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  104.           <li id="title">
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  105.               <div class="annotation">
    106. 

  106.                   <h1>grammar.coffee</h1>
    107. 

  107.               </div>
    108. 

  108.           </li>
    109. 

  109.         
    110. 

  110.         
    111. 

  111.         
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  112.         <li id="section-1">
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  113.             <div class="annotation">
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  116.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-1">&#182;</a>
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  117.               </div>
    118. 

  118.               <p>The CoffeeScript parser is generated by <a href="http://github.com/zaach/jison">Jison</a>
    119. 

  119. from this grammar file. Jison is a bottom-up parser generator, similar in
    120. 

  120. style to <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/bison">Bison</a>, implemented in JavaScript.
    121. 

  121. It can recognize <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LR_grammar">LALR(1), LR(0), SLR(1), and LR(1)</a>
    122. 

  122. type grammars. To create the Jison parser, we list the pattern to match
    123. 

  123. on the left-hand side, and the action to take (usually the creation of syntax
    124. 

  124. tree nodes) on the right. As the parser runs, it
    125. 

  125. shifts tokens from our token stream, from left to right, and
    126. 

  126. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottom-up_parsing">attempts to match</a>
    127. 

  127. the token sequence against the rules below. When a match can be made, it
    128. 

  128. reduces into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols">nonterminal</a>
    129. 

  129. (the enclosing name at the top), and we proceed from there.</p>
    130. 

  130. <p>If you run the <code>cake build:parser</code> command, Jison constructs a parse table
    131. 

  131. from our rules and saves it into <code>lib/parser.js</code>.</p>
    132. 

  132. 

  133.             </div>
    134. 

  134.             
    135. 

  135.         </li>
    136. 

  136.         
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  137.         
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  138.         <li id="section-2">
    139. 

  139.             <div class="annotation">
    140. 

  140.               
    141. 

  141.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    142. 

  142.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-2">&#182;</a>
    143. 

  143.               </div>
    144. 

  144.               <p>The only dependency is on the <strong>Jison.Parser</strong>.</p>
    145. 

  145. 

  146.             </div>
    147. 

  147.             
    148. 

  148.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>{Parser} = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span> <span class="hljs-string">'jison'</span></pre></div></div>
    149. 

  149.             
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  150.         </li>
    151. 

  151.         
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  152.         
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  153.         <li id="section-3">
    154. 

  154.             <div class="annotation">
    155. 

  155.               
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  156.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    157. 

  157.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-3">&#182;</a>
    158. 

  158.               </div>
    159. 

  159.               <h2 id="jison-dsl">Jison DSL</h2>
    160. 

  160. 

  161.             </div>
    162. 

  162.             
    163. 

  163.         </li>
    164. 

  164.         
    165. 

  165.         
    166. 

  166.         <li id="section-4">
    167. 

  167.             <div class="annotation">
    168. 

  168.               
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  169.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    170. 

  170.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-4">&#182;</a>
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  171.               </div>
    172. 

  172.               
    173. 

  173.             </div>
    174. 

  174.             
    175. 

  175.         </li>
    176. 

  176.         
    177. 

  177.         
    178. 

  178.         <li id="section-5">
    179. 

  179.             <div class="annotation">
    180. 

  180.               
    181. 

  181.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    182. 

  182.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-5">&#182;</a>
    183. 

  183.               </div>
    184. 

  184.               <p>Since we’re going to be wrapped in a function by Jison in any case, if our
    185. 

  185. action immediately returns a value, we can optimize by removing the function
    186. 

  186. wrapper and just returning the value directly.</p>
    187. 

  187. 

  188.             </div>
    189. 

  189.             
    190. 

  190.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>unwrap = <span class="hljs-regexp">/^function\s*\(\)\s*\{\s*return\s*([\s\S]*);\s*\}/</span></pre></div></div>
    191. 

  191.             
    192. 

  192.         </li>
    193. 

  193.         
    194. 

  194.         
    195. 

  195.         <li id="section-6">
    196. 

  196.             <div class="annotation">
    197. 

  197.               
    198. 

  198.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    199. 

  199.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-6">&#182;</a>
    200. 

  200.               </div>
    201. 

  201.               <p>Our handy DSL for Jison grammar generation, thanks to
    202. 

  202. <a href="http://github.com/creationix">Tim Caswell</a>. For every rule in the grammar,
    203. 

  203. we pass the pattern-defining string, the action to run, and extra options,
    204. 

  204. optionally. If no action is specified, we simply pass the value of the
    205. 

  205. previous nonterminal.</p>
    206. 

  206. 

  207.             </div>
    208. 

  208.             
    209. 

  209.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-title">o</span> = <span class="hljs-params">(patternString, action, options)</span> -&gt;</span>
    210. 

  210.   patternString = patternString.replace <span class="hljs-regexp">/\s{2,}/g</span>, <span class="hljs-string">' '</span>
    211. 

  211.   patternCount = patternString.split(<span class="hljs-string">' '</span>).length
    212. 

  212.   <span class="hljs-keyword">return</span> [patternString, <span class="hljs-string">'$$ = $1;'</span>, options] <span class="hljs-keyword">unless</span> action
    213. 

  213.   action = <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> match = unwrap.exec action <span class="hljs-keyword">then</span> match[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span> <span class="hljs-string">"(<span class="hljs-subst">#{action}</span>())"</span></pre></div></div>
    214. 

  214.             
    215. 

  215.         </li>
    216. 

  216.         
    217. 

  217.         
    218. 

  218.         <li id="section-7">
    219. 

  219.             <div class="annotation">
    220. 

  220.               
    221. 

  221.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    222. 

  222.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-7">&#182;</a>
    223. 

  223.               </div>
    224. 

  224.               <p>All runtime functions we need are defined on “yy”</p>
    225. 

  225. 

  226.             </div>
    227. 

  227.             
    228. 

  228.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  action = action.replace <span class="hljs-regexp">/\bnew /g</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'$&amp;yy.'</span>
    229. 

  229.   action = action.replace <span class="hljs-regexp">/\b(?:Block\.wrap|extend)\b/g</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'yy.$&amp;'</span></pre></div></div>
    230. 

  230.             
    231. 

  231.         </li>
    232. 

  232.         
    233. 

  233.         
    234. 

  234.         <li id="section-8">
    235. 

  235.             <div class="annotation">
    236. 

  236.               
    237. 

  237.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    238. 

  238.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-8">&#182;</a>
    239. 

  239.               </div>
    240. 

  240.               <p>Returns a function which adds location data to the first parameter passed
    241. 

  241. in, and returns the parameter.  If the parameter is not a node, it will
    242. 

  242. just be passed through unaffected.</p>
    243. 

  243. 

  244.             </div>
    245. 

  245.             
    246. 

  246.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-title">addLocationDataFn</span> = <span class="hljs-params">(first, last)</span> -&gt;</span>
    247. 

  247.     <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">not</span> last
    248. 

  248.       <span class="hljs-string">"yy.addLocationDataFn(@<span class="hljs-subst">#{first}</span>)"</span>
    249. 

  249.     <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
    250. 

  250.       <span class="hljs-string">"yy.addLocationDataFn(@<span class="hljs-subst">#{first}</span>, @<span class="hljs-subst">#{last}</span>)"</span>
    251. 

  251. 

  252.   action = action.replace <span class="hljs-regexp">/LOC\(([0-9]*)\)/g</span>, addLocationDataFn(<span class="hljs-string">'$1'</span>)
    253. 

  253.   action = action.replace <span class="hljs-regexp">/LOC\(([0-9]*),\s*([0-9]*)\)/g</span>, addLocationDataFn(<span class="hljs-string">'$1'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'$2'</span>)
    254. 

  254. 

  255.   [patternString, <span class="hljs-string">"$$ = <span class="hljs-subst">#{addLocationDataFn(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, patternCount)}</span>(<span class="hljs-subst">#{action}</span>);"</span>, options]</pre></div></div>
    256. 

  256.             
    257. 

  257.         </li>
    258. 

  258.         
    259. 

  259.         
    260. 

  260.         <li id="section-9">
    261. 

  261.             <div class="annotation">
    262. 

  262.               
    263. 

  263.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    264. 

  264.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-9">&#182;</a>
    265. 

  265.               </div>
    266. 

  266.               <h2 id="grammatical-rules">Grammatical Rules</h2>
    267. 

  267. 

  268.             </div>
    269. 

  269.             
    270. 

  270.         </li>
    271. 

  271.         
    272. 

  272.         
    273. 

  273.         <li id="section-10">
    274. 

  274.             <div class="annotation">
    275. 

  275.               
    276. 

  276.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    277. 

  277.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-10">&#182;</a>
    278. 

  278.               </div>
    279. 

  279.               
    280. 

  280.             </div>
    281. 

  281.             
    282. 

  282.         </li>
    283. 

  283.         
    284. 

  284.         
    285. 

  285.         <li id="section-11">
    286. 

  286.             <div class="annotation">
    287. 

  287.               
    288. 

  288.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    289. 

  289.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-11">&#182;</a>
    290. 

  290.               </div>
    291. 

  291.               <p>In all of the rules that follow, you’ll see the name of the nonterminal as
    292. 

  292. the key to a list of alternative matches. With each match’s action, the
    293. 

  293. dollar-sign variables are provided by Jison as references to the value of
    294. 

  294. their numeric position, so in this rule:</p>
    295. 

  295. <pre><code><span class="hljs-string">"Expression UNLESS Expression"</span>
    296. 

  296. </code></pre><p><code>$1</code> would be the value of the first <code>Expression</code>, <code>$2</code> would be the token
    297. 

  297. for the <code>UNLESS</code> terminal, and <code>$3</code> would be the value of the second
    298. 

  298. <code>Expression</code>.</p>
    299. 

  299. 

  300.             </div>
    301. 

  301.             
    302. 

  302.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>grammar =</pre></div></div>
    303. 

  303.             
    304. 

  304.         </li>
    305. 

  305.         
    306. 

  306.         
    307. 

  307.         <li id="section-12">
    308. 

  308.             <div class="annotation">
    309. 

  309.               
    310. 

  310.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    311. 

  311.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-12">&#182;</a>
    312. 

  312.               </div>
    313. 

  313.               <p>The <strong>Root</strong> is the top-level node in the syntax tree. Since we parse bottom-up,
    314. 

  314. all parsing must end here.</p>
    315. 

  315. 

  316.             </div>
    317. 

  317.             
    318. 

  318.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Root</span>: [
    319. 

  319.     o <span class="hljs-string">''</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Block
    320. 

  320.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Body'</span>
    321. 

  321.   ]</pre></div></div>
    322. 

  322.             
    323. 

  323.         </li>
    324. 

  324.         
    325. 

  325.         
    326. 

  326.         <li id="section-13">
    327. 

  327.             <div class="annotation">
    328. 

  328.               
    329. 

  329.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    330. 

  330.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-13">&#182;</a>
    331. 

  331.               </div>
    332. 

  332.               <p>Any list of statements and expressions, separated by line breaks or semicolons.</p>
    333. 

  333. 

  334.             </div>
    335. 

  335.             
    336. 

  336.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Body</span>: [
    337. 

  337.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Line'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                   -&gt;</span> Block.wrap [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
    338. 

  338.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Body TERMINATOR Line'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                   -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>push $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    339. 

  339.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Body TERMINATOR'</span>
    340. 

  340.   ]</pre></div></div>
    341. 

  341.             
    342. 

  342.         </li>
    343. 

  343.         
    344. 

  344.         
    345. 

  345.         <li id="section-14">
    346. 

  346.             <div class="annotation">
    347. 

  347.               
    348. 

  348.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    349. 

  349.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-14">&#182;</a>
    350. 

  350.               </div>
    351. 

  351.               <p>Block and statements, which make up a line in a body.</p>
    352. 

  352. 

  353.             </div>
    354. 

  354.             
    355. 

  355.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Line</span>: [
    356. 

  356.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression'</span>
    357. 

  357.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Statement'</span>
    358. 

  358.   ]</pre></div></div>
    359. 

  359.             
    360. 

  360.         </li>
    361. 

  361.         
    362. 

  362.         
    363. 

  363.         <li id="section-15">
    364. 

  364.             <div class="annotation">
    365. 

  365.               
    366. 

  366.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    367. 

  367.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-15">&#182;</a>
    368. 

  368.               </div>
    369. 

  369.               <p>Pure statements which cannot be expressions.</p>
    370. 

  370. 

  371.             </div>
    372. 

  372.             
    373. 

  373.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Statement</span>: [
    374. 

  374.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Return'</span>
    375. 

  375.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Comment'</span>
    376. 

  376.     o <span class="hljs-string">'STATEMENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    377. 

  377.   ]</pre></div></div>
    378. 

  378.             
    379. 

  379.         </li>
    380. 

  380.         
    381. 

  381.         
    382. 

  382.         <li id="section-16">
    383. 

  383.             <div class="annotation">
    384. 

  384.               
    385. 

  385.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    386. 

  386.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-16">&#182;</a>
    387. 

  387.               </div>
    388. 

  388.               <p>All the different types of expressions in our language. The basic unit of
    389. 

  389. CoffeeScript is the <strong>Expression</strong> — everything that can be an expression
    390. 

  390. is one. Blocks serve as the building blocks of many other rules, making
    391. 

  391. them somewhat circular.</p>
    392. 

  392. 

  393.             </div>
    394. 

  394.             
    395. 

  395.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Expression</span>: [
    396. 

  396.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Value'</span>
    397. 

  397.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Invocation'</span>
    398. 

  398.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Code'</span>
    399. 

  399.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Operation'</span>
    400. 

  400.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Assign'</span>
    401. 

  401.     o <span class="hljs-string">'If'</span>
    402. 

  402.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Try'</span>
    403. 

  403.     o <span class="hljs-string">'While'</span>
    404. 

  404.     o <span class="hljs-string">'For'</span>
    405. 

  405.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Switch'</span>
    406. 

  406.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Class'</span>
    407. 

  407.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Throw'</span>
    408. 

  408.   ]</pre></div></div>
    409. 

  409.             
    410. 

  410.         </li>
    411. 

  411.         
    412. 

  412.         
    413. 

  413.         <li id="section-17">
    414. 

  414.             <div class="annotation">
    415. 

  415.               
    416. 

  416.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    417. 

  417.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-17">&#182;</a>
    418. 

  418.               </div>
    419. 

  419.               <p>An indented block of expressions. Note that the <a href="rewriter.html">Rewriter</a>
    420. 

  420. will convert some postfix forms into blocks for us, by adjusting the
    421. 

  421. token stream.</p>
    422. 

  422. 

  423.             </div>
    424. 

  424.             
    425. 

  425.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Block</span>: [
    426. 

  426.     o <span class="hljs-string">'INDENT OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Block
    427. 

  427.     o <span class="hljs-string">'INDENT Body OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    428. 

  428.   ]</pre></div></div>
    429. 

  429.             
    430. 

  430.         </li>
    431. 

  431.         
    432. 

  432.         
    433. 

  433.         <li id="section-18">
    434. 

  434.             <div class="annotation">
    435. 

  435.               
    436. 

  436.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    437. 

  437.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-18">&#182;</a>
    438. 

  438.               </div>
    439. 

  439.               <p>A literal identifier, a variable name or property.</p>
    440. 

  440. 

  441.             </div>
    442. 

  442.             
    443. 

  443.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Identifier</span>: [
    444. 

  444.     o <span class="hljs-string">'IDENTIFIER'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    445. 

  445.   ]</pre></div></div>
    446. 

  446.             
    447. 

  447.         </li>
    448. 

  448.         
    449. 

  449.         
    450. 

  450.         <li id="section-19">
    451. 

  451.             <div class="annotation">
    452. 

  452.               
    453. 

  453.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    454. 

  454.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-19">&#182;</a>
    455. 

  455.               </div>
    456. 

  456.               <p>Alphanumerics are separated from the other <strong>Literal</strong> matchers because
    457. 

  457. they can also serve as keys in object literals.</p>
    458. 

  458. 

  459.             </div>
    460. 

  460.             
    461. 

  461.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">AlphaNumeric</span>: [
    462. 

  462.     o <span class="hljs-string">'NUMBER'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                 -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    463. 

  463.     o <span class="hljs-string">'String'</span>
    464. 

  464.   ]
    465. 

  465. 

  466.   <span class="hljs-attribute">String</span>: [
    467. 

  467.     o <span class="hljs-string">'STRING'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                 -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    468. 

  468.     o <span class="hljs-string">'STRING_START Body STRING_END'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">           -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Parens $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    469. 

  469.   ]
    470. 

  470. 

  471.   <span class="hljs-attribute">Regex</span>: [
    472. 

  472.     o <span class="hljs-string">'REGEX'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    473. 

  473.     o <span class="hljs-string">'REGEX_START Invocation REGEX_END'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    474. 

  474.   ]</pre></div></div>
    475. 

  475.             
    476. 

  476.         </li>
    477. 

  477.         
    478. 

  478.         
    479. 

  479.         <li id="section-20">
    480. 

  480.             <div class="annotation">
    481. 

  481.               
    482. 

  482.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    483. 

  483.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-20">&#182;</a>
    484. 

  484.               </div>
    485. 

  485.               <p>All of our immediate values. Generally these can be passed straight
    486. 

  486. through and printed to JavaScript.</p>
    487. 

  487. 

  488.             </div>
    489. 

  489.             
    490. 

  490.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Literal</span>: [
    491. 

  491.     o <span class="hljs-string">'AlphaNumeric'</span>
    492. 

  492.     o <span class="hljs-string">'JS'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    493. 

  493.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Regex'</span>
    494. 

  494.     o <span class="hljs-string">'DEBUGGER'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    495. 

  495.     o <span class="hljs-string">'UNDEFINED'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Undefined
    496. 

  496.     o <span class="hljs-string">'NULL'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                   -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Null
    497. 

  497.     o <span class="hljs-string">'BOOL'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                   -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Bool $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    498. 

  498.   ]</pre></div></div>
    499. 

  499.             
    500. 

  500.         </li>
    501. 

  501.         
    502. 

  502.         
    503. 

  503.         <li id="section-21">
    504. 

  504.             <div class="annotation">
    505. 

  505.               
    506. 

  506.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    507. 

  507.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-21">&#182;</a>
    508. 

  508.               </div>
    509. 

  509.               <p>Assignment of a variable, property, or index to a value.</p>
    510. 

  510. 

  511.             </div>
    512. 

  512.             
    513. 

  513.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Assign</span>: [
    514. 

  514.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Assignable = Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    515. 

  515.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Assignable = TERMINATOR Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    516. 

  516.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Assignable = INDENT Expression OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    517. 

  517.   ]</pre></div></div>
    518. 

  518.             
    519. 

  519.         </li>
    520. 

  520.         
    521. 

  521.         
    522. 

  522.         <li id="section-22">
    523. 

  523.             <div class="annotation">
    524. 

  524.               
    525. 

  525.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    526. 

  526.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-22">&#182;</a>
    527. 

  527.               </div>
    528. 

  528.               <p>Assignment when it happens within an object literal. The difference from
    529. 

  529. the ordinary <strong>Assign</strong> is that these allow numbers and strings as keys.</p>
    530. 

  530. 

  531.             </div>
    532. 

  532.             
    533. 

  533.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">AssignObj</span>: [
    534. 

  534.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ObjAssignable'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    535. 

  535.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ObjAssignable : Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>), $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'object'</span>,
    536. 

  536.                                                               <span class="hljs-attribute">operatorToken</span>: LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)
    537. 

  537.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ObjAssignable :
    538. 

  538.        INDENT Expression OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>), $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'object'</span>,
    539. 

  539.                                                               <span class="hljs-attribute">operatorToken</span>: LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)
    540. 

  540.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleObjAssignable = Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>), $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>,
    541. 

  541.                                                               <span class="hljs-attribute">operatorToken</span>: LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)
    542. 

  542.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleObjAssignable =
    543. 

  543.        INDENT Expression OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>), $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>,
    544. 

  544.                                                               <span class="hljs-attribute">operatorToken</span>: LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)
    545. 

  545.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Comment'</span>
    546. 

  546.   ]
    547. 

  547. 

  548.   <span class="hljs-attribute">SimpleObjAssignable</span>: [
    549. 

  549.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Identifier'</span>
    550. 

  550.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ThisProperty'</span>
    551. 

  551.   ]
    552. 

  552. 

  553.   <span class="hljs-attribute">ObjAssignable</span>: [
    554. 

  554.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleObjAssignable'</span>
    555. 

  555.     o <span class="hljs-string">'AlphaNumeric'</span>
    556. 

  556.   ]</pre></div></div>
    557. 

  557.             
    558. 

  558.         </li>
    559. 

  559.         
    560. 

  560.         
    561. 

  561.         <li id="section-23">
    562. 

  562.             <div class="annotation">
    563. 

  563.               
    564. 

  564.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    565. 

  565.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-23">&#182;</a>
    566. 

  566.               </div>
    567. 

  567.               <p>A return statement from a function body.</p>
    568. 

  568. 

  569.             </div>
    570. 

  570.             
    571. 

  571.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Return</span>: [
    572. 

  572.     o <span class="hljs-string">'RETURN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                      -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Return $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    573. 

  573.     o <span class="hljs-string">'RETURN'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                 -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Return
    574. 

  574.   ]</pre></div></div>
    575. 

  575.             
    576. 

  576.         </li>
    577. 

  577.         
    578. 

  578.         
    579. 

  579.         <li id="section-24">
    580. 

  580.             <div class="annotation">
    581. 

  581.               
    582. 

  582.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    583. 

  583.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-24">&#182;</a>
    584. 

  584.               </div>
    585. 

  585.               <p>A block comment.</p>
    586. 

  586. 

  587.             </div>
    588. 

  588.             
    589. 

  589.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Comment</span>: [
    590. 

  590.     o <span class="hljs-string">'HERECOMMENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                            -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Comment $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    591. 

  591.   ]</pre></div></div>
    592. 

  592.             
    593. 

  593.         </li>
    594. 

  594.         
    595. 

  595.         
    596. 

  596.         <li id="section-25">
    597. 

  597.             <div class="annotation">
    598. 

  598.               
    599. 

  599.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    600. 

  600.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-25">&#182;</a>
    601. 

  601.               </div>
    602. 

  602.               <p>The <strong>Code</strong> node is the function literal. It’s defined by an indented block
    603. 

  603. of <strong>Block</strong> preceded by a function arrow, with an optional parameter
    604. 

  604. list.</p>
    605. 

  605. 

  606.             </div>
    607. 

  607.             
    608. 

  608.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Code</span>: [
    609. 

  609.     o <span class="hljs-string">'PARAM_START ParamList PARAM_END FuncGlyph Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Code $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">5</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    610. 

  610.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FuncGlyph Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Code [], $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    611. 

  611.   ]</pre></div></div>
    612. 

  612.             
    613. 

  613.         </li>
    614. 

  614.         
    615. 

  615.         
    616. 

  616.         <li id="section-26">
    617. 

  617.             <div class="annotation">
    618. 

  618.               
    619. 

  619.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    620. 

  620.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-26">&#182;</a>
    621. 

  621.               </div>
    622. 

  622.               <p>CoffeeScript has two different symbols for functions. <code>-&gt;</code> is for ordinary
    623. 

  623. functions, and <code>=&gt;</code> is for functions bound to the current value of <em>this</em>.</p>
    624. 

  624. 

  625.             </div>
    626. 

  626.             
    627. 

  627.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">FuncGlyph</span>: [
    628. 

  628.     o <span class="hljs-string">'-&gt;'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-string">'func'</span>
    629. 

  629.     o <span class="hljs-string">'=&gt;'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-string">'boundfunc'</span>
    630. 

  630.   ]</pre></div></div>
    631. 

  631.             
    632. 

  632.         </li>
    633. 

  633.         
    634. 

  634.         
    635. 

  635.         <li id="section-27">
    636. 

  636.             <div class="annotation">
    637. 

  637.               
    638. 

  638.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    639. 

  639.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-27">&#182;</a>
    640. 

  640.               </div>
    641. 

  641.               <p>An optional, trailing comma.</p>
    642. 

  642. 

  643.             </div>
    644. 

  644.             
    645. 

  645.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">OptComma</span>: [
    646. 

  646.     o <span class="hljs-string">''</span>
    647. 

  647.     o <span class="hljs-string">','</span>
    648. 

  648.   ]</pre></div></div>
    649. 

  649.             
    650. 

  650.         </li>
    651. 

  651.         
    652. 

  652.         
    653. 

  653.         <li id="section-28">
    654. 

  654.             <div class="annotation">
    655. 

  655.               
    656. 

  656.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    657. 

  657.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-28">&#182;</a>
    658. 

  658.               </div>
    659. 

  659.               <p>The list of parameters that a function accepts can be of any length.</p>
    660. 

  660. 

  661.             </div>
    662. 

  662.             
    663. 

  663.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ParamList</span>: [
    664. 

  664.     o <span class="hljs-string">''</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                       -&gt;</span> []
    665. 

  665.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Param'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
    666. 

  666.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ParamList , Param'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                      -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    667. 

  667.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ParamList OptComma TERMINATOR Param'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">    -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    668. 

  668.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ParamList OptComma INDENT ParamList OptComma OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    669. 

  669.   ]</pre></div></div>
    670. 

  670.             
    671. 

  671.         </li>
    672. 

  672.         
    673. 

  673.         
    674. 

  674.         <li id="section-29">
    675. 

  675.             <div class="annotation">
    676. 

  676.               
    677. 

  677.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    678. 

  678.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-29">&#182;</a>
    679. 

  679.               </div>
    680. 

  680.               <p>A single parameter in a function definition can be ordinary, or a splat
    681. 

  681. that hoovers up the remaining arguments.</p>
    682. 

  682. 

  683.             </div>
    684. 

  684.             
    685. 

  685.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Param</span>: [
    686. 

  686.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ParamVar'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Param $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    687. 

  687.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ParamVar ...'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                           -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Param $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">on</span>
    688. 

  688.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ParamVar = Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Param $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    689. 

  689.     o <span class="hljs-string">'...'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Expansion
    690. 

  690.   ]</pre></div></div>
    691. 

  691.             
    692. 

  692.         </li>
    693. 

  693.         
    694. 

  694.         
    695. 

  695.         <li id="section-30">
    696. 

  696.             <div class="annotation">
    697. 

  697.               
    698. 

  698.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    699. 

  699.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-30">&#182;</a>
    700. 

  700.               </div>
    701. 

  701.               <p>Function Parameters</p>
    702. 

  702. 

  703.             </div>
    704. 

  704.             
    705. 

  705.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ParamVar</span>: [
    706. 

  706.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Identifier'</span>
    707. 

  707.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ThisProperty'</span>
    708. 

  708.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Array'</span>
    709. 

  709.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Object'</span>
    710. 

  710.   ]</pre></div></div>
    711. 

  711.             
    712. 

  712.         </li>
    713. 

  713.         
    714. 

  714.         
    715. 

  715.         <li id="section-31">
    716. 

  716.             <div class="annotation">
    717. 

  717.               
    718. 

  718.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    719. 

  719.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-31">&#182;</a>
    720. 

  720.               </div>
    721. 

  721.               <p>A splat that occurs outside of a parameter list.</p>
    722. 

  722. 

  723.             </div>
    724. 

  724.             
    725. 

  725.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Splat</span>: [
    726. 

  726.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression ...'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Splat $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    727. 

  727.   ]</pre></div></div>
    728. 

  728.             
    729. 

  729.         </li>
    730. 

  730.         
    731. 

  731.         
    732. 

  732.         <li id="section-32">
    733. 

  733.             <div class="annotation">
    734. 

  734.               
    735. 

  735.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    736. 

  736.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-32">&#182;</a>
    737. 

  737.               </div>
    738. 

  738.               <p>Variables and properties that can be assigned to.</p>
    739. 

  739. 

  740.             </div>
    741. 

  741.             
    742. 

  742.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">SimpleAssignable</span>: [
    743. 

  743.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Identifier'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    744. 

  744.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Value Accessor'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                         -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>add $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    745. 

  745.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Invocation Accessor'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, [].concat $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    746. 

  746.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ThisProperty'</span>
    747. 

  747.   ]</pre></div></div>
    748. 

  748.             
    749. 

  749.         </li>
    750. 

  750.         
    751. 

  751.         
    752. 

  752.         <li id="section-33">
    753. 

  753.             <div class="annotation">
    754. 

  754.               
    755. 

  755.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    756. 

  756.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-33">&#182;</a>
    757. 

  757.               </div>
    758. 

  758.               <p>Everything that can be assigned to.</p>
    759. 

  759. 

  760.             </div>
    761. 

  761.             
    762. 

  762.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Assignable</span>: [
    763. 

  763.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable'</span>
    764. 

  764.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Array'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    765. 

  765.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Object'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                 -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    766. 

  766.   ]</pre></div></div>
    767. 

  767.             
    768. 

  768.         </li>
    769. 

  769.         
    770. 

  770.         
    771. 

  771.         <li id="section-34">
    772. 

  772.             <div class="annotation">
    773. 

  773.               
    774. 

  774.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    775. 

  775.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-34">&#182;</a>
    776. 

  776.               </div>
    777. 

  777.               <p>The types of things that can be treated as values — assigned to, invoked
    778. 

  778. as functions, indexed into, named as a class, etc.</p>
    779. 

  779. 

  780.             </div>
    781. 

  781.             
    782. 

  782.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Value</span>: [
    783. 

  783.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Assignable'</span>
    784. 

  784.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Literal'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    785. 

  785.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Parenthetical'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    786. 

  786.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Range'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    787. 

  787.     o <span class="hljs-string">'This'</span>
    788. 

  788.   ]</pre></div></div>
    789. 

  789.             
    790. 

  790.         </li>
    791. 

  791.         
    792. 

  792.         
    793. 

  793.         <li id="section-35">
    794. 

  794.             <div class="annotation">
    795. 

  795.               
    796. 

  796.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    797. 

  797.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-35">&#182;</a>
    798. 

  798.               </div>
    799. 

  799.               <p>The general group of accessors into an object, by property, by prototype
    800. 

  800. or by array index or slice.</p>
    801. 

  801. 

  802.             </div>
    803. 

  803.             
    804. 

  804.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Accessor</span>: [
    805. 

  805.     o <span class="hljs-string">'.  Identifier'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    806. 

  806.     o <span class="hljs-string">'?. Identifier'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'soak'</span>
    807. 

  807.     o <span class="hljs-string">':: Identifier'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                          -&gt;</span> [LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal(<span class="hljs-string">'prototype'</span>)), LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)]
    808. 

  808.     o <span class="hljs-string">'?:: Identifier'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                         -&gt;</span> [LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal(<span class="hljs-string">'prototype'</span>), <span class="hljs-string">'soak'</span>), LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)]
    809. 

  809.     o <span class="hljs-string">'::'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal <span class="hljs-string">'prototype'</span>
    810. 

  810.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Index'</span>
    811. 

  811.   ]</pre></div></div>
    812. 

  812.             
    813. 

  813.         </li>
    814. 

  814.         
    815. 

  815.         
    816. 

  816.         <li id="section-36">
    817. 

  817.             <div class="annotation">
    818. 

  818.               
    819. 

  819.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    820. 

  820.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-36">&#182;</a>
    821. 

  821.               </div>
    822. 

  822.               <p>Indexing into an object or array using bracket notation.</p>
    823. 

  823. 

  824.             </div>
    825. 

  825.             
    826. 

  826.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Index</span>: [
    827. 

  827.     o <span class="hljs-string">'INDEX_START IndexValue INDEX_END'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    828. 

  828.     o <span class="hljs-string">'INDEX_SOAK  Index'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                      -&gt;</span> extend $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, soak : <span class="hljs-literal">yes</span>
    829. 

  829.   ]
    830. 

  830. 

  831.   <span class="hljs-attribute">IndexValue</span>: [
    832. 

  832.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Index $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    833. 

  833.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Slice'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Slice $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    834. 

  834.   ]</pre></div></div>
    835. 

  835.             
    836. 

  836.         </li>
    837. 

  837.         
    838. 

  838.         
    839. 

  839.         <li id="section-37">
    840. 

  840.             <div class="annotation">
    841. 

  841.               
    842. 

  842.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    843. 

  843.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-37">&#182;</a>
    844. 

  844.               </div>
    845. 

  845.               <p>In CoffeeScript, an object literal is simply a list of assignments.</p>
    846. 

  846. 

  847.             </div>
    848. 

  848.             
    849. 

  849.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Object</span>: [
    850. 

  850.     o <span class="hljs-string">'{ AssignList OptComma }'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Obj $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>generated
    851. 

  851.   ]</pre></div></div>
    852. 

  852.             
    853. 

  853.         </li>
    854. 

  854.         
    855. 

  855.         
    856. 

  856.         <li id="section-38">
    857. 

  857.             <div class="annotation">
    858. 

  858.               
    859. 

  859.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    860. 

  860.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-38">&#182;</a>
    861. 

  861.               </div>
    862. 

  862.               <p>Assignment of properties within an object literal can be separated by
    863. 

  863. comma, as in JavaScript, or simply by newline.</p>
    864. 

  864. 

  865.             </div>
    866. 

  866.             
    867. 

  867.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">AssignList</span>: [
    868. 

  868.     o <span class="hljs-string">''</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                                       -&gt;</span> []
    869. 

  869.     o <span class="hljs-string">'AssignObj'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                              -&gt;</span> [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
    870. 

  870.     o <span class="hljs-string">'AssignList , AssignObj'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                 -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    871. 

  871.     o <span class="hljs-string">'AssignList OptComma TERMINATOR AssignObj'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">               -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    872. 

  872.     o <span class="hljs-string">'AssignList OptComma INDENT AssignList OptComma OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    873. 

  873.   ]</pre></div></div>
    874. 

  874.             
    875. 

  875.         </li>
    876. 

  876.         
    877. 

  877.         
    878. 

  878.         <li id="section-39">
    879. 

  879.             <div class="annotation">
    880. 

  880.               
    881. 

  881.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    882. 

  882.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-39">&#182;</a>
    883. 

  883.               </div>
    884. 

  884.               <p>Class definitions have optional bodies of prototype property assignments,
    885. 

  885. and optional references to the superclass.</p>
    886. 

  886. 

  887.             </div>
    888. 

  888.             
    889. 

  889.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Class</span>: [
    890. 

  890.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                           -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class
    891. 

  891.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    892. 

  892.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS EXTENDS Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    893. 

  893.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS EXTENDS Expression Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    894. 

  894.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS SimpleAssignable'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    895. 

  895.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS SimpleAssignable Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    896. 

  896.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS SimpleAssignable EXTENDS Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    897. 

  897.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS SimpleAssignable EXTENDS Expression Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Class $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
    898. 

  898.   ]</pre></div></div>
    899. 

  899.             
    900. 

  900.         </li>
    901. 

  901.         
    902. 

  902.         
    903. 

  903.         <li id="section-40">
    904. 

  904.             <div class="annotation">
    905. 

  905.               
    906. 

  906.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    907. 

  907.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-40">&#182;</a>
    908. 

  908.               </div>
    909. 

  909.               <p>Ordinary function invocation, or a chained series of calls.</p>
    910. 

  910. 

  911.             </div>
    912. 

  912.             
    913. 

  913.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Invocation</span>: [
    914. 

  914.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Value OptFuncExist Arguments'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">           -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Call $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    915. 

  915.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Invocation OptFuncExist Arguments'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">      -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Call $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    916. 

  916.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SUPER'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Call <span class="hljs-string">'super'</span>, [<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Splat <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal <span class="hljs-string">'arguments'</span>]
    917. 

  917.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SUPER Arguments'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Call <span class="hljs-string">'super'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    918. 

  918.   ]</pre></div></div>
    919. 

  919.             
    920. 

  920.         </li>
    921. 

  921.         
    922. 

  922.         
    923. 

  923.         <li id="section-41">
    924. 

  924.             <div class="annotation">
    925. 

  925.               
    926. 

  926.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    927. 

  927.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-41">&#182;</a>
    928. 

  928.               </div>
    929. 

  929.               <p>An optional existence check on a function.</p>
    930. 

  930. 

  931.             </div>
    932. 

  932.             
    933. 

  933.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">OptFuncExist</span>: [
    934. 

  934.     o <span class="hljs-string">''</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-literal">no</span>
    935. 

  935.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FUNC_EXIST'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-literal">yes</span>
    936. 

  936.   ]</pre></div></div>
    937. 

  937.             
    938. 

  938.         </li>
    939. 

  939.         
    940. 

  940.         
    941. 

  941.         <li id="section-42">
    942. 

  942.             <div class="annotation">
    943. 

  943.               
    944. 

  944.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    945. 

  945.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-42">&#182;</a>
    946. 

  946.               </div>
    947. 

  947.               <p>The list of arguments to a function call.</p>
    948. 

  948. 

  949.             </div>
    950. 

  950.             
    951. 

  951.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Arguments</span>: [
    952. 

  952.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CALL_START CALL_END'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> []
    953. 

  953.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CALL_START ArgList OptComma CALL_END'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">   -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    954. 

  954.   ]</pre></div></div>
    955. 

  955.             
    956. 

  956.         </li>
    957. 

  957.         
    958. 

  958.         
    959. 

  959.         <li id="section-43">
    960. 

  960.             <div class="annotation">
    961. 

  961.               
    962. 

  962.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    963. 

  963.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-43">&#182;</a>
    964. 

  964.               </div>
    965. 

  965.               <p>A reference to the <em>this</em> current object.</p>
    966. 

  966. 

  967.             </div>
    968. 

  968.             
    969. 

  969.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">This</span>: [
    970. 

  970.     o <span class="hljs-string">'THIS'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                   -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal <span class="hljs-string">'this'</span>
    971. 

  971.     o <span class="hljs-string">'@'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                      -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal <span class="hljs-string">'this'</span>
    972. 

  972.   ]</pre></div></div>
    973. 

  973.             
    974. 

  974.         </li>
    975. 

  975.         
    976. 

  976.         
    977. 

  977.         <li id="section-44">
    978. 

  978.             <div class="annotation">
    979. 

  979.               
    980. 

  980.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    981. 

  981.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-44">&#182;</a>
    982. 

  982.               </div>
    983. 

  983.               <p>A reference to a property on <em>this</em>.</p>
    984. 

  984. 

  985.             </div>
    986. 

  986.             
    987. 

  987.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ThisProperty</span>: [
    988. 

  988.     o <span class="hljs-string">'@ Identifier'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                           -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal(<span class="hljs-string">'this'</span>)), [LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Access($<span class="hljs-number">2</span>))], <span class="hljs-string">'this'</span>
    989. 

  989.   ]</pre></div></div>
    990. 

  990.             
    991. 

  991.         </li>
    992. 

  992.         
    993. 

  993.         
    994. 

  994.         <li id="section-45">
    995. 

  995.             <div class="annotation">
    996. 

  996.               
    997. 

  997.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    998. 

  998.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-45">&#182;</a>
    999. 

  999.               </div>
    1000. 

  1000.               <p>The array literal.</p>
    1001. 

  1001. 

  1002.             </div>
    1003. 

  1003.             
    1004. 

  1004.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Array</span>: [
    1005. 

  1005.     o <span class="hljs-string">'[ ]'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Arr []
    1006. 

  1006.     o <span class="hljs-string">'[ ArgList OptComma ]'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                   -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Arr $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1007. 

  1007.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1008. 

  1008.             
    1009. 

  1009.         </li>
    1010. 

  1010.         
    1011. 

  1011.         
    1012. 

  1012.         <li id="section-46">
    1013. 

  1013.             <div class="annotation">
    1014. 

  1014.               
    1015. 

  1015.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1016. 

  1016.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-46">&#182;</a>
    1017. 

  1017.               </div>
    1018. 

  1018.               <p>Inclusive and exclusive range dots.</p>
    1019. 

  1019. 

  1020.             </div>
    1021. 

  1021.             
    1022. 

  1022.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">RangeDots</span>: [
    1023. 

  1023.     o <span class="hljs-string">'..'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-string">'inclusive'</span>
    1024. 

  1024.     o <span class="hljs-string">'...'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-string">'exclusive'</span>
    1025. 

  1025.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1026. 

  1026.             
    1027. 

  1027.         </li>
    1028. 

  1028.         
    1029. 

  1029.         
    1030. 

  1030.         <li id="section-47">
    1031. 

  1031.             <div class="annotation">
    1032. 

  1032.               
    1033. 

  1033.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1034. 

  1034.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-47">&#182;</a>
    1035. 

  1035.               </div>
    1036. 

  1036.               <p>The CoffeeScript range literal.</p>
    1037. 

  1037. 

  1038.             </div>
    1039. 

  1039.             
    1040. 

  1040.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Range</span>: [
    1041. 

  1041.     o <span class="hljs-string">'[ Expression RangeDots Expression ]'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Range $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1042. 

  1042.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1043. 

  1043.             
    1044. 

  1044.         </li>
    1045. 

  1045.         
    1046. 

  1046.         
    1047. 

  1047.         <li id="section-48">
    1048. 

  1048.             <div class="annotation">
    1049. 

  1049.               
    1050. 

  1050.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1051. 

  1051.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-48">&#182;</a>
    1052. 

  1052.               </div>
    1053. 

  1053.               <p>Array slice literals.</p>
    1054. 

  1054. 

  1055.             </div>
    1056. 

  1056.             
    1057. 

  1057.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Slice</span>: [
    1058. 

  1058.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression RangeDots Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Range $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1059. 

  1059.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression RangeDots'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                   -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Range $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1060. 

  1060.     o <span class="hljs-string">'RangeDots Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                   -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Range <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1061. 

  1061.     o <span class="hljs-string">'RangeDots'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Range <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1062. 

  1062.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1063. 

  1063.             
    1064. 

  1064.         </li>
    1065. 

  1065.         
    1066. 

  1066.         
    1067. 

  1067.         <li id="section-49">
    1068. 

  1068.             <div class="annotation">
    1069. 

  1069.               
    1070. 

  1070.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1071. 

  1071.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-49">&#182;</a>
    1072. 

  1072.               </div>
    1073. 

  1073.               <p>The <strong>ArgList</strong> is both the list of objects passed into a function call,
    1074. 

  1074. as well as the contents of an array literal
    1075. 

  1075. (i.e. comma-separated expressions). Newlines work as well.</p>
    1076. 

  1076. 

  1077.             </div>
    1078. 

  1078.             
    1079. 

  1079.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ArgList</span>: [
    1080. 

  1080.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Arg'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                              -&gt;</span> [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
    1081. 

  1081.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ArgList , Arg'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                    -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1082. 

  1082.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ArgList OptComma TERMINATOR Arg'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                  -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1083. 

  1083.     o <span class="hljs-string">'INDENT ArgList OptComma OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                  -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1084. 

  1084.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ArgList OptComma INDENT ArgList OptComma OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1085. 

  1085.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1086. 

  1086.             
    1087. 

  1087.         </li>
    1088. 

  1088.         
    1089. 

  1089.         
    1090. 

  1090.         <li id="section-50">
    1091. 

  1091.             <div class="annotation">
    1092. 

  1092.               
    1093. 

  1093.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1094. 

  1094.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-50">&#182;</a>
    1095. 

  1095.               </div>
    1096. 

  1096.               <p>Valid arguments are Blocks or Splats.</p>
    1097. 

  1097. 

  1098.             </div>
    1099. 

  1099.             
    1100. 

  1100.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Arg</span>: [
    1101. 

  1101.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression'</span>
    1102. 

  1102.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Splat'</span>
    1103. 

  1103.     o <span class="hljs-string">'...'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Expansion
    1104. 

  1104.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1105. 

  1105.             
    1106. 

  1106.         </li>
    1107. 

  1107.         
    1108. 

  1108.         
    1109. 

  1109.         <li id="section-51">
    1110. 

  1110.             <div class="annotation">
    1111. 

  1111.               
    1112. 

  1112.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1113. 

  1113.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-51">&#182;</a>
    1114. 

  1114.               </div>
    1115. 

  1115.               <p>Just simple, comma-separated, required arguments (no fancy syntax). We need
    1116. 

  1116. this to be separate from the <strong>ArgList</strong> for use in <strong>Switch</strong> blocks, where
    1117. 

  1117. having the newlines wouldn’t make sense.</p>
    1118. 

  1118. 

  1119.             </div>
    1120. 

  1120.             
    1121. 

  1121.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">SimpleArgs</span>: [
    1122. 

  1122.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression'</span>
    1123. 

  1123.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleArgs , Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                -&gt;</span> [].concat $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1124. 

  1124.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1125. 

  1125.             
    1126. 

  1126.         </li>
    1127. 

  1127.         
    1128. 

  1128.         
    1129. 

  1129.         <li id="section-52">
    1130. 

  1130.             <div class="annotation">
    1131. 

  1131.               
    1132. 

  1132.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1133. 

  1133.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-52">&#182;</a>
    1134. 

  1134.               </div>
    1135. 

  1135.               <p>The variants of <em>try/catch/finally</em> exception handling blocks.</p>
    1136. 

  1136. 

  1137.             </div>
    1138. 

  1138.             
    1139. 

  1139.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Try</span>: [
    1140. 

  1140.     o <span class="hljs-string">'TRY Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Try $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1141. 

  1141.     o <span class="hljs-string">'TRY Block Catch'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Try $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>], $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
    1142. 

  1142.     o <span class="hljs-string">'TRY Block FINALLY Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Try $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1143. 

  1143.     o <span class="hljs-string">'TRY Block Catch FINALLY Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Try $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>], $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>], $<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
    1144. 

  1144.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1145. 

  1145.             
    1146. 

  1146.         </li>
    1147. 

  1147.         
    1148. 

  1148.         
    1149. 

  1149.         <li id="section-53">
    1150. 

  1150.             <div class="annotation">
    1151. 

  1151.               
    1152. 

  1152.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1153. 

  1153.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-53">&#182;</a>
    1154. 

  1154.               </div>
    1155. 

  1155.               <p>A catch clause names its error and runs a block of code.</p>
    1156. 

  1156. 

  1157.             </div>
    1158. 

  1158.             
    1159. 

  1159.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Catch</span>: [
    1160. 

  1160.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CATCH Identifier Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                 -&gt;</span> [$<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]
    1161. 

  1161.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CATCH Object Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                     -&gt;</span> [LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)(<span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value($<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)), $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]
    1162. 

  1162.     o <span class="hljs-string">'CATCH Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                            -&gt;</span> [<span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]
    1163. 

  1163.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1164. 

  1164.             
    1165. 

  1165.         </li>
    1166. 

  1166.         
    1167. 

  1167.         
    1168. 

  1168.         <li id="section-54">
    1169. 

  1169.             <div class="annotation">
    1170. 

  1170.               
    1171. 

  1171.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1172. 

  1172.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-54">&#182;</a>
    1173. 

  1173.               </div>
    1174. 

  1174.               <p>Throw an exception object.</p>
    1175. 

  1175. 

  1176.             </div>
    1177. 

  1177.             
    1178. 

  1178.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Throw</span>: [
    1179. 

  1179.     o <span class="hljs-string">'THROW Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Throw $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1180. 

  1180.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1181. 

  1181.             
    1182. 

  1182.         </li>
    1183. 

  1183.         
    1184. 

  1184.         
    1185. 

  1185.         <li id="section-55">
    1186. 

  1186.             <div class="annotation">
    1187. 

  1187.               
    1188. 

  1188.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1189. 

  1189.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-55">&#182;</a>
    1190. 

  1190.               </div>
    1191. 

  1191.               <p>Parenthetical expressions. Note that the <strong>Parenthetical</strong> is a <strong>Value</strong>,
    1192. 

  1192. not an <strong>Expression</strong>, so if you need to use an expression in a place
    1193. 

  1193. where only values are accepted, wrapping it in parentheses will always do
    1194. 

  1194. the trick.</p>
    1195. 

  1195. 

  1196.             </div>
    1197. 

  1197.             
    1198. 

  1198.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Parenthetical</span>: [
    1199. 

  1199.     o <span class="hljs-string">'( Body )'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Parens $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1200. 

  1200.     o <span class="hljs-string">'( INDENT Body OUTDENT )'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Parens $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1201. 

  1201.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1202. 

  1202.             
    1203. 

  1203.         </li>
    1204. 

  1204.         
    1205. 

  1205.         
    1206. 

  1206.         <li id="section-56">
    1207. 

  1207.             <div class="annotation">
    1208. 

  1208.               
    1209. 

  1209.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1210. 

  1210.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-56">&#182;</a>
    1211. 

  1211.               </div>
    1212. 

  1212.               <p>The condition portion of a while loop.</p>
    1213. 

  1213. 

  1214.             </div>
    1215. 

  1215.             
    1216. 

  1216.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">WhileSource</span>: [
    1217. 

  1217.     o <span class="hljs-string">'WHILE Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> While $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1218. 

  1218.     o <span class="hljs-string">'WHILE Expression WHEN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> While $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">guard</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1219. 

  1219.     o <span class="hljs-string">'UNTIL Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> While $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">invert</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
    1220. 

  1220.     o <span class="hljs-string">'UNTIL Expression WHEN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> While $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">invert</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">guard</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1221. 

  1221.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1222. 

  1222.             
    1223. 

  1223.         </li>
    1224. 

  1224.         
    1225. 

  1225.         
    1226. 

  1226.         <li id="section-57">
    1227. 

  1227.             <div class="annotation">
    1228. 

  1228.               
    1229. 

  1229.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1230. 

  1230.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-57">&#182;</a>
    1231. 

  1231.               </div>
    1232. 

  1232.               <p>The while loop can either be normal, with a block of expressions to execute,
    1233. 

  1233. or postfix, with a single expression. There is no do..while.</p>
    1234. 

  1234. 

  1235.             </div>
    1236. 

  1236.             
    1237. 

  1237.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">While</span>: [
    1238. 

  1238.     o <span class="hljs-string">'WhileSource Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                      -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>addBody $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1239. 

  1239.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Statement  WhileSource'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                 -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2.</span>addBody LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) Block.wrap([$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>])
    1240. 

  1240.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression WhileSource'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                 -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2.</span>addBody LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) Block.wrap([$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>])
    1241. 

  1241.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Loop'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                   -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1242. 

  1242.   ]
    1243. 

  1243. 

  1244.   <span class="hljs-attribute">Loop</span>: [
    1245. 

  1245.     o <span class="hljs-string">'LOOP Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> While(LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal <span class="hljs-string">'true'</span>).addBody $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1246. 

  1246.     o <span class="hljs-string">'LOOP Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> While(LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Literal <span class="hljs-string">'true'</span>).addBody LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) Block.wrap [$<span class="hljs-number">2</span>]
    1247. 

  1247.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1248. 

  1248.             
    1249. 

  1249.         </li>
    1250. 

  1250.         
    1251. 

  1251.         
    1252. 

  1252.         <li id="section-58">
    1253. 

  1253.             <div class="annotation">
    1254. 

  1254.               
    1255. 

  1255.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1256. 

  1256.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-58">&#182;</a>
    1257. 

  1257.               </div>
    1258. 

  1258.               <p>Array, object, and range comprehensions, at the most generic level.
    1259. 

  1259. Comprehensions can either be normal, with a block of expressions to execute,
    1260. 

  1260. or postfix, with a single expression.</p>
    1261. 

  1261. 

  1262.             </div>
    1263. 

  1263.             
    1264. 

  1264.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">For</span>: [
    1265. 

  1265.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Statement  ForBody'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> For $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1266. 

  1266.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression ForBody'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                     -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> For $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1267. 

  1267.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ForBody    Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> For $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1268. 

  1268.   ]
    1269. 

  1269. 

  1270.   <span class="hljs-attribute">ForBody</span>: [
    1271. 

  1271.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FOR Range'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: (LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value($<span class="hljs-number">2</span>))
    1272. 

  1272.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FOR Range BY Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: (LOC(<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value($<span class="hljs-number">2</span>)), <span class="hljs-attribute">step</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1273. 

  1273.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ForStart ForSource'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                     -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2.</span>own = $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>own; $<span class="hljs-number">2.</span>name = $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>]; $<span class="hljs-number">2.</span>index = $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]; $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1274. 

  1274.   ]
    1275. 

  1275. 

  1276.   <span class="hljs-attribute">ForStart</span>: [
    1277. 

  1277.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FOR ForVariables'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1278. 

  1278.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FOR OWN ForVariables'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                   -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">3.</span>own = <span class="hljs-literal">yes</span>; $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1279. 

  1279.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1280. 

  1280.             
    1281. 

  1281.         </li>
    1282. 

  1282.         
    1283. 

  1283.         
    1284. 

  1284.         <li id="section-59">
    1285. 

  1285.             <div class="annotation">
    1286. 

  1286.               
    1287. 

  1287.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1288. 

  1288.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-59">&#182;</a>
    1289. 

  1289.               </div>
    1290. 

  1290.               <p>An array of all accepted values for a variable inside the loop.
    1291. 

  1291. This enables support for pattern matching.</p>
    1292. 

  1292. 

  1293.             </div>
    1294. 

  1294.             
    1295. 

  1295.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ForValue</span>: [
    1296. 

  1296.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Identifier'</span>
    1297. 

  1297.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ThisProperty'</span>
    1298. 

  1298.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Array'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1299. 

  1299.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Object'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                                 -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Value $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1300. 

  1300.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1301. 

  1301.             
    1302. 

  1302.         </li>
    1303. 

  1303.         
    1304. 

  1304.         
    1305. 

  1305.         <li id="section-60">
    1306. 

  1306.             <div class="annotation">
    1307. 

  1307.               
    1308. 

  1308.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1309. 

  1309.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-60">&#182;</a>
    1310. 

  1310.               </div>
    1311. 

  1311.               <p>An array or range comprehension has variables for the current element
    1312. 

  1312. and (optional) reference to the current index. Or, <em>key, value</em>, in the case
    1313. 

  1313. of object comprehensions.</p>
    1314. 

  1314. 

  1315.             </div>
    1316. 

  1316.             
    1317. 

  1317.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ForVariables</span>: [
    1318. 

  1318.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ForValue'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                               -&gt;</span> [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]
    1319. 

  1319.     o <span class="hljs-string">'ForValue , ForValue'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]
    1320. 

  1320.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1321. 

  1321.             
    1322. 

  1322.         </li>
    1323. 

  1323.         
    1324. 

  1324.         
    1325. 

  1325.         <li id="section-61">
    1326. 

  1326.             <div class="annotation">
    1327. 

  1327.               
    1328. 

  1328.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1329. 

  1329.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-61">&#182;</a>
    1330. 

  1330.               </div>
    1331. 

  1331.               <p>The source of a comprehension is an array or object with an optional guard
    1332. 

  1332. clause. If it’s an array comprehension, you can also choose to step through
    1333. 

  1333. in fixed-size increments.</p>
    1334. 

  1334. 

  1335.             </div>
    1336. 

  1336.             
    1337. 

  1337.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">ForSource</span>: [
    1338. 

  1338.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FORIN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1339. 

  1339.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FOROF Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">object</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">yes</span>
    1340. 

  1340.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FORIN Expression WHEN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">guard</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1341. 

  1341.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FOROF Expression WHEN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">guard</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">object</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">yes</span>
    1342. 

  1342.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FORIN Expression BY Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                 -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">step</span>:  $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1343. 

  1343.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FORIN Expression WHEN Expression BY Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">guard</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">step</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">6</span>
    1344. 

  1344.     o <span class="hljs-string">'FORIN Expression BY Expression WHEN Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-attribute">source</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">step</span>:  $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">guard</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">6</span>
    1345. 

  1345.   ]
    1346. 

  1346. 

  1347.   <span class="hljs-attribute">Switch</span>: [
    1348. 

  1348.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SWITCH Expression INDENT Whens OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">            -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Switch $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1349. 

  1349.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SWITCH Expression INDENT Whens ELSE Block OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Switch $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">6</span>
    1350. 

  1350.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SWITCH INDENT Whens OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Switch <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1351. 

  1351.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SWITCH INDENT Whens ELSE Block OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">            -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Switch <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">5</span>
    1352. 

  1352.   ]
    1353. 

  1353. 

  1354.   <span class="hljs-attribute">Whens</span>: [
    1355. 

  1355.     o <span class="hljs-string">'When'</span>
    1356. 

  1356.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Whens When'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1357. 

  1357.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1358. 

  1358.             
    1359. 

  1359.         </li>
    1360. 

  1360.         
    1361. 

  1361.         
    1362. 

  1362.         <li id="section-62">
    1363. 

  1363.             <div class="annotation">
    1364. 

  1364.               
    1365. 

  1365.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1366. 

  1366.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-62">&#182;</a>
    1367. 

  1367.               </div>
    1368. 

  1368.               <p>An individual <strong>When</strong> clause, with action.</p>
    1369. 

  1369. 

  1370.             </div>
    1371. 

  1371.             
    1372. 

  1372.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">When</span>: [
    1373. 

  1373.     o <span class="hljs-string">'LEADING_WHEN SimpleArgs Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">            -&gt;</span> [[$<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]]
    1374. 

  1374.     o <span class="hljs-string">'LEADING_WHEN SimpleArgs Block TERMINATOR'</span>,<span class="hljs-function"> -&gt;</span> [[$<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>]]
    1375. 

  1375.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1376. 

  1376.             
    1377. 

  1377.         </li>
    1378. 

  1378.         
    1379. 

  1379.         
    1380. 

  1380.         <li id="section-63">
    1381. 

  1381.             <div class="annotation">
    1382. 

  1382.               
    1383. 

  1383.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1384. 

  1384.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-63">&#182;</a>
    1385. 

  1385.               </div>
    1386. 

  1386.               <p>The most basic form of <em>if</em> is a condition and an action. The following
    1387. 

  1387. if-related rules are broken up along these lines in order to avoid
    1388. 

  1388. ambiguity.</p>
    1389. 

  1389. 

  1390.             </div>
    1391. 

  1391.             
    1392. 

  1392.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">IfBlock</span>: [
    1393. 

  1393.     o <span class="hljs-string">'IF Expression Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> If $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">type</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1394. 

  1394.     o <span class="hljs-string">'IfBlock ELSE IF Expression Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">       -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>addElse LOC(<span class="hljs-number">3</span>,<span class="hljs-number">5</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> If $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">5</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">type</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1395. 

  1395.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1396. 

  1396.             
    1397. 

  1397.         </li>
    1398. 

  1398.         
    1399. 

  1399.         
    1400. 

  1400.         <li id="section-64">
    1401. 

  1401.             <div class="annotation">
    1402. 

  1402.               
    1403. 

  1403.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1404. 

  1404.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-64">&#182;</a>
    1405. 

  1405.               </div>
    1406. 

  1406.               <p>The full complement of <em>if</em> expressions, including postfix one-liner
    1407. 

  1407. <em>if</em> and <em>unless</em>.</p>
    1408. 

  1408. 

  1409.             </div>
    1410. 

  1410.             
    1411. 

  1411.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">If</span>: [
    1412. 

  1412.     o <span class="hljs-string">'IfBlock'</span>
    1413. 

  1413.     o <span class="hljs-string">'IfBlock ELSE Block'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                     -&gt;</span> $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>addElse $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1414. 

  1414.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Statement  POST_IF Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> If $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(Block.wrap [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]), <span class="hljs-attribute">type</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">statement</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
    1415. 

  1415.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression POST_IF Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">          -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> If $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, LOC(<span class="hljs-number">1</span>)(Block.wrap [$<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]), <span class="hljs-attribute">type</span>: $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, <span class="hljs-attribute">statement</span>: <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
    1416. 

  1416.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1417. 

  1417.             
    1418. 

  1418.         </li>
    1419. 

  1419.         
    1420. 

  1420.         
    1421. 

  1421.         <li id="section-65">
    1422. 

  1422.             <div class="annotation">
    1423. 

  1423.               
    1424. 

  1424.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1425. 

  1425.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-65">&#182;</a>
    1426. 

  1426.               </div>
    1427. 

  1427.               <p>Arithmetic and logical operators, working on one or more operands.
    1428. 

  1428. Here they are grouped by order of precedence. The actual precedence rules
    1429. 

  1429. are defined at the bottom of the page. It would be shorter if we could
    1430. 

  1430. combine most of these rules into a single generic <em>Operand OpSymbol Operand</em>
    1431. 

  1431. -type rule, but in order to make the precedence binding possible, separate
    1432. 

  1432. rules are necessary.</p>
    1433. 

  1433. 

  1434.             </div>
    1435. 

  1435.             
    1436. 

  1436.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>  <span class="hljs-attribute">Operation</span>: [
    1437. 

  1437.     o <span class="hljs-string">'UNARY Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">1</span> , $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1438. 

  1438.     o <span class="hljs-string">'UNARY_MATH Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">1</span> , $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1439. 

  1439.     o <span class="hljs-string">'-     Expression'</span>,                      (<span class="hljs-function">-&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'-'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>), <span class="hljs-attribute">prec</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'UNARY_MATH'</span>
    1440. 

  1440.     o <span class="hljs-string">'+     Expression'</span>,                      (<span class="hljs-function">-&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'+'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>), <span class="hljs-attribute">prec</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'UNARY_MATH'</span>
    1441. 

  1441.     o <span class="hljs-string">'YIELD Statement'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                        -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">1</span> , $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1442. 

  1442.     o <span class="hljs-string">'YIELD Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                       -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">1</span> , $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1443. 

  1443.     o <span class="hljs-string">'YIELD FROM Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                  -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>concat($<span class="hljs-number">2</span>) , $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1444. 

  1444. 

  1445.     o <span class="hljs-string">'-- SimpleAssignable'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'--'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1446. 

  1446.     o <span class="hljs-string">'++ SimpleAssignable'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'++'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1447. 

  1447.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable --'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'--'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">true</span>
    1448. 

  1448.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable ++'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'++'</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">null</span>, <span class="hljs-literal">true</span></pre></div></div>
    1449. 

  1449.             
    1450. 

  1450.         </li>
    1451. 

  1451.         
    1452. 

  1452.         
    1453. 

  1453.         <li id="section-66">
    1454. 

  1454.             <div class="annotation">
    1455. 

  1455.               
    1456. 

  1456.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1457. 

  1457.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-66">&#182;</a>
    1458. 

  1458.               </div>
    1459. 

  1459.               <p><a href="http://jashkenas.github.com/coffee-script/#existence">The existential operator</a>.</p>
    1460. 

  1460. 

  1461.             </div>
    1462. 

  1462.             
    1463. 

  1463.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>    o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression ?'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                           -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Existence $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>
    1464. 

  1464. 

  1465.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression +  Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'+'</span> , $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1466. 

  1466.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression -  Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">               -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op <span class="hljs-string">'-'</span> , $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1467. 

  1467. 

  1468.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression MATH     Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1469. 

  1469.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression **       Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1470. 

  1470.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression SHIFT    Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1471. 

  1471.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression COMPARE  Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1472. 

  1472.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression LOGIC    Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">         -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1473. 

  1473.     o <span class="hljs-string">'Expression RELATION Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">         -&gt;</span>
    1474. 

  1474.       <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> $<span class="hljs-number">2.</span>charAt(<span class="hljs-number">0</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword">is</span> <span class="hljs-string">'!'</span>
    1475. 

  1475.         <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op($<span class="hljs-number">2</span>[<span class="hljs-number">1.</span>.], $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>).invert()
    1476. 

  1476.       <span class="hljs-keyword">else</span>
    1477. 

  1477.         <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Op $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1478. 

  1478. 

  1479.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable COMPOUND_ASSIGN
    1480. 

  1480.        Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1481. 

  1481.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable COMPOUND_ASSIGN
    1482. 

  1482.        INDENT Expression OUTDENT'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">              -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1483. 

  1483.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable COMPOUND_ASSIGN TERMINATOR
    1484. 

  1484.        Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">                             -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Assign $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">4</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">2</span>
    1485. 

  1485.     o <span class="hljs-string">'SimpleAssignable EXTENDS Expression'</span>,<span class="hljs-function">    -&gt;</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Extends $<span class="hljs-number">1</span>, $<span class="hljs-number">3</span>
    1486. 

  1486.   ]</pre></div></div>
    1487. 

  1487.             
    1488. 

  1488.         </li>
    1489. 

  1489.         
    1490. 

  1490.         
    1491. 

  1491.         <li id="section-67">
    1492. 

  1492.             <div class="annotation">
    1493. 

  1493.               
    1494. 

  1494.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1495. 

  1495.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-67">&#182;</a>
    1496. 

  1496.               </div>
    1497. 

  1497.               <h2 id="precedence">Precedence</h2>
    1498. 

  1498. 

  1499.             </div>
    1500. 

  1500.             
    1501. 

  1501.         </li>
    1502. 

  1502.         
    1503. 

  1503.         
    1504. 

  1504.         <li id="section-68">
    1505. 

  1505.             <div class="annotation">
    1506. 

  1506.               
    1507. 

  1507.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1508. 

  1508.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-68">&#182;</a>
    1509. 

  1509.               </div>
    1510. 

  1510.               
    1511. 

  1511.             </div>
    1512. 

  1512.             
    1513. 

  1513.         </li>
    1514. 

  1514.         
    1515. 

  1515.         
    1516. 

  1516.         <li id="section-69">
    1517. 

  1517.             <div class="annotation">
    1518. 

  1518.               
    1519. 

  1519.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1520. 

  1520.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-69">&#182;</a>
    1521. 

  1521.               </div>
    1522. 

  1522.               <p>Operators at the top of this list have higher precedence than the ones lower
    1523. 

  1523. down. Following these rules is what makes <code>2 + 3 * 4</code> parse as:</p>
    1524. 

  1524. <pre><code><span class="hljs-number">2</span> + (<span class="hljs-number">3</span> * <span class="hljs-number">4</span>)
    1525. 

  1525. </code></pre><p>And not:</p>
    1526. 

  1526. <pre><code>(<span class="hljs-number">2</span> + <span class="hljs-number">3</span>) * <span class="hljs-number">4</span>
    1527. 

  1527. </code></pre>
    1528. 

  1528.             </div>
    1529. 

  1529.             
    1530. 

  1530.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>operators = [
    1531. 

  1531.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'.'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'?.'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'::'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'?::'</span>]
    1532. 

  1532.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'CALL_START'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'CALL_END'</span>]
    1533. 

  1533.   [<span class="hljs-string">'nonassoc'</span>,  <span class="hljs-string">'++'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'--'</span>]
    1534. 

  1534.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'?'</span>]
    1535. 

  1535.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'UNARY'</span>]
    1536. 

  1536.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'**'</span>]
    1537. 

  1537.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'UNARY_MATH'</span>]
    1538. 

  1538.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'MATH'</span>]
    1539. 

  1539.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'+'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'-'</span>]
    1540. 

  1540.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'SHIFT'</span>]
    1541. 

  1541.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'RELATION'</span>]
    1542. 

  1542.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'COMPARE'</span>]
    1543. 

  1543.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'LOGIC'</span>]
    1544. 

  1544.   [<span class="hljs-string">'nonassoc'</span>,  <span class="hljs-string">'INDENT'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'OUTDENT'</span>]
    1545. 

  1545.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'YIELD'</span>]
    1546. 

  1546.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'='</span>, <span class="hljs-string">':'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'COMPOUND_ASSIGN'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'RETURN'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'THROW'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'EXTENDS'</span>]
    1547. 

  1547.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'FORIN'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'FOROF'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'BY'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'WHEN'</span>]
    1548. 

  1548.   [<span class="hljs-string">'right'</span>,     <span class="hljs-string">'IF'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'ELSE'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'FOR'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'WHILE'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'UNTIL'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'LOOP'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'SUPER'</span>, <span class="hljs-string">'CLASS'</span>]
    1549. 

  1549.   [<span class="hljs-string">'left'</span>,      <span class="hljs-string">'POST_IF'</span>]
    1550. 

  1550. ]</pre></div></div>
    1551. 

  1551.             
    1552. 

  1552.         </li>
    1553. 

  1553.         
    1554. 

  1554.         
    1555. 

  1555.         <li id="section-70">
    1556. 

  1556.             <div class="annotation">
    1557. 

  1557.               
    1558. 

  1558.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1559. 

  1559.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-70">&#182;</a>
    1560. 

  1560.               </div>
    1561. 

  1561.               <h2 id="wrapping-up">Wrapping Up</h2>
    1562. 

  1562. 

  1563.             </div>
    1564. 

  1564.             
    1565. 

  1565.         </li>
    1566. 

  1566.         
    1567. 

  1567.         
    1568. 

  1568.         <li id="section-71">
    1569. 

  1569.             <div class="annotation">
    1570. 

  1570.               
    1571. 

  1571.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1572. 

  1572.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-71">&#182;</a>
    1573. 

  1573.               </div>
    1574. 

  1574.               
    1575. 

  1575.             </div>
    1576. 

  1576.             
    1577. 

  1577.         </li>
    1578. 

  1578.         
    1579. 

  1579.         
    1580. 

  1580.         <li id="section-72">
    1581. 

  1581.             <div class="annotation">
    1582. 

  1582.               
    1583. 

  1583.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1584. 

  1584.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-72">&#182;</a>
    1585. 

  1585.               </div>
    1586. 

  1586.               <p>Finally, now that we have our <strong>grammar</strong> and our <strong>operators</strong>, we can create
    1587. 

  1587. our <strong>Jison.Parser</strong>. We do this by processing all of our rules, recording all
    1588. 

  1588. terminals (every symbol which does not appear as the name of a rule above)
    1589. 

  1589. as “tokens”.</p>
    1590. 

  1590. 

  1591.             </div>
    1592. 

  1592.             
    1593. 

  1593.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre>tokens = []
    1594. 

  1594. <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> name, alternatives <span class="hljs-keyword">of</span> grammar
    1595. 

  1595.   grammar[name] = <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> alt <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> alternatives
    1596. 

  1596.     <span class="hljs-keyword">for</span> token <span class="hljs-keyword">in</span> alt[<span class="hljs-number">0</span>].split <span class="hljs-string">' '</span>
    1597. 

  1597.       tokens.push token <span class="hljs-keyword">unless</span> grammar[token]
    1598. 

  1598.     alt[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>] = <span class="hljs-string">"return <span class="hljs-subst">#{alt[<span class="hljs-number">1</span>]}</span>"</span> <span class="hljs-keyword">if</span> name <span class="hljs-keyword">is</span> <span class="hljs-string">'Root'</span>
    1599. 

  1599.     alt</pre></div></div>
    1600. 

  1600.             
    1601. 

  1601.         </li>
    1602. 

  1602.         
    1603. 

  1603.         
    1604. 

  1604.         <li id="section-73">
    1605. 

  1605.             <div class="annotation">
    1606. 

  1606.               
    1607. 

  1607.               <div class="pilwrap ">
    1608. 

  1608.                 <a class="pilcrow" href="#section-73">&#182;</a>
    1609. 

  1609.               </div>
    1610. 

  1610.               <p>Initialize the <strong>Parser</strong> with our list of terminal <strong>tokens</strong>, our <strong>grammar</strong>
    1611. 

  1611. rules, and the name of the root. Reverse the operators because Jison orders
    1612. 

  1612. precedence from low to high, and we have it high to low
    1613. 

  1613. (as in <a href="http://dinosaur.compilertools.net/yacc/index.html">Yacc</a>).</p>
    1614. 

  1614. 

  1615.             </div>
    1616. 

  1616.             
    1617. 

  1617.             <div class="content"><div class='highlight'><pre><span class="hljs-built_in">exports</span>.parser = <span class="hljs-keyword">new</span> Parser
    1618. 

  1618.   tokens      : tokens.join <span class="hljs-string">' '</span>
    1619. 

  1619.   bnf         : grammar
    1620. 

  1620.   operators   : operators.reverse()
    1621. 

  1621.   startSymbol : <span class="hljs-string">'Root'</span></pre></div></div>
    1622. 

  1622.             
    1623. 

  1623.         </li>
    1624. 

  1624.         
    1625. 

  1625.     </ul>
    1626. 

  1626.   </div>
    1627. 

  1627. </body>
    1628. 

  1628. </html>
    1629. 

  1629.