572.     if (attrs.end &lt; attrs.start) {
    1573. 

  1573.       return "can't end before it starts";
    1574. 

  1574.     }
    1575. 

  1575.   }
    1576. 

  1576. });
    1577. 

  1577. 

  1578. var one = new Chapter({
    1579. 

  1579.   title : "Chapter One: The Beginning"
    1580. 

  1580. });
    1581. 

  1581. 

  1582. one.on("invalid", function(model, error) {
    1583. 

  1583.   alert(model.get("title") + " " + error);
    1584. 

  1584. });
    1585. 

  1585. 

  1586. one.save({
    1587. 

  1587.   start: 15,
    1588. 

  1588.   end:   10
    1589. 

  1589. });
    1590. 

  1590. </pre>
    1591. 

  1591. 

  1592.     <p>
    1593. 

  1593.       <tt>"invalid"</tt> events are useful for providing coarse-grained error
    1594. 

  1594.       messages at the model or collection level.
    1595. 

  1595.     </p>
    1596. 

  1596. 

  1597.     <p id="Model-validationError">
    1598. 

  1598.       <b class="header">validationError</b><code>model.validationError</code>
    1599. 

  1599.       <br />
    1600. 

  1600.       The value returned by <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a> during the last failed validation.
    1601. 

  1601.     </p>
    1602. 

  1602. 

  1603.     <p id="Model-isValid">
    1604. 

  1604.       <b class="header">isValid</b><code>model.isValid(options)</code>
    1605. 

  1605.       <br />
    1606. 

  1606.       Run <a href="#Model-validate">validate</a> to check the model state.
    1607. 

  1607.     </p>
    1608. 

  1608. 

  1609.     <p>
    1610. 

  1610.       The <tt>validate</tt> method receives the model attributes as well as any
    1611. 

  1611.       options passed to <b>isValid</b>, if <tt>validate</tt> returns an error
    1612. 

  1612.       an <tt>"invalid"</tt> event is triggered, and the error is set on the
    1613. 

  1613.       model in the <tt>validationError</tt> property.
    1614. 

  1614.     </p>
    1615. 

  1615. 

  1616. <pre class="runnable">
    1617. 

  1617. var Chapter = Backbone.Model.extend({
    1618. 

  1618.   validate: function(attrs, options) {
    1619. 

  1619.     if (attrs.end &lt; attrs.start) {
    1620. 

  1620.       return "can't end before it starts";
    1621. 

  1621.     }
    1622. 

  1622.   }
    1623. 

  1623. });
    1624. 

  1624. 

  1625. var one = new Chapter({
    1626. 

  1626.   title : "Chapter One: The Beginning"
    1627. 

  1627. });
    1628. 

  1628. 

  1629. one.set({
    1630. 

  1630.   start: 15,
    1631. 

  1631.   end:   10
    1632. 

  1632. });
    1633. 

  1633. 

  1634. if (!one.isValid()) {
    1635. 

  1635.   alert(one.get("title") + " " + one.validationError);
    1636. 

  1636. }
    1637. 

  1637. </pre>
    1638. 

  1638. 

  1639.     <p id="Model-url">
    1640. 

  1640.       <b class="header">url</b><code>model.url()</code>
    1641. 

  1641.       <br />
    1642. 

  1642.       Returns the relative URL where the model's resource would be located on
    1643. 

  1643.       the server. If your models are located somewhere else, override this method
    1644. 

  1644.       with the correct logic. Generates URLs of the form: <tt>"[collection.url]/[id]"</tt>
    1645. 

  1645.       by default, but you may override by specifying an explicit <tt>urlRoot</tt>
    1646. 

  1646.       if the model's collection shouldn't be taken into account.
    1647. 

  1647.     </p>
    1648. 

  1648. 

  1649.     <p>
    1650. 

  1650.       Delegates to <a href="#Collection-url">Collection#url</a> to generate the
    1651. 

  1651.       URL, so make sure that you have it defined, or a <a href="#Model-urlRoot">urlRoot</a>
    1652. 

  1652.       property, if all models of this class share a common root URL.
    1653. 

  1653.       A model with an id of <tt>101</tt>, stored in a
    1654. 

  1654.       <a href="#Collection">Backbone.Collection</a> with a <tt>url</tt> of <tt>"/documents/7/notes"</tt>,
    1655. 

  1655.       would have this URL: <tt>"/documents/7/notes/101"</tt>
    1656. 

  1656.     </p>
    1657. 

  1657. 

  1658.     <p id="Model-urlRoot">
    1659. 

  1659.       <b class="header">urlRoot</b><code>model.urlRoot or model.urlRoot()</code>
    1660. 

  1660.       <br />
    1661. 

  1661.       Specify a <tt>urlRoot</tt> if you're using a model <i>outside</i> of a collection,
    1662. 

  1662.       to enable the default <a href="#Model-url">url</a> function to generate
    1663. 

  1663.       URLs based on the model id. <tt>"[urlRoot]/id"</tt><br />
    1664. 

  1664.       Normally, you won't need to define this.
    1665. 

  1665.       Note that <tt>urlRoot</tt> may also be a function.
    1666. 

  1666.     </p>
    1667. 

  1667. 

  1668. <pre class="runnable">
    1669. 

  1669. var Book = Backbone.Model.extend({urlRoot : '/books'});
    1670. 

  1670. 

  1671. var solaris = new Book({id: "1083-lem-solaris"});
    1672. 

  1672. 

  1673. alert(solaris.url());
    1674. 

  1674. </pre>
    1675. 

  1675. 

  1676.     <p id="Model-parse">
    1677. 

  1677.       <b class="header">parse</b><code>model.parse(response, options)</code>
    1678. 

  1678.       <br />
    1679. 

  1679.       <b>parse</b> is called whenever a model's data is returned by the
    1680. 

  1680.       server, in <a href="#Model-fetch">fetch</a>, and <a href="#Model-save">save</a>.
    1681. 

  1681.       The function is passed the raw <tt>response</tt> object, and should return
    1682. 

  1682.       the attributes hash to be <a href="#Model-set">set</a> on the model. The
    1683. 

  1683.       default implementation is a no-op, simply passing through the JSON response.
    1684. 

  1684.       Override this if you need to work with a preexisting API, or better namespace
    1685. 

  1685.       your responses.
    1686. 

  1686.     </p>
    1687. 

  1687. 

  1688.     <p>
    1689. 

  1689.       If you're working with a Rails backend that has a version prior to 3.1,
    1690. 

  1690.       you'll notice that its default <tt>to_json</tt> implementation includes
    1691. 

  1691.       a model's attributes under a namespace. To disable this behavior for
    1692. 

  1692.       seamless Backbone integration, set:
    1693. 

  1693.     </p>
    1694. 

  1694. 

  1695. <pre>
    1696. 

  1696. ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = false
    1697. 

  1697. </pre>
    1698. 

  1698. 

  1699.     <p id="Model-clone">
    1700. 

  1700.       <b class="header">clone</b><code>model.clone()</code>
    1701. 

  1701.       <br />
    1702. 

  1702.       Returns a new instance of the model with identical attributes.
    1703. 

  1703.     </p>
    1704. 

  1704. 

  1705.     <p id="Model-isNew">
    1706. 

  1706.       <b class="header">isNew</b><code>model.isNew()</code>
    1707. 

  1707.       <br />
    1708. 

  1708.       Has this model been saved to the server yet? If the model does not yet have
    1709. 

  1709.       an <tt>id</tt>, it is considered to be new.
    1710. 

  1710.     </p>
    1711. 

  1711. 

  1712.     <p id="Model-hasChanged">
    1713. 

  1713.       <b class="header">hasChanged</b><code>model.hasChanged([attribute])</code>
    1714. 

  1714.       <br />
    1715. 

  1715.       Has the model changed since its last <a href="#Model-set">set</a>? If an <b>attribute</b>
    1716. 

  1716.       is passed, returns <tt>true</tt> if that specific attribute has changed.
    1717. 

  1717.     </p>
    1718. 

  1718. 

  1719.     <p class="warning">
    1720. 

  1720.       Note that this method, and the following change-related ones,
    1721. 

  1721.       are only useful during the course of a <tt>"change"</tt> event.
    1722. 

  1722.     </p>
    1723. 

  1723. 

  1724. <pre>
    1725. 

  1725. book.on("change", function() {
    1726. 

  1726.   if (book.hasChanged("title")) {
    1727. 

  1727.     ...
    1728. 

  1728.   }
    1729. 

  1729. });
    1730. 

  1730. </pre>
    1731. 

  1731. 

  1732.     <p id="Model-changedAttributes">
    1733. 

  1733.       <b class="header">changedAttributes</b><code>model.changedAttributes([attributes])</code>
    1734. 

  1734.       <br />
    1735. 

  1735.       Retrieve a hash of only the model's attributes that have changed since the last
    1736. 

  1736.       <a href="#Model-set">set</a>, or <tt>false</tt> if there are none. Optionally, an external
    1737. 

  1737.       <b>attributes</b> hash can be passed in, returning the attributes in that
    1738. 

  1738.       hash which differ from the model. This can be used to figure out which
    1739. 

  1739.       portions of a view should be updated, or what calls
    1740. 

  1740.       need to be made to sync the changes to the server.
    1741. 

  1741.     </p>
    1742. 

  1742. 

  1743.     <p id="Model-previous">
    1744. 

  1744.       <b class="header">previous</b><code>model.previous(attribute)</code>
    1745. 

  1745.       <br />
    1746. 

  1746.       During a <tt>"change"</tt> event, this method can be used to get the
    1747. 

  1747.       previous value of a changed attribute.
    1748. 

  1748.     </p>
    1749. 

  1749. 

  1750. <pre class="runnable">
    1751. 

  1751. var bill = new Backbone.Model({
    1752. 

  1752.   name: "Bill Smith"
    1753. 

  1753. });
    1754. 

  1754. 

  1755. bill.on("change:name", function(model, name) {
    1756. 

  1756.   alert("Changed name from " + bill.previous("name") + " to " + name);
    1757. 

  1757. });
    1758. 

  1758. 

  1759. bill.set({name : "Bill Jones"});
    1760. 

  1760. </pre>
    1761. 

  1761. 

  1762.     <p id="Model-previousAttributes">
    1763. 

  1763.       <b class="header">previousAttributes</b><code>model.previousAttributes()</code>
    1764. 

  1764.       <br />
    1765. 

  1765.       Return a copy of the model's previous attributes. Useful for getting a
    1766. 

  1766.       diff between versions of a model, or getting back to a valid state after
    1767. 

  1767.       an error occurs.
    1768. 

  1768.     </p>
    1769. 

  1769. 

  1770.     <h2 id="Collection">Backbone.Collection</h2>
    1771. 

  1771. 

  1772.     <p>
    1773. 

  1773.       Collections are ordered sets of models. You can bind <tt>"change"</tt> events
    1774. 

  1774.       to be notified when any model in the collection has been modified,
    1775. 

  1775.       listen for <tt>"add"</tt> and <tt>"remove"</tt> events, <tt>fetch</tt>
    1776. 

  1776.       the collection from the server, and use a full suite of
    1777. 

  1777.       <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods">Underscore.js methods</a>.
    1778. 

  1778.     </p>
    1779. 

  1779. 

  1780.     <p>
    1781. 

  1781.       Any event that is triggered on a model in a collection will also be
    1782. 

  1782.       triggered on the collection directly, for convenience.
    1783. 

  1783.       This allows you to listen for changes to specific attributes in any
    1784. 

  1784.       model in a collection, for example:
    1785. 

  1785.       <tt>documents.on("change:selected", ...)</tt>
    1786. 

  1786.     </p>
    1787. 

  1787. 

  1788.     <p id="Collection-extend">
    1789. 

  1789.       <b class="header">extend</b><code>Backbone.Collection.extend(properties, [classProperties])</code>
    1790. 

  1790.       <br />
    1791. 

  1791.       To create a <b>Collection</b> class of your own, extend <b>Backbone.Collection</b>,
    1792. 

  1792.       providing instance <b>properties</b>, as well as optional <b>classProperties</b> to be attached
    1793. 

  1793.       directly to the collection's constructor function.
    1794. 

  1794.     </p>
    1795. 

  1795. 

  1796.     <p id="Collection-model">
    1797. 

  1797.       <b class="header">model</b><code>collection.model([attrs], [options])</code>
    1798. 

  1798.       <br />
    1799. 

  1799.       Override this property to specify the model class that the collection contains.
    1800. 

  1800.       If defined, you can pass raw attributes objects (and arrays) and options to
    1801. 

  1801.       <a href="#Collection-add">add</a>, <a href="#Collection-create">create</a>,
    1802. 

  1802.       and <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a>, and the attributes will be
    1803. 

  1803.       converted into a model of the proper type using the provided options, if any.
    1804. 

  1804.     </p>
    1805. 

  1805. 

  1806. <pre>
    1807. 

  1807. var Library = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    1808. 

  1808.   model: Book
    1809. 

  1809. });
    1810. 

  1810. </pre>
    1811. 

  1811. 

  1812.     <p>
    1813. 

  1813.       A collection can also contain polymorphic models by overriding this property
    1814. 

  1814.       with a constructor that returns a model.
    1815. 

  1815.     </p>
    1816. 

  1816. 

  1817. <pre>
    1818. 

  1818. var Library = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    1819. 

  1819. 

  1820.   model: function(attrs, options) {
    1821. 

  1821.     if (condition) {
    1822. 

  1822.       return new PublicDocument(attrs, options);
    1823. 

  1823.     } else {
    1824. 

  1824.       return new PrivateDocument(attrs, options);
    1825. 

  1825.     }
    1826. 

  1826.   }
    1827. 

  1827. 

  1828. });
    1829. 

  1829. </pre>
    1830. 

  1830. 

  1831.     <p id="Collection-modelId">
    1832. 

  1832.       <b class="header">modelId</b><code>collection.modelId(attrs)</code>
    1833. 

  1833.       <br />
    1834. 

  1834.       Override this method to return the value the collection will use to
    1835. 

  1835.       identify a model given its attributes. Useful for combining models from
    1836. 

  1836.       multiple tables with different <a href="#Model-idAttribute"><tt>idAttribute</tt></a>
    1837. 

  1837.       values into a single collection.
    1838. 

  1838.     </p>
    1839. 

  1839. 

  1840.     <p>
    1841. 

  1841.       By default returns the value of the attributes'
    1842. 

  1842.       <a href="#Model-idAttribute"><tt>idAttribute</tt></a>
    1843. 

  1843.       from the collection's model class or failing that, <tt>id</tt>. If
    1844. 

  1844.       your collection uses a <a href="#Collection-model">model factory</a> and
    1845. 

  1845.       those models have an <tt>idAttribute</tt> other than <tt>id</tt> you must
    1846. 

  1846.       override this method.
    1847. 

  1847.     </p>
    1848. 

  1848. 

  1849. <pre class="runnable">
    1850. 

  1850. var Library = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    1851. 

  1851.   modelId: function(attrs) {
    1852. 

  1852.     return attrs.type + attrs.id;
    1853. 

  1853.   }
    1854. 

  1854. });
    1855. 

  1855. 

  1856. var library = new Library([
    1857. 

  1857.   {type: 'dvd', id: 1},
    1858. 

  1858.   {type: 'vhs', id: 1}
    1859. 

  1859. ]);
    1860. 

  1860. 

  1861. var dvdId = library.get('dvd1').id;
    1862. 

  1862. var vhsId = library.get('vhs1').id;
    1863. 

  1863. alert('dvd: ' + dvdId + ', vhs: ' + vhsId);
    1864. 

  1864. </pre>
    1865. 

  1865. 

  1866.     <p id="Collection-preinitialize">
    1867. 

  1867.       <b class="header">preinitialize</b><code>new Backbone.Collection([models], [options])</code>
    1868. 

  1868.       <br />
    1869. 

  1869.       For use with collections as ES classes. If you define a <b>preinitialize</b>
    1870. 

  1870.       method, it will be invoked when the Collection is first created and before
    1871. 

  1871.       any instantiation logic is run for the Collection.
    1872. 

  1872.     </p>
    1873. 

  1873. 

  1874. <pre>
    1875. 

  1875. class Library extends Backbone.Collection {
    1876. 

  1876.   preinitialize() {
    1877. 

  1877.     this.on("add", function() {
    1878. 

  1878.       console.log("Add model event got fired!");
    1879. 

  1879.     });
    1880. 

  1880.   }
    1881. 

  1881. }
    1882. 

  1882. </pre>
    1883. 

  1883. 

  1884.     <p id="Collection-constructor">
    1885. 

  1885.       <b class="header">constructor / initialize</b><code>new Backbone.Collection([models], [options])</code>
    1886. 

  1886.       <br />
    1887. 

  1887.       When creating a Collection, you may choose to pass in the initial array
    1888. 

  1888.       of <b>models</b>.  The collection's <a href="#Collection-comparator">comparator</a>
    1889. 

  1889.       may be included as an option. Passing <tt>false</tt> as the
    1890. 

  1890.       comparator option will prevent sorting. If you define an
    1891. 

  1891.       <b>initialize</b> function, it will be invoked when the collection is
    1892. 

  1892.       created. There are a couple of options that, if provided, are attached to
    1893. 

  1893.       the collection directly: <tt>model</tt> and <tt>comparator</tt>.<br />
    1894. 

  1894.       Pass <tt>null</tt> for <tt>models</tt> to create an empty Collection with <tt>options</tt>.
    1895. 

  1895.     </p>
    1896. 

  1896. 

  1897. <pre>
    1898. 

  1898. var tabs = new TabSet([tab1, tab2, tab3]);
    1899. 

  1899. var spaces = new Backbone.Collection(null, {
    1900. 

  1900.   model: Space
    1901. 

  1901. });
    1902. 

  1902. </pre>
    1903. 

  1903. 

  1904.     <p id="Collection-models">
    1905. 

  1905.       <b class="header">models</b><code>collection.models</code>
    1906. 

  1906.       <br />
    1907. 

  1907.       Raw access to the JavaScript array of models inside of the collection. Usually you'll
    1908. 

  1908.       want to use <tt>get</tt>, <tt>at</tt>, or the <b>Underscore methods</b>
    1909. 

  1909.       to access model objects, but occasionally a direct reference to the array
    1910. 

  1910.       is desired.
    1911. 

  1911.     </p>
    1912. 

  1912. 

  1913.     <p id="Collection-toJSON">
    1914. 

  1914.       <b class="header">toJSON</b><code>collection.toJSON([options])</code>
    1915. 

  1915.       <br />
    1916. 

  1916.       Return an array containing the attributes hash of each model
    1917. 

  1917.       (via <a href="#Model-toJSON">toJSON</a>) in the
    1918. 

  1918.       collection. This can be used to serialize and persist the
    1919. 

  1919.       collection as a whole. The name of this method is a bit confusing, because
    1920. 

  1920.       it conforms to
    1921. 

  1921.       <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/JSON/stringify#toJSON_behavior">JavaScript's JSON API</a>.
    1922. 

  1922.     </p>
    1923. 

  1923. 

  1924. <pre class="runnable">
    1925. 

  1925. var collection = new Backbone.Collection([
    1926. 

  1926.   {name: "Tim", age: 5},
    1927. 

  1927.   {name: "Ida", age: 26},
    1928. 

  1928.   {name: "Rob", age: 55}
    1929. 

  1929. ]);
    1930. 

  1930. 

  1931. alert(JSON.stringify(collection));
    1932. 

  1932. </pre>
    1933. 

  1933. 

  1934.     <p id="Collection-sync">
    1935. 

  1935.       <b class="header">sync</b><code>collection.sync(method, collection, [options])</code>
    1936. 

  1936.       <br />
    1937. 

  1937.       Uses <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a> to persist the state of a
    1938. 

  1938.       collection to the server.  Can be overridden for custom behavior.
    1939. 

  1939.     </p>
    1940. 

  1940. 

  1941.     <p id="Collection-Underscore-Methods">
    1942. 

  1942.       <b class="header">Underscore Methods (46)</b>
    1943. 

  1943.       <br />
    1944. 

  1944.       Backbone proxies to <b>Underscore.js</b> to provide 46 iteration functions
    1945. 

  1945.       on <b>Backbone.Collection</b>. They aren't all documented here, but
    1946. 

  1946.       you can take a look at the Underscore documentation for the full details&hellip;
    1947. 

  1947.     </p>
    1948. 

  1948. 

  1949.     <p>
    1950. 

  1950.       Most methods can take an object or string to support model-attribute-style
    1951. 

  1951.       predicates or a function that receives the model instance as an argument.
    1952. 

  1952.     </p>
    1953. 

  1953. 

  1954.     <ul class="small">
    1955. 

  1955.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#each">forEach (each)</a></li>
    1956. 

  1956.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#map">map (collect)</a></li>
    1957. 

  1957.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#reduce">reduce (foldl, inject)</a></li>
    1958. 

  1958.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#reduceRight">reduceRight (foldr)</a></li>
    1959. 

  1959.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#find">find (detect)</a></li>
    1960. 

  1960.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#findIndex">findIndex</a></li>
    1961. 

  1961.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#findLastIndex">findLastIndex</a></li>
    1962. 

  1962.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#filter">filter (select)</a></li>
    1963. 

  1963.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#reject">reject</a></li>
    1964. 

  1964.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#every">every (all)</a></li>
    1965. 

  1965.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#some">some (any)</a></li>
    1966. 

  1966.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#contains">contains (includes)</a></li>
    1967. 

  1967.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#invoke">invoke</a></li>
    1968. 

  1968.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#max">max</a></li>
    1969. 

  1969.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#min">min</a></li>
    1970. 

  1970.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#sortBy">sortBy</a></li>
    1971. 

  1971.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#groupBy">groupBy</a></li>
    1972. 

  1972.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#shuffle">shuffle</a></li>
    1973. 

  1973.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#toArray">toArray</a></li>
    1974. 

  1974.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#size">size</a></li>
    1975. 

  1975.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#first">first (head, take)</a></li>
    1976. 

  1976.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#initial">initial</a></li>
    1977. 

  1977.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#rest">rest (tail, drop)</a></li>
    1978. 

  1978.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#last">last</a></li>
    1979. 

  1979.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#without">without</a></li>
    1980. 

  1980.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#indexOf">indexOf</a></li>
    1981. 

  1981.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#lastIndexOf">lastIndexOf</a></li>
    1982. 

  1982.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#isEmpty">isEmpty</a></li>
    1983. 

  1983.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#chain">chain</a></li>
    1984. 

  1984.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#difference">difference</a></li>
    1985. 

  1985.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#sample">sample</a></li>
    1986. 

  1986.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#partition">partition</a></li>
    1987. 

  1987.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#countBy">countBy</a></li>
    1988. 

  1988.       <li><a href="http://underscorejs.org/#indexBy">indexBy</a></li>
    1989. 

  1989.     </ul>
    1990. 

  1990. 

  1991. <pre>
    1992. 

  1992. books.each(function(book) {
    1993. 

  1993.   book.publish();
    1994. 

  1994. });
    1995. 

  1995. 

  1996. var titles = books.map("title");
    1997. 

  1997. 

  1998. var publishedBooks = books.filter({published: true});
    1999. 

  1999. 

  2000. var alphabetical = books.sortBy(function(book) {
    2001. 

  2001.   return book.author.get("name").toLowerCase();
    2002. 

  2002. });
    2003. 

  2003. 

  2004. var randomThree = books.sample(3);
    2005. 

  2005. </pre>
    2006. 

  2006. 

  2007.     <p id="Collection-add">
    2008. 

  2008.       <b class="header">add</b><code>collection.add(models, [options])</code>
    2009. 

  2009.       <br />
    2010. 

  2010.       Add a model (or an array of models) to the collection, firing an <tt>"add"</tt>
    2011. 

  2011.       event for each model, and an <tt>"update"</tt> event afterwards. If a <a href="#Collection-model">model</a> property is defined, you may also pass
    2012. 

  2012.       raw attributes objects and options, and have them be vivified as instances of the model using
    2013. 

  2013.       the provided options.
    2014. 

  2014.       Returns the added (or preexisting, if duplicate) models.
    2015. 

  2015.       Pass <tt>{at: index}</tt> to splice the model into the collection at the
    2016. 

  2016.       specified <tt>index</tt>. If you're adding models to the collection that are
    2017. 

  2017.       <i>already</i> in the collection, they'll be ignored, unless you pass
    2018. 

  2018.       <tt>{merge: true}</tt>, in which case their attributes will be merged
    2019. 

  2019.       into the corresponding models, firing any appropriate <tt>"change"</tt> events.
    2020. 

  2020.     </p>
    2021. 

  2021. 

  2022. <pre class="runnable">
    2023. 

  2023. var ships = new Backbone.Collection;
    2024. 

  2024. 

  2025. ships.on("add", function(ship) {
    2026. 

  2026.   alert("Ahoy " + ship.get("name") + "!");
    2027. 

  2027. });
    2028. 

  2028. 

  2029. ships.add([
    2030. 

  2030.   {name: "Flying Dutchman"},
    2031. 

  2031.   {name: "Black Pearl"}
    2032. 

  2032. ]);
    2033. 

  2033. </pre>
    2034. 

  2034. 

  2035.     <p class="warning">
    2036. 

  2036.       Note that adding the same model (a model with the same <tt>id</tt>) to
    2037. 

  2037.       a collection more than once <br /> is a no-op.
    2038. 

  2038.     </p>
    2039. 

  2039. 

  2040.     <p id="Collection-remove">
    2041. 

  2041.       <b class="header">remove</b><code>collection.remove(models, [options])</code>
    2042. 

  2042.       <br />
    2043. 

  2043.       Remove a model (or an array of models) from the collection, and return
    2044. 

  2044.       them. Each model can be a Model instance, an <tt>id</tt> string or a JS
    2045. 

  2045.       object, any value acceptable as the <tt>id</tt> argument of
    2046. 

  2046.       <a href="#Collection-get"><tt>collection.get</tt></a>.
    2047. 

  2047.       Fires a <tt>"remove"</tt> event for each model, and a single
    2048. 

  2048.       <tt>"update"</tt> event afterwards, unless <tt>{silent: true}</tt> is passed.
    2049. 

  2049.       The model's index before removal is available to listeners as
    2050. 

  2050.       <tt>options.index</tt>.
    2051. 

  2051.     </p>
    2052. 

  2052. 

  2053.     <p id="Collection-reset">
    2054. 

  2054.       <b class="header">reset</b><code>collection.reset([models], [options])</code>
    2055. 

  2055.       <br />
    2056. 

  2056.       Adding and removing models one at a time is all well and good, but sometimes
    2057. 

  2057.       you have so many models to change that you'd rather just update the collection
    2058. 

  2058.       in bulk. Use <b>reset</b> to replace a collection with a new list
    2059. 

  2059.       of models (or attribute hashes), triggering a single <tt>"reset"</tt> event
    2060. 

  2060.       on completion, and <i>without</i> triggering any add or remove events on any models.
    2061. 

  2061.       Returns the newly-set models.
    2062. 

  2062.       For convenience, within a <tt>"reset"</tt> event, the list of any
    2063. 

  2063.       previous models is available as <tt>options.previousModels</tt>.<br />
    2064. 

  2064.       Pass <tt>null</tt> for <tt>models</tt> to empty your Collection with <tt>options</tt>.
    2065. 

  2065.     </p>
    2066. 

  2066. 

  2067.     <p>
    2068. 

  2068.       Here's an example using <b>reset</b> to bootstrap a collection during initial page load,
    2069. 

  2069.       in a Rails application:
    2070. 

  2070.     </p>
    2071. 

  2071. 

  2072. <pre>
    2073. 

  2073. &lt;script&gt;
    2074. 

  2074.   var accounts = new Backbone.Collection;
    2075. 

  2075.   accounts.reset(&lt;%= @accounts.to_json %&gt;);
    2076. 

  2076. &lt;/script&gt;
    2077. 

  2077. </pre>
    2078. 

  2078. 

  2079.     <p>
    2080. 

  2080.       Calling <tt>collection.reset()</tt> without passing any models as arguments
    2081. 

  2081.       will empty the entire collection.
    2082. 

  2082.     </p>
    2083. 

  2083. 

  2084.     <p id="Collection-set">
    2085. 

  2085.       <b class="header">set</b><code>collection.set(models, [options])</code>
    2086. 

  2086.       <br />
    2087. 

  2087.       The <b>set</b> method performs a "smart" update of the collection
    2088. 

  2088.       with the passed list of models. If a model in the list isn't yet in the
    2089. 

  2089.       collection it will be added; if the model is already in the collection
    2090. 

  2090.       its attributes will be merged; and if the collection contains any models that
    2091. 

  2091.       <i>aren't</i> present in the list, they'll be removed. All of the appropriate
    2092. 

  2092.       <tt>"add"</tt>, <tt>"remove"</tt>, and <tt>"change"</tt> events are fired
    2093. 

  2093.       as this happens. Returns the touched models in the collection.
    2094. 

  2094.       If you'd like to customize the behavior, you can disable
    2095. 

  2095.       it with options: <tt>{add: false}</tt>, <tt>{remove: false}</tt>, or <tt>{merge: false}</tt>.
    2096. 

  2096.     </p>
    2097. 

  2097. 

  2098. <pre>
    2099. 

  2099. var vanHalen = new Backbone.Collection([eddie, alex, stone, roth]);
    2100. 

  2100. 

  2101. vanHalen.set([eddie, alex, stone, hagar]);
    2102. 

  2102. 

  2103. // Fires a "remove" event for roth, and an "add" event for "hagar".
    2104. 

  2104. // Updates any of stone, alex, and eddie's attributes that may have
    2105. 

  2105. // changed over the years.
    2106. 

  2106. </pre>
    2107. 

  2107. 

  2108.     <p id="Collection-get">
    2109. 

  2109.       <b class="header">get</b><code>collection.get(id)</code>
    2110. 

  2110.       <br />
    2111. 

  2111.       Get a model from a collection, specified by an <a href="#Model-id">id</a>,
    2112. 

  2112.       a <a href="#Model-cid">cid</a>, or by passing in a <b>model</b>.
    2113. 

  2113.     </p>
    2114. 

  2114. 

  2115. <pre>
    2116. 

  2116. var book = library.get(110);
    2117. 

  2117. </pre>
    2118. 

  2118. 

  2119.     <p id="Collection-at">
    2120. 

  2120.       <b class="header">at</b><code>collection.at(index)</code>
    2121. 

  2121.       <br />
    2122. 

  2122.       Get a model from a collection, specified by index. Useful if your collection
    2123. 

  2123.       is sorted, and if your collection isn't sorted, <b>at</b> will still
    2124. 

  2124.       retrieve models in insertion order. When passed a negative index, it
    2125. 

  2125.       will retrieve the model from the back of the collection.
    2126. 

  2126.     </p>
    2127. 

  2127. 

  2128.     <p id="Collection-push">
    2129. 

  2129.       <b class="header">push</b><code>collection.push(model, [options])</code>
    2130. 

  2130.       <br />
    2131. 

  2131.       Add a model at the end of a collection. Takes the same options as
    2132. 

  2132.       <a href="#Collection-add">add</a>.
    2133. 

  2133.     </p>
    2134. 

  2134. 

  2135.     <p id="Collection-pop">
    2136. 

  2136.       <b class="header">pop</b><code>collection.pop([options])</code>
    2137. 

  2137.       <br />
    2138. 

  2138.       Remove and return the last model from a collection. Takes the same options as
    2139. 

  2139.       <a href="#Collection-remove">remove</a>.
    2140. 

  2140.     </p>
    2141. 

  2141. 

  2142.     <p id="Collection-unshift">
    2143. 

  2143.       <b class="header">unshift</b><code>collection.unshift(model, [options])</code>
    2144. 

  2144.       <br />
    2145. 

  2145.       Add a model at the beginning of a collection. Takes the same options as
    2146. 

  2146.       <a href="#Collection-add">add</a>.
    2147. 

  2147.     </p>
    2148. 

  2148. 

  2149.     <p id="Collection-shift">
    2150. 

  2150.       <b class="header">shift</b><code>collection.shift([options])</code>
    2151. 

  2151.       <br />
    2152. 

  2152.       Remove and return the first model from a collection. Takes the same options as
    2153. 

  2153.       <a href="#Collection-remove">remove</a>.
    2154. 

  2154.     </p>
    2155. 

  2155. 

  2156.     <p id="Collection-slice">
    2157. 

  2157.       <b class="header">slice</b><code>collection.slice(begin, end)</code>
    2158. 

  2158.       <br />
    2159. 

  2159.       Return a shallow copy of this collection's models, using the same options as
    2160. 

  2160.       native
    2161. 

  2161.       <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/slice">Array#slice</a>.
    2162. 

  2162.     </p>
    2163. 

  2163. 

  2164.     <p id="Collection-length">
    2165. 

  2165.       <b class="header">length</b><code>collection.length</code>
    2166. 

  2166.       <br />
    2167. 

  2167.       Like an array, a Collection maintains a <tt>length</tt> property, counting
    2168. 

  2168.       the number of models it contains.
    2169. 

  2169.     </p>
    2170. 

  2170. 

  2171.     <p id="Collection-comparator">
    2172. 

  2172.       <b class="header">comparator</b><code>collection.comparator</code>
    2173. 

  2173.       <br />
    2174. 

  2174.       By default there is no <b>comparator</b> for a collection.
    2175. 

  2175.       If you define a comparator, it will be used to sort the collection any
    2176. 

  2176.       time a model is added.
    2177. 

  2177.       A comparator can be defined as a
    2178. 

  2178.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#sortBy">sortBy</a>
    2179. 

  2179.       (pass a function that takes a single argument),
    2180. 

  2180.       as a
    2181. 

  2181.       <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/sort">sort</a>
    2182. 

  2182.       (pass a comparator function that expects two arguments),
    2183. 

  2183.       or as a string indicating the attribute to sort by.
    2184. 

  2184.     </p>
    2185. 

  2185. 

  2186.     <p>
    2187. 

  2187.       "sortBy" comparator functions take a model and return a numeric or string
    2188. 

  2188.       value by which the model should be ordered relative to others.
    2189. 

  2189.       "sort" comparator functions take two models, and return <tt>-1</tt> if
    2190. 

  2190.       the first model should come before the second, <tt>0</tt> if they are of
    2191. 

  2191.       the same rank and <tt>1</tt> if the first model should come after.
    2192. 

  2192.       <i>Note that Backbone depends on the arity of your comparator function to
    2193. 

  2193.       determine between the two styles, so be careful if your comparator function
    2194. 

  2194.       is bound.</i>
    2195. 

  2195.     </p>
    2196. 

  2196. 

  2197.     <p>
    2198. 

  2198.       Note how even though all of the chapters in this example are added backwards,
    2199. 

  2199.       they come out in the proper order:
    2200. 

  2200.     </p>
    2201. 

  2201. 

  2202. <pre class="runnable">
    2203. 

  2203. var Chapter  = Backbone.Model;
    2204. 

  2204. var chapters = new Backbone.Collection;
    2205. 

  2205. 

  2206. chapters.comparator = 'page';
    2207. 

  2207. 

  2208. chapters.add(new Chapter({page: 9, title: "The End"}));
    2209. 

  2209. chapters.add(new Chapter({page: 5, title: "The Middle"}));
    2210. 

  2210. chapters.add(new Chapter({page: 1, title: "The Beginning"}));
    2211. 

  2211. 

  2212. alert(chapters.pluck('title'));
    2213. 

  2213. </pre>
    2214. 

  2214. 

  2215.     <p class="warning">
    2216. 

  2216.       Collections with a comparator will not automatically re-sort if you
    2217. 

  2217.       later change model attributes, so you may wish to call
    2218. 

  2218.       <tt>sort</tt> after changing model attributes that would affect the order.
    2219. 

  2219.     </p>
    2220. 

  2220. 

  2221.     <p id="Collection-sort">
    2222. 

  2222.       <b class="header">sort</b><code>collection.sort([options])</code>
    2223. 

  2223.       <br />
    2224. 

  2224.       Force a collection to re-sort itself. Note that a collection with a
    2225. 

  2225.       <a href="#Collection-comparator">comparator</a> will sort itself
    2226. 

  2226.       automatically whenever a model is added. To disable sorting when adding
    2227. 

  2227.       a model, pass <tt>{sort: false}</tt> to <tt>add</tt>. Calling <b>sort</b>
    2228. 

  2228.       triggers a <tt>"sort"</tt> event on the collection.
    2229. 

  2229.     </p>
    2230. 

  2230. 

  2231.     <p id="Collection-pluck">
    2232. 

  2232.       <b class="header">pluck</b><code>collection.pluck(attribute)</code>
    2233. 

  2233.       <br />
    2234. 

  2234.       Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection. Equivalent to calling
    2235. 

  2235.       <tt>map</tt> and returning a single attribute from the iterator.
    2236. 

  2236.     </p>
    2237. 

  2237. 

  2238. <pre class="runnable">
    2239. 

  2239. var stooges = new Backbone.Collection([
    2240. 

  2240.   {name: "Curly"},
    2241. 

  2241.   {name: "Larry"},
    2242. 

  2242.   {name: "Moe"}
    2243. 

  2243. ]);
    2244. 

  2244. 

  2245. var names = stooges.pluck("name");
    2246. 

  2246. 

  2247. alert(JSON.stringify(names));
    2248. 

  2248. </pre>
    2249. 

  2249. 

  2250.     <p id="Collection-where">
    2251. 

  2251.       <b class="header">where</b><code>collection.where(attributes)</code>
    2252. 

  2252.       <br />
    2253. 

  2253.       Return an array of all the models in a collection that match the
    2254. 

  2254.       passed <b>attributes</b>. Useful for simple cases of <tt>filter</tt>.
    2255. 

  2255.     </p>
    2256. 

  2256. 

  2257. <pre class="runnable">
    2258. 

  2258. var friends = new Backbone.Collection([
    2259. 

  2259.   {name: "Athos",      job: "Musketeer"},
    2260. 

  2260.   {name: "Porthos",    job: "Musketeer"},
    2261. 

  2261.   {name: "Aramis",     job: "Musketeer"},
    2262. 

  2262.   {name: "d'Artagnan", job: "Guard"},
    2263. 

  2263. ]);
    2264. 

  2264. 

  2265. var musketeers = friends.where({job: "Musketeer"});
    2266. 

  2266. 

  2267. alert(musketeers.length);
    2268. 

  2268. </pre>
    2269. 

  2269. 

  2270.     <p id="Collection-findWhere">
    2271. 

  2271.       <b class="header">findWhere</b><code>collection.findWhere(attributes)</code>
    2272. 

  2272.       <br />
    2273. 

  2273.       Just like <a href="#Collection-where">where</a>, but directly returns only
    2274. 

  2274.       the first model in the collection that matches the passed <b>attributes</b>.
    2275. 

  2275.       If no model matches returns <tt>undefined</tt>.
    2276. 

  2276.     </p>
    2277. 

  2277. 

  2278.     <p id="Collection-url">
    2279. 

  2279.       <b class="header">url</b><code>collection.url or collection.url()</code>
    2280. 

  2280.       <br />
    2281. 

  2281.       Set the <b>url</b> property (or function) on a collection to reference
    2282. 

  2282.       its location on the server. Models within the collection will use <b>url</b>
    2283. 

  2283.       to construct URLs of their own.
    2284. 

  2284.     </p>
    2285. 

  2285. 

  2286. <pre>
    2287. 

  2287. var Notes = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    2288. 

  2288.   url: '/notes'
    2289. 

  2289. });
    2290. 

  2290. 

  2291. // Or, something more sophisticated:
    2292. 

  2292. 

  2293. var Notes = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    2294. 

  2294.   url: function() {
    2295. 

  2295.     return this.document.url() + '/notes';
    2296. 

  2296.   }
    2297. 

  2297. });
    2298. 

  2298. </pre>
    2299. 

  2299. 

  2300.     <p id="Collection-parse">
    2301. 

  2301.       <b class="header">parse</b><code>collection.parse(response, options)</code>
    2302. 

  2302.       <br />
    2303. 

  2303.       <b>parse</b> is called by Backbone whenever a collection's models are
    2304. 

  2304.       returned by the server, in <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a>.
    2305. 

  2305.       The function is passed the raw <tt>response</tt> object, and should return
    2306. 

  2306.       the array of model attributes to be <a href="#Collection-add">added</a>
    2307. 

  2307.       to the collection. The default implementation is a no-op, simply passing
    2308. 

  2308.       through the JSON response. Override this if you need to work with a
    2309. 

  2309.       preexisting API, or better namespace your responses.
    2310. 

  2310.     </p>
    2311. 

  2311. 

  2312. <pre>
    2313. 

  2313. var Tweets = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    2314. 

  2314.   // The Twitter Search API returns tweets under "results".
    2315. 

  2315.   parse: function(response) {
    2316. 

  2316.     return response.results;
    2317. 

  2317.   }
    2318. 

  2318. });
    2319. 

  2319. </pre>
    2320. 

  2320. 

  2321.     <p id="Collection-clone">
    2322. 

  2322.       <b class="header">clone</b><code>collection.clone()</code>
    2323. 

  2323.       <br />
    2324. 

  2324.       Returns a new instance of the collection with an identical list of models.
    2325. 

  2325.     </p>
    2326. 

  2326. 

  2327.     <p id="Collection-fetch">
    2328. 

  2328.       <b class="header">fetch</b><code>collection.fetch([options])</code>
    2329. 

  2329.       <br />
    2330. 

  2330.       Fetch the default set of models for this collection from the server,
    2331. 

  2331.       <a href="#Collection-set">setting</a> them on the collection when they arrive.
    2332. 

  2332.       The <b>options</b> hash takes <tt>success</tt> and <tt>error</tt> callbacks
    2333. 

  2333.       which will both be passed <tt>(collection, response, options)</tt> as arguments.
    2334. 

  2334.       When the model data returns from the server, it uses <a href="#Collection-set">set</a>
    2335. 

  2335.       to (intelligently) merge the fetched models, unless you pass <tt>{reset: true}</tt>,
    2336. 

  2336.       in which case the collection will be (efficiently) <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a>.
    2337. 

  2337.       Delegates to <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>
    2338. 

  2338.       under the covers for custom persistence strategies and returns a
    2339. 

  2339.       <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a>.
    2340. 

  2340.       The server handler for <b>fetch</b> requests should return a JSON array of
    2341. 

  2341.       models.
    2342. 

  2342.     </p>
    2343. 

  2343. 

  2344. <pre class="runnable">
    2345. 

  2345. Backbone.sync = function(method, model) {
    2346. 

  2346.   alert(method + ": " + model.url);
    2347. 

  2347. };
    2348. 

  2348. 

  2349. var accounts = new Backbone.Collection;
    2350. 

  2350. accounts.url = '/accounts';
    2351. 

  2351. 

  2352. accounts.fetch();
    2353. 

  2353. </pre>
    2354. 

  2354. 

  2355.     <p>
    2356. 

  2356.       The behavior of <b>fetch</b> can be customized by using the available
    2357. 

  2357.       <a href="#Collection-set">set</a> options. For example, to fetch a
    2358. 

  2358.       collection, getting an <tt>"add"</tt> event for every new model, and
    2359. 

  2359.       a <tt>"change"</tt> event for every changed existing model, without
    2360. 

  2360.       removing anything: <tt>collection.fetch({remove: false})</tt>
    2361. 

  2361.     </p>
    2362. 

  2362. 

  2363.     <p>
    2364. 

  2364.       <b>jQuery.ajax</b> options can also be passed directly as <b>fetch</b> options,
    2365. 

  2365.       so to fetch a specific page of a paginated collection:
    2366. 

  2366.       <tt>Documents.fetch({data: {page: 3}})</tt>
    2367. 

  2367.     </p>
    2368. 

  2368. 

  2369.     <p>
    2370. 

  2370.       Note that <b>fetch</b> should not be used to populate collections on
    2371. 

  2371.       page load &mdash; all models needed at load time should already be
    2372. 

  2372.       <a href="#FAQ-bootstrap">bootstrapped</a> in to place. <b>fetch</b> is
    2373. 

  2373.       intended for lazily-loading models for interfaces that are not needed
    2374. 

  2374.       immediately: for example, documents with collections of notes that may be
    2375. 

  2375.       toggled open and closed.
    2376. 

  2376.     </p>
    2377. 

  2377. 

  2378.     <p id="Collection-create">
    2379. 

  2379.       <b class="header">create</b><code>collection.create(attributes, [options])</code>
    2380. 

  2380.       <br />
    2381. 

  2381.       Convenience to create a new instance of a model within a collection.
    2382. 

  2382.       Equivalent to instantiating a model with a hash of attributes,
    2383. 

  2383.       saving the model to the server, and adding the model to the set after being
    2384. 

  2384.       successfully created. Returns the new model. If client-side validation
    2385. 

  2385.       failed, the model will be unsaved, with validation errors.
    2386. 

  2386.       In order for this to work, you should set the
    2387. 

  2387.       <a href="#Collection-model">model</a> property of the collection.
    2388. 

  2388.       The <b>create</b> method can accept either an attributes hash and options to be
    2389. 

  2389.       passed down during model instantiation or an existing, unsaved model object.
    2390. 

  2390.     </p>
    2391. 

  2391. 

  2392.     <p>
    2393. 

  2393.       Creating a model will cause an immediate <tt>"add"</tt> event to be
    2394. 

  2394.       triggered on the collection, a <tt>"request"</tt> event as the new model is
    2395. 

  2395.       sent to the server, as well as a <tt>"sync"</tt> event, once the
    2396. 

  2396.       server has responded with the successful creation of the model. Pass <tt>{wait: true}</tt>
    2397. 

  2397.       if you'd like to wait for the server before adding the new model to the collection.
    2398. 

  2398.     </p>
    2399. 

  2399. 

  2400. <pre>
    2401. 

  2401. var Library = Backbone.Collection.extend({
    2402. 

  2402.   model: Book
    2403. 

  2403. });
    2404. 

  2404. 

  2405. var nypl = new Library;
    2406. 

  2406. 

  2407. var othello = nypl.create({
    2408. 

  2408.   title: "Othello",
    2409. 

  2409.   author: "William Shakespeare"
    2410. 

  2410. });
    2411. 

  2411. </pre>
    2412. 

  2412. 

  2413.     <p id="Collection-mixin">
    2414. 

  2414.       <b class="header">mixin</b><code>Backbone.Collection.mixin(properties)</code>
    2415. 

  2415.       <br />
    2416. 

  2416.       <code>mixin</code> provides a way to enhance the base <b>Backbone.Collection</b>
    2417. 

  2417.       and any collections which extend it. This can be used to add generic methods
    2418. 

  2418.       (e.g. additional <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods"><b>Underscore Methods</b></a>).
    2419. 

  2419.     </p>
    2420. 

  2420. 

  2421. <pre>
    2422. 

  2422. Backbone.Collection.mixin({
    2423. 

  2423.   sum: function(models, iteratee) {
    2424. 

  2424.     return _.reduce(models, function(s, m) {
    2425. 

  2425.       return s + iteratee(m);
    2426. 

  2426.     }, 0);
    2427. 

  2427.   }
    2428. 

  2428. });
    2429. 

  2429. 

  2430. var cart = new Backbone.Collection([
    2431. 

  2431.   {price: 16, name: 'monopoly'},
    2432. 

  2432.   {price: 5, name: 'deck of cards'},
    2433. 

  2433.   {price: 20, name: 'chess'}
    2434. 

  2434. ]);
    2435. 

  2435. 

  2436. var cost = cart.sum('price');
    2437. 

  2437. </pre>
    2438. 

  2438. 

  2439.     <h2 id="Router">Backbone.Router</h2>
    2440. 

  2440. 

  2441.     <p>
    2442. 

  2442.       Web applications often provide linkable, bookmarkable, shareable URLs for
    2443. 

  2443.       important locations in the app. Until recently, hash fragments
    2444. 

  2444.       (<tt>#page</tt>) were used to provide these permalinks, but with the
    2445. 

  2445.       arrival of the History API, it's now possible to use standard URLs (<tt>/page</tt>).
    2446. 

  2446.       <b>Backbone.Router</b> provides methods for routing client-side pages, and
    2447. 

  2447.       connecting them to actions and events. For browsers which don't yet support
    2448. 

  2448.       the History API, the Router handles graceful fallback and transparent
    2449. 

  2449.       translation to the fragment version of the URL.
    2450. 

  2450.     </p>
    2451. 

  2451. 

  2452.     <p>
    2453. 

  2453.       During page load, after your application has finished creating all of its routers,
    2454. 

  2454.       be sure to call <tt>Backbone.history.start()</tt> or
    2455. 

  2455.       <tt>Backbone.history.start({pushState: true})</tt> to route the initial URL.
    2456. 

  2456.     </p>
    2457. 

  2457. 

  2458.     <p id="Router-extend">
    2459. 

  2459.       <b class="header">extend</b><code>Backbone.Router.extend(properties, [classProperties])</code>
    2460. 

  2460.       <br />
    2461. 

  2461.       Get started by creating a custom router class. Define action functions that are
    2462. 

  2462.       triggered when certain URL fragments are
    2463. 

  2463.       matched, and provide a <a href="#Router-routes">routes</a> hash
    2464. 

  2464.       that pairs routes to actions. Note that you'll want to avoid using a
    2465. 

  2465.       leading slash in your route definitions:
    2466. 

  2466.     </p>
    2467. 

  2467. 

  2468. <pre>
    2469. 

  2469. var Workspace = Backbone.Router.extend({
    2470. 

  2470. 

  2471.   routes: {
    2472. 

  2472.     "help":                 "help",    // #help
    2473. 

  2473.     "search/:query":        "search",  // #search/kiwis
    2474. 

  2474.     "search/:query/p:page": "search"   // #search/kiwis/p7
    2475. 

  2475.   },
    2476. 

  2476. 

  2477.   help: function() {
    2478. 

  2478.     ...
    2479. 

  2479.   },
    2480. 

  2480. 

  2481.   search: function(query, page) {
    2482. 

  2482.     ...
    2483. 

  2483.   }
    2484. 

  2484. 

  2485. });
    2486. 

  2486. </pre>
    2487. 

  2487. 

  2488.     <p id="Router-routes">
    2489. 

  2489.       <b class="header">routes</b><code>router.routes</code>
    2490. 

  2490.       <br />
    2491. 

  2491.       The routes hash maps URLs with parameters to functions on your router
    2492. 

  2492.       (or just direct function definitions, if you prefer),
    2493. 

  2493.       similar to the <a href="#View">View</a>'s <a href="#View-delegateEvents">events hash</a>.
    2494. 

  2494.       Routes can contain parameter parts, <tt>:param</tt>, which match a single URL
    2495. 

  2495.       component between slashes; and splat parts <tt>*splat</tt>, which can match
    2496. 

  2496.       any number of URL components. Part of a route can be made optional by
    2497. 

  2497.       surrounding it in parentheses <tt>(/:optional)</tt>.
    2498. 

  2498.     </p>
    2499. 

  2499. 

  2500.     <p>
    2501. 

  2501.       For example, a route of <tt>"search/:query/p:page"</tt> will match
    2502. 

  2502.       a fragment of <tt>#search/obama/p2</tt>, passing <tt>"obama"</tt>
    2503. 

  2503.       and <tt>"2"</tt> to the action as positional arguments.
    2504. 

  2504.     </p>
    2505. 

  2505. 

  2506.     <p>
    2507. 

  2507.       A route of <tt>"file/*path"</tt> will match
    2508. 

  2508.       <tt>#file/folder/file.txt</tt>, passing
    2509. 

  2509.       <tt>"folder/file.txt"</tt> to the action.
    2510. 

  2510.     </p>
    2511. 

  2511. 

  2512.     <p>
    2513. 

  2513.       A route of <tt>"docs/:section(/:subsection)"</tt> will match
    2514. 

  2514.       <tt>#docs/faq</tt> and <tt>#docs/faq/installing</tt>, passing
    2515. 

  2515.       <tt>"faq"</tt> to the action in the first case, and passing <tt>"faq"</tt>
    2516. 

  2516.       and <tt>"installing"</tt> to the action in the second.
    2517. 

  2517.     </p>
    2518. 

  2518. 

  2519.     <p>
    2520. 

  2520.       A nested optional route of <tt>"docs(/:section)(/:subsection)"</tt> will match
    2521. 

  2521.       <tt>#docs</tt>, <tt>#docs/faq</tt>, and <tt>#docs/faq/installing</tt>,
    2522. 

  2522.       passing <tt>"faq"</tt> to the action in the second case, and passing <tt>"faq"</tt>
    2523. 

  2523.       and <tt>"installing"</tt> to the action in the third.
    2524. 

  2524.     </p>
    2525. 

  2525. 

  2526.     <p>
    2527. 

  2527.       Trailing slashes are treated as part of the URL, and (correctly) treated
    2528. 

  2528.       as a unique route when accessed. <tt>docs</tt> and <tt>docs/</tt> will fire
    2529. 

  2529.       different callbacks. If you can't avoid generating both types of URLs, you
    2530. 

  2530.       can define a <tt>"docs(/)"</tt> matcher to capture both cases.
    2531. 

  2531.     </p>
    2532. 

  2532. 

  2533.     <p>
    2534. 

  2534.       When the visitor presses the back button, or enters a URL, and a particular
    2535. 

  2535.       route is matched, the name of the action will be fired as an
    2536. 

  2536.       <a href="#Events">event</a>, so that other objects can listen to the router,
    2537. 

  2537.       and be notified. In the following example, visiting <tt>#help/uploading</tt>
    2538. 

  2538.       will fire a <tt>route:help</tt> event from the router.
    2539. 

  2539.     </p>
    2540. 

  2540. 

  2541. <pre>
    2542. 

  2542. routes: {
    2543. 

  2543.   "help/:page":         "help",
    2544. 

  2544.   "download/*path":     "download",
    2545. 

  2545.   "folder/:name":       "openFolder",
    2546. 

  2546.   "folder/:name-:mode": "openFolder"
    2547. 

  2547. }
    2548. 

  2548. </pre>
    2549. 

  2549. 

  2550. <pre>
    2551. 

  2551. router.on("route:help", function(page) {
    2552. 

  2552.   ...
    2553. 

  2553. });
    2554. 

  2554. </pre>
    2555. 

  2555. 

  2556.     <p id="Router-preinitialize">
    2557. 

  2557.       <b class="header">preinitialize</b><code>new Backbone.Router([options])</code>
    2558. 

  2558.       <br />
    2559. 

  2559.       For use with routers as ES classes. If you define a <b>preinitialize</b>
    2560. 

  2560.       method, it will be invoked when the Router is first created and before
    2561. 

  2561.       any instantiation logic is run for the Router.
    2562. 

  2562.     </p>
    2563. 

  2563. 

  2564. <pre>
    2565. 

  2565. class Router extends Backbone.Router {
    2566. 

  2566.   preinitialize() {
    2567. 

  2567.     // Override execute method
    2568. 

  2568.     this.execute = function(callback, args, name) {
    2569. 

  2569.       if (!loggedIn) {
    2570. 

  2570.         goToLogin();
    2571. 

  2571.         return false;
    2572. 

  2572.       }
    2573. 

  2573.       args.push(parseQueryString(args.pop()));
    2574. 

  2574.       if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
    2575. 

  2575.     }
    2576. 

  2576.   }
    2577. 

  2577. }
    2578. 

  2578. </pre>
    2579. 

  2579. 

  2580.     <p id="Router-constructor">
    2581. 

  2581.       <b class="header">constructor / initialize</b><code>new Router([options])</code>
    2582. 

  2582.       <br />
    2583. 

  2583.       When creating a new router, you may pass its
    2584. 

  2584.       <a href="#Router-routes">routes</a> hash directly as an option, if you
    2585. 

  2585.       choose. All <tt>options</tt> will also be passed to your <tt>initialize</tt>
    2586. 

  2586.       function, if defined.
    2587. 

  2587.     </p>
    2588. 

  2588. 

  2589.     <p id="Router-route">
    2590. 

  2590.       <b class="header">route</b><code>router.route(route, name, [callback])</code>
    2591. 

  2591.       <br />
    2592. 

  2592.       Manually create a route for the router, The <tt>route</tt> argument may
    2593. 

  2593.       be a <a href="#Router-routes">routing string</a> or regular expression.
    2594. 

  2594.       Each matching capture from the route or regular expression will be passed as
    2595. 

  2595.       an argument to the callback. The <tt>name</tt> argument will be triggered as
    2596. 

  2596.       a <tt>"route:name"</tt> event whenever the route is matched.  If the
    2597. 

  2597.       <tt>callback</tt> argument is omitted <tt>router[name]</tt> will be used
    2598. 

  2598.       instead. Routes added later may override previously declared routes.
    2599. 

  2599.     </p>
    2600. 

  2600. 

  2601. <pre>
    2602. 

  2602. initialize: function(options) {
    2603. 

  2603. 

  2604.   // Matches #page/10, passing "10"
    2605. 

  2605.   this.route("page/:number", "page", function(number){ ... });
    2606. 

  2606. 

  2607.   // Matches /117-a/b/c/open, passing "117-a/b/c" to this.open
    2608. 

  2608.   this.route(/^(.*?)\/open$/, "open");
    2609. 

  2609. 

  2610. },
    2611. 

  2611. 

  2612. open: function(id) { ... }
    2613. 

  2613. </pre>
    2614. 

  2614. 

  2615.     <p id="Router-navigate">
    2616. 

  2616.       <b class="header">navigate</b><code>router.navigate(fragment, [options])</code>
    2617. 

  2617.       <br />
    2618. 

  2618.       Whenever you reach a point in your application that you'd like to save
    2619. 

  2619.       as a URL, call <b>navigate</b> in order to update the URL.
    2620. 

  2620.       If you also wish to call the route function, set the <b>trigger</b>
    2621. 

  2621.       option to <tt>true</tt>.
    2622. 

  2622.       To update the URL without creating an entry in the browser's history,
    2623. 

  2623.       set the <b>replace</b> option to <tt>true</tt>.
    2624. 

  2624.     </p>
    2625. 

  2625. 

  2626. <pre>
    2627. 

  2627. openPage: function(pageNumber) {
    2628. 

  2628.   this.document.pages.at(pageNumber).open();
    2629. 

  2629.   this.navigate("page/" + pageNumber);
    2630. 

  2630. }
    2631. 

  2631. 

  2632. # Or ...
    2633. 

  2633. 

  2634. app.navigate("help/troubleshooting", {trigger: true});
    2635. 

  2635. 

  2636. # Or ...
    2637. 

  2637. 

  2638. app.navigate("help/troubleshooting", {trigger: true, replace: true});
    2639. 

  2639. </pre>
    2640. 

  2640. 

  2641.     <p id="Router-execute">
    2642. 

  2642.       <b class="header">execute</b><code>router.execute(callback, args, name)</code>
    2643. 

  2643.       <br />
    2644. 

  2644.       This method is called internally within the router, whenever a route
    2645. 

  2645.       matches and its corresponding <b>callback</b> is about to be executed.
    2646. 

  2646.       Return <b>false</b> from execute to cancel the current transition.
    2647. 

  2647.       Override it to perform custom parsing or wrapping of your routes, for
    2648. 

  2648.       example, to parse query strings before handing them to your route
    2649. 

  2649.       callback, like so:
    2650. 

  2650.     </p>
    2651. 

  2651. 

  2652. <pre>
    2653. 

  2653. var Router = Backbone.Router.extend({
    2654. 

  2654.   execute: function(callback, args, name) {
    2655. 

  2655.     if (!loggedIn) {
    2656. 

  2656.       goToLogin();
    2657. 

  2657.       return false;
    2658. 

  2658.     }
    2659. 

  2659.     args.push(parseQueryString(args.pop()));
    2660. 

  2660.     if (callback) callback.apply(this, args);
    2661. 

  2661.   }
    2662. 

  2662. });
    2663. 

  2663. </pre>
    2664. 

  2664. 

  2665.     <h2 id="History">Backbone.history</h2>
    2666. 

  2666. 

  2667.     <p>
    2668. 

  2668.       <b>History</b> serves as a global router (per frame) to handle <tt>hashchange</tt>
    2669. 

  2669.       events or <tt>pushState</tt>, match the appropriate route, and trigger callbacks.
    2670. 

  2670.       You shouldn't ever have to create one of these yourself since <tt>Backbone.history</tt>
    2671. 

  2671.       already contains one.
    2672. 

  2672.     </p>
    2673. 

  2673. 

  2674.     <p>
    2675. 

  2675.       <b>pushState</b> support exists on a purely opt-in basis in Backbone.
    2676. 

  2676.       Older browsers that don't support <tt>pushState</tt> will continue to use
    2677. 

  2677.       hash-based URL fragments, and if a hash URL is visited by a
    2678. 

  2678.       <tt>pushState</tt>-capable browser, it will be transparently upgraded to
    2679. 

  2679.       the true URL. Note that using real URLs requires your web server to be
    2680. 

  2680.       able to correctly render those pages, so back-end changes are required
    2681. 

  2681.       as well. For example, if you have a route of <tt>/documents/100</tt>,
    2682. 

  2682.       your web server must be able to serve that page, if the browser
    2683. 

  2683.       visits that URL directly. For full search-engine crawlability, it's best to
    2684. 

  2684.       have the server generate the complete HTML for the page ... but if it's a web
    2685. 

  2685.       application, just rendering the same content you would have for the root URL,
    2686. 

  2686.       and filling in the rest with Backbone Views and JavaScript works fine.
    2687. 

  2687.     </p>
    2688. 

  2688. 

  2689.     <p id="History-start">
    2690. 

  2690.       <b class="header">start</b><code>Backbone.history.start([options])</code>
    2691. 

  2691.       <br />
    2692. 

  2692.       When all of your <a href="#Router">Routers</a> have been created,
    2693. 

  2693.       and all of the routes are set up properly, call <tt>Backbone.history.start()</tt>
    2694. 

  2694.       to begin monitoring <tt>hashchange</tt> events, and dispatching routes.
    2695. 

  2695.       Subsequent calls to <tt>Backbone.history.start()</tt> will throw an error,
    2696. 

  2696.       and <tt>Backbone.History.started</tt> is a boolean value indicating whether
    2697. 

  2697.       it has already been called.
    2698. 

  2698.     </p>
    2699. 

  2699. 

  2700.     <p>
    2701. 

  2701.       To indicate that you'd like to use HTML5 <tt>pushState</tt> support in
    2702. 

  2702.       your application, use <tt>Backbone.history.start({pushState: true})</tt>.
    2703. 

  2703.       If you'd like to use <tt>pushState</tt>, but have browsers that don't support
    2704. 

  2704.       it natively use full page refreshes instead, you can add
    2705. 

  2705.       <tt>{hashChange: false}</tt> to the options.
    2706. 

  2706.     </p>
    2707. 

  2707. 

  2708.     <p>
    2709. 

  2709.       If your application is not being served from the root url <tt>/</tt> of your
    2710. 

  2710.       domain, be sure to tell History where the root really is, as an option:
    2711. 

  2711.       <tt>Backbone.history.start({pushState: true, root: "/public/search/"})</tt>
    2712. 

  2712.     </p>
    2713. 

  2713. 

  2714.     <p>
    2715. 

  2715.       When called, if a route succeeds with a match for the current URL,
    2716. 

  2716.       <tt>Backbone.history.start()</tt> returns <tt>true</tt>. If no defined
    2717. 

  2717.       route matches the current URL, it returns <tt>false</tt>.
    2718. 

  2718.     </p>
    2719. 

  2719. 

  2720.     <p>
    2721. 

  2721.       If the server has already rendered the entire page, and you don't want the
    2722. 

  2722.       initial route to trigger when starting History, pass <tt>silent: true</tt>.
    2723. 

  2723.     </p>
    2724. 

  2724. 

  2725.     <p>
    2726. 

  2726.       Because hash-based history in Internet Explorer relies on an
    2727. 

  2727.       <tt>&lt;iframe&gt;</tt>, be sure to call <tt>start()</tt> only after the DOM
    2728. 

  2728.       is ready.
    2729. 

  2729.     </p>
    2730. 

  2730. 

  2731. <pre>
    2732. 

  2732. $(function(){
    2733. 

  2733.   new WorkspaceRouter();
    2734. 

  2734.   new HelpPaneRouter();
    2735. 

  2735.   Backbone.history.start({pushState: true});
    2736. 

  2736. });
    2737. 

  2737. </pre>
    2738. 

  2738. 

  2739.     <h2 id="Sync">Backbone.sync</h2>
    2740. 

  2740. 

  2741.     <p>
    2742. 

  2742.       <b>Backbone.sync</b> is the function that Backbone calls every time it
    2743. 

  2743.       attempts to read or save a model to the server. By default, it uses
    2744. 

  2744.       <tt>jQuery.ajax</tt> to make a RESTful JSON request and returns a
    2745. 

  2745.       <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/#jqXHR">jqXHR</a>. You can override
    2746. 

  2746.       it in order to use a different persistence strategy, such as WebSockets,
    2747. 

  2747.       XML transport, or Local Storage.
    2748. 

  2748.     </p>
    2749. 

  2749. 

  2750.     <p>
    2751. 

  2751.       The method signature of <b>Backbone.sync</b> is <tt>sync(method, model, [options])</tt>
    2752. 

  2752.     </p>
    2753. 

  2753. 

  2754.     <ul>
    2755. 

  2755.       <li><b>method</b> – the CRUD method (<tt>"create"</tt>, <tt>"read"</tt>, <tt>"update"</tt>, or <tt>"delete"</tt>)</li>
    2756. 

  2756.       <li><b>model</b> – the model to be saved (or collection to be read)</li>
    2757. 

  2757.       <li><b>options</b> – success and error callbacks, and all other jQuery request options</li>
    2758. 

  2758.     </ul>
    2759. 

  2759. 

  2760.     <p>
    2761. 

  2761.       With the default implementation, when <b>Backbone.sync</b> sends up a request to save
    2762. 

  2762.       a model, its attributes will be passed, serialized as JSON, and sent in the HTTP body
    2763. 

  2763.       with content-type <tt>application/json</tt>. When returning a JSON response,
    2764. 

  2764.       send down the attributes of the  model that have been changed by the server, and need
    2765. 

  2765.       to be updated on the client. When responding to a <tt>"read"</tt> request from a collection
    2766. 

  2766.       (<a href="#Collection-fetch">Collection#fetch</a>), send down an array
    2767. 

  2767.       of model attribute objects.
    2768. 

  2768.     </p>
    2769. 

  2769. 

  2770.     <p>
    2771. 

  2771.       Whenever a model or collection begins a <b>sync</b> with the server, a
    2772. 

  2772.       <tt>"request"</tt> event is emitted. If the request completes successfully
    2773. 

  2773.       you'll get a <tt>"sync"</tt> event, and an <tt>"error"</tt> event if not.
    2774. 

  2774.     </p>
    2775. 

  2775. 

  2776.     <p>
    2777. 

  2777.       The <b>sync</b> function may be overridden globally as <tt>Backbone.sync</tt>,
    2778. 

  2778.       or at a finer-grained level, by adding a <tt>sync</tt> function to a Backbone
    2779. 

  2779.       collection or to an individual model.
    2780. 

  2780.     </p>
    2781. 

  2781. 

  2782.     <p>
    2783. 

  2783.       The default <b>sync</b> handler maps CRUD to REST like so:
    2784. 

  2784.     </p>
    2785. 

  2785. 

  2786.     <ul>
    2787. 

  2787.       <li><b>create &rarr; POST &nbsp; </b><tt>/collection</tt></li>
    2788. 

  2788.       <li><b>read &rarr; GET &nbsp; </b><tt>/collection[/id]</tt></li>
    2789. 

  2789.       <li><b>update &rarr; PUT &nbsp; </b><tt>/collection/id</tt></li>
    2790. 

  2790.       <li><b>patch &rarr; PATCH &nbsp; </b><tt>/collection/id</tt></li>
    2791. 

  2791.       <li><b>delete &rarr; DELETE &nbsp; </b><tt>/collection/id</tt></li>
    2792. 

  2792.     </ul>
    2793. 

  2793. 

  2794.     <p>
    2795. 

  2795.       As an example, a Rails 4 handler responding to an <tt>"update"</tt> call from
    2796. 

  2796.       <tt>Backbone</tt> might look like this:
    2797. 

  2797.     </p>
    2798. 

  2798. 

  2799. <pre>
    2800. 

  2800. def update
    2801. 

  2801.   account = Account.find params[:id]
    2802. 

  2802.   permitted = params.require(:account).permit(:name, :otherparam)
    2803. 

  2803.   account.update_attributes permitted
    2804. 

  2804.   render :json => account
    2805. 

  2805. end
    2806. 

  2806. </pre>
    2807. 

  2807. 

  2808.     <p>
    2809. 

  2809.       One more tip for integrating Rails versions prior to 3.1 is to disable
    2810. 

  2810.       the default namespacing for <tt>to_json</tt> calls on models by setting
    2811. 

  2811.       <tt>ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = false</tt>
    2812. 

  2812.     </p>
    2813. 

  2813. 

  2814.     <p id="Sync-ajax">
    2815. 

  2815.       <b class="header">ajax</b><code>Backbone.ajax = function(request) { ... };</code>
    2816. 

  2816.       <br />
    2817. 

  2817.       If you want to use a custom AJAX function, or your endpoint doesn't support
    2818. 

  2818.       the <a href="http://api.jquery.com/jQuery.ajax/">jQuery.ajax</a> API
    2819. 

  2819.       and you need to tweak things, you can do so by setting <tt>Backbone.ajax</tt>.
    2820. 

  2820.     </p>
    2821. 

  2821. 

  2822.     <p id="Sync-emulateHTTP">
    2823. 

  2823.       <b class="header">emulateHTTP</b><code>Backbone.emulateHTTP = true</code>
    2824. 

  2824.       <br />
    2825. 

  2825.       If you want to work with a legacy web server that doesn't support Backbone's
    2826. 

  2826.       default REST/HTTP approach, you may choose to turn on <tt>Backbone.emulateHTTP</tt>.
    2827. 

  2827.       Setting this option will fake <tt>PUT</tt>, <tt>PATCH</tt> and <tt>DELETE</tt> requests with
    2828. 

  2828.       a HTTP <tt>POST</tt>, setting the <tt>X-HTTP-Method-Override</tt> header
    2829. 

  2829.       with the true method. If <tt>emulateJSON</tt> is also on, the true method
    2830. 

  2830.       will be passed as an additional <tt>_method</tt> parameter.
    2831. 

  2831.     </p>
    2832. 

  2832. 

  2833. <pre>
    2834. 

  2834. Backbone.emulateHTTP = true;
    2835. 

  2835. 

  2836. model.save();  // POST to "/collection/id", with "_method=PUT" + header.
    2837. 

  2837. </pre>
    2838. 

  2838. 

  2839.     <p id="Sync-emulateJSON">
    2840. 

  2840.       <b class="header">emulateJSON</b><code>Backbone.emulateJSON = true</code>
    2841. 

  2841.       <br />
    2842. 

  2842.       If you're working with a legacy web server that can't handle requests
    2843. 

  2843.       encoded as <tt>application/json</tt>, setting <tt>Backbone.emulateJSON = true;</tt>
    2844. 

  2844.       will cause the JSON to be serialized under a <tt>model</tt> parameter, and
    2845. 

  2845.       the request to be made with a <tt>application/x-www-form-urlencoded</tt>
    2846. 

  2846.       MIME type, as if from an HTML form.
    2847. 

  2847.     </p>
    2848. 

  2848. 

  2849.     <h2 id="View">Backbone.View</h2>
    2850. 

  2850. 

  2851.     <p>
    2852. 

  2852.       Backbone views are almost more convention than they are code &mdash; they
    2853. 

  2853.       don't determine anything about your HTML or CSS for you, and can be used
    2854. 

  2854.       with any JavaScript templating library.
    2855. 

  2855.       The general idea is to organize your interface into logical views,
    2856. 

  2856.       backed by models, each of which can be updated independently when the
    2857. 

  2857.       model changes, without having to redraw the page. Instead of digging into
    2858. 

  2858.       a JSON object, looking up an element in the DOM, and updating the HTML by hand,
    2859. 

  2859.       you can bind your view's <tt>render</tt> function to the model's <tt>"change"</tt>
    2860. 

  2860.       event &mdash; and now everywhere that
    2861. 

  2861.       model data is displayed in the UI, it is always immediately up to date.
    2862. 

  2862.     </p>
    2863. 

  2863. 

  2864.     <p id="View-extend">
    2865. 

  2865.       <b class="header">extend</b><code>Backbone.View.extend(properties, [classProperties])</code>
    2866. 

  2866.       <br />
    2867. 

  2867.       Get started with views by creating a custom view class. You'll want to
    2868. 

  2868.       override the <a href="#View-render">render</a> function, specify your
    2869. 

  2869.       declarative <a href="#View-delegateEvents">events</a>, and perhaps the
    2870. 

  2870.       <tt>tagName</tt>, <tt>className</tt>, or <tt>id</tt> of the View's root
    2871. 

  2871.       element.
    2872. 

  2872.     </p>
    2873. 

  2873. 

  2874. <pre>
    2875. 

  2875. var DocumentRow = Backbone.View.extend({
    2876. 

  2876. 

  2877.   tagName: "li",
    2878. 

  2878. 

  2879.   className: "document-row",
    2880. 

  2880. 

  2881.   events: {
    2882. 

  2882.     "click .icon":          "open",
    2883. 

  2883.     "click .button.edit":   "openEditDialog",
    2884. 

  2884.     "click .button.delete": "destroy"
    2885. 

  2885.   },
    2886. 

  2886. 

  2887.   initialize: function() {
    2888. 

  2888.     this.listenTo(this.model, "change", this.render);
    2889. 

  2889.   },
    2890. 

  2890. 

  2891.   render: function() {
    2892. 

  2892.     ...
    2893. 

  2893.   }
    2894. 

  2894. 

  2895. });
    2896. 

  2896. </pre>
    2897. 

  2897. 

  2898.     <p>
    2899. 

  2899.       Properties like <tt>tagName</tt>, <tt>id</tt>, <tt>className</tt>,
    2900. 

  2900.       <tt>el</tt>, and <tt>events</tt> may also be defined as a function, if
    2901. 

  2901.       you want to wait to define them until runtime.
    2902. 

  2902.     </p>
    2903. 

  2903. 

  2904.     <p id="View-preinitialize">
    2905. 

  2905.       <b class="header">preinitialize</b><code>new View([options])</code>
    2906. 

  2906.       <br />
    2907. 

  2907.       For use with views as ES classes. If you define a <b>preinitialize</b>
    2908. 

  2908.       method, it will be invoked when the view is first created, before any
    2909. 

  2909.       instantiation logic is run.
    2910. 

  2910.     </p>
    2911. 

  2911. 

  2912. <pre>
    2913. 

  2913. class Document extends Backbone.View {
    2914. 

  2914.   preinitialize({autoRender}) {
    2915. 

  2915.     this.autoRender = autoRender;
    2916. 

  2916.   }
    2917. 

  2917. 

  2918.   initialize() {
    2919. 

  2919.     if (this.autoRender) {
    2920. 

  2920.       this.listenTo(this.model, "change", this.render);
    2921. 

  2921.     }
    2922. 

  2922.   }
    2923. 

  2923. }
    2924. 

  2924. </pre>
    2925. 

  2925. 

  2926.     <p id="View-constructor">
    2927. 

  2927.       <b class="header">constructor / initialize</b><code>new View([options])</code>
    2928. 

  2928.       <br />
    2929. 

  2929.       There are several special
    2930. 

  2930.       options that, if passed, will be attached directly to the view:
    2931. 

  2931.       <tt>model</tt>, <tt>collection</tt>,
    2932. 

  2932.       <tt>el</tt>, <tt>id</tt>, <tt>className</tt>, <tt>tagName</tt>, <tt>attributes</tt> and <tt>events</tt>.
    2933. 

  2933.       If the view defines an <b>initialize</b> function, it will be called when
    2934. 

  2934.       the view is first created. If you'd like to create a view that references
    2935. 

  2935.       an element <i>already</i> in the DOM, pass in the element as an option:
    2936. 

  2936.       <tt>new View({el: existingElement})</tt>
    2937. 

  2937.     </p>
    2938. 

  2938. 

  2939. <pre>
    2940. 

  2940. var doc = documents.first();
    2941. 

  2941. 

  2942. new DocumentRow({
    2943. 

  2943.   model: doc,
    2944. 

  2944.   id: "document-row-" + doc.id
    2945. 

  2945. });
    2946. 

  2946. </pre>
    2947. 

  2947. 

  2948.     <p id="View-el">
    2949. 

  2949.       <b class="header">el</b><code>view.el</code>
    2950. 

  2950.       <br />
    2951. 

  2951.       All views have a DOM element at all times (the <b>el</b> property),
    2952. 

  2952.       whether they've already been inserted into the page or not. In this
    2953. 

  2953.       fashion, views can be rendered at any time, and inserted into the DOM all
    2954. 

  2954.       at once, in order to get high-performance UI rendering with as few
    2955. 

  2955.       reflows and repaints as possible.
    2956. 

  2956.     </p>
    2957. 

  2957. 

  2958.     <p>
    2959. 

  2959.       <tt>this.el</tt> can be resolved from a DOM selector string or an Element;
    2960. 

  2960.       otherwise it will be created from the view's <tt>tagName</tt>, <tt>className</tt>,
    2961. 

  2961.       <tt>id</tt> and <a href="#View-attributes"><tt>attributes</tt></a> properties.
    2962. 

  2962.       If none are set, <tt>this.el</tt> is an empty <tt>div</tt>, which is often just
    2963. 

  2963.       fine. An <b>el</b> reference may also be passed in to the view's constructor.
    2964. 

  2964.     </p>
    2965. 

  2965. 

  2966. <pre class="runnable">
    2967. 

  2967. var ItemView = Backbone.View.extend({
    2968. 

  2968.   tagName: 'li'
    2969. 

  2969. });
    2970. 

  2970. 

  2971. var BodyView = Backbone.View.extend({
    2972. 

  2972.   el: 'body'
    2973. 

  2973. });
    2974. 

  2974. 

  2975. var item = new ItemView();
    2976. 

  2976. var body = new BodyView();
    2977. 

  2977. 

  2978. alert(item.el + ' ' + body.el);
    2979. 

  2979. </pre>
    2980. 

  2980. 

  2981.     <p id="View-$el">
    2982. 

  2982.       <b class="header">$el</b><code>view.$el</code>
    2983. 

  2983.       <br />
    2984. 

  2984.       A cached jQuery object for the view's element. A handy
    2985. 

  2985.       reference instead of re-wrapping the DOM element all the time.
    2986. 

  2986.     </p>
    2987. 

  2987. 

  2988. <pre>
    2989. 

  2989. view.$el.show();
    2990. 

  2990. 

  2991. listView.$el.append(itemView.el);
    2992. 

  2992. </pre>
    2993. 

  2993. 

  2994.     <p id="View-setElement">
    2995. 

  2995.       <b class="header">setElement</b><code>view.setElement(element)</code>
    2996. 

  2996.       <br />
    2997. 

  2997.       If you'd like to apply a Backbone view to a different DOM element, use
    2998. 

  2998.       <b>setElement</b>, which will also create the cached <tt>$el</tt> reference
    2999. 

  2999.       and move the view's delegated events from the old element to the new one.
    3000. 

  3000.     </p>
    3001. 

  3001. 

  3002.     <p id="View-attributes">
    3003. 

  3003.       <b class="header">attributes</b><code>view.attributes</code>
    3004. 

  3004.       <br />
    3005. 

  3005.       A hash of attributes that will be set as HTML DOM element attributes on the
    3006. 

  3006.       view's <tt>el</tt> (id, class, data-properties, etc.), or a function that
    3007. 

  3007.       returns such a hash.
    3008. 

  3008.     </p>
    3009. 

  3009. 

  3010.     <p id="View-dollar">
    3011. 

  3011.       <b class="header">$ (jQuery)</b><code>view.$(selector)</code>
    3012. 

  3012.       <br />
    3013. 

  3013.       If jQuery is included on the page, each view has a
    3014. 

  3014.       <b>$</b> function that runs queries scoped within the view's element. If you use this
    3015. 

  3015.       scoped jQuery function, you don't have to use model ids as part of your query
    3016. 

  3016.       to pull out specific elements in a list, and can rely much more on HTML class
    3017. 

  3017.       attributes. It's equivalent to running: <tt>view.$el.find(selector)</tt>
    3018. 

  3018.     </p>
    3019. 

  3019. 

  3020. <pre>
    3021. 

  3021. ui.Chapter = Backbone.View.extend({
    3022. 

  3022.   serialize : function() {
    3023. 

  3023.     return {
    3024. 

  3024.       title: this.$(".title").text(),
    3025. 

  3025.       start: this.$(".start-page").text(),
    3026. 

  3026.       end:   this.$(".end-page").text()
    3027. 

  3027.     };
    3028. 

  3028.   }
    3029. 

  3029. });
    3030. 

  3030. </pre>
    3031. 

  3031. 

  3032.     <p id="View-template">
    3033. 

  3033.       <b class="header">template</b><code>view.template([data])</code>
    3034. 

  3034.       <br />
    3035. 

  3035.       While templating for a view isn't a function provided directly by Backbone,
    3036. 

  3036.       it's often a nice convention to define a <b>template</b> function on your
    3037. 

  3037.       views. In this way, when rendering your view, you have convenient access to
    3038. 

  3038.       instance data.
    3039. 

  3039.       For example, using Underscore templates:
    3040. 

  3040.     </p>
    3041. 

  3041. 

  3042. <pre>
    3043. 

  3043. var LibraryView = Backbone.View.extend({
    3044. 

  3044.   template: _.template(...)
    3045. 

  3045. });
    3046. 

  3046. </pre>
    3047. 

  3047. 

  3048.     <p id="View-render">
    3049. 

  3049.       <b class="header">render</b><code>view.render()</code>
    3050. 

  3050.       <br />
    3051. 

  3051.       The default implementation of <b>render</b> is a no-op. Override this
    3052. 

  3052.       function with your code that renders the view template from model data,
    3053. 

  3053.       and updates <tt>this.el</tt> with the new HTML. A good
    3054. 

  3054.       convention is to <tt>return this</tt> at the end of <b>render</b> to
    3055. 

  3055.       enable chained calls.
    3056. 

  3056.     </p>
    3057. 

  3057. 

  3058. <pre>
    3059. 

  3059. var Bookmark = Backbone.View.extend({
    3060. 

  3060.   template: _.template(...),
    3061. 

  3061.   render: function() {
    3062. 

  3062.     this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.attributes));
    3063. 

  3063.     return this;
    3064. 

  3064.   }
    3065. 

  3065. });
    3066. 

  3066. </pre>
    3067. 

  3067. 

  3068.     <p>
    3069. 

  3069.       Backbone is agnostic with respect to your preferred method of HTML templating.
    3070. 

  3070.       Your <b>render</b> function could even munge together an HTML string, or use
    3071. 

  3071.       <tt>document.createElement</tt> to generate a DOM tree. However, we suggest
    3072. 

  3072.       choosing a nice JavaScript templating library.
    3073. 

  3073.       <a href="http://github.com/janl/mustache.js">Mustache.js</a>,
    3074. 

  3074.       <a href="http://github.com/creationix/haml-js">Haml-js</a>, and
    3075. 

  3075.       <a href="http://github.com/sstephenson/eco">Eco</a> are all fine alternatives.
    3076. 

  3076.       Because <a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a> is already on the page,
    3077. 

  3077.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#template">_.template</a>
    3078. 

  3078.       is available, and is an excellent choice if you prefer simple
    3079. 

  3079.       interpolated-JavaScript style templates.
    3080. 

  3080.     </p>
    3081. 

  3081. 

  3082.     <p>
    3083. 

  3083.       Whatever templating strategy you end up with, it's nice if you <i>never</i>
    3084. 

  3084.       have to put strings of HTML in your JavaScript. At DocumentCloud, we
    3085. 

  3085.       use <a href="http://documentcloud.github.com/jammit/">Jammit</a> in order
    3086. 

  3086.       to package up JavaScript templates stored in <tt>/app/views</tt> as part
    3087. 

  3087.       of our main <tt>core.js</tt> asset package.
    3088. 

  3088.     </p>
    3089. 

  3089. 

  3090.     <p id="View-remove">
    3091. 

  3091.       <b class="header">remove</b><code>view.remove()</code>
    3092. 

  3092.       <br />
    3093. 

  3093.       Removes a view and its <tt>el</tt> from the DOM, and calls
    3094. 

  3094.       <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a> to remove any bound
    3095. 

  3095.       events that the view has <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>'d.
    3096. 

  3096.     </p>
    3097. 

  3097. 

  3098.     <p id="View-events">
    3099. 

  3099.       <b class="header">events</b><code>view.events or view.events()</code>
    3100. 

  3100.       <br />
    3101. 

  3101.       The <b>events</b> hash (or method) can be used to specify a set of DOM
    3102. 

  3102.       events that will be bound to methods on your View
    3103. 

  3103.       through <a href="#View-delegateEvents">delegateEvents</a>.
    3104. 

  3104.     </p>
    3105. 

  3105. 

  3106.     <p>
    3107. 

  3107.       Backbone will automatically attach the event listeners at instantiation
    3108. 

  3108.       time, right before invoking <a href="#View-constructor">initialize</a>.
    3109. 

  3109.     </p>
    3110. 

  3110. 

  3111. <pre>
    3112. 

  3112. var ENTER_KEY = 13;
    3113. 

  3113. var InputView = Backbone.View.extend({
    3114. 

  3114. 

  3115.   tagName: 'input',
    3116. 

  3116. 

  3117.   events: {
    3118. 

  3118.     "keydown" : "keyAction",
    3119. 

  3119.   },
    3120. 

  3120. 

  3121.   render: function() { ... },
    3122. 

  3122. 

  3123.   keyAction: function(e) {
    3124. 

  3124.     if (e.which === ENTER_KEY) {
    3125. 

  3125.       this.collection.add({text: this.$el.val()});
    3126. 

  3126.     }
    3127. 

  3127.   }
    3128. 

  3128. });
    3129. 

  3129. </pre>
    3130. 

  3130. 

  3131.     <p id="View-delegateEvents">
    3132. 

  3132.       <b class="header">delegateEvents</b><code>delegateEvents([events])</code>
    3133. 

  3133.       <br />
    3134. 

  3134.       Uses jQuery's <tt>on</tt> function to provide declarative callbacks
    3135. 

  3135.       for DOM events within a view.
    3136. 

  3136.       If an <b>events</b> hash is not passed directly, uses <tt>this.events</tt>
    3137. 

  3137.       as the source. Events are written in the format <tt>{"event selector": "callback"}</tt>.
    3138. 

  3138.       The callback may be either the name of a method on the view, or a direct
    3139. 

  3139.       function body.
    3140. 

  3140.       Omitting the <tt>selector</tt> causes the event to be bound to the view's
    3141. 

  3141.       root element (<tt>this.el</tt>). By default, <tt>delegateEvents</tt> is called
    3142. 

  3142.       within the View's constructor for you, so if you have a simple <tt>events</tt>
    3143. 

  3143.       hash, all of your DOM events will always already be connected, and you will
    3144. 

  3144.       never have to call this function yourself.
    3145. 

  3145.     </p>
    3146. 

  3146. 

  3147.     <p>
    3148. 

  3148.       The <tt>events</tt> property may also be defined as a function that returns
    3149. 

  3149.       an <b>events</b> hash, to make it easier to programmatically define your
    3150. 

  3150.       events, as well as inherit them from parent views.
    3151. 

  3151.     </p>
    3152. 

  3152. 

  3153.     <p>
    3154. 

  3154.       Using <b>delegateEvents</b> provides a number of advantages over manually
    3155. 

  3155.       using jQuery to bind events to child elements during <a href="#View-render">render</a>. All attached
    3156. 

  3156.       callbacks are bound to the view before being handed off to jQuery, so when
    3157. 

  3157.       the callbacks are invoked, <tt>this</tt> continues to refer to the view object. When
    3158. 

  3158.       <b>delegateEvents</b> is run again, perhaps with a different <tt>events</tt>
    3159. 

  3159.       hash, all callbacks are removed and delegated afresh &mdash; useful for
    3160. 

  3160.       views which need to behave differently when in different modes.
    3161. 

  3161.     </p>
    3162. 

  3162. 

  3163.     <p>
    3164. 

  3164.       A single-event version of <b>delegateEvents</b> is available as <tt>delegate</tt>.
    3165. 

  3165.       In fact, <b>delegateEvents</b> is simply a multi-event wrapper around <tt>delegate</tt>.
    3166. 

  3166.       A counterpart to <tt>undelegateEvents</tt> is available as <tt>undelegate</tt>.
    3167. 

  3167.     </p>
    3168. 

  3168. 

  3169.     <p>
    3170. 

  3170.       A view that displays a document in a search result might look
    3171. 

  3171.       something like this:
    3172. 

  3172.     </p>
    3173. 

  3173. 

  3174. <pre>
    3175. 

  3175. var DocumentView = Backbone.View.extend({
    3176. 

  3176. 

  3177.   events: {
    3178. 

  3178.     "dblclick"                : "open",
    3179. 

  3179.     "click .icon.doc"         : "select",
    3180. 

  3180.     "contextmenu .icon.doc"   : "showMenu",
    3181. 

  3181.     "click .show_notes"       : "toggleNotes",
    3182. 

  3182.     "click .title .lock"      : "editAccessLevel",
    3183. 

  3183.     "mouseover .title .date"  : "showTooltip"
    3184. 

  3184.   },
    3185. 

  3185. 

  3186.   render: function() {
    3187. 

  3187.     this.$el.html(this.template(this.model.attributes));
    3188. 

  3188.     return this;
    3189. 

  3189.   },
    3190. 

  3190. 

  3191.   open: function() {
    3192. 

  3192.     window.open(this.model.get("viewer_url"));
    3193. 

  3193.   },
    3194. 

  3194. 

  3195.   select: function() {
    3196. 

  3196.     this.model.set({selected: true});
    3197. 

  3197.   },
    3198. 

  3198. 

  3199.   ...
    3200. 

  3200. 

  3201. });
    3202. 

  3202. </pre>
    3203. 

  3203. 

  3204.     <p id="View-undelegateEvents">
    3205. 

  3205.       <b class="header">undelegateEvents</b><code>undelegateEvents()</code>
    3206. 

  3206.       <br />
    3207. 

  3207.       Removes all of the view's delegated events. Useful if you want to disable
    3208. 

  3208.       or remove a view from the DOM temporarily.
    3209. 

  3209.     </p>
    3210. 

  3210. 

  3211.     <h2 id="Utility">Utility</h2>
    3212. 

  3212. 

  3213.     <p id="Utility-Backbone-noConflict">
    3214. 

  3214.       <b class="header">Backbone.noConflict</b><code>var backbone = Backbone.noConflict();</code>
    3215. 

  3215.       <br />
    3216. 

  3216.       Returns the <tt>Backbone</tt> object back to its original value. You can
    3217. 

  3217.       use the return value of <tt>Backbone.noConflict()</tt> to keep a local
    3218. 

  3218.       reference to Backbone. Useful for embedding Backbone on third-party
    3219. 

  3219.       websites, where you don't want to clobber the existing Backbone.
    3220. 

  3220.     </p>
    3221. 

  3221. 

  3222. <pre>
    3223. 

  3223. var localBackbone = Backbone.noConflict();
    3224. 

  3224. var model = localBackbone.Model.extend(...);
    3225. 

  3225. </pre>
    3226. 

  3226. 

  3227.     <p id="Utility-Backbone-$">
    3228. 

  3228.       <b class="header">Backbone.$</b><code>Backbone.$ = $;</code>
    3229. 

  3229.       <br />
    3230. 

  3230.       If you have multiple copies of <tt>jQuery</tt> on the page, or simply want
    3231. 

  3231.       to tell Backbone to use a particular object as its DOM / Ajax library,
    3232. 

  3232.       this is the property for you.
    3233. 

  3233.     </p>
    3234. 

  3234. 

  3235. <pre>
    3236. 

  3236. Backbone.$ = require('jquery');
    3237. 

  3237. </pre>
    3238. 

  3238. 

  3239.     <h2 id="faq">F.A.Q.</h2>
    3240. 

  3240. 

  3241.     <p id="FAQ-why-backbone">
    3242. 

  3242.       <b class="header">Why use Backbone, not [other framework X]?</b>
    3243. 

  3243.       <br />
    3244. 

  3244.       If your eye hasn't already been caught by the adaptability and elan on display
    3245. 

  3245.       in the above <a href="#examples">list of examples</a>, we can get more specific:
    3246. 

  3246.       Backbone.js aims to provide the common foundation that data-rich web applications
    3247. 

  3247.       with ambitious interfaces require &mdash; while very deliberately avoiding
    3248. 

  3248.       painting you into a corner by making any decisions that you're
    3249. 

  3249.       better equipped to make yourself.
    3250. 

  3250.     </p>
    3251. 

  3251. 

  3252.     <ul>
    3253. 

  3253.       <li>
    3254. 

  3254.         The focus is on supplying you with
    3255. 

  3255.         <a href="#Collection-Underscore-Methods">helpful methods to manipulate and
    3256. 

  3256.         query your data</a>, not on HTML widgets or reinventing the JavaScript
    3257. 

  3257.         object model.
    3258. 

  3258.       </li>
    3259. 

  3259.       <li>
    3260. 

  3260.         Backbone does not force you to use a single template engine. Views can bind
    3261. 

  3261.         to HTML constructed in
    3262. 

  3262.         <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#template">your</a>
    3263. 

  3263.         <a href="http://guides.rubyonrails.org/layouts_and_rendering.html">favorite</a>
    3264. 

  3264.         <a href="http://mustache.github.com">way</a>.
    3265. 

  3265.       </li>
    3266. 

  3266.       <li>
    3267. 

  3267.         It's smaller. There are fewer kilobytes for your browser or phone to download,
    3268. 

  3268.         and less <i>conceptual</i> surface area. You can read and understand
    3269. 

  3269.         the source in an afternoon.
    3270. 

  3270.       </li>
    3271. 

  3271.       <li>
    3272. 

  3272.         It doesn't depend on stuffing application logic into your HTML.
    3273. 

  3273.         There's no embedded JavaScript, template logic, or binding hookup code in
    3274. 

  3274.         <tt>data-</tt> or <tt>ng-</tt> attributes, and no need to invent your own HTML tags.
    3275. 

  3275.       </li>
    3276. 

  3276.       <li>
    3277. 

  3277.         <a href="#Events">Synchronous events</a> are used as the fundamental
    3278. 

  3278.         building block, not a difficult-to-reason-about run loop, or by constantly
    3279. 

  3279.         polling and traversing your data structures to hunt for changes. And if
    3280. 

  3280.         you want a specific event to be asynchronous and aggregated,
    3281. 

  3281.         <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#debounce">no problem</a>.
    3282. 

  3282.       </li>
    3283. 

  3283.       <li>
    3284. 

  3284.         Backbone scales well, from <a href="http://disqus.com">embedded widgets</a>
    3285. 

  3285.         to <a href="http://www.usatoday.com">massive apps</a>.
    3286. 

  3286.       </li>
    3287. 

  3287.       <li>
    3288. 

  3288.         Backbone is a library, not a framework, and plays well with others.
    3289. 

  3289.         You can embed Backbone widgets in Dojo apps without trouble, or use Backbone
    3290. 

  3290.         models as the data backing for D3 visualizations (to pick two entirely
    3291. 

  3291.         random examples).
    3292. 

  3292.       </li>
    3293. 

  3293.       <li>
    3294. 

  3294.         "Two-way data-binding" is avoided. While it certainly makes for a nifty
    3295. 

  3295.         demo, and works for the most basic CRUD, it doesn't tend to be terribly
    3296. 

  3296.         useful in your real-world app. Sometimes you want to update on
    3297. 

  3297.         every keypress, sometimes on blur, sometimes when the panel is closed,
    3298. 

  3298.         and sometimes when the "save" button is clicked. In almost all cases, simply
    3299. 

  3299.         serializing the form to JSON is faster and easier. All that aside, if your
    3300. 

  3300.         heart is set, <a href="http://rivetsjs.com">go</a>
    3301. 

  3301.         <a href="http://nytimes.github.com/backbone.stickit/">for it</a>.
    3302. 

  3302.       </li>
    3303. 

  3303.       <li>
    3304. 

  3304.         There's no built-in performance penalty for choosing to structure your
    3305. 

  3305.         code with Backbone. And if you do want to optimize further, thin models and
    3306. 

  3306.         templates with flexible granularity make it easy to squeeze every last
    3307. 

  3307.         drop of potential performance out of, say, IE8.
    3308. 

  3308.       </li>
    3309. 

  3309.     </ul>
    3310. 

  3310. 

  3311.     <p id="FAQ-tim-toady">
    3312. 

  3312.       <b class="header">There's More Than One Way To Do It</b>
    3313. 

  3313.       <br />
    3314. 

  3314.       It's common for folks just getting started to treat the examples listed
    3315. 

  3315.       on this page as some sort of gospel truth. In fact, Backbone.js is intended
    3316. 

  3316.       to be fairly agnostic about many common patterns in client-side code.
    3317. 

  3317.       For example...
    3318. 

  3318.     </p>
    3319. 

  3319. 

  3320.     <p>
    3321. 

  3321.       <b>References between Models and Views</b> can be handled several ways.
    3322. 

  3322.       Some people like to have direct pointers, where views correspond 1:1 with
    3323. 

  3323.       models (<tt>model.view</tt> and <tt>view.model</tt>). Others prefer to have intermediate
    3324. 

  3324.       "controller" objects that orchestrate the creation and organization of
    3325. 

  3325.       views into a hierarchy. Others still prefer the evented approach, and always
    3326. 

  3326.       fire events instead of calling methods directly. All of these styles work well.
    3327. 

  3327.     </p>
    3328. 

  3328. 

  3329.     <p>
    3330. 

  3330.       <b>Batch operations</b> on Models are common, but often best handled differently
    3331. 

  3331.       depending on your server-side setup. Some folks don't mind making individual
    3332. 

  3332.       Ajax requests. Others create explicit resources for RESTful batch operations:
    3333. 

  3333.       <tt>/notes/batch/destroy?ids=1,2,3,4</tt>. Others tunnel REST over JSON, with the
    3334. 

  3334.       creation of "changeset" requests:
    3335. 

  3335.     </p>
    3336. 

  3336. 

  3337. <pre>
    3338. 

  3338.   {
    3339. 

  3339.     "create":  [array of models to create]
    3340. 

  3340.     "update":  [array of models to update]
    3341. 

  3341.     "destroy": [array of model ids to destroy]
    3342. 

  3342.   }
    3343. 

  3343. </pre>
    3344. 

  3344. 

  3345.     <p>
    3346. 

  3346.       <b>Feel free to define your own events.</b> <a href="#Events">Backbone.Events</a>
    3347. 

  3347.       is designed so that you can mix it in to any JavaScript object or prototype.
    3348. 

  3348.       Since you can use any string as an event, it's often handy to bind
    3349. 

  3349.       and trigger your own custom events: <tt>model.on("selected:true")</tt> or
    3350. 

  3350.       <tt>model.on("editing")</tt>
    3351. 

  3351.     </p>
    3352. 

  3352. 

  3353.     <p>
    3354. 

  3354.       <b>Render the UI</b> as you see fit. Backbone is agnostic as to whether you
    3355. 

  3355.       use <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#template">Underscore templates</a>,
    3356. 

  3356.       <a href="https://github.com/janl/mustache.js">Mustache.js</a>, direct DOM
    3357. 

  3357.       manipulation, server-side rendered snippets of HTML, or
    3358. 

  3358.       <a href="http://jqueryui.com/">jQuery UI</a> in your <tt>render</tt> function.
    3359. 

  3359.       Sometimes you'll create a view for each model ... sometimes you'll have a
    3360. 

  3360.       view that renders thousands of models at once, in a tight loop. Both can be
    3361. 

  3361.       appropriate in the same app, depending on the quantity of data involved,
    3362. 

  3362.       and the complexity of the UI.
    3363. 

  3363.     </p>
    3364. 

  3364. 

  3365.     <p id="FAQ-nested">
    3366. 

  3366.       <b class="header">Nested Models &amp; Collections</b>
    3367. 

  3367.       <br />
    3368. 

  3368.       It's common to nest collections inside of models with Backbone. For example,
    3369. 

  3369.       consider a <tt>Mailbox</tt> model that contains many <tt>Message</tt> models.
    3370. 

  3370.       One nice pattern for handling this is have a <tt>this.messages</tt> collection
    3371. 

  3371.       for each mailbox, enabling the lazy-loading of messages, when the mailbox
    3372. 

  3372.       is first opened ... perhaps with <tt>MessageList</tt> views listening for
    3373. 

  3373.       <tt>"add"</tt> and <tt>"remove"</tt> events.
    3374. 

  3374.     </p>
    3375. 

  3375. 

  3376. <pre>
    3377. 

  3377. var Mailbox = Backbone.Model.extend({
    3378. 

  3378. 

  3379.   initialize: function() {
    3380. 

  3380.     this.messages = new Messages;
    3381. 

  3381.     this.messages.url = '/mailbox/' + this.id + '/messages';
    3382. 

  3382.     this.messages.on("reset", this.updateCounts);
    3383. 

  3383.   },
    3384. 

  3384. 

  3385.   ...
    3386. 

  3386. 

  3387. });
    3388. 

  3388. 

  3389. var inbox = new Mailbox;
    3390. 

  3390. 

  3391. // And then, when the Inbox is opened:
    3392. 

  3392. 

  3393. inbox.messages.fetch({reset: true});
    3394. 

  3394. </pre>
    3395. 

  3395. 

  3396.     <p>
    3397. 

  3397.       If you're looking for something more opinionated, there are a number of
    3398. 

  3398.       Backbone plugins that add sophisticated associations among models,
    3399. 

  3399.       <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Extensions%2C-Plugins%2C-Resources">available on the wiki</a>.
    3400. 

  3400.     </p>
    3401. 

  3401. 

  3402.     <p>
    3403. 

  3403.       Backbone doesn't include direct support for nested models and collections
    3404. 

  3404.       or "has many" associations because there are a number
    3405. 

  3405.       of good patterns for modeling structured data on the client side, and
    3406. 

  3406.       <i>Backbone should provide the foundation for implementing any of them.</i>
    3407. 

  3407.       You may want to&hellip;
    3408. 

  3408.     </p>
    3409. 

  3409. 

  3410.     <ul>
    3411. 

  3411.       <li>
    3412. 

  3412.         Mirror an SQL database's structure, or the structure of a NoSQL database.
    3413. 

  3413.       </li>
    3414. 

  3414.       <li>
    3415. 

  3415.         Use models with arrays of "foreign key" ids, and join to top level
    3416. 

  3416.         collections (a-la tables).
    3417. 

  3417.       </li>
    3418. 

  3418.       <li>
    3419. 

  3419.         For associations that are numerous, use a range of ids instead of an
    3420. 

  3420.         explicit list.
    3421. 

  3421.       </li>
    3422. 

  3422.       <li>
    3423. 

  3423.         Avoid ids, and use direct references, creating a partial object graph
    3424. 

  3424.         representing your data set.
    3425. 

  3425.       </li>
    3426. 

  3426.       <li>
    3427. 

  3427.         Lazily load joined models from the server, or lazily deserialize nested
    3428. 

  3428.         models from JSON documents.
    3429. 

  3429.       </li>
    3430. 

  3430.     </ul>
    3431. 

  3431. 

  3432.     <p id="FAQ-bootstrap">
    3433. 

  3433.       <b class="header">Loading Bootstrapped Models</b>
    3434. 

  3434.       <br />
    3435. 

  3435.       When your app first loads, it's common to have a set of initial models that
    3436. 

  3436.       you know you're going to need, in order to render the page. Instead of
    3437. 

  3437.       firing an extra AJAX request to <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a> them,
    3438. 

  3438.       a nicer pattern is to have their data already bootstrapped into the page.
    3439. 

  3439.       You can then use <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a> to populate your
    3440. 

  3440.       collections with the initial data. At DocumentCloud, in the
    3441. 

  3441.       <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ERuby">ERB</a> template for the
    3442. 

  3442.       workspace, we do something along these lines:
    3443. 

  3443.     </p>
    3444. 

  3444. 

  3445. <pre>
    3446. 

  3446. &lt;script&gt;
    3447. 

  3447.   var accounts = new Backbone.Collection;
    3448. 

  3448.   accounts.reset(&lt;%= @accounts.to_json %&gt;);
    3449. 

  3449.   var projects = new Backbone.Collection;
    3450. 

  3450.   projects.reset(&lt;%= @projects.to_json(:collaborators => true) %&gt;);
    3451. 

  3451. &lt;/script&gt;
    3452. 

  3452. </pre>
    3453. 

  3453. 

  3454.     <p>You have to <a href="http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/etago">escape</a>
    3455. 

  3455.     <tt>&lt;/</tt> within the JSON string, to prevent JavaScript injection
    3456. 

  3456.     attacks.
    3457. 

  3457. 

  3458.     <p id="FAQ-extending">
    3459. 

  3459.       <b class="header">Extending Backbone</b>
    3460. 

  3460.       <br />
    3461. 

  3461.       Many JavaScript libraries are meant to be insular and self-enclosed,
    3462. 

  3462.       where you interact with them by calling their public API, but never peek
    3463. 

  3463.       inside at the guts. Backbone.js is <i>not</i> that kind of library.
    3464. 

  3464.     </p>
    3465. 

  3465. 

  3466.     <p>
    3467. 

  3467.       Because it serves as a foundation for your application, you're meant to
    3468. 

  3468.       extend and enhance it in the ways you see fit &mdash; the entire source
    3469. 

  3469.       code is <a href="docs/backbone.html">annotated</a> to make this easier
    3470. 

  3470.       for you. You'll find that there's very little there apart from core
    3471. 

  3471.       functions, and most of those can be overridden or augmented should you find
    3472. 

  3472.       the need. If you catch yourself adding methods to <tt>Backbone.Model.prototype</tt>,
    3473. 

  3473.       or creating your own base subclass, don't worry &mdash; that's how things are
    3474. 

  3474.       supposed to work.
    3475. 

  3475.     </p>
    3476. 

  3476. 

  3477.     <p id="FAQ-mvc">
    3478. 

  3478.       <b class="header">How does Backbone relate to "traditional" MVC?</b>
    3479. 

  3479.       <br />
    3480. 

  3480.       Different implementations of the
    3481. 

  3481.       <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model–View–Controller">Model-View-Controller</a>
    3482. 

  3482.       pattern tend to disagree about the definition of a controller. If it helps any, in
    3483. 

  3483.       Backbone, the <a href="#View">View</a> class can also be thought of as a
    3484. 

  3484.       kind of controller, dispatching events that originate from the UI, with
    3485. 

  3485.       the HTML template serving as the true view. We call it a View because it
    3486. 

  3486.       represents a logical chunk of UI, responsible for the contents of a single
    3487. 

  3487.       DOM element.
    3488. 

  3488.     </p>
    3489. 

  3489. 

  3490.     <p>
    3491. 

  3491.       Comparing the overall structure of Backbone to a server-side MVC framework
    3492. 

  3492.       like <b>Rails</b>, the pieces line up like so:
    3493. 

  3493.     </p>
    3494. 

  3494. 

  3495.     <ul>
    3496. 

  3496.       <li>
    3497. 

  3497.         <b>Backbone.Model</b> &ndash; Like a Rails model minus the class
    3498. 

  3498.         methods. Wraps a row of data in business logic.
    3499. 

  3499.       </li>
    3500. 

  3500.       <li>
    3501. 

  3501.         <b>Backbone.Collection</b> &ndash; A group of models on the client-side,
    3502. 

  3502.         with sorting/filtering/aggregation logic.
    3503. 

  3503.       </li>
    3504. 

  3504.       <li>
    3505. 

  3505.         <b>Backbone.Router</b> &ndash; Rails <tt>routes.rb</tt> + Rails controller
    3506. 

  3506.         actions. Maps URLs to functions.
    3507. 

  3507.       </li>
    3508. 

  3508.       <li>
    3509. 

  3509.         <b>Backbone.View</b> &ndash; A logical, re-usable piece of UI. Often,
    3510. 

  3510.         but not always, associated with a model.
    3511. 

  3511.       </li>
    3512. 

  3512.       <li>
    3513. 

  3513.         <b>Client-side Templates</b> &ndash; Rails <tt>.html.erb</tt> views,
    3514. 

  3514.         rendering a chunk of HTML.
    3515. 

  3515.       </li>
    3516. 

  3516.     </ul>
    3517. 

  3517. 

  3518.     <p id="FAQ-this">
    3519. 

  3519.       <b class="header">Binding "this"</b>
    3520. 

  3520.       <br />
    3521. 

  3521.       Perhaps the single most common JavaScript "gotcha" is the fact that when
    3522. 

  3522.       you pass a function as a callback, its value for <tt>this</tt> is lost.
    3523. 

  3523.       When dealing with <a href="#Events">events</a> and callbacks in Backbone,
    3524. 

  3524.       you'll often find it useful to rely on <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>
    3525. 

  3525.       or the optional <tt>context</tt> argument that many of Underscore
    3526. 

  3526.       and Backbone's methods use to specify the <tt>this</tt>
    3527. 

  3527.       that will be used when the callback is later invoked. (See
    3528. 

  3528.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#each">_.each</a>,
    3529. 

  3529.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#map">_.map</a>, and
    3530. 

  3530.       <a href="#Events-on">object.on</a>, to name a few).
    3531. 

  3531.       <a href="#View-delegateEvents">View events</a> are automatically bound to
    3532. 

  3532.       the view's context for you.
    3533. 

  3533.       You may also find it helpful to use
    3534. 

  3534.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#bind">_.bind</a> and
    3535. 

  3535.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#bindAll">_.bindAll</a>
    3536. 

  3536.       from Underscore.js.
    3537. 

  3537.     </p>
    3538. 

  3538. 

  3539. <pre>
    3540. 

  3540. var MessageList = Backbone.View.extend({
    3541. 

  3541. 

  3542.   initialize: function() {
    3543. 

  3543.     var messages = this.collection;
    3544. 

  3544.     messages.on("reset", this.render, this);
    3545. 

  3545.     messages.on("add", this.addMessage, this);
    3546. 

  3546.     messages.on("remove", this.removeMessage, this);
    3547. 

  3547. 

  3548.     messsages.each(this.addMessage, this);
    3549. 

  3549.   }
    3550. 

  3550. 

  3551. });
    3552. 

  3552. 

  3553. // Later, in the app...
    3554. 

  3554. 

  3555. Inbox.messages.add(newMessage);
    3556. 

  3556. </pre>
    3557. 

  3557. 

  3558.     <p id="FAQ-rails">
    3559. 

  3559.       <b class="header">Working with Rails</b>
    3560. 

  3560.       <br />
    3561. 

  3561.       Backbone.js was originally extracted from
    3562. 

  3562.       <a href="http://www.documentcloud.org">a Rails application</a>; getting
    3563. 

  3563.       your client-side (Backbone) Models to sync correctly with your server-side
    3564. 

  3564.       (Rails) Models is painless, but there are still a few things to be aware of.
    3565. 

  3565.     </p>
    3566. 

  3566. 

  3567.     <p>
    3568. 

  3568.       By default, Rails versions prior to 3.1 add an extra layer of wrapping
    3569. 

  3569.       around the JSON representation of models. You can disable this wrapping
    3570. 

  3570.       by setting:
    3571. 

  3571.     </p>
    3572. 

  3572. 

  3573. <pre>
    3574. 

  3574. ActiveRecord::Base.include_root_in_json = false
    3575. 

  3575. </pre>
    3576. 

  3576. 

  3577.     <p>
    3578. 

  3578.       ... in your configuration. Otherwise, override
    3579. 

  3579.       <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a> to pull model attributes out of the
    3580. 

  3580.       wrapper. Similarly, Backbone PUTs and POSTs direct JSON representations
    3581. 

  3581.       of models, where by default Rails expects namespaced attributes. You can
    3582. 

  3582.       have your controllers filter attributes directly from <tt>params</tt>, or
    3583. 

  3583.       you can override <a href="#Model-toJSON">toJSON</a> in Backbone to add
    3584. 

  3584.       the extra wrapping Rails expects.
    3585. 

  3585.     </p>
    3586. 

  3586. 

  3587.     <h2 id="examples">Examples</h2>
    3588. 

  3588. 

  3589.     <p>
    3590. 

  3590.       The list of examples that follows, while long, is not exhaustive — nor in
    3591. 

  3591.       any way current. If you've worked on an app that uses Backbone, please
    3592. 

  3592.       add it to the <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Projects-and-Companies-using-Backbone">wiki page of Backbone apps</a>.
    3593. 

  3593.     </p>
    3594. 

  3594. 

  3595.     <p id="examples-todos">
    3596. 

  3596.       <a href="http://jgn.me/">Jérôme Gravel-Niquet</a> has contributed a
    3597. 

  3597.       <a href="examples/todos/index.html">Todo List application</a>
    3598. 

  3598.       that is bundled in the repository as Backbone example. If you're wondering
    3599. 

  3599.       where to get started with Backbone in general, take a moment to
    3600. 

  3600.       <a href="docs/todos.html">read through the annotated source</a>. The app uses a
    3601. 

  3601.       <a href="http://github.com/jeromegn/Backbone.localStorage">LocalStorage adapter</a>
    3602. 

  3602.       to transparently save all of your todos within your browser, instead of
    3603. 

  3603.       sending them to a server. Jérôme also has a version hosted at
    3604. 

  3604.       <a href="http://localtodos.com/">localtodos.com</a>.
    3605. 

  3605.     </p>
    3606. 

  3606. 

  3607.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3608. 

  3608.       <a href="examples/todos/index.html">
    3609. 

  3609.         <img width="400" height="427" data-original="docs/images/todos.jpg" alt="Todos" class="example_retina" />
    3610. 

  3610.       </a>
    3611. 

  3611.     </div>
    3612. 

  3612. 

  3613.     <h2 id="examples-documentcloud">DocumentCloud</h2>
    3614. 

  3614. 

  3615.     <p>
    3616. 

  3616.       The <a href="http://www.documentcloud.org/public/#search/">DocumentCloud workspace</a>
    3617. 

  3617.       is built on Backbone.js, with <i>Documents</i>, <i>Projects</i>,
    3618. 

  3618.       <i>Notes</i>, and <i>Accounts</i> all as Backbone models and collections.
    3619. 

  3619.       If you're interested in history &mdash; both Underscore.js and Backbone.js
    3620. 

  3620.       were originally extracted from the DocumentCloud codebase, and packaged
    3621. 

  3621.       into standalone JS libraries.
    3622. 

  3622.     </p>
    3623. 

  3623. 

  3624.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3625. 

  3625.       <a href="http://www.documentcloud.org/public/#search/">
    3626. 

  3626.         <img width="550" height="453" data-original="docs/images/dc-workspace.jpg" alt="DocumentCloud Workspace" class="example_retina" />
    3627. 

  3627.       </a>
    3628. 

  3628.     </div>
    3629. 

  3629. 

  3630.     <h2 id="examples-usa-today">USA Today</h2>
    3631. 

  3631. 

  3632.     <p>
    3633. 

  3633.       <a href="http://usatoday.com">USA Today</a> takes advantage of the modularity of
    3634. 

  3634.       Backbone's data/model lifecycle &mdash; which makes it simple to create, inherit,
    3635. 

  3635.       isolate, and link application objects &mdash; to keep the codebase both manageable and efficient.
    3636. 

  3636.       The new website also makes heavy use of the Backbone Router to control the
    3637. 

  3637.       page for both pushState-capable and legacy browsers.
    3638. 

  3638.       Finally, the team took advantage of Backbone's Event module to create a
    3639. 

  3639.       PubSub API that allows third parties and analytics packages to hook into the
    3640. 

  3640.       heart of the app.
    3641. 

  3641.     </p>
    3642. 

  3642. 

  3643.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3644. 

  3644.       <a href="http://usatoday.com">
    3645. 

  3645.         <img width="550" height="532" data-original="docs/images/usa-today.jpg" alt="USA Today" class="example_retina" />
    3646. 

  3646.       </a>
    3647. 

  3647.     </div>
    3648. 

  3648. 

  3649.     <h2 id="examples-rdio">Rdio</h2>
    3650. 

  3650. 

  3651.     <p>
    3652. 

  3652.       <a href="http://rdio.com/new">New Rdio</a> was developed from the ground
    3653. 

  3653.       up with a component based framework based on Backbone.js. Every component
    3654. 

  3654.       on the screen is dynamically loaded and rendered, with data provided by the
    3655. 

  3655.       <a href="http://developer.rdio.com/">Rdio API</a>. When changes are pushed,
    3656. 

  3656.       every component can update itself without reloading the page or interrupting
    3657. 

  3657.       the user's music. All of this relies on Backbone's views and models,
    3658. 

  3658.       and all URL routing is handled by Backbone's Router. When data changes are
    3659. 

  3659.       signaled in realtime, Backbone's Events notify the interested components
    3660. 

  3660.       in the data changes. Backbone forms the core of the new, dynamic, realtime
    3661. 

  3661.       Rdio web and <i>desktop</i> applications.
    3662. 

  3662.     </p>
    3663. 

  3663. 

  3664.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3665. 

  3665.       <a href="http://rdio.com/new">
    3666. 

  3666.         <img width="550" height="344" data-original="docs/images/rdio.jpg" alt="Rdio" class="example_retina" />
    3667. 

  3667.       </a>
    3668. 

  3668.     </div>
    3669. 

  3669. 

  3670.     <h2 id="examples-hulu">Hulu</h2>
    3671. 

  3671. 

  3672.     <p>
    3673. 

  3673.       <a href="http://hulu.com">Hulu</a> used Backbone.js to build its next
    3674. 

  3674.       generation online video experience. With Backbone as a foundation, the
    3675. 

  3675.       web interface was rewritten from scratch so that all page content can
    3676. 

  3676.       be loaded dynamically with smooth transitions as you navigate.
    3677. 

  3677.       Backbone makes it easy to move through the app quickly without the
    3678. 

  3678.       reloading of scripts and embedded videos, while also offering models and
    3679. 

  3679.       collections for additional data manipulation support.
    3680. 

  3680.     </p>
    3681. 

  3681. 

  3682.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3683. 

  3683.       <a href="http://hulu.com">
    3684. 

  3684.         <img width="550" height="449" data-original="docs/images/hulu.jpg" alt="Hulu" class="example_retina" />
    3685. 

  3685.       </a>
    3686. 

  3686.     </div>
    3687. 

  3687. 

  3688.     <h2 id="examples-quartz">Quartz</h2>
    3689. 

  3689. 

  3690.     <p>
    3691. 

  3691.       <a href="http://qz.com">Quartz</a> sees itself as a digitally native news
    3692. 

  3692.       outlet for the new
    3693. 

  3693.       global economy. Because Quartz believes in the future of open,
    3694. 

  3694.       cross-platform web applications, they selected Backbone and Underscore
    3695. 

  3695.       to fetch, sort, store, and display content from a custom WordPress
    3696. 

  3696.       API. Although <a href="http://qz.com">qz.com</a> uses responsive design
    3697. 

  3697.       for phone, tablet, and
    3698. 

  3698.       desktop browsers, it also takes advantage of Backbone events and views
    3699. 

  3699.       to render device-specific templates in some cases.
    3700. 

  3700.     </p>
    3701. 

  3701. 

  3702.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3703. 

  3703.       <a href="http://qz.com">
    3704. 

  3704.         <img width="510" height="360" data-original="docs/images/quartz.jpg" alt="Quartz" class="example_retina" />
    3705. 

  3705.       </a>
    3706. 

  3706.     </div>
    3707. 

  3707. 

  3708.     <h2 id="examples-earth">Earth</h2>
    3709. 

  3709. 

  3710.     <p>
    3711. 

  3711.       <a href="http://earth.nullschool.net">Earth.nullschool.net</a> displays real-time weather
    3712. 

  3712.       conditions on an interactive animated globe, and Backbone provides the
    3713. 

  3713.       foundation upon which all of the site's components are built. Despite the
    3714. 

  3714.       presence of several other JavaScript libraries, Backbone's non-opinionated
    3715. 

  3715.       design made it effortless to mix-in the <a href="#Events">Events</a> functionality used for
    3716. 

  3716.       distributing state changes throughout the page. When the decision was made
    3717. 

  3717.       to switch to Backbone, large blocks of custom logic simply disappeared.
    3718. 

  3718.     </p>
    3719. 

  3719. 

  3720.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3721. 

  3721.       <a href="http://earth.nullschool.net">
    3722. 

  3722.         <img width="545" height="583" data-original="docs/images/earth.jpg" alt="Earth" class="example_retina" />
    3723. 

  3723.       </a>
    3724. 

  3724.     </div>
    3725. 

  3725. 

  3726.     <h2 id="examples-vox">Vox</h2>
    3727. 

  3727. 

  3728.     <p>
    3729. 

  3729.       Vox Media, the publisher of
    3730. 

  3730.       <a href="http://www.sbnation.com/">SB Nation</a>,
    3731. 

  3731.       <a href="http://www.theverge.com/">The Verge</a>,
    3732. 

  3732.       <a href="http://www.polygon.com/">Polygon</a>,
    3733. 

  3733.       <a href="http://www.eater.com/">Eater</a>,
    3734. 

  3734.       <a href="http://www.racked.com/">Racked</a>,
    3735. 

  3735.       <a href="http://www.curbed.com/">Curbed</a>, and
    3736. 

  3736.       <a href="http://www.vox.com/">Vox.com</a>, uses Backbone throughout
    3737. 

  3737.       <a href="http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/07/a-closer-look-at-chorus-the-next-generation-publishing-platform-that-runs-vox-media/">Chorus</a>,
    3738. 

  3738.       its home-grown publishing platform. Backbone powers the
    3739. 

  3739.       <a href="http://product.voxmedia.com/post/25113965826/introducing-syllabus-vox-medias-s3-powered-liveblog">liveblogging platform</a>
    3740. 

  3740.       and <a href="http://product.voxmedia.com/2013/11/11/5426878/using-backbone-js-for-sanity-and-stability">commenting system</a>
    3741. 

  3741.       used across all Vox Media properties; Coverage, an internal editorial coordination tool;
    3742. 

  3742.       <a href="http://www.sbnation.com/college-basketball/2014/4/7/5592112/kentucky-vs-uconn-2014-ncaa-tournament-championship-live-chat">SB Nation Live</a>,
    3743. 

  3743.       a live event coverage and chat tool; and
    3744. 

  3744.       <a href="http://www.vox.com/cards/ukraine-everything-you-need-to-know/what-is-the-ukraine-crisis">Vox Cards</a>,
    3745. 

  3745.       Vox.com's highlighter-and-index-card inspired app for providing context about the news.
    3746. 

  3746.     </p>
    3747. 

  3747. 

  3748.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3749. 

  3749.       <a href="http://vox.com">
    3750. 

  3750.         <img width="550" height="402" data-original="docs/images/vox.jpg" alt="Vox" class="example_retina" />
    3751. 

  3751.       </a>
    3752. 

  3752.     </div>
    3753. 

  3753. 

  3754.     <h2 id="examples-gawker">Gawker Media</h2>
    3755. 

  3755. 

  3756.     <p>
    3757. 

  3757.       <a href="http://kinja.com">Kinja</a> is Gawker Media's publishing platform designed
    3758. 

  3758.       to create great stories by breaking down the lines between the traditional
    3759. 

  3759.       roles of content creators and consumers. Everyone — editors, readers,
    3760. 

  3760.       marketers — have access to the same tools to engage in passionate discussion
    3761. 

  3761.       and pursue the truth of the story. Sharing, recommending, and following within the
    3762. 

  3762.       Kinja ecosystem allows for improved information discovery across all the sites.
    3763. 

  3763.     </p>
    3764. 

  3764.     <p>
    3765. 

  3765.       Kinja is the platform behind
    3766. 

  3766.       <a href="http://gawker.com/">Gawker</a>,
    3767. 

  3767.       <a href="http://gizmodo.com/">Gizmodo</a>,
    3768. 

  3768.       <a href="http://lifehacker.com/">Lifehacker</a>,
    3769. 

  3769.       <a href="http://io9.com/">io9</a> and other Gawker Media
    3770. 

  3770.       blogs. Backbone.js underlies the front-end application code that powers
    3771. 

  3771.       everything from user authentication to post authoring, commenting, and even serving
    3772. 

  3772.       ads. The JavaScript stack includes
    3773. 

  3773.       <a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a> and
    3774. 

  3774.       <a href="http://jquery.com/">jQuery</a>, with some plugins,
    3775. 

  3775.       all loaded with
    3776. 

  3776.       <a href="http://requirejs.org/">RequireJS</a>. Closure templates are shared between the
    3777. 

  3777.       <a href="http://www.playframework.com/">Play! Framework</a> based Scala application and Backbone views, and the responsive layout
    3778. 

  3778.       is done with the
    3779. 

  3779.       <a href="http://foundation.zurb.com/">Foundation</a> framework using
    3780. 

  3780.       <a href="http://sass-lang.com/">SASS</a>.
    3781. 

  3781.     </p>
    3782. 

  3782. 

  3783.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3784. 

  3784.       <a href="http://gawker.com">
    3785. 

  3785.         <img width="558" height="473" data-original="docs/images/gawker.jpg" alt="Gawker" class="example_retina" />
    3786. 

  3786.       </a>
    3787. 

  3787.     </div>
    3788. 

  3788. 

  3789.     <h2 id="examples-flow">Flow</h2>
    3790. 

  3790. 

  3791.     <p>
    3792. 

  3792.       <a href="http://www.metalabdesign.com/">MetaLab</a> used Backbone.js to create
    3793. 

  3793.       <a href="http://www.getflow.com/">Flow</a>, a task management app for teams. The
    3794. 

  3794.       workspace relies on Backbone.js to construct task views, activities, accounts,
    3795. 

  3795.       folders, projects, and tags. You can see the internals under <tt>window.Flow</tt>.
    3796. 

  3796.     </p>
    3797. 

  3797. 

  3798.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3799. 

  3799.       <a href="http://www.getflow.com/">
    3800. 

  3800.         <img width="550" height="416" data-original="docs/images/flow.jpg" alt="Flow" class="example_retina" />
    3801. 

  3801.       </a>
    3802. 

  3802.     </div>
    3803. 

  3803. 

  3804.     <h2 id="examples-gilt">Gilt Groupe</h2>
    3805. 

  3805. 

  3806.     <p>
    3807. 

  3807.       <a href="http://gilt.com">Gilt Groupe</a> uses Backbone.js to build multiple
    3808. 

  3808.       applications across their family of sites.
    3809. 

  3809.       <a href="http://m.gilt.com">Gilt's mobile website</a> uses Backbone and
    3810. 

  3810.       <a href="http://zeptojs.com">Zepto.js</a> to create a blazing-fast
    3811. 

  3811.       shopping experience for users on-the-go, while
    3812. 

  3812.       <a href="http://live.gilt.com">Gilt Live</a> combines Backbone with
    3813. 

  3813.       WebSockets to display the items that customers are buying in real-time. Gilt's search
    3814. 

  3814.       functionality also uses Backbone to filter and sort products efficiently
    3815. 

  3815.       by moving those actions to the client-side.
    3816. 

  3816.     </p>
    3817. 

  3817. 

  3818.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3819. 

  3819.       <a href="http://www.gilt.com/">
    3820. 

  3820.         <img width="550" height="444" data-original="docs/images/gilt.jpg" alt="Gilt Groupe" class="example_retina" />
    3821. 

  3821.       </a>
    3822. 

  3822.     </div>
    3823. 

  3823. 

  3824.     <h2 id="examples-enigma">Enigma</h2>
    3825. 

  3825. 

  3826.     <p>
    3827. 

  3827.       <a href="http://enigma.io">Enigma</a> is a portal amassing the largest
    3828. 

  3828.       collection of public data produced by governments, universities, companies,
    3829. 

  3829.       and organizations. Enigma uses Backbone Models and Collections to represent
    3830. 

  3830.       complex data structures; and Backbone's Router gives Enigma users unique URLs for
    3831. 

  3831.       application states, allowing them to navigate quickly through the site while
    3832. 

  3832.       maintaining the ability to bookmark pages and navigate forward and backward
    3833. 

  3833.       through their session.
    3834. 

  3834.     </p>
    3835. 

  3835. 

  3836.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3837. 

  3837.       <a href="http://www.enigma.io/">
    3838. 

  3838.         <img width="550" height="409" data-original="docs/images/enigma.jpg" alt="Enigma" class="example_retina" />
    3839. 

  3839.       </a>
    3840. 

  3840.     </div>
    3841. 

  3841. 

  3842.     <h2 id="examples-newsblur">NewsBlur</h2>
    3843. 

  3843. 

  3844.     <p>
    3845. 

  3845.       <a href="http://www.newsblur.com">NewsBlur</a> is an RSS feed reader and
    3846. 

  3846.       social news network with a fast and responsive UI that feels like a
    3847. 

  3847.       native desktop app. Backbone.js was selected for
    3848. 

  3848.       <a href="http://www.ofbrooklyn.com/2012/11/13/backbonification-migrating-javascript-to-backbone/">a major rewrite and transition from spaghetti code</a>
    3849. 

  3849.       because of its powerful yet simple feature set, easy integration, and large
    3850. 

  3850.       community. If you want to poke around under the hood, NewsBlur is also entirely
    3851. 

  3851.       <a href="http://github.com/samuelclay/NewsBlur">open-source</a>.
    3852. 

  3852.     </p>
    3853. 

  3853. 

  3854.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3855. 

  3855.       <a href="http://newsblur.com">
    3856. 

  3856.         <img width="510" height="340" data-original="docs/images/newsblur.jpg" alt="Newsblur" class="example_retina" />
    3857. 

  3857.       </a>
    3858. 

  3858.     </div>
    3859. 

  3859. 

  3860.     <h2 id="examples-wordpress">WordPress.com</h2>
    3861. 

  3861. 

  3862.     <p>
    3863. 

  3863.       <a href="http://wordpress.com/">WordPress.com</a> is the software-as-a-service
    3864. 

  3864.       version of <a href="http://wordpress.org">WordPress</a>. It uses Backbone.js
    3865. 

  3865.       Models, Collections, and Views in its
    3866. 

  3866.       <a href="http://en.blog.wordpress.com/2012/05/25/notifications-refreshed/">Notifications system</a>.  Backbone.js was selected
    3867. 

  3867.       because it was easy to fit into the structure of the application, not the
    3868. 

  3868.       other way around. <a href="http://automattic.com">Automattic</a>
    3869. 

  3869.       (the company behind WordPress.com) is integrating Backbone.js into the
    3870. 

  3870.       Stats tab and other features throughout the homepage.
    3871. 

  3871.     </p>
    3872. 

  3872. 

  3873.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3874. 

  3874.       <a href="http://wordpress.com/">
    3875. 

  3875.         <img width="550" height="387" data-original="docs/images/wpcom-notifications.jpg" alt="WordPress.com Notifications"
    3876. 

  3876.     title="WordPress.com Notifications" class="example_retina" />
    3877. 

  3877.       </a>
    3878. 

  3878.     </div>
    3879. 

  3879. 

  3880.     <h2 id="examples-foursquare">Foursquare</h2>
    3881. 

  3881. 

  3882.     <p>
    3883. 

  3883.       Foursquare is a fun little startup that helps you meet up with friends,
    3884. 

  3884.       discover new places, and save money. Backbone Models are heavily used in
    3885. 

  3885.       the core JavaScript API layer and Views power many popular features like
    3886. 

  3886.       the <a href="https://foursquare.com">homepage map</a> and
    3887. 

  3887.       <a href="https://foursquare.com/seriouseats/list/the-best-doughnuts-in-ny">lists</a>.
    3888. 

  3888.     </p>
    3889. 

  3889. 

  3890.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3891. 

  3891.       <a href="http://foursquare.com">
    3892. 

  3892.         <img width="550" height="427" data-original="docs/images/foursquare.jpg" alt="Foursquare" class="example_retina" />
    3893. 

  3893.       </a>
    3894. 

  3894.     </div>
    3895. 

  3895. 

  3896.     <h2 id="examples-bitbucket">Bitbucket</h2>
    3897. 

  3897. 

  3898.     <p>
    3899. 

  3899.       <a href="http://www.bitbucket.org">Bitbucket</a> is a free source code hosting
    3900. 

  3900.       service for Git and Mercurial. Through its models and collections,
    3901. 

  3901.       Backbone.js has proved valuable in supporting Bitbucket's
    3902. 

  3902.       <a href="https://api.bitbucket.org">REST API</a>, as well as newer
    3903. 

  3903.       components such as in-line code comments and approvals for pull requests.
    3904. 

  3904.       Mustache templates provide server and client-side rendering, while a custom
    3905. 

  3905.       <a href="https://developers.google.com/closure/library/">Google Closure</a>
    3906. 

  3906.       inspired life-cycle for widgets allows Bitbucket to decorate existing DOM
    3907. 

  3907.       trees and insert new ones.
    3908. 

  3908.     </p>
    3909. 

  3909. 

  3910.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3911. 

  3911.       <a href="http://www.bitbucket.org">
    3912. 

  3912.         <img width="550" height="356" data-original="docs/images/bitbucket.jpg" alt="Bitbucket" class="example_retina" />
    3913. 

  3913.       </a>
    3914. 

  3914.     </div>
    3915. 

  3915. 

  3916.     <h2 id="examples-disqus">Disqus</h2>
    3917. 

  3917. 

  3918.     <p>
    3919. 

  3919.       <a href="http://www.disqus.com">Disqus</a> chose Backbone.js to power the
    3920. 

  3920.       latest version of their commenting widget. Backbone&rsquo;s small
    3921. 

  3921.       footprint and easy extensibility made it the right choice for Disqus&rsquo;
    3922. 

  3922.       distributed web application, which is hosted entirely inside an iframe and
    3923. 

  3923.       served on thousands of large web properties, including IGN, Wired, CNN, MLB, and more.
    3924. 

  3924.     </p>
    3925. 

  3925. 

  3926.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3927. 

  3927.       <a href="http://www.disqus.com">
    3928. 

  3928.         <img width="550" height="454" data-original="docs/images/disqus.jpg" alt="Disqus" class="example_retina" />
    3929. 

  3929.       </a>
    3930. 

  3930.     </div>
    3931. 

  3931. 

  3932.     <h2 id="examples-delicious">Delicious</h2>
    3933. 

  3933. 

  3934.     <p>
    3935. 

  3935.       <a href="https://delicious.com/">Delicious</a> is a social bookmarking
    3936. 

  3936.       platform making it easy to save, sort, and store bookmarks from across
    3937. 

  3937.       the web. Delicious uses <a href="http://chaplinjs.org">Chaplin.js</a>,
    3938. 

  3938.       Backbone.js and AppCache to build a full-featured MVC web app.
    3939. 

  3939.       The use of Backbone helped the website and
    3940. 

  3940.       <a href="http://delicious.com/tools">mobile apps</a> share a
    3941. 

  3941.       single API service, and the reuse of the model tier made it significantly
    3942. 

  3942.       easier to share code during the recent Delicious redesign.
    3943. 

  3943.     </p>
    3944. 

  3944. 

  3945.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3946. 

  3946.       <a href="http://www.delicious.com">
    3947. 

  3947.         <img width="510" height="321" data-original="docs/images/delicious.jpg" alt="Delicious" class="example_retina" />
    3948. 

  3948.       </a>
    3949. 

  3949.     </div>
    3950. 

  3950. 

  3951.     <h2 id="examples-khan-academy">Khan Academy</h2>
    3952. 

  3952. 

  3953.     <p>
    3954. 

  3954.       <a href="http://www.khanacademy.org">Khan Academy</a> is on a mission to
    3955. 

  3955.       provide a free world-class education to anyone anywhere. With thousands of
    3956. 

  3956.       videos, hundreds of JavaScript-driven exercises, and big plans for the
    3957. 

  3957.       future, Khan Academy uses Backbone to keep frontend code modular and organized.
    3958. 

  3958.       User profiles and goal setting are implemented with Backbone,
    3959. 

  3959.       <a href="http://jquery.com/">jQuery</a> and
    3960. 

  3960.       <a href="http://handlebarsjs.com/">Handlebars</a>, and most new feature
    3961. 

  3961.       work is being pushed to the client side, greatly increasing the quality of
    3962. 

  3962.       <a href="https://github.com/Khan/khan-api/">the API</a>.
    3963. 

  3963.     </p>
    3964. 

  3964. 

  3965.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3966. 

  3966.       <a href="http://www.khanacademy.org">
    3967. 

  3967.         <img width="550" height="454" data-original="docs/images/khan-academy.jpg" alt="Khan Academy" class="example_retina" />
    3968. 

  3968.       </a>
    3969. 

  3969.     </div>
    3970. 

  3970. 

  3971.     <h2 id="examples-irccloud">IRCCloud</h2>
    3972. 

  3972. 

  3973.     <p>
    3974. 

  3974.       <a href="http://irccloud.com/">IRCCloud</a>
    3975. 

  3975.       is an always-connected IRC client that you use in your
    3976. 

  3976.       browser &mdash; often leaving it open all day in a tab.
    3977. 

  3977.       The sleek web interface communicates with an
    3978. 

  3978.       Erlang backend via websockets and the
    3979. 

  3979.       <a href="https://github.com/irccloud/irccloud-tools/wiki/API-Overview">IRCCloud API</a>.
    3980. 

  3980.       It makes heavy use of Backbone.js events, models, views and routing to keep
    3981. 

  3981.       your IRC conversations flowing in real time.
    3982. 

  3982.     </p>
    3983. 

  3983. 

  3984.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    3985. 

  3985.       <a href="http://irccloud.com/">
    3986. 

  3986.         <img width="550" height="392" data-original="docs/images/irccloud.png" alt="IRCCloud" class="example_image" />
    3987. 

  3987.       </a>
    3988. 

  3988.     </div>
    3989. 

  3989. 

  3990.     <h2 id="examples-pitchfork">Pitchfork</h2>
    3991. 

  3991. 

  3992.     <p>
    3993. 

  3993.       <a href="http://pitchfork.com/">Pitchfork</a> uses Backbone.js to power
    3994. 

  3994.       its site-wide audio player, <a href="http://pitchfork.com/tv/">Pitchfork.tv</a>,
    3995. 

  3995.       location routing, a write-thru page fragment cache, and more. Backbone.js
    3996. 

  3996.       (and <a href="http://underscorejs.org/">Underscore.js</a>) helps the team
    3997. 

  3997.       create clean and modular components,
    3998. 

  3998.       move very quickly, and focus on the site, not the spaghetti.
    3999. 

  3999.     </p>
    4000. 

  4000. 

  4001.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4002. 

  4002.       <a href="http://pitchfork.com/">
    4003. 

  4003.         <img width="550" height="428" data-original="docs/images/pitchfork.jpg" alt="Pitchfork" class="example_retina" />
    4004. 

  4004.       </a>
    4005. 

  4005.     </div>
    4006. 

  4006. 

  4007.     <h2 id="examples-spin">Spin</h2>
    4008. 

  4008. 

  4009.     <p>
    4010. 

  4010.       <a href="http://spin.com/">Spin</a> pulls in the
    4011. 

  4011.       <a href="http://www.spin.com/news">latest news stories</a> from
    4012. 

  4012.       their internal API onto their site using Backbone models and collections, and a
    4013. 

  4013.       custom <tt>sync</tt> method. Because the music should never stop playing,
    4014. 

  4014.       even as you click through to different "pages", Spin uses a Backbone router
    4015. 

  4015.       for navigation within the site.
    4016. 

  4016.     </p>
    4017. 

  4017. 

  4018.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4019. 

  4019.       <a href="http://spin.com/">
    4020. 

  4020.         <img width="550" height="543" data-original="docs/images/spin.jpg" alt="Spin" class="example_retina" />
    4021. 

  4021.       </a>
    4022. 

  4022.     </div>
    4023. 

  4023. 

  4024.     <h2 id="examples-zocdoc">ZocDoc</h2>
    4025. 

  4025. 

  4026.     <p>
    4027. 

  4027.       <a href="http://www.zocdoc.com">ZocDoc</a> helps patients
    4028. 

  4028.       find local, in-network doctors and dentists, see their real-time
    4029. 

  4029.       availability, and instantly book appointments.
    4030. 

  4030.       On the public side, the webapp uses Backbone.js to handle client-side state and rendering in
    4031. 

  4031.       <a href="http://www.zocdoc.com/primary-care-doctors/los-angeles-13122pm">search pages</a>
    4032. 

  4032.       and <a href="http://www.zocdoc.com/doctor/nathan-hashimoto-md-58078">doctor profiles</a>.
    4033. 

  4033.       In addition, the new version of the doctor-facing part of the website is a
    4034. 

  4034.       large single-page application that
    4035. 

  4035.       benefits from Backbone's structure and modularity. ZocDoc's Backbone
    4036. 

  4036.       classes are tested with
    4037. 

  4037.       <a href="https://jasmine.github.io/">Jasmine</a>, and delivered
    4038. 

  4038.       to the end user with
    4039. 

  4039.       <a href="http://getcassette.net/">Cassette</a>.
    4040. 

  4040.     </p>
    4041. 

  4041. 

  4042.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4043. 

  4043.       <a href="http://www.zocdoc.com">
    4044. 

  4044.         <img width="510" height="464" data-original="docs/images/zocdoc.jpg" alt="ZocDoc" class="example_retina" />
    4045. 

  4045.       </a>
    4046. 

  4046.     </div>
    4047. 

  4047. 

  4048.     <h2 id="examples-walmart">Walmart Mobile</h2>
    4049. 

  4049. 

  4050.     <p>
    4051. 

  4051.       <a href="http://www.walmart.com/">Walmart</a> used Backbone.js to create the new version
    4052. 

  4052.       of <a href="http://mobile.walmart.com/">their mobile web application</a> and
    4053. 

  4053.       created two new frameworks in the process.
    4054. 

  4054.       <a href="http://walmartlabs.github.com/thorax/">Thorax</a> provides mixins, inheritable
    4055. 

  4055.       events, as well as model and collection view bindings that integrate directly with
    4056. 

  4056.       <a href="http://handlebarsjs.com/">Handlebars</a> templates.
    4057. 

  4057.       <a href="http://walmartlabs.github.com/lumbar/">Lumbar</a> allows the application to be
    4058. 

  4058.       split into modules which can be loaded on demand, and creates platform specific builds
    4059. 

  4059.       for the portions of the web application that are embedded in Walmart's native Android
    4060. 

  4060.       and iOS applications.
    4061. 

  4061.     </p>
    4062. 

  4062. 

  4063.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4064. 

  4064.       <a href="http://mobile.walmart.com/r/phoenix">
    4065. 

  4065.         <img width="256" height="534" data-original="docs/images/walmart-mobile.png" alt="Walmart Mobile" class="example_image" />
    4066. 

  4066.       </a>
    4067. 

  4067.     </div>
    4068. 

  4068. 

  4069.     <h2 id="examples-groupon">Groupon Now!</h2>
    4070. 

  4070. 

  4071.     <p>
    4072. 

  4072.       <a href="http://www.groupon.com/now">Groupon Now!</a> helps you find
    4073. 

  4073.       local deals that you can buy and use right now. When first developing
    4074. 

  4074.       the product, the team decided it would be AJAX heavy with smooth transitions
    4075. 

  4075.       between sections instead of full refreshes, but still needed to be fully
    4076. 

  4076.       linkable and shareable. Despite never having used Backbone before, the
    4077. 

  4077.       learning curve was incredibly quick &mdash; a prototype was hacked out in an
    4078. 

  4078.       afternoon, and the team was able to ship the product in two weeks.
    4079. 

  4079.       Because the source is minimal and understandable, it was easy to
    4080. 

  4080.       add several Backbone extensions for Groupon Now!: changing the router
    4081. 

  4081.       to handle URLs with querystring parameters, and adding a simple
    4082. 

  4082.       in-memory store for caching repeated requests for the same data.
    4083. 

  4083.     </p>
    4084. 

  4084. 

  4085.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4086. 

  4086.       <a href="http://www.groupon.com/now">
    4087. 

  4087.         <img width="550" height="466" data-original="docs/images/groupon.jpg" alt="Groupon Now!" class="example_retina" />
    4088. 

  4088.       </a>
    4089. 

  4089.     </div>
    4090. 

  4090. 

  4091.     <h2 id="examples-basecamp">Basecamp</h2>
    4092. 

  4092. 

  4093.     <p>
    4094. 

  4094.       <a href="http://37signals.com/">37Signals</a> chose Backbone.js to create
    4095. 

  4095.       the <a href="http://basecamp.com/calendar">calendar feature</a> of its
    4096. 

  4096.       popular project management software <a href="http://basecamp.com/">Basecamp</a>.
    4097. 

  4097.       The Basecamp Calendar uses Backbone.js models and views in conjunction with the
    4098. 

  4098.       <a href="https://github.com/sstephenson/eco">Eco</a> templating system to
    4099. 

  4099.       present a polished, highly interactive group scheduling interface.
    4100. 

  4100.     </p>
    4101. 

  4101. 

  4102.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4103. 

  4103.       <a href="http://basecamp.com/calendar">
    4104. 

  4104.         <img width="530" height="380" data-original="docs/images/basecamp-calendar.jpg" alt="Basecamp Calendar" class="example_retina" />
    4105. 

  4105.       </a>
    4106. 

  4106.     </div>
    4107. 

  4107. 

  4108.     <h2 id="examples-slavery-footprint">Slavery Footprint</h2>
    4109. 

  4109. 

  4110.     <p>
    4111. 

  4111.       <a href="http://slaveryfootprint.org/survey">Slavery Footprint</a>
    4112. 

  4112.       allows consumers to visualize how their consumption habits are
    4113. 

  4113.       connected to modern-day slavery and provides them with an opportunity
    4114. 

  4114.       to have a deeper conversation with the companies that manufacture the
    4115. 

  4115.       goods they purchased.
    4116. 

  4116.       Based in Oakland, California, the Slavery Footprint team works to engage
    4117. 

  4117.       individuals, groups, and businesses to build awareness for and create
    4118. 

  4118.       deployable action against forced labor, human trafficking, and modern-day
    4119. 

  4119.       slavery through online tools, as well as off-line community education and
    4120. 

  4120.       mobilization programs.
    4121. 

  4121.     </p>
    4122. 

  4122. 

  4123.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4124. 

  4124.       <a href="http://slaveryfootprint.org/survey">
    4125. 

  4125.         <img width="550" height="394" data-original="docs/images/slavery-footprint.jpg" alt="Slavery Footprint" class="example_retina" />
    4126. 

  4126.       </a>
    4127. 

  4127.     </div>
    4128. 

  4128. 

  4129.     <h2 id="examples-stripe">Stripe</h2>
    4130. 

  4130. 

  4131.     <p>
    4132. 

  4132.       <a href="https://stripe.com">Stripe</a> provides an API for accepting
    4133. 

  4133.       credit cards on the web. Stripe's
    4134. 

  4134.       <a href="https://manage.stripe.com">management interface</a> was recently
    4135. 

  4135.       rewritten from scratch in CoffeeScript using Backbone.js as the primary
    4136. 

  4136.       framework, <a href="https://github.com/sstephenson/eco">Eco</a> for templates, <a href="http://sass-lang.com/">Sass</a> for stylesheets, and <a href="https://github.com/sstephenson/stitch">Stitch</a> to package
    4137. 

  4137.       everything together as <a href="http://commonjs.org/">CommonJS</a> modules. The new app uses
    4138. 

  4138.       <a href="https://stripe.com/docs/api">Stripe's API</a> directly for the
    4139. 

  4139.       majority of its actions; Backbone.js models made it simple to map
    4140. 

  4140.       client-side models to their corresponding RESTful resources.
    4141. 

  4141.     </p>
    4142. 

  4142. 

  4143.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4144. 

  4144.       <a href="https://stripe.com">
    4145. 

  4145.         <img width="555" height="372" data-original="docs/images/stripe.png" alt="Stripe" class="example_retina" />
    4146. 

  4146.       </a>
    4147. 

  4147.     </div>
    4148. 

  4148. 

  4149.     <h2 id="examples-airbnb">Airbnb</h2>
    4150. 

  4150. 

  4151.     <p>
    4152. 

  4152.       <a href="http://airbnb.com">Airbnb</a> uses Backbone in many of its products.
    4153. 

  4153.       It started with <a href="http://m.airbnb.com">Airbnb Mobile Web</a>
    4154. 

  4154.       (built in six weeks by a team of three) and has since grown to
    4155. 

  4155.       <a href="https://www.airbnb.com/wishlists/popular">Wish Lists</a>,
    4156. 

  4156.       <a href="http://www.airbnb.com/match">Match</a>,
    4157. 

  4157.       <a href="http://www.airbnb.com/s/">Search</a>, Communities, Payments, and
    4158. 

  4158.       Internal Tools.
    4159. 

  4159.     </p>
    4160. 

  4160. 

  4161.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4162. 

  4162.       <a href="http://m.airbnb.com/">
    4163. 

  4163.         <img width="500" height="489" data-original="docs/images/airbnb.png" alt="Airbnb" class="example_image" />
    4164. 

  4164.       </a>
    4165. 

  4165.     </div>
    4166. 

  4166. 

  4167.     <h2 id="examples-soundcloud">SoundCloud Mobile</h2>
    4168. 

  4168. 

  4169.     <p>
    4170. 

  4170.       <a href="http://soundcloud.com">SoundCloud</a> is the leading sound sharing
    4171. 

  4171.       platform on the internet, and Backbone.js provides the foundation for
    4172. 

  4172.       <a href="http://m.soundcloud.com">SoundCloud Mobile</a>. The project uses
    4173. 

  4173.       the public SoundCloud <a href="http://soundcloud.com/developers">API</a>
    4174. 

  4174.       as a data source (channeled through a nginx proxy),
    4175. 

  4175.       <a href="https://github.com/BorisMoore/jquery-tmpl">jQuery templates</a>
    4176. 

  4176.       for the rendering, <a href="http://docs.jquery.com/Qunit">Qunit
    4177. 

  4177.       </a> and <a href="http://www.phantomjs.org/">PhantomJS</a> for
    4178. 

  4178.       the testing suite. The JS code, templates and CSS are built for the
    4179. 

  4179.       production deployment with various Node.js tools like
    4180. 

  4180.       <a href="https://github.com/dsimard/ready.js">ready.js</a>,
    4181. 

  4181.       <a href="https://github.com/mde/jake">Jake</a>,
    4182. 

  4182.       <a href="https://github.com/tmpvar/jsdom">jsdom</a>.
    4183. 

  4183.       The <b>Backbone.History</b> was modified to support the HTML5 <tt>history.pushState</tt>.
    4184. 

  4184.       <b>Backbone.sync</b> was extended with an additional SessionStorage based cache
    4185. 

  4185.       layer.
    4186. 

  4186.     </p>
    4187. 

  4187. 

  4188.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4189. 

  4189.       <a href="http://m.soundcloud.com">
    4190. 

  4190.         <img width="266" height="555" data-original="docs/images/soundcloud.png" alt="SoundCloud" class="example_image" />
    4191. 

  4191.       </a>
    4192. 

  4192.     </div>
    4193. 

  4193. 

  4194.     <h2 id="examples-artsy">Art.sy</h2>
    4195. 

  4195. 

  4196.     <p>
    4197. 

  4197.       <a href="http://artsy.net">Art.sy</a> is a place to discover art you'll
    4198. 

  4198.       love. Art.sy is built on Rails, using
    4199. 

  4199.       <a href="https://github.com/intridea/grape">Grape</a> to serve a robust
    4200. 

  4200.       <a href="http://artsy.net/api">JSON API</a>. The main site is a single page
    4201. 

  4201.       app written in CoffeeScript and uses Backbone to provide structure around
    4202. 

  4202.       this API. An admin panel and partner CMS have also been extracted into
    4203. 

  4203.       their own API-consuming Backbone projects.
    4204. 

  4204.     </p>
    4205. 

  4205. 

  4206.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4207. 

  4207.       <a href="http://artsy.net">
    4208. 

  4208.         <img width="550" height="550" data-original="docs/images/artsy.jpg" alt="Art.sy" class="example_retina" />
    4209. 

  4209.       </a>
    4210. 

  4210.     </div>
    4211. 

  4211. 

  4212.     <h2 id="examples-pandora">Pandora</h2>
    4213. 

  4213. 

  4214.     <p>
    4215. 

  4215.       When <a href="http://www.pandora.com/newpandora">Pandora</a> redesigned
    4216. 

  4216.       their site in HTML5, they chose Backbone.js to help
    4217. 

  4217.       manage the user interface and interactions. For example, there's a model
    4218. 

  4218.       that represents the "currently playing track", and multiple views that
    4219. 

  4219.       automatically update when the current track changes. The station list is a
    4220. 

  4220.       collection, so that when stations are added or changed, the UI stays up to date.
    4221. 

  4221.     </p>
    4222. 

  4222. 

  4223.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4224. 

  4224.       <a href="http://www.pandora.com/newpandora">
    4225. 

  4225.         <img width="476" height="359" data-original="docs/images/pandora.jpg" alt="Pandora" class="example_retina" />
    4226. 

  4226.       </a>
    4227. 

  4227.     </div>
    4228. 

  4228. 

  4229.     <h2 id="examples-inkling">Inkling</h2>
    4230. 

  4230. 

  4231.     <p>
    4232. 

  4232.       <a href="http://inkling.com/">Inkling</a> is a cross-platform way to
    4233. 

  4233.       publish interactive learning content.
    4234. 

  4234.       <a href="https://www.inkling.com/read/">Inkling for Web</a> uses Backbone.js
    4235. 

  4235.       to make hundreds of complex books — from student textbooks to travel guides and
    4236. 

  4236.       programming manuals — engaging and accessible on the web. Inkling supports
    4237. 

  4237.       WebGL-enabled 3D graphics, interactive assessments, social sharing,
    4238. 

  4238.       and a system for running practice code right
    4239. 

  4239.       in the book, all within a single page Backbone-driven app. Early on, the
    4240. 

  4240.       team decided to keep the site lightweight by using only Backbone.js and
    4241. 

  4241.       raw JavaScript. The result? Complete source code weighing in at a mere
    4242. 

  4242.       350kb with feature-parity across the iPad, iPhone and web clients.
    4243. 

  4243.       Give it a try with
    4244. 

  4244.       <a href="https://www.inkling.com/read/javascript-definitive-guide-david-flanagan-6th/chapter-4/function-definition-expressions">this excerpt from JavaScript: The Definitive Guide</a>.
    4245. 

  4245.     </p>
    4246. 

  4246. 

  4247.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4248. 

  4248.       <a href="http://inkling.com">
    4249. 

  4249.         <img width="550" height="361" data-original="docs/images/inkling.jpg" alt="Inkling" class="example_retina" />
    4250. 

  4250.       </a>
    4251. 

  4251.     </div>
    4252. 

  4252. 

  4253.     <h2 id="examples-code-school">Code School</h2>
    4254. 

  4254. 

  4255.     <p>
    4256. 

  4256.       <a href="http://www.codeschool.com">Code School</a> courses teach people
    4257. 

  4257.       about various programming topics like <a href="http://coffeescript.org">CoffeeScript</a>, CSS, Ruby on Rails,
    4258. 

  4258.       and more. The new Code School course
    4259. 

  4259.       <a href="http://coffeescript.codeschool.com/levels/1/challenges/1">challenge page</a>
    4260. 

  4260.       is built from the ground up on Backbone.js, using
    4261. 

  4261.       everything it has to offer: the router, collections, models, and complex
    4262. 

  4262.       event handling. Before, the page was a mess of <a href="http://jquery.com/">jQuery</a> DOM manipulation
    4263. 

  4263.       and manual Ajax calls. Backbone.js helped introduce a new way to
    4264. 

  4264.       think about developing an organized front-end application in JavaScript.
    4265. 

  4265.     </p>
    4266. 

  4266. 

  4267.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4268. 

  4268.       <a href="http://www.codeschool.com">
    4269. 

  4269.         <img width="550" height="482" data-original="docs/images/code-school.jpg" alt="Code School" class="example_retina" />
    4270. 

  4270.       </a>
    4271. 

  4271.     </div>
    4272. 

  4272. 

  4273.     <h2 id="examples-cloudapp">CloudApp</h2>
    4274. 

  4274. 

  4275.     <p>
    4276. 

  4276.       <a href="http://getcloudapp.com">CloudApp</a> is simple file and link
    4277. 

  4277.       sharing for the Mac. Backbone.js powers the web tools
    4278. 

  4278.       which consume the <a href="http://developer.getcloudapp.com">documented API</a>
    4279. 

  4279.       to manage Drops. Data is either pulled manually or pushed by
    4280. 

  4280.       <a href="http://pusher.com">Pusher</a> and fed to
    4281. 

  4281.       <a href="http://github.com/janl/mustache.js">Mustache</a> templates for
    4282. 

  4282.       rendering. Check out the <a href="http://cloudapp.github.com/engine">annotated source code</a>
    4283. 

  4283.       to see the magic.
    4284. 

  4284.     </p>
    4285. 

  4285. 

  4286.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4287. 

  4287.       <a href="http://getcloudapp.com">
    4288. 

  4288.         <img width="550" height="426" data-original="docs/images/cloudapp.jpg" alt="CloudApp" class="example_retina" />
    4289. 

  4289.       </a>
    4290. 

  4290.     </div>
    4291. 

  4291. 

  4292.     <h2 id="examples-seatgeek">SeatGeek</h2>
    4293. 

  4293. 

  4294.     <p>
    4295. 

  4295.       <a href="http://seatgeek.com">SeatGeek</a>'s stadium ticket maps were originally
    4296. 

  4296.       developed with <a href="http://prototypejs.org/">Prototype.js</a>. Moving to Backbone.js and <a href="http://jquery.com/">jQuery</a> helped organize
    4297. 

  4297.       a lot of the UI code, and the increased structure has made adding features
    4298. 

  4298.       a lot easier. SeatGeek is also in the process of building a mobile
    4299. 

  4299.       interface that will be Backbone.js from top to bottom.
    4300. 

  4300.     </p>
    4301. 

  4301. 

  4302.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4303. 

  4303.       <a href="http://seatgeek.com">
    4304. 

  4304.         <img width="550" height="455" data-original="docs/images/seatgeek.jpg" alt="SeatGeek" class="example_retina" />
    4305. 

  4305.       </a>
    4306. 

  4306.     </div>
    4307. 

  4307. 

  4308.     <h2 id="examples-easel">Easel</h2>
    4309. 

  4309. 

  4310.     <p>
    4311. 

  4311.       <a href="http://easel.io">Easel</a> is an in-browser, high fidelity web
    4312. 

  4312.       design tool that integrates with your design and development
    4313. 

  4313.       process. The Easel team uses CoffeeScript, Underscore.js and Backbone.js for
    4314. 

  4314.       their <a href="http://easel.io/demo">rich visual editor</a> as well as other
    4315. 

  4315.       management functions throughout the site. The structure of Backbone allowed
    4316. 

  4316.       the team to break the complex problem of building a visual editor into
    4317. 

  4317.       manageable components and still move quickly.
    4318. 

  4318.     </p>
    4319. 

  4319. 

  4320.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4321. 

  4321.       <a href="http://easel.io">
    4322. 

  4322.         <img width="550" height="395" data-original="docs/images/easel.jpg" alt="Easel" class="example_retina" />
    4323. 

  4323.       </a>
    4324. 

  4324.     </div>
    4325. 

  4325. 

  4326.     <h2 id="examples-jolicloud">Jolicloud</h2>
    4327. 

  4327. 

  4328.     <p>
    4329. 

  4329.       <a href="http://www.jolicloud.com/">Jolicloud</a> is an open and independent
    4330. 

  4330.       platform and <a href="http://www.jolicloud.com/jolios">operating system</a>
    4331. 

  4331.       that provides music playback, video streaming, photo browsing and
    4332. 

  4332.       document editing &mdash; transforming low cost computers into beautiful cloud devices.
    4333. 

  4333.       The <a href="https://my.jolicloud.com/">new Jolicloud HTML5 app</a> was built
    4334. 

  4334.       from the ground up using Backbone and talks to the
    4335. 

  4335.       <a href="http://developers.jolicloud.com">Jolicloud Platform</a>, which is
    4336. 

  4336.       based on Node.js. Jolicloud works offline using the HTML5 AppCache, extends
    4337. 

  4337.       Backbone.sync to store data in IndexedDB or localStorage, and communicates
    4338. 

  4338.       with the <a href="http://www.jolicloud.com/jolios">Joli OS</a> via WebSockets.
    4339. 

  4339.     </p>
    4340. 

  4340. 

  4341.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4342. 

  4342.       <a href="http://jolicloud.com/">
    4343. 

  4343.         <img width="510" height="384" data-original="docs/images/jolicloud.jpg" alt="Jolicloud" class="example_retina" />
    4344. 

  4344.       </a>
    4345. 

  4345.     </div>
    4346. 

  4346. 

  4347.     <h2 id="examples-salon">Salon.io</h2>
    4348. 

  4348. 

  4349.     <p>
    4350. 

  4350.       <a href="http://salon.io">Salon.io</a> provides a space where photographers,
    4351. 

  4351.       artists and designers freely arrange their visual art on virtual walls.
    4352. 

  4352.       <a href="http://salon.io">Salon.io</a> runs on <a href="http://rubyonrails.org/">Rails</a>, but does not use
    4353. 

  4353.       much of the traditional stack, as the entire frontend is designed as a
    4354. 

  4354.       single page web app, using Backbone.js, <a href="http://brunch.io/">Brunch</a> and
    4355. 

  4355.       <a href="http://coffeescript.org">CoffeeScript</a>.
    4356. 

  4356.     </p>
    4357. 

  4357. 

  4358.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4359. 

  4359.       <a href="http://salon.io">
    4360. 

  4360.         <img width="550" height="483" data-original="docs/images/salon.jpg" alt="Salon.io" class="example_retina" />
    4361. 

  4361.       </a>
    4362. 

  4362.     </div>
    4363. 

  4363. 

  4364.     <h2 id="examples-tilemill">TileMill</h2>
    4365. 

  4365. 

  4366.     <p>
    4367. 

  4367.       Our fellow
    4368. 

  4368.       <a href="http://www.newschallenge.org/">Knight Foundation News Challenge</a>
    4369. 

  4369.       winners, <a href="http://mapbox.com/">MapBox</a>, created an open-source
    4370. 

  4370.       map design studio with Backbone.js:
    4371. 

  4371.       <a href="https://www.mapbox.com/tilemill/">TileMill</a>.
    4372. 

  4372.       TileMill lets you manage map layers based on shapefiles and rasters, and
    4373. 

  4373.       edit their appearance directly in the browser with the
    4374. 

  4374.       <a href="https://github.com/mapbox/carto">Carto styling language</a>.
    4375. 

  4375.       Note that the gorgeous <a href="http://mapbox.com/">MapBox</a> homepage
    4376. 

  4376.       is also a Backbone.js app.
    4377. 

  4377.     </p>
    4378. 

  4378. 

  4379.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4380. 

  4380.       <a href="https://www.mapbox.com/tilemill/">
    4381. 

  4381.         <img width="544" height="375" data-original="docs/images/tilemill.jpg" alt="TileMill" class="example_retina" />
    4382. 

  4382.       </a>
    4383. 

  4383.     </div>
    4384. 

  4384. 

  4385.     <h2 id="examples-blossom">Blossom</h2>
    4386. 

  4386. 

  4387.     <p>
    4388. 

  4388.       <a href="http://blossom.io">Blossom</a> is a lightweight project management
    4389. 

  4389.       tool for lean teams. Backbone.js is heavily used in combination with
    4390. 

  4390.       <a href="http://coffeescript.org">CoffeeScript</a> to provide a smooth
    4391. 

  4391.       interaction experience. The app is packaged with <a href="http://brunch.io">Brunch</a>.
    4392. 

  4392.       The RESTful backend is built with <a href="http://flask.pocoo.org/">Flask</a> on Google App Engine.
    4393. 

  4393.     </p>
    4394. 

  4394. 

  4395.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4396. 

  4396.       <a href="http://blossom.io">
    4397. 

  4397.         <img width="550" height="367" data-original="docs/images/blossom.jpg" alt="Blossom" class="example_retina" />
    4398. 

  4398.       </a>
    4399. 

  4399.     </div>
    4400. 

  4400. 

  4401.     <h2 id="examples-trello">Trello</h2>
    4402. 

  4402. 

  4403.     <p>
    4404. 

  4404.       <a href="http://trello.com">Trello</a> is a collaboration tool that
    4405. 

  4405.       organizes your projects into boards. A Trello board holds many lists of
    4406. 

  4406.       cards, which can contain checklists, files and conversations, and may be
    4407. 

  4407.       voted on and organized with labels. Updates on the board happen in
    4408. 

  4408.       real time. The site was built ground up using Backbone.js for all the
    4409. 

  4409.       models, views, and routes.
    4410. 

  4410.     </p>
    4411. 

  4411. 

  4412.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4413. 

  4413.       <a href="http://trello.com">
    4414. 

  4414.         <img width="550" height="416" data-original="docs/images/trello.jpg" alt="Trello" class="example_retina" />
    4415. 

  4415.       </a>
    4416. 

  4416.     </div>
    4417. 

  4417. 

  4418.     <h2 id="examples-tzigla">Tzigla</h2>
    4419. 

  4419. 

  4420.     <p>
    4421. 

  4421.       <a href="http://twitter.com/evilchelu">Cristi Balan</a> and
    4422. 

  4422.       <a href="http://dira.ro">Irina Dumitrascu</a> created
    4423. 

  4423.       <a href="http://tzigla.com">Tzigla</a>, a collaborative drawing
    4424. 

  4424.       application where artists make tiles that connect to each other to
    4425. 

  4425.       create <a href="http://tzigla.com/boards/1">surreal drawings</a>.
    4426. 

  4426.       Backbone models help organize the code, routers provide
    4427. 

  4427.       <a href="http://tzigla.com/boards/1#!/tiles/2-2">bookmarkable deep links</a>,
    4428. 

  4428.       and the views are rendered with
    4429. 

  4429.       <a href="https://github.com/creationix/haml-js">haml.js</a> and
    4430. 

  4430.       <a href="http://zeptojs.com/">Zepto</a>.
    4431. 

  4431.       Tzigla is written in Ruby (<a href="http://rubyonrails.org/">Rails</a>) on the backend, and
    4432. 

  4432.       <a href="http://coffeescript.org">CoffeeScript</a> on the frontend, with
    4433. 

  4433.       <a href="http://documentcloud.github.com/jammit/">Jammit</a>
    4434. 

  4434.       prepackaging the static assets.
    4435. 

  4435.     </p>
    4436. 

  4436. 

  4437.     <div style="text-align: center;">
    4438. 

  4438.       <a href="http://www.tzigla.com/">
    4439. 

  4439.         <img width="550" height="376" data-original="docs/images/tzigla.jpg" alt="Tzigla" class="example_retina" />
    4440. 

  4440.       </a>
    4441. 

  4441.     </div>
    4442. 

  4442. 

  4443.     <h2 id="changelog">Change Log</h2>
    4444. 

  4444. 

  4445.     <b class="header">1.4.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Feb. 19, 2019</i></small>
    4446. 

  4446.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.3.3...1.4.0">Diff</a>
    4447. 

  4447.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.4.0/index.html">Docs</a>
    4448. 

  4448.     <br />
    4449. 

  4449.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4450. 

  4450.       <li>
    4451. 

  4451.         Collections now support the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Iteration_protocols">Javascript Iterator Protocol!</a>
    4452. 

  4452.       </li>
    4453. 

  4453.       <li>
    4454. 

  4454.         <tt>listenTo</tt> uses the listened object's public <tt>on</tt> method.
    4455. 

  4455.         This helps maintain interoperability between Backbone and other event
    4456. 

  4456.         libraries (including Node.js).
    4457. 

  4457.       </li>
    4458. 

  4458.       <li>
    4459. 

  4459.         Added support for setting instance properties before the constructor in
    4460. 

  4460.         <tt>ES2015 classes</tt> with a <tt>preinitialize</tt> method.
    4461. 

  4461.       </li>
    4462. 

  4462.       <li>
    4463. 

  4463.         <tt>Collection.get</tt> now checks if obj is a <tt>Model</tt> to allow
    4464. 

  4464.         retrieving models with an `attributes` key.
    4465. 

  4465.       </li>
    4466. 

  4466.       <li>
    4467. 

  4467.         Fixed several issues with Router's URL hashing and parsing.
    4468. 

  4468.       </li>
    4469. 

  4469.     </ul>
    4470. 

  4470. 

  4471.     <b class="header">1.3.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>Apr. 5, 2016</i></small>
    4472. 

  4472.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.2.3...1.3.3">Diff</a>
    4473. 

  4473.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.3.3/index.html">Docs</a>
    4474. 

  4474.     <br />
    4475. 

  4475.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4476. 

  4476.       <li>
    4477. 

  4477.         Added <tt>findIndex</tt> and <tt>findLastIndex</tt> Underscore methods to
    4478. 

  4478.         <tt>Collection</tt>.
    4479. 

  4479.       </li>
    4480. 

  4480.       <li>
    4481. 

  4481.         Added <tt>options.changes</tt> to <tt>Collection</tt> "update" event which
    4482. 

  4482.         includes added, merged, and removed models.
    4483. 

  4483.       </li>
    4484. 

  4484.       <li>
    4485. 

  4485.         Added support for <tt>Collection#mixin</tt> and <tt>Model#mixin</tt>.
    4486. 

  4486.       </li>
    4487. 

  4487.       <li>
    4488. 

  4488.         Ensured <tt>Collection#reduce</tt> and <tt>Collection#reduceRight</tt>
    4489. 

  4489.         work without an initial <tt>accumulator</tt> value.
    4490. 

  4490.       </li>
    4491. 

  4491.       <li>
    4492. 

  4492.         Ensured <tt>Collection#_removeModels</tt> always returns an array.
    4493. 

  4493.       </li>
    4494. 

  4494.       <li>
    4495. 

  4495.         Fixed a bug where <tt>Events.once</tt> with object syntax failed to bind
    4496. 

  4496.         context.
    4497. 

  4497.       </li>
    4498. 

  4498.       <li>
    4499. 

  4499.         Fixed <tt>Collection#_onModelEvent</tt> regression where triggering a
    4500. 

  4500.         <tt>change</tt> event without a <tt>model</tt> would error.
    4501. 

  4501.       </li>
    4502. 

  4502.       <li>
    4503. 

  4503.         Fixed <tt>Collection#set</tt> regression when <tt>parse</tt> returns a
    4504. 

  4504.         falsy value.
    4505. 

  4505.       </li>
    4506. 

  4506.       <li>
    4507. 

  4507.         Fixed <tt>Model#id</tt> regression where <tt>id</tt> would be
    4508. 

  4508.         unintentionally <tt>undefined</tt>.
    4509. 

  4509.       </li>
    4510. 

  4510.       <li>
    4511. 

  4511.         Fixed <tt>_removeModels</tt> regression which could cause an infinite loop
    4512. 

  4512.         under certain conditions.
    4513. 

  4513.       </li>
    4514. 

  4514.       <li>
    4515. 

  4515.         Removed <tt>component</tt> package support.
    4516. 

  4516.       </li>
    4517. 

  4517.       <li>
    4518. 

  4518.         Note that 1.3.3 fixes several bugs in versions 1.3.0 to 1.3.2. Please upgrade
    4519. 

  4519.         immediately if you are on one of those versions.
    4520. 

  4520.       </li>
    4521. 

  4521.     </ul>
    4522. 

  4522. 

  4523.     <b class="header">1.2.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>Sept. 3, 2015</i></small>
    4524. 

  4524.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.2.2...1.2.3">Diff</a>
    4525. 

  4525.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.2.3/index.html">Docs</a>
    4526. 

  4526.     <br />
    4527. 

  4527.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4528. 

  4528.       <li>
    4529. 

  4529.         Fixed a minor regression in 1.2.2 that would cause an error when adding
    4530. 

  4530.         a model to a collection <tt>at</tt> an out of bounds index.
    4531. 

  4531.       </li>
    4532. 

  4532.     </ul>
    4533. 

  4533. 

  4534.     <b class="header">1.2.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>Aug. 19, 2015</i></small>
    4535. 

  4535.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.2.1...1.2.2">Diff</a>
    4536. 

  4536.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.2.2/index.html">Docs</a>
    4537. 

  4537.     <br />
    4538. 

  4538.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4539. 

  4539.       <li>
    4540. 

  4540.         Collection methods <tt>find</tt>, <tt>filter</tt>, <tt>reject</tt>, <tt>every</tt>,
    4541. 

  4541.         <tt>some</tt>, and <tt>partition</tt> can now take a model-attributes-style predicate:
    4542. 

  4542.         <tt>this.collection.reject({user: 'guybrush'})</tt>.
    4543. 

  4543.       </li>
    4544. 

  4544.       <li>
    4545. 

  4545.         Backbone Events once again supports multiple-event maps
    4546. 

  4546.         (<tt>obj.on({'error change': action})</tt>). This was a previously
    4547. 

  4547.         undocumented feature inadvertently removed in 1.2.0.
    4548. 

  4548.       </li>
    4549. 

  4549.       <li>
    4550. 

  4550.         Added <tt>Collection#includes</tt> as an alias of <tt>Collection#contains</tt>
    4551. 

  4551.         and as a replacement for <tt>Collection#include</tt> in Underscore.js >= 1.8.
    4552. 

  4552.       </li>
    4553. 

  4553.     </ul>
    4554. 

  4554. 

  4555.     <b class="header">1.2.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jun. 4, 2015</i></small>
    4556. 

  4556.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.2.0...1.2.1">Diff</a>
    4557. 

  4557.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.2.1/index.html">Docs</a>
    4558. 

  4558.     <br />
    4559. 

  4559.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4560. 

  4560.       <li>
    4561. 

  4561.         <tt>Collection#add</tt> now avoids trying to parse a model instance when passed <tt>parse: false</tt>.
    4562. 

  4562.       </li>
    4563. 

  4563.       <li>
    4564. 

  4564.         Bug fix in <tt>Collection#remove</tt>. The removed models are now actually returned.
    4565. 

  4565.       </li>
    4566. 

  4566.       <li>
    4567. 

  4567.         <tt>Model#fetch</tt> no longer parses the response when passing <tt>parse: false</tt>.
    4568. 

  4568.       </li>
    4569. 

  4569.       <li>
    4570. 

  4570.         Bug fix for iframe-based History when used with JSDOM.
    4571. 

  4571.       </li>
    4572. 

  4572.       <li>
    4573. 

  4573.         Bug fix where <tt>Collection#invoke</tt> was not taking additional arguments.
    4574. 

  4574.       </li>
    4575. 

  4575.       <li>
    4576. 

  4576.         When using <tt>on</tt> with an event map, you can now pass the context as the
    4577. 

  4577.         second argument. This was a previously undocumented feature inadvertently
    4578. 

  4578.         removed in 1.2.0.
    4579. 

  4579.       </li>
    4580. 

  4580.     </ul>
    4581. 

  4581. 

  4582.     <b class="header">1.2.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>May 13, 2015</i></small>
    4583. 

  4583.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.1.2...1.2.0">Diff</a>
    4584. 

  4584.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.2.0/index.html">Docs</a>
    4585. 

  4585.     <br />
    4586. 

  4586.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4587. 

  4587.       <li>
    4588. 

  4588.         Added new hooks to Views to allow them to work without jQuery. See the
    4589. 

  4589.         <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/wiki/Using-Backbone-without-jQuery">wiki page</a>
    4590. 

  4590.         for more info.
    4591. 

  4591.       </li>
    4592. 

  4592.       <li>
    4593. 

  4593.         As a neat side effect, Backbone.History no longer uses jQuery's
    4594. 

  4594.         event methods for <tt>pushState</tt> and <tt>hashChange</tt> listeners.
    4595. 

  4595.         We're native all the way.
    4596. 

  4596.       </li>
    4597. 

  4597.       <li>
    4598. 

  4598.         Also on the subject of jQuery, if you're using Backbone with CommonJS (node, browserify, webpack)
    4599. 

  4599.         Backbone will automatically try to load jQuery for you.
    4600. 

  4600.       </li>
    4601. 

  4601.       <li>
    4602. 

  4602.         Views now always delegate their events in <a href="#View-setElement">setElement</a>.
    4603. 

  4603.         You can no longer modify the events hash or your view's <tt>el</tt> property in
    4604. 

  4604.         <tt>initialize</tt>.
    4605. 

  4605.       </li>
    4606. 

  4606.       <li>
    4607. 

  4607.         Added an <tt>"update"</tt> event that triggers after any amount of
    4608. 

  4608.         models are added or removed from a collection. Handy to re-render lists
    4609. 

  4609.         of things without debouncing.
    4610. 

  4610.       </li>
    4611. 

  4611.       <li>
    4612. 

  4612.         <tt>Collection#at</tt> can take a negative index.
    4613. 

  4613.       </li>
    4614. 

  4614.       <li>
    4615. 

  4615.         Added <tt>modelId</tt> to Collection for generating unique ids on
    4616. 

  4616.         polymorphic collections. Handy for cases when your model ids would
    4617. 

  4617.         otherwise collide.
    4618. 

  4618.       </li>
    4619. 

  4619.       <li>
    4620. 

  4620.         Added an overridable <tt>_isModel</tt> for more advanced
    4621. 

  4621.         control of what's considered a model by your Collection.
    4622. 

  4622.       </li>
    4623. 

  4623.       <li>
    4624. 

  4624.         The <tt>success</tt> callback passed to <tt>Model#destroy</tt> is always
    4625. 

  4625.         called asynchronously now.
    4626. 

  4626.       </li>
    4627. 

  4627.       <li>
    4628. 

  4628.         <tt>Router#execute</tt> passes back the route name as its third argument.
    4629. 

  4629.       </li>
    4630. 

  4630.       <li>
    4631. 

  4631.         Cancel the current Router transition by returning <tt>false</tt> in
    4632. 

  4632.         <tt>Router#execute</tt>. Great for checking logged-in status or other
    4633. 

  4633.         prerequisites.
    4634. 

  4634.       </li>
    4635. 

  4635.       <li>
    4636. 

  4636.         Added <tt>getSearch</tt> and <tt>getPath</tt> methods to Backbone.History as
    4637. 

  4637.         cross-browser and overridable ways of slicing up the URL.
    4638. 

  4638.       </li>
    4639. 

  4639.       <li>
    4640. 

  4640.         Added <tt>delegate</tt> and <tt>undelegate</tt> as finer-grained versions
    4641. 

  4641.         of <tt>delegateEvents</tt> and <tt>undelegateEvents</tt>. Useful for plugin
    4642. 

  4642.         authors to use a consistent events interface in Backbone.
    4643. 

  4643.       </li>
    4644. 

  4644.       <li>
    4645. 

  4645.         A collection will only fire a "sort" event if its order was actually
    4646. 

  4646.         updated, not on every <tt>set</tt>.
    4647. 

  4647.       </li>
    4648. 

  4648.       <li>
    4649. 

  4649.         Any passed <tt>options.attrs</tt> are now respected when saving a model with
    4650. 

  4650.         <tt>patch: true</tt>.
    4651. 

  4651.       </li>
    4652. 

  4652.       <li>
    4653. 

  4653.         <tt>Collection#clone</tt> now sets the <tt>model</tt> and <tt>comparator</tt>
    4654. 

  4654.         functions of the cloned collection to the new one.
    4655. 

  4655.       </li>
    4656. 

  4656.       <li>
    4657. 

  4657.         Adding models to your Collection when specifying an <tt>at</tt> position
    4658. 

  4658.         now sends the actual position of your model in the <tt>add</tt>
    4659. 

  4659.         event, not just the one you've passed in.
    4660. 

  4660.       </li>
    4661. 

  4661.       <li>
    4662. 

  4662.         <tt>Collection#remove</tt> will now only return a list of models that
    4663. 

  4663.         have actually been removed from the collection.
    4664. 

  4664.       </li>
    4665. 

  4665.       <li>
    4666. 

  4666.         Fixed loading Backbone.js in strict ES2015 module loaders.
    4667. 

  4667.       </li>
    4668. 

  4668.     </ul>
    4669. 

  4669. 

  4670.     <b class="header">1.1.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>Feb. 20, 2014</i></small>
    4671. 

  4671.     &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.1.1...1.1.2">Diff</a>
    4672. 

  4672.     &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.1.2/index.html">Docs</a>
    4673. 

  4673.     <br />
    4674. 

  4674.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4675. 

  4675.       <li>
    4676. 

  4676.         Backbone no longer tries to require jQuery in Node/CommonJS environments,
    4677. 

  4677.         for better compatibility with folks using Browserify.
    4678. 

  4678.         If you'd like to have Backbone use jQuery from Node, assign it like so:
    4679. 

  4679.         <tt>Backbone.$ = require('jquery');</tt>
    4680. 

  4680.       </li>
    4681. 

  4681.       <li>
    4682. 

  4682.         Bugfix for route parameters with newlines in them.
    4683. 

  4683.       </li>
    4684. 

  4684.     </ul>
    4685. 

  4685. 

  4686.     <b class="header">1.1.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Feb. 13, 2014</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.1.0...1.1.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.1.1/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4687. 

  4687.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4688. 

  4688.       <li>
    4689. 

  4689.         Backbone now registers itself for AMD (Require.js), Bower and Component,
    4690. 

  4690.         as well as being a CommonJS module and a regular (Java)Script. Whew.
    4691. 

  4691.       </li>
    4692. 

  4692.       <li>
    4693. 

  4693.         Added an <tt>execute</tt> hook to the Router, which allows you to hook
    4694. 

  4694.         in and custom-parse route arguments, like query strings, for example.
    4695. 

  4695.       </li>
    4696. 

  4696.       <li>
    4697. 

  4697.         Performance fine-tuning for Backbone Events.
    4698. 

  4698.       </li>
    4699. 

  4699.       <li>
    4700. 

  4700.         Better matching for Unicode in routes, in old browsers.
    4701. 

  4701.       </li>
    4702. 

  4702.       <li>
    4703. 

  4703.         Backbone Routers now handle query params in route fragments, passing
    4704. 

  4704.         them into the handler as the last argument.  Routes specified as
    4705. 

  4705.         strings should no longer include the query string
    4706. 

  4706.         (<tt>'foo?:query'</tt> should be <tt>'foo'</tt>).
    4707. 

  4707.       </li>
    4708. 

  4708.     </ul>
    4709. 

  4709. 

  4710.     <b class="header">1.1.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct. 10, 2013</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/1.0.0...1.1.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.1.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4711. 

  4711.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4712. 

  4712.       <li>
    4713. 

  4713.         Made the return values of Collection's <tt>set</tt>, <tt>add</tt>,
    4714. 

  4714.         <tt>remove</tt>, and <tt>reset</tt> more useful. Instead of returning
    4715. 

  4715.         <tt>this</tt>, they now return the changed (added, removed or updated)
    4716. 

  4716.         model or list of models.
    4717. 

  4717.       </li>
    4718. 

  4718.       <li>
    4719. 

  4719.         Backbone Views no longer automatically attach options passed to the constructor as
    4720. 

  4720.         <tt>this.options</tt> and Backbone Models no longer attach <tt>url</tt> and
    4721. 

  4721.         <tt>urlRoot</tt> options, but you can do it yourself if you prefer.
    4722. 

  4722.       </li>
    4723. 

  4723.       <li>
    4724. 

  4724.         All <tt>"invalid"</tt> events now pass consistent arguments. First the
    4725. 

  4725.         model in question, then the error object, then options.
    4726. 

  4726.       </li>
    4727. 

  4727.       <li>
    4728. 

  4728.         You are no longer permitted to change the <b>id</b> of your model during
    4729. 

  4729.         <tt>parse</tt>. Use <tt>idAttribute</tt> instead.
    4730. 

  4730.       </li>
    4731. 

  4731.       <li>
    4732. 

  4732.         On the other hand, <tt>parse</tt> is now an excellent place to extract
    4733. 

  4733.         and vivify incoming nested JSON into associated submodels.
    4734. 

  4734.       </li>
    4735. 

  4735.       <li>
    4736. 

  4736.         Many tweaks, optimizations and bugfixes relating to Backbone 1.0,
    4737. 

  4737.         including URL overrides, mutation of options, bulk ordering, trailing
    4738. 

  4738.         slashes, edge-case listener leaks, nested model parsing...
    4739. 

  4739.       </li>
    4740. 

  4740.     </ul>
    4741. 

  4741. 

  4742.     <b class="header">1.0.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>March 20, 2013</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.9.10...1.0.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/1.0.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4743. 

  4743.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4744. 

  4744.       <li>
    4745. 

  4745.         Renamed Collection's "update" to <a href="#Collection-set">set</a>, for
    4746. 

  4746.         parallelism with the similar <tt>model.set()</tt>, and contrast with
    4747. 

  4747.         <a href="#Collection-reset">reset</a>. It's now the default
    4748. 

  4748.         updating mechanism after a <a href="#Collection-fetch">fetch</a>. If you'd
    4749. 

  4749.         like to continue using "reset", pass <tt>{reset: true}</tt>.
    4750. 

  4750.       </li>
    4751. 

  4751.       <li>
    4752. 

  4752.         Your route handlers will now receive their URL parameters pre-decoded.
    4753. 

  4753.       </li>
    4754. 

  4754.       <li>
    4755. 

  4755.         Added <a href="#Events-listenToOnce">listenToOnce</a> as the analogue of
    4756. 

  4756.         <a href="#Events-once">once</a>.
    4757. 

  4757.       </li>
    4758. 

  4758.       <li>
    4759. 

  4759.         Added the <a href="#Collection-findWhere">findWhere</a> method to Collections,
    4760. 

  4760.         similar to <a href="#Collection-where">where</a>.
    4761. 

  4761.       </li>
    4762. 

  4762.       <li>
    4763. 

  4763.         Added the <tt>keys</tt>, <tt>values</tt>, <tt>pairs</tt>, <tt>invert</tt>,
    4764. 

  4764.         <tt>pick</tt>, and <tt>omit</tt> Underscore.js methods to Backbone Models.
    4765. 

  4765.       </li>
    4766. 

  4766.       <li>
    4767. 

  4767.         The routes in a Router's route map may now be function literals,
    4768. 

  4768.         instead of references to methods, if you like.
    4769. 

  4769.       </li>
    4770. 

  4770.       <li>
    4771. 

  4771.         <tt>url</tt> and <tt>urlRoot</tt> properties may now be passed as options
    4772. 

  4772.         when instantiating a new Model.
    4773. 

  4773.       </li>
    4774. 

  4774.     </ul>
    4775. 

  4775. 

  4776.     <b class="header">0.9.10</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jan. 15, 2013</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.9.9...0.9.10">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.9.10/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4777. 

  4777.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4778. 

  4778.       <li>
    4779. 

  4779.         A <tt>"route"</tt> event is triggered on the router in addition
    4780. 

  4780.         to being fired on <tt>Backbone.history</tt>.
    4781. 

  4781.       </li>
    4782. 

  4782.       <li>
    4783. 

  4783.         Model validation is now only enforced by default in
    4784. 

  4784.         <tt>Model#save</tt> and no longer enforced by default upon
    4785. 

  4785.         construction or in <tt>Model#set</tt>, unless the <tt>{validate:true}</tt>
    4786. 

  4786.         option is passed.
    4787. 

  4787.       </li>
    4788. 

  4788.       <li>
    4789. 

  4789.         <tt>View#make</tt> has been removed. You'll need to use <tt>$</tt> directly to
    4790. 

  4790.         construct DOM elements now.
    4791. 

  4791.       </li>
    4792. 

  4792.       <li>
    4793. 

  4793.         Passing <tt>{silent:true}</tt> on change will no longer delay individual
    4794. 

  4794.         <tt>"change:attr"</tt> events, instead they are silenced entirely.
    4795. 

  4795.       </li>
    4796. 

  4796.       <li>
    4797. 

  4797.         The <tt>Model#change</tt> method has been removed, as delayed attribute
    4798. 

  4798.         changes are no longer available.
    4799. 

  4799.       </li>
    4800. 

  4800.       <li>
    4801. 

  4801.         Bug fix on <tt>change</tt> where attribute comparison uses <tt>!==</tt>
    4802. 

  4802.         instead of <tt>_.isEqual</tt>.
    4803. 

  4803.       </li>
    4804. 

  4804.       <li>
    4805. 

  4805.         Bug fix where an empty response from the server on save would not call
    4806. 

  4806.         the success function.
    4807. 

  4807.       </li>
    4808. 

  4808.       <li>
    4809. 

  4809.         <tt>parse</tt> now receives <tt>options</tt> as its second argument.
    4810. 

  4810.       </li>
    4811. 

  4811.       <li>
    4812. 

  4812.         Model validation now fires <tt>invalid</tt> event instead of
    4813. 

  4813.         <tt>error</tt>.
    4814. 

  4814.       </li>
    4815. 

  4815.     </ul>
    4816. 

  4816. 

  4817.     <b class="header">0.9.9</b> &mdash; <small><i>Dec. 13, 2012</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.9.2...0.9.9">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.9.9/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4818. 

  4818.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4819. 

  4819.       <li>
    4820. 

  4820.         Added <a href="#Events-listenTo">listenTo</a>
    4821. 

  4821.         and <a href="#Events-stopListening">stopListening</a> to Events. They
    4822. 

  4822.         can be used as inversion-of-control flavors of <tt>on</tt> and <tt>off</tt>,
    4823. 

  4823.         for convenient unbinding of all events an object is currently listening to.
    4824. 

  4824.         <tt>view.remove()</tt> automatically calls <tt>view.stopListening()</tt>.
    4825. 

  4825.       </li>
    4826. 

  4826.       <li>
    4827. 

  4827.         When using <tt>add</tt> on a collection, passing <tt>{merge: true}</tt>
    4828. 

  4828.         will now cause duplicate models to have their attributes merged in to
    4829. 

  4829.         the existing models, instead of being ignored.
    4830. 

  4830.       </li>
    4831. 

  4831.       <li>
    4832. 

  4832.         Added <a href="#Collection-update">update</a> (which is also available as
    4833. 

  4833.         an option to <tt>fetch</tt>) for "smart" updating of sets of models.
    4834. 

  4834.       </li>
    4835. 

  4835.       <li>
    4836. 

  4836.         HTTP <tt>PATCH</tt> support in <a href="#Model-save">save</a> by passing
    4837. 

  4837.         <tt>{patch: true}</tt>.
    4838. 

  4838.       </li>
    4839. 

  4839.       <li>
    4840. 

  4840.         The <tt>Backbone</tt> object now extends <tt>Events</tt> so that you can
    4841. 

  4841.         use it as a global event bus, if you like.
    4842. 

  4842.       </li>
    4843. 

  4843.       <li>
    4844. 

  4844.         Added a <tt>"request"</tt> event to <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>,
    4845. 

  4845.         which triggers whenever a request begins to be made to the server.
    4846. 

  4846.         The natural complement to the <tt>"sync"</tt> event.
    4847. 

  4847.       </li>
    4848. 

  4848.       <li>
    4849. 

  4849.         Router URLs now support optional parts via parentheses, without having
    4850. 

  4850.         to use a regex.
    4851. 

  4851.       </li>
    4852. 

  4852.       <li>
    4853. 

  4853.         Backbone events now supports <tt>once</tt>, similar to Node's <tt>once</tt>,
    4854. 

  4854.         or jQuery's <tt>one</tt>.
    4855. 

  4855.       </li>
    4856. 

  4856.       <li>
    4857. 

  4857.         Backbone events now support jQuery-style event maps <tt>obj.on({click: action})</tt>.
    4858. 

  4858.       </li>
    4859. 

  4859.       <li>
    4860. 

  4860.         While listening to a <tt>reset</tt> event, the list of previous models
    4861. 

  4861.         is now available in <tt>options.previousModels</tt>, for convenience.
    4862. 

  4862.       </li>
    4863. 

  4863.       <li>
    4864. 

  4864.         <a href="#Model-validate">Validation</a> now occurs even during "silent"
    4865. 

  4865.         changes. This change means that the <tt>isValid</tt> method has
    4866. 

  4866.         been removed. Failed validations also trigger an error, even if an error
    4867. 

  4867.         callback is specified in the options.
    4868. 

  4868.       </li>
    4869. 

  4869.       <li>
    4870. 

  4870.         Consolidated <tt>"sync"</tt> and <tt>"error"</tt> events within
    4871. 

  4871.         <a href="#Sync">Backbone.sync</a>. They are now triggered regardless
    4872. 

  4872.         of the existence of <tt>success</tt> or <tt>error</tt> callbacks.
    4873. 

  4873.       </li>
    4874. 

  4874.       <li>
    4875. 

  4875.         For mixed-mode APIs, <tt>Backbone.sync</tt> now accepts
    4876. 

  4876.         <tt>emulateHTTP</tt> and <tt>emulateJSON</tt> as inline options.
    4877. 

  4877.       </li>
    4878. 

  4878.       <li>
    4879. 

  4879.         Collections now also proxy Underscore method name aliases (collect,
    4880. 

  4880.         inject, foldl, foldr, head, tail, take, and so on...)
    4881. 

  4881.       </li>
    4882. 

  4882.       <li>
    4883. 

  4883.         Removed <tt>getByCid</tt> from Collections. <tt>collection.get</tt> now
    4884. 

  4884.         supports lookup by both <tt>id</tt> and <tt>cid</tt>.
    4885. 

  4885.       </li>
    4886. 

  4886.       <li>
    4887. 

  4887.         After fetching a model or a collection, <i>all</i> defined <tt>parse</tt>
    4888. 

  4888.         functions will now be run. So fetching a collection and getting back new
    4889. 

  4889.         models could cause both the collection to parse the list, and then each model
    4890. 

  4890.         to be parsed in turn, if you have both functions defined.
    4891. 

  4891.       </li>
    4892. 

  4892.       <li>
    4893. 

  4893.         Bugfix for normalizing leading and trailing slashes in the Router
    4894. 

  4894.         definitions. Their presence (or absence) should not affect behavior.
    4895. 

  4895.       </li>
    4896. 

  4896.       <li>
    4897. 

  4897.         When declaring a View, <tt>options</tt>, <tt>el</tt>, <tt>tagName</tt>,
    4898. 

  4898.         <tt>id</tt> and <tt>className</tt> may now be defined as functions, if
    4899. 

  4899.         you want their values to be determined at runtime.
    4900. 

  4900.       </li>
    4901. 

  4901.       <li>
    4902. 

  4902.         Added a <tt>Backbone.ajax</tt> hook for more convenient overriding of
    4903. 

  4903.         the default use of <tt>$.ajax</tt>. If AJAX is too passé, set it to your
    4904. 

  4904.         preferred method for server communication.
    4905. 

  4905.       </li>
    4906. 

  4906.       <li>
    4907. 

  4907.         <tt>Collection#sort</tt> now triggers a <tt>sort</tt> event, instead
    4908. 

  4908.         of a <tt>reset</tt> event.
    4909. 

  4909.       </li>
    4910. 

  4910.       <li>
    4911. 

  4911.         Calling <tt>destroy</tt> on a Model will now return <tt>false</tt> if
    4912. 

  4912.         the model <tt>isNew</tt>.
    4913. 

  4913.       </li>
    4914. 

  4914.       <li>
    4915. 

  4915.         To set what library Backbone uses for DOM manipulation and Ajax calls,
    4916. 

  4916.         use <tt>Backbone.$ = ...</tt> instead of <tt>setDomLibrary</tt>.
    4917. 

  4917.       </li>
    4918. 

  4918.       <li>
    4919. 

  4919.         Removed the <tt>Backbone.wrapError</tt> helper method. Overriding
    4920. 

  4920.         <tt>sync</tt> should work better for those particular use cases.
    4921. 

  4921.       </li>
    4922. 

  4922.       <li>
    4923. 

  4923.         To improve the performance of <tt>add</tt>, <tt>options.index</tt>
    4924. 

  4924.         will no longer be set in the <tt>add</tt> event callback.
    4925. 

  4925.         <tt>collection.indexOf(model)</tt> can be used to retrieve the index
    4926. 

  4926.         of a model as necessary.
    4927. 

  4927.       </li>
    4928. 

  4928.       <li>
    4929. 

  4929.         For semantic and cross browser reasons, routes will now ignore search
    4930. 

  4930.         parameters.  Routes like <tt>search?query=…&amp;page=3</tt> should become
    4931. 

  4931.         <tt>search/…/3</tt>.
    4932. 

  4932.       </li>
    4933. 

  4933.       <li>
    4934. 

  4934.         <tt>Model#set</tt> no longer accepts another model as an argument.  This leads
    4935. 

  4935.         to subtle problems and is easily replaced with <tt>model.set(other.attributes)</tt>.
    4936. 

  4936.       </li>
    4937. 

  4937.     </ul>
    4938. 

  4938. 

  4939.     <b class="header">0.9.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>March 21, 2012</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.9.1...0.9.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.9.2/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4940. 

  4940.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4941. 

  4941.       <li>
    4942. 

  4942.         Instead of throwing an error when adding duplicate models to a collection,
    4943. 

  4943.         Backbone will now silently skip them instead.
    4944. 

  4944.       </li>
    4945. 

  4945.       <li>
    4946. 

  4946.         Added <a href="#Collection-push">push</a>,
    4947. 

  4947.         <a href="#Collection-pop">pop</a>,
    4948. 

  4948.         <a href="#Collection-unshift">unshift</a>, and
    4949. 

  4949.         <a href="#Collection-shift">shift</a> to collections.
    4950. 

  4950.       </li>
    4951. 

  4951.       <li>
    4952. 

  4952.         A model's <a href="#Model-changed">changed</a> hash is now exposed for
    4953. 

  4953.         easy reading of the changed attribute delta, since the model's last
    4954. 

  4954.         <tt>"change"</tt> event.
    4955. 

  4955.       </li>
    4956. 

  4956.       <li>
    4957. 

  4957.         Added <a href="#Collection-where">where</a> to collections for simple
    4958. 

  4958.         filtering.
    4959. 

  4959.       </li>
    4960. 

  4960.       <li>
    4961. 

  4961.         You can now use a single <a href="#Events-off">off</a> call
    4962. 

  4962.         to remove all callbacks bound to a specific object.
    4963. 

  4963.       </li>
    4964. 

  4964.       <li>
    4965. 

  4965.         Bug fixes for nested individual change events, some of which may be
    4966. 

  4966.         "silent".
    4967. 

  4967.       </li>
    4968. 

  4968.       <li>
    4969. 

  4969.         Bug fixes for URL encoding in <tt>location.hash</tt> fragments.
    4970. 

  4970.       </li>
    4971. 

  4971.       <li>
    4972. 

  4972.         Bug fix for client-side validation in advance of a <tt>save</tt> call
    4973. 

  4973.         with <tt>{wait: true}</tt>.
    4974. 

  4974.       </li>
    4975. 

  4975.       <li>
    4976. 

  4976.         Updated / refreshed the example
    4977. 

  4977.         <a href="examples/todos/index.html">Todo List</a> app.
    4978. 

  4978.       </li>
    4979. 

  4979.     </ul>
    4980. 

  4980. 

  4981.     <b class="header">0.9.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Feb. 2, 2012</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.9.0...0.9.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.9.1/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    4982. 

  4982.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    4983. 

  4983.       <li>
    4984. 

  4984.         Reverted to 0.5.3-esque behavior for validating models. Silent changes
    4985. 

  4985.         no longer trigger validation (making it easier to work with forms).
    4986. 

  4986.         Added an <tt>isValid</tt> function that you can use to check if a model
    4987. 

  4987.         is currently in a valid state.
    4988. 

  4988.       </li>
    4989. 

  4989.       <li>
    4990. 

  4990.         If you have multiple versions of jQuery on the page, you can now tell
    4991. 

  4991.         Backbone which one to use with <tt>Backbone.setDomLibrary</tt>.
    4992. 

  4992.       </li>
    4993. 

  4993.       <li>
    4994. 

  4994.         Fixes regressions in <b>0.9.0</b> for routing with "root", saving with
    4995. 

  4995.         both "wait" and "validate", and the order of nested "change" events.
    4996. 

  4996.       </li>
    4997. 

  4997.     </ul>
    4998. 

  4998. 

  4999.     <b class="header">0.9.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Jan. 30, 2012</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.5.3...0.9.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.9.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5000. 

  5000.     <ul style="margin-top: 5px;">
    5001. 

  5001.       <li>
    5002. 

  5002.         Creating and destroying models with <tt>create</tt> and <tt>destroy</tt>
    5003. 

  5003.         are now optimistic by default. Pass <tt>{wait: true}</tt> as an option
    5004. 

  5004.         if you'd like them to wait for a successful server response to proceed.
    5005. 

  5005.       </li>
    5006. 

  5006.       <li>
    5007. 

  5007.         Two new properties on views: <tt>$el</tt> &mdash; a cached jQuery (or Zepto)
    5008. 

  5008.         reference to the view's element, and <tt>setElement</tt>, which should
    5009. 

  5009.         be used instead of manually setting a view's <tt>el</tt>. It will
    5010. 

  5010.         both set <tt>view.el</tt> and <tt>view.$el</tt> correctly, as well as
    5011. 

  5011.         re-delegating events on the new DOM element.
    5012. 

  5012.       </li>
    5013. 

  5013.       <li>
    5014. 

  5014.         You can now bind and trigger multiple spaced-delimited events at once.
    5015. 

  5015.         For example: <tt>model.on("change:name change:age", ...)</tt>
    5016. 

  5016.       </li>
    5017. 

  5017.       <li>
    5018. 

  5018.         When you don't know the key in advance, you may now call
    5019. 

  5019.         <tt>model.set(key, value)</tt> as well as <tt>save</tt>.
    5020. 

  5020.       </li>
    5021. 

  5021.       <li>
    5022. 

  5022.         Multiple models with the same <tt>id</tt> are no longer allowed in a
    5023. 

  5023.         single collection.
    5024. 

  5024.       </li>
    5025. 

  5025.       <li>
    5026. 

  5026.         Added a <tt>"sync"</tt> event, which triggers whenever a model's state
    5027. 

  5027.         has been successfully synced with the server (create, save, destroy).
    5028. 

  5028.       </li>
    5029. 

  5029.       <li>
    5030. 

  5030.         <tt>bind</tt> and <tt>unbind</tt> have been renamed to <tt>on</tt>
    5031. 

  5031.         and <tt>off</tt> for clarity, following jQuery's lead.
    5032. 

  5032.         The old names are also still supported.
    5033. 

  5033.       </li>
    5034. 

  5034.       <li>
    5035. 

  5035.         A Backbone collection's <tt>comparator</tt> function may now behave
    5036. 

  5036.         either like a <a href="http://underscorejs.org/#sortBy">sortBy</a>
    5037. 

  5037.         (pass a function that takes a single argument),
    5038. 

  5038.         or like a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Array/sort">sort</a>
    5039. 

  5039.         (pass a comparator function that expects two arguments). The comparator
    5040. 

  5040.         function is also now bound by default to the collection &mdash; so you
    5041. 

  5041.         can refer to <tt>this</tt> within it.
    5042. 

  5042.       </li>
    5043. 

  5043.       <li>
    5044. 

  5044.         A view's <tt>events</tt> hash may now also contain direct function
    5045. 

  5045.         values as well as the string names of existing view methods.
    5046. 

  5046.       </li>
    5047. 

  5047.       <li>
    5048. 

  5048.         Validation has gotten an overhaul &mdash; a model's <tt>validate</tt> function
    5049. 

  5049.         will now be run even for silent changes, and you can no longer create
    5050. 

  5050.         a model in an initially invalid state.
    5051. 

  5051.       </li>
    5052. 

  5052.       <li>
    5053. 

  5053.         Added <tt>shuffle</tt> and <tt>initial</tt> to collections, proxied
    5054. 

  5054.         from Underscore.
    5055. 

  5055.       </li>
    5056. 

  5056.       <li>
    5057. 

  5057.         <tt>Model#urlRoot</tt> may now be defined as a function as well as a
    5058. 

  5058.         value.
    5059. 

  5059.       </li>
    5060. 

  5060.       <li>
    5061. 

  5061.         <tt>View#attributes</tt> may now be defined as a function as well as a
    5062. 

  5062.         value.
    5063. 

  5063.       </li>
    5064. 

  5064.       <li>
    5065. 

  5065.         Calling <tt>fetch</tt> on a collection will now cause all fetched JSON
    5066. 

  5066.         to be run through the collection's model's <tt>parse</tt> function, if
    5067. 

  5067.         one is defined.
    5068. 

  5068.       </li>
    5069. 

  5069.       <li>
    5070. 

  5070.         You may now tell a router to <tt>navigate(fragment, {replace: true})</tt>,
    5071. 

  5071.         which will either use <tt>history.replaceState</tt> or
    5072. 

  5072.         <tt>location.hash.replace</tt>, in order to change the URL without adding
    5073. 

  5073.         a history entry.
    5074. 

  5074.       </li>
    5075. 

  5075.       <li>
    5076. 

  5076.         Within a collection's <tt>add</tt> and <tt>remove</tt> events, the index
    5077. 

  5077.         of the model being added or removed is now available as <tt>options.index</tt>.
    5078. 

  5078.       </li>
    5079. 

  5079.       <li>
    5080. 

  5080.         Added an <tt>undelegateEvents</tt> to views, allowing you to manually
    5081. 

  5081.         remove all configured event delegations.
    5082. 

  5082.       </li>
    5083. 

  5083.       <li>
    5084. 

  5084.         Although you shouldn't be writing your routes with them in any case &mdash;
    5085. 

  5085.         leading slashes (<tt>/</tt>) are now stripped from routes.
    5086. 

  5086.       </li>
    5087. 

  5087.       <li>
    5088. 

  5088.         Calling <tt>clone</tt> on a model now only passes the attributes
    5089. 

  5089.         for duplication, not a reference to the model itself.
    5090. 

  5090.       </li>
    5091. 

  5091.       <li>
    5092. 

  5092.         Calling <tt>clear</tt> on a model now removes the <tt>id</tt> attribute.
    5093. 

  5093.       </li>
    5094. 

  5094.     </ul>
    5095. 

  5095. 

  5096.     <p>
    5097. 

  5097.       <b class="header">0.5.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>August 9, 2011</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.5.2...0.5.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.5.3/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5098. 

  5098.       A View's <tt>events</tt> property may now be defined as a function, as well
    5099. 

  5099.       as an object literal, making it easier to programmatically define and inherit
    5100. 

  5100.       events. <tt>groupBy</tt> is now proxied from Underscore as a method on Collections.
    5101. 

  5101.       If the server has already rendered everything on page load, pass
    5102. 

  5102.       <tt>Backbone.history.start({silent: true})</tt> to prevent the initial route
    5103. 

  5103.       from triggering. Bugfix for pushState with encoded URLs.
    5104. 

  5104.     </p>
    5105. 

  5105. 

  5106.     <p>
    5107. 

  5107.       <b class="header">0.5.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>July 26, 2011</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.5.1...0.5.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.5.2/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5108. 

  5108.       The <tt>bind</tt> function, can now take an optional third argument, to specify
    5109. 

  5109.       the <tt>this</tt> of the callback function.
    5110. 

  5110.       Multiple models with the same <tt>id</tt> are now allowed in a collection.
    5111. 

  5111.       Fixed a bug where calling <tt>.fetch(jQueryOptions)</tt> could cause an
    5112. 

  5112.       incorrect URL to be serialized.
    5113. 

  5113.       Fixed a brief extra route fire before redirect, when degrading from
    5114. 

  5114.       <tt>pushState</tt>.
    5115. 

  5115.     </p>
    5116. 

  5116. 

  5117.     <p>
    5118. 

  5118.       <b class="header">0.5.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>July 5, 2011</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.5.0...0.5.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.5.1/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5119. 

  5119.       Cleanups from the 0.5.0 release, to wit: improved transparent upgrades from
    5120. 

  5120.       hash-based URLs to pushState, and vice-versa. Fixed inconsistency with
    5121. 

  5121.       non-modified attributes being passed to <tt>Model#initialize</tt>. Reverted
    5122. 

  5122.       a <b>0.5.0</b> change that would strip leading hashbangs from routes.
    5123. 

  5123.       Added <tt>contains</tt> as an alias for <tt>includes</tt>.
    5124. 

  5124.     </p>
    5125. 

  5125. 

  5126.     <p>
    5127. 

  5127.       <b class="header">0.5.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>July 1, 2011</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.3.3...0.5.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.5.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5128. 

  5128.       A large number of tiny tweaks and micro bugfixes, best viewed by looking
    5129. 

  5129.       at <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.3.3...0.5.0">the commit diff</a>.
    5130. 

  5130.       HTML5 <tt>pushState</tt> support, enabled by opting-in with:
    5131. 

  5131.       <tt>Backbone.history.start({pushState: true})</tt>.
    5132. 

  5132.       <tt>Controller</tt> was renamed to <tt>Router</tt>, for clarity.
    5133. 

  5133.       <tt>Collection#refresh</tt> was renamed to <tt>Collection#reset</tt> to emphasize
    5134. 

  5134.       its ability to both reset the collection with new models, as well as empty
    5135. 

  5135.       out the collection when used with no parameters.
    5136. 

  5136.       <tt>saveLocation</tt> was replaced with <tt>navigate</tt>.
    5137. 

  5137.       RESTful persistence methods (save, fetch, etc.) now return the jQuery deferred
    5138. 

  5138.       object for further success/error chaining and general convenience.
    5139. 

  5139.       Improved XSS escaping for <tt>Model#escape</tt>.
    5140. 

  5140.       Added a <tt>urlRoot</tt> option to allow specifying RESTful urls without
    5141. 

  5141.       the use of a collection.
    5142. 

  5142.       An error is thrown if <tt>Backbone.history.start</tt> is called multiple times.
    5143. 

  5143.       <tt>Collection#create</tt> now validates before initializing the new model.
    5144. 

  5144.       <tt>view.el</tt> can now be a jQuery string lookup.
    5145. 

  5145.       Backbone Views can now also take an <tt>attributes</tt> parameter.
    5146. 

  5146.       <tt>Model#defaults</tt> can now be a function as well as a literal attributes
    5147. 

  5147.       object.
    5148. 

  5148.     </p>
    5149. 

  5149. 

  5150.     <p>
    5151. 

  5151.       <b class="header">0.3.3</b> &mdash; <small><i>Dec 1, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.3.2...0.3.3">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.3.3/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5152. 

  5152.       Backbone.js now supports <a href="http://zeptojs.com">Zepto</a>, alongside
    5153. 

  5153.       jQuery, as a framework for DOM manipulation and Ajax support.
    5154. 

  5154.       Implemented <a href="#Model-escape">Model#escape</a>, to efficiently handle
    5155. 

  5155.       attributes intended for HTML interpolation. When trying to persist a model,
    5156. 

  5156.       failed requests will now trigger an <tt>"error"</tt> event. The
    5157. 

  5157.       ubiquitous <tt>options</tt> argument is now passed as the final argument
    5158. 

  5158.       to all <tt>"change"</tt> events.
    5159. 

  5159.     </p>
    5160. 

  5160. 

  5161.     <p>
    5162. 

  5162.       <b class="header">0.3.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>Nov 23, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.3.1...0.3.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.3.2/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5163. 

  5163.       Bugfix for IE7 + iframe-based "hashchange" events. <tt>sync</tt> may now be
    5164. 

  5164.       overridden on a per-model, or per-collection basis. Fixed recursion error
    5165. 

  5165.       when calling <tt>save</tt> with no changed attributes, within a
    5166. 

  5166.       <tt>"change"</tt> event.
    5167. 

  5167.     </p>
    5168. 

  5168. 

  5169.     <p>
    5170. 

  5170.       <b class="header">0.3.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Nov 15, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.3.0...0.3.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.3.1/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5171. 

  5171.       All <tt>"add"</tt> and <tt>"remove"</tt> events are now sent through the
    5172. 

  5172.       model, so that views can listen for them without having to know about the
    5173. 

  5173.       collection. Added a <tt>remove</tt> method to <a href="#View">Backbone.View</a>.
    5174. 

  5174.       <tt>toJSON</tt> is no longer called at all for <tt>'read'</tt> and <tt>'delete'</tt> requests.
    5175. 

  5175.       Backbone routes are now able to load empty URL fragments.
    5176. 

  5176.     </p>
    5177. 

  5177. 

  5178.     <p>
    5179. 

  5179.       <b class="header">0.3.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Nov 9, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.2.0...0.3.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.3.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5180. 

  5180.       Backbone now has <a href="#Controller">Controllers</a> and
    5181. 

  5181.       <a href="#History">History</a>, for doing client-side routing based on
    5182. 

  5182.       URL fragments.
    5183. 

  5183.       Added <tt>emulateHTTP</tt> to provide support for legacy servers that don't
    5184. 

  5184.       do <tt>PUT</tt> and <tt>DELETE</tt>.
    5185. 

  5185.       Added <tt>emulateJSON</tt> for servers that can't accept <tt>application/json</tt>
    5186. 

  5186.       encoded requests.
    5187. 

  5187.       Added <a href="#Model-clear">Model#clear</a>, which removes all attributes
    5188. 

  5188.       from a model.
    5189. 

  5189.       All Backbone classes may now be seamlessly inherited by CoffeeScript classes.
    5190. 

  5190.     </p>
    5191. 

  5191. 

  5192.     <p>
    5193. 

  5193.       <b class="header">0.2.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct 25, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.1.2...0.2.0">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.2.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5194. 

  5194.       Instead of requiring server responses to be namespaced under a <tt>model</tt>
    5195. 

  5195.       key, now you can define your own <a href="#Model-parse">parse</a> method
    5196. 

  5196.       to convert responses into attributes for Models and Collections.
    5197. 

  5197.       The old <tt>handleEvents</tt> function is now named
    5198. 

  5198.       <a href="#View-delegateEvents">delegateEvents</a>, and is automatically
    5199. 

  5199.       called as part of the View's constructor.
    5200. 

  5200.       Added a <a href="#Collection-toJSON">toJSON</a> function to Collections.
    5201. 

  5201.       Added <a href="#Collection-chain">Underscore's chain</a> to Collections.
    5202. 

  5202.     </p>
    5203. 

  5203. 

  5204.     <p>
    5205. 

  5205.       <b class="header">0.1.2</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct 19, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.1.1...0.1.2">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.1.2/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5206. 

  5206.       Added a <a href="#Model-fetch">Model#fetch</a> method for refreshing the
    5207. 

  5207.       attributes of single model from the server.
    5208. 

  5208.       An <tt>error</tt> callback may now be passed to <tt>set</tt> and <tt>save</tt>
    5209. 

  5209.       as an option, which will be invoked if validation fails, overriding the
    5210. 

  5210.       <tt>"error"</tt> event.
    5211. 

  5211.       You can now tell backbone to use the <tt>_method</tt> hack instead of HTTP
    5212. 

  5212.       methods by setting <tt>Backbone.emulateHTTP = true</tt>.
    5213. 

  5213.       Existing Model and Collection data is no longer sent up unnecessarily with
    5214. 

  5214.       <tt>GET</tt> and <tt>DELETE</tt> requests. Added a <tt>rake lint</tt> task.
    5215. 

  5215.       Backbone is now published as an <a href="http://npmjs.org">NPM</a> module.
    5216. 

  5216.     </p>
    5217. 

  5217. 

  5218.     <p>
    5219. 

  5219.       <b class="header">0.1.1</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct 14, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://github.com/jashkenas/backbone/compare/0.1.0...0.1.1">Diff</a> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.1.1/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5220. 

  5220.       Added a convention for <tt>initialize</tt> functions to be called
    5221. 

  5221.       upon instance construction, if defined. Documentation tweaks.
    5222. 

  5222.     </p>
    5223. 

  5223. 

  5224.     <p>
    5225. 

  5225.       <b class="header">0.1.0</b> &mdash; <small><i>Oct 13, 2010</i></small> &mdash; <a href="https://cdn.rawgit.com/jashkenas/backbone/0.1.0/index.html">Docs</a><br />
    5226. 

  5226.       Initial Backbone release.
    5227. 

  5227.     </p>
    5228. 

  5228. 

  5229.     <p>
    5230. 

  5230.       <br />
    5231. 

  5231.       <a href="http://documentcloud.org/" title="A DocumentCloud Project" style="background:none;">
    5232. 

  5232.         <img src="http://jashkenas.s3.amazonaws.com/images/a_documentcloud_project.png" alt="A DocumentCloud Project" style="position:relative;left:-10px;" />
    5233. 

  5233.       </a>
    5234. 

  5234.     </p>
    5235. 

  5235. 

  5236.   </div>
    5237. 

  5237. 

  5238.   <script src="test/vendor/underscore.js"></script>
    5239. 

  5239.   <script src="test/vendor/jquery.js"></script>
    5240. 

  5240.   <script src="docs/js/jquery.lazyload.js"></script>
    5241. 

  5241.   <script src="test/vendor/json2.js"></script>
    5242. 

  5242.   <script src="backbone.js"></script>
    5243. 

  5243.   <script src="docs/search.js"></script>
    5244. 

  5244. 

  5245.   <script>
    5246. 

  5246.     // Set up the "play" buttons for each runnable code example.
    5247. 

  5247.     $(function() {
    5248. 

  5248.       $('.runnable').each(function() {
    5249. 

  5249.         var code = this;
    5250. 

  5250.         var button = '<div class="run" title="Run"></div>';
    5251. 

  5251.         $(button).insertBefore(code).bind('click', function(){
    5252. 

  5252.           eval($(code).text());
    5253. 

  5253.         });
    5254. 

  5254.       });
    5255. 

  5255.       $('[data-original]').lazyload();
    5256. 

  5256.     });
    5257. 

  5257.   </script>
    5258. 

  5258. 

  5259. </body>
    5260. 

  5260. </html>
    5261. 

  5261.